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The accurate prediction of SO2 and NOx emission mass concentrations can effectively guide the control of pollutants emissions, which is of great significance for the environmental protection operation of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) units. A 330 MW CFB unit is taken as the research object, and the Pearson coefficient is used to realize the screening of input variables, and the interquartile range (IQR) method is applied to screen the outliers and replace them with the normalization at the same time, to complete the data preprocessing. Subsequently, the features of input variables are extracted by convolutional neural network (CNN), and by entering into the gate-recurrent unit (GRU) the time-series features are processed. The multi-head self-attention (MHA) mechanism is introduced to capture the important relationships between features, and the model output is obtained after training. Finally, the results of the test set are evaluated using the mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and the coefficient of determination (R2). The results show that the model is able to predict the pollutants mass concentration in CFBs more accurately and achieve good prediction results, and the superior performance of the model is proved by the comparison of ablation experiments with the model. The proposed CNN-GRU-MHA model can realize the monitoring and optimization guidance of pollutants emissions CFB units, so that the power plant can adjust the operation parameters in time to ensure that the pollutants emissions meet the standards.
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SO2与NOx排放质量浓度的精准预测可以有效指导污染物排放控制,对CFB机组环保运行具有重要意义。以某330 MW CFB机组为研究对象,采用Pearson相关系数实现输入变量筛选,应用四分位距(interquartile range,IQR)方法筛选并替换异常值,同时进行归一化,完成数据预处理;随后,通过卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)提取输入变量的特征,进入门循环单元(gated recurrent unit,GRU)处理时间序列特征,并引入多头自注意力(multi-head attention,MHA)机制捕捉特征之间的重要关系,经训练后反归一化得到模型输出;最后,使用平均绝对误差MAE、平均绝对百分比误差MAPE和决定系数R2评估测试集的结果。结果表明,该CNN-GRU-MHA模型能够较为准确地预测CFB机组的污染物排放质量浓度。消融实验与模型对比证明了该模型的优越性能。该CNN-GRU-MHA模型可以实现CFB机组污染物排放质量浓度的监测与优化指导,从而使电厂及时调整运行参数,确保污染物排放达标。
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1.State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources (North China Electric Power University), Beijing 102206, China
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1.新能源电力系统全国重点实验室(华北电力大学),北京 102206
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王勇权(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为深度学习在CFB机组中的应用,wyq20010501@163.com。
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王勇权(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为深度学习在CFB机组中的应用,wyq20010501@163.com。
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1.State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources (North China Electric Power University), Beijing 102206, China
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1.新能源电力系统全国重点实验室(华北电力大学),北京 102206
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1.State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources (North China Electric Power University), Beijing 102206, China
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1.新能源电力系统全国重点实验室(华北电力大学),北京 102206
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2.School of Control and Computer Engineering (North China Electric Power University), Beijing 102206, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236611793796256588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, authorId=1236611793506849593, language=CN, stringName=成永强, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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45(7): 181-189., articleTitle=RUL prediction for lithium ion batteries based on CEEMDAN-CNN-BiLSTM model from multiple perspectives, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236611799370485915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, awardId=2022YFB4100304, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4100304), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236611799466954913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, awardId=2022YFB4100304, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100304), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236611791795573443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236611791812350662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, companyId=1236611791795573443, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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Structural diagram of GRU, figureFileSmall=2jeP7llxUzK7erk48ylPJA==, figureFileBig=cNtb90+JP+SEeNAV85Tl9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611794958078886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
GRU结构, figureFileSmall=2jeP7llxUzK7erk48ylPJA==, figureFileBig=cNtb90+JP+SEeNAV85Tl9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611795201348531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Structural diagram of multi-head attention mechanism, figureFileSmall=5RoJOc3A0v6QQW0bKZ7/6g==, figureFileBig=mReNPsGwp7Jcv3iWlMY3Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611795310400441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
多头注意力机制结构, figureFileSmall=5RoJOc3A0v6QQW0bKZ7/6g==, figureFileBig=mReNPsGwp7Jcv3iWlMY3Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611795457201089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Structural diagram of the CNN-GRU-MHA model, figureFileSmall=yYHmXa7Sa67cFt5gJ6raEg==, figureFileBig=x8WjP1IzZmBLW2lY7Xn5aQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611795591418826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
CNN-GRU-MHA模型结构, figureFileSmall=yYHmXa7Sa67cFt5gJ6raEg==, figureFileBig=x8WjP1IzZmBLW2lY7Xn5aQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611795666916308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Prediction flow chart, figureFileSmall=NOWIkyPsrA8MWNlmFQGrIQ==, figureFileBig=kRSaadIlL5x26DumFpu6Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611795746608093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
预测流程, figureFileSmall=NOWIkyPsrA8MWNlmFQGrIQ==, figureFileBig=kRSaadIlL5x26DumFpu6Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611795851465700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Pearson coefficient heat map, figureFileSmall=4NkGtx3G7kT3DDqA2bS0YA==, figureFileBig=84PKWAPrCIv+h+iq6Hc9fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611795935351781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
Pearson相关系数热力图, figureFileSmall=4NkGtx3G7kT3DDqA2bS0YA==, figureFileBig=84PKWAPrCIv+h+iq6Hc9fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611796006654955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Clearing the outliers using IQR method, figureFileSmall=PM5bX0ke+Bn1jSb3j8/n6g==, figureFileBig=NXHVW2zhKQlH7wV56hlIfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611796107318259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
使用IQR法清除异常值, figureFileSmall=PM5bX0ke+Bn1jSb3j8/n6g==, figureFileBig=NXHVW2zhKQlH7wV56hlIfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611796342199293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Data set partitioning, figureFileSmall=PlkYnYoMW8aEYOA+YCVcVQ==, figureFileBig=/WKMourJVQLHqftVmHicXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611796480610307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
数据集划分, figureFileSmall=PlkYnYoMW8aEYOA+YCVcVQ==, figureFileBig=/WKMourJVQLHqftVmHicXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611796560302086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Comparison of loss values in SO2 test under varying load conditions, figureFileSmall=LSb/iO6kEID3VLjmqNpr8w==, figureFileBig=hDSkyAXK9jVbXTUiEzPF3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611796694519821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
变负荷工况SO2实验损失值对比, figureFileSmall=LSb/iO6kEID3VLjmqNpr8w==, figureFileBig=hDSkyAXK9jVbXTUiEzPF3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611796770017302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
The NOx prediction results under varying load conditions with and without IQR data preprocessing, figureFileSmall=rh2iPBmfU1TFtnFUE62ETA==, figureFileBig=l50eQ7dabTh5RJc5bgRJ5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611796912623645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
(不)含IQR预处理的变负荷NOx预测结果对比, figureFileSmall=rh2iPBmfU1TFtnFUE62ETA==, figureFileBig=l50eQ7dabTh5RJc5bgRJ5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611797046841384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
The NOx prediction results under static condition, figureFileSmall=CUkwkZ2OECHAqGtlyRBtbQ==, figureFileBig=VkkWiiqXdvuOyWTxliiKNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611797181059119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
稳态工况NOx预测对比, figureFileSmall=CUkwkZ2OECHAqGtlyRBtbQ==, figureFileBig=VkkWiiqXdvuOyWTxliiKNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611797294305334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
The SO2 prediction results under static condition, figureFileSmall=sj/H6m8Y6KnzS2lAvDWOHA==, figureFileBig=0Qwm5hM/BhfTLi3i+7baUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611797403357243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
稳态工况SO2预测对比, figureFileSmall=sj/H6m8Y6KnzS2lAvDWOHA==, figureFileBig=0Qwm5hM/BhfTLi3i+7baUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611797512409155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
The NOx prediction results under variable load conditions, figureFileSmall=5mf3SJU3cd79PWVATIdZoA==, figureFileBig=BCriBjvxEgSSLa7jcaEJDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611797608878152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
变负荷工况NOx预测对比, figureFileSmall=5mf3SJU3cd79PWVATIdZoA==, figureFileBig=BCriBjvxEgSSLa7jcaEJDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611797696958542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=
The SO2 prediction results under variable load conditions, figureFileSmall=d6Rt9Krmeup9qo24BBavNg==, figureFileBig=gOlC8QfiuGoQJb6Aqn3OJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611797801816146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
变负荷工况SO2预测对比, figureFileSmall=d6Rt9Krmeup9qo24BBavNg==, figureFileBig=gOlC8QfiuGoQJb6Aqn3OJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611797915062360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Selections of input variables
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 输入变量 | 是否选择 |
|---|
| NOx | SO2 |
|---|
| 原烟气温度 | 否 | 否 |
| 原烟气压力 | 否 | 是 |
| 原烟气SO2浓度 | 否 | 是 |
| 尿素溶液流量 | 是 | 否 |
| 总风量 | 是 | 是 |
| 一次风总量 | 否 | 是 |
| 二次风总量 | 是 | 是 |
| 尿素输送频率 | 是 | 否 |
| 风煤比 | 是 | 是 |
| 负荷 | 否 | 是 |
| 炉膛出口温度 | 是 | 是 |
| 床温均值 | 是 | 是 |
| 净烟气O2浓度 | 是 | 是 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236611797994754143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
输入变量选取
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 输入变量 | 是否选择 |
|---|
| NOx | SO2 |
|---|
| 原烟气温度 | 否 | 否 |
| 原烟气压力 | 否 | 是 |
| 原烟气SO2浓度 | 否 | 是 |
| 尿素溶液流量 | 是 | 否 |
| 总风量 | 是 | 是 |
| 一次风总量 | 否 | 是 |
| 二次风总量 | 是 | 是 |
| 尿素输送频率 | 是 | 否 |
| 风煤比 | 是 | 是 |
| 负荷 | 否 | 是 |
| 炉膛出口温度 | 是 | 是 |
| 床温均值 | 是 | 是 |
| 净烟气O2浓度 | 是 | 是 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798162526309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Hyperparameter settings
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 超参数设置 | SO2 | NOx |
|---|
| 特征维度 | 10 | 8 |
| GRU层隐藏状态维度 | 32 | 32 |
| GRU层数 | 4 | 4 |
| 多头注意力头数 | 3 | 3 |
| 学习率 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| 批尺寸 | 64 | 64 |
| 训练轮数 | 25 | 35 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798292549736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
超参数设置
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 超参数设置 | SO2 | NOx |
|---|
| 特征维度 | 10 | 8 |
| GRU层隐藏状态维度 | 32 | 32 |
| GRU层数 | 4 | 4 |
| 多头注意力头数 | 3 | 3 |
| 学习率 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| 批尺寸 | 64 | 64 |
| 训练轮数 | 25 | 35 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798451933294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
The NOx prediction results of each model under steady state condition
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | MAE/(mg·m–3) | MAPE/% | R2 |
|---|
| LSTM | 4.549 5 | 11.97 | 0.604 3 |
| GRU | 3.838 7 | 9.87 | 0.686 3 |
| CNN-LSTM | 4.086 6 | 10.63 | 0.663 3 |
| CNN-GRU | 3.332 2 | 9.05 | 0.765 1 |
| CNN-LSTM-ATTENTION | 3.617 3 | 9.38 | 0.728 0 |
| CNN-GRU-ATTENTION | 3.757 3 | 9.91 | 0.702 5 |
| CNN-GRU-MHA | 2.390 0 | 5.99 | 0.846 5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798535819378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
稳态工况各模型NOx预测结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | MAE/(mg·m–3) | MAPE/% | R2 |
|---|
| LSTM | 4.549 5 | 11.97 | 0.604 3 |
| GRU | 3.838 7 | 9.87 | 0.686 3 |
| CNN-LSTM | 4.086 6 | 10.63 | 0.663 3 |
| CNN-GRU | 3.332 2 | 9.05 | 0.765 1 |
| CNN-LSTM-ATTENTION | 3.617 3 | 9.38 | 0.728 0 |
| CNN-GRU-ATTENTION | 3.757 3 | 9.91 | 0.702 5 |
| CNN-GRU-MHA | 2.390 0 | 5.99 | 0.846 5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798615511158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=
The SO2 prediction results of each model under steady state condition
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | MAE/(mg·m–3) | MAPE/% | R2 |
|---|
| LSTM | 4.303 6 | 20.89 | 0.709 0 |
| GRU | 4.472 1 | 22.26 | 0.698 8 |
| CNN-LSTM | 4.345 0 | 20.36 | 0.719 8 |
| CNN-GRU | 4.244 9 | 19.67 | 0.713 6 |
| CNN-LSTM-ATTENTION | 3.933 8 | 17.56 | 0.751 3 |
| CNN-GRU-ATTENTION | 3.084 9 | 14.59 | 0.859 2 |
| CNN-GRU-MHA | 2.805 9 | 13.12 | 0.878 8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798758117499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611787387359724, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
稳态工况各模型SO2预测结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | MAE/(mg·m–3) | MAPE/% | R2 |
|---|
| LSTM | 4.303 6 | 20.89 | 0.709 0 |
| GRU | 4.472 1 | 22.26 | 0.698 8 |
| CNN-LSTM | 4.345 0 | 20.36 | 0.719 8 |
| CNN-GRU | 4.244 9 | 19.67 | 0.713 6 |
| CNN-LSTM-ATTENTION | 3.933 8 | 17.56 | 0.751 3 |
| CNN-GRU-ATTENTION | 3.084 9 | 14.59 | 0.859 2 |
| CNN-GRU-MHA | 2.805 9 | 13.12 | 0.878 8 |
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The NOx prediction results of each model under variable load conditions
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| 模型 | MAE/(mg·m–3) | MAPE/% | R2 |
|---|
| LSTM | 9.300 7 | 23.48 | 0.343 3 |
| GRU | 6.299 1 | 14.71 | 0.502 5 |
| CNN-LSTM | 5.97 6 | 13.76 | 0.512 3 |
| CNN-GRU | 5.671 0 | 12.48 | 0.517 9 |
| CNN-LSTM-ATTENTION | 4.270 0 | 8.88 | 0.690 6 |
| CNN-GRU-ATTENTION | 4.022 7 | 8.52 | 0.720 5 |
| CNN-GRU-MHA | 2.960 6 | 5.33 | 0.856 3 |
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变负荷工况各模型NOx预测结果
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| 模型 | MAE/(mg·m–3) | MAPE/% | R2 |
|---|
| LSTM | 9.300 7 | 23.48 | 0.343 3 |
| GRU | 6.299 1 | 14.71 | 0.502 5 |
| CNN-LSTM | 5.97 6 | 13.76 | 0.512 3 |
| CNN-GRU | 5.671 0 | 12.48 | 0.517 9 |
| CNN-LSTM-ATTENTION | 4.270 0 | 8.88 | 0.690 6 |
| CNN-GRU-ATTENTION | 4.022 7 | 8.52 | 0.720 5 |
| CNN-GRU-MHA | 2.960 6 | 5.33 | 0.856 3 |
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The SO2 prediction results of each model under variable load conditions
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| 模型 | MAE/(mg·m–3) | MAPE/% | R2 |
|---|
| LSTM | 6.624 0 | 29.93 | 0.625 8 |
| GRU | 5.575 6 | 27.34 | 0.636 9 |
| CNN-LSTM | 3.596 8 | 25.17 | 0.796 6 |
| CNN-GRU | 2.910 1 | 17.45 | 0.816 0 |
| CNN-LSTM-ATTENTION | 3.746 7 | 24.79 | 0.747 0 |
| CNN-GRU-ATTENTION | 3.407 7 | 22.57 | 0.798 5 |
| CNN-GRU-MHA | 2.334 8 | 13.52 | 0.876 0 |
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变负荷工况各模型SO2预测结果
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| 模型 | MAE/(mg·m–3) | MAPE/% | R2 |
|---|
| LSTM | 6.624 0 | 29.93 | 0.625 8 |
| GRU | 5.575 6 | 27.34 | 0.636 9 |
| CNN-LSTM | 3.596 8 | 25.17 | 0.796 6 |
| CNN-GRU | 2.910 1 | 17.45 | 0.816 0 |
| CNN-LSTM-ATTENTION | 3.746 7 | 24.79 | 0.747 0 |
| CNN-GRU-ATTENTION | 3.407 7 | 22.57 | 0.798 5 |
| CNN-GRU-MHA | 2.334 8 | 13.52 | 0.876 0 |
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