Article(id=1236611786896626136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202410214, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1734710400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772760825131, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772760825131, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772760825131, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772760825131, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236611783876727231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='159', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1772760824412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772761154835, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=91, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236611787165061601, articleId=1236611786896626136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Simulation modelling of power system for supercritical units considering dynamic heat exchange of once-through boiler, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing proportion of new energy connected to the grid, the issue of frequency safety in the power system and mastering the regulation ability of the units have become more important. At present, in power system simulation, thermal power unit models suitable for electromechanical transient and medium-long term dynamics mainly adopt the simplified model of drum boilers and the single reheater turbine model recommended by IEEE. If a similar model is also used for the once-through boiler unit, the simulation results of the main steam pressure will deviate significantly from the actual situation due to the dynamic of thermal storage coefficient and the deviation of control system, which leads to a misjudgement of the unit’s regulation ability. By using thermodynamic modeling methods, a supercritical once-through boiler unit model suitable for multi-time scale dynamic simulation is proposed. By establishing a moving boundary model of the water wall and a dynamic heat flow model of the superheater, the heat storage capacity of the once-through boiler can be reflected more accurately. By incorporating feedwater control and superheat control, the control system is more in line with the actual unit. The high simulation accuracy of the model is verified using power plant operation data. Compared with the existing power simulation models, the simulation accuracy of the main steam pressure has been improved significantly. Therefore, the model can describe the dynamics of supercritical once-through boiler units more accurately in primary and secondary frequency regulation and peak shaving, which is helpful for simulating the frequency process of power systems.

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随着新能源并网比例的增加,电力系统频率安全问题凸显,掌握机组调节能力的重要性日益突出。目前电力系统仿真中,适用于机电暂态和中长期动态的火电机组模型主要采用IEEE推荐的汽包锅炉简化模型和单再热器汽轮机模型。如果对直流锅炉机组也采用该模型,则会因为蓄热系数的动态和控制系统的偏差,机组主蒸汽压力的仿真结果大幅偏离实际,进而错估机组调节能力。基于此,采用热力学的建模方法,建立了一种适用于多时间尺度动态仿真的超临界直流锅炉火电机组模型。通过建立水冷壁的移动边界模型和过热器的动态热量流模型,更准确地反映直流锅炉的蓄热能力;通过加入给水控制和过热度控制,使得控制系统更符合实际机组。利用电厂运行数据验证了该模型具有较高的仿真精度。相较于现有电力仿真模型,该模型对主蒸汽压力的仿真精度大幅提升。所提出的模型能够更准确地描述超临界直流锅炉机组在一、二次调频及调峰中的动态过程,有助于电力系统频率过程仿真。

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陈磊(1982),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为新能源电力系统动态分析与控制,
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徐达睿(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电机组AGC和一次调频,

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caption=60%工况100 s后以2 MW/min的速率增至70%工况仿真结果, figureFileSmall=SiP4qEChsw2QNEeM+U9nGg==, figureFileBig=la6SLIuEddmBz4Pp3C5IwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611798917501063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611786896626136, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Model error calculation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量误差本文模型现有模型本文模型提升程度/%
功率绝对误差/MW1.0971.27213.76
相对误差/%5.025.85
主蒸汽压力绝对误差/MPa0.1450.55173.68
相对误差/%14.8056.06
主蒸汽阀综合阀位绝对误差/%0.6132.34573.86
相对误差/%7.5128.71
), ArticleFig(id=1236611799034941580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611786896626136, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型误差计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量误差本文模型现有模型本文模型提升程度/%
功率绝对误差/MW1.0971.27213.76
相对误差/%5.025.85
主蒸汽压力绝对误差/MPa0.1450.55173.68
相对误差/%14.8056.06
主蒸汽阀综合阀位绝对误差/%0.6132.34573.86
相对误差/%7.5128.71
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考虑直流锅炉动态换热的超临界机组电力系统仿真建模
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徐达睿 1 , 郝玲 1, 2 , 陈磊 1, 2 , 祁鑫 3 , 刘一峰 3 , 李江鹏 3 , 黄怡涵 1 , 徐飞 1, 2
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025,54(7): 91-100
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025, 54(7): 91-100
考虑直流锅炉动态换热的超临界机组电力系统仿真建模
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徐达睿1 , 郝玲1, 2, 陈磊1, 2 , 祁鑫3, 刘一峰3, 李江鹏3, 黄怡涵1, 徐飞1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.清华大学电机工程与应用电子技术系,北京 100084
  • 2.清华大学新型电力系统运行与控制全国重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 3.国网宁夏电力有限公司,宁夏 银川 750010
  • 徐达睿(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电机组AGC和一次调频,

通讯作者:

陈磊(1982),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为新能源电力系统动态分析与控制,
Simulation modelling of power system for supercritical units considering dynamic heat exchange of once-through boiler
Darui XU1 , Ling HAO1, 2, Lei CHEN1, 2 , Xin QI3, Yifeng LIU3, Jiangpeng LI3, Yihan HUANG1, Fei XU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3.State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750010, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410214
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随着新能源并网比例的增加,电力系统频率安全问题凸显,掌握机组调节能力的重要性日益突出。目前电力系统仿真中,适用于机电暂态和中长期动态的火电机组模型主要采用IEEE推荐的汽包锅炉简化模型和单再热器汽轮机模型。如果对直流锅炉机组也采用该模型,则会因为蓄热系数的动态和控制系统的偏差,机组主蒸汽压力的仿真结果大幅偏离实际,进而错估机组调节能力。基于此,采用热力学的建模方法,建立了一种适用于多时间尺度动态仿真的超临界直流锅炉火电机组模型。通过建立水冷壁的移动边界模型和过热器的动态热量流模型,更准确地反映直流锅炉的蓄热能力;通过加入给水控制和过热度控制,使得控制系统更符合实际机组。利用电厂运行数据验证了该模型具有较高的仿真精度。相较于现有电力仿真模型,该模型对主蒸汽压力的仿真精度大幅提升。所提出的模型能够更准确地描述超临界直流锅炉机组在一、二次调频及调峰中的动态过程,有助于电力系统频率过程仿真。

超临界机组  /  直流锅炉  /  一次调频  /  AGC  /  锅炉主控

With the increasing proportion of new energy connected to the grid, the issue of frequency safety in the power system and mastering the regulation ability of the units have become more important. At present, in power system simulation, thermal power unit models suitable for electromechanical transient and medium-long term dynamics mainly adopt the simplified model of drum boilers and the single reheater turbine model recommended by IEEE. If a similar model is also used for the once-through boiler unit, the simulation results of the main steam pressure will deviate significantly from the actual situation due to the dynamic of thermal storage coefficient and the deviation of control system, which leads to a misjudgement of the unit’s regulation ability. By using thermodynamic modeling methods, a supercritical once-through boiler unit model suitable for multi-time scale dynamic simulation is proposed. By establishing a moving boundary model of the water wall and a dynamic heat flow model of the superheater, the heat storage capacity of the once-through boiler can be reflected more accurately. By incorporating feedwater control and superheat control, the control system is more in line with the actual unit. The high simulation accuracy of the model is verified using power plant operation data. Compared with the existing power simulation models, the simulation accuracy of the main steam pressure has been improved significantly. Therefore, the model can describe the dynamics of supercritical once-through boiler units more accurately in primary and secondary frequency regulation and peak shaving, which is helpful for simulating the frequency process of power systems.

supercritical units  /  once-through boiler  /  primary frequency regulation  /  AGC  /  boiler master control
徐达睿, 郝玲, 陈磊, 祁鑫, 刘一峰, 李江鹏, 黄怡涵, 徐飞. 考虑直流锅炉动态换热的超临界机组电力系统仿真建模. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (7) : 91 -100 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410214
Darui XU, Ling HAO, Lei CHEN, Xin QI, Yifeng LIU, Jiangpeng LI, Yihan HUANG, Fei XU. Simulation modelling of power system for supercritical units considering dynamic heat exchange of once-through boiler[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (7) : 91 -100 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410214
为了实现“双碳”目标,我国电力系统中风电、光伏等新能源机组的发电占比日益增加,相应的火电机组的发电占比不断减少。这在推进电力系统清洁低碳的同时,也带来了系统调节能力不足的问题。一方面,由于风电、光伏的不确定性,大量风电和光伏机组并网对系统的调节能力提出更高的需求;另一方面,由于火电机组的减少,电力系统的惯量和传统调节资源减少[1]。2个因素叠加,系统频率安全风险增大。随着我国“9·19”锦苏直流双极闭锁[2]等频率安全事件的发生,人们越来越关注系统的频率安全以及频率调节问题。一方面,针对新能源机组参与调频的研究相继开展[3],另一方面,传统调节资源的作用也被更加重视,除了进一步提升调节能力以外[4],还希望能更准确地掌握火电等传统机组的调节能力[5]
火电机组的调节能力,按时间尺度可以分为秒级的机电暂态和分钟级的中长期动态,其中机电暂态主要为机组的一次调频能力,而中长期动态则包括二次调频和调峰能力。基于文献[6-7]推荐的汽包锅炉简化模型和单再热器汽轮机模型,文献[8]给出了一种适用于全动态过程的火电机组模型,该模型基本代表了现有电力仿真所采用的火电机组模型。文献[9]就采用类似结构的火电模型,利用遗传算法,辨识得到了模型参数。但是,这种结构的火电机组模型,在应用于超临界直流锅炉火电机组时,会遇到以下问题。
1)文献[6]的锅炉模型是基于汽包锅炉搭建的,并不完全符合直流锅炉的特点,且该模型的仿真结果十分依赖蓄热系数的拟合精度。文献[10]指出即便在一次调频过程中,假设锅炉蓄热系数保持不变也不符合实际。而在中长期动态中,锅炉的蓄热系数随机组工况的变化,对于蓄热能力较弱的直流锅炉而言,影响更大。
2)汽包锅炉和直流锅炉的控制系统存在一定差异,用汽包锅炉的控制系统无法直接代替直流锅炉。文献[11]指出在汽水动态和汽温控制方面,直流锅炉与汽包锅炉存在明显不同;文献[12]详细对比了直流锅炉和汽包锅炉在给水控制系统上的差异;文献[13]指出在火电机组一次调频仿真时依然需要考虑锅炉主控和锅炉模型。锅炉控制系统对于中长期的主蒸汽压力稳定有至关重要的影响。
以上问题最直接的影响是机组主蒸汽压力的仿真结果出现较大偏差,进而使得机组的功率结果存在偏离风险,尤其是在触及一次调频限幅时。文献[2]指出锅炉主蒸汽压力模型对系统频率响应有较大影响。如果不保证主蒸汽压力的仿真精度,会使得对机组调节能力的估计偏离实际。因此,需要结合热力学原理,重新搭建超临界直流锅炉火电机组模型。
目前,在热力研究方面,火电机组模型可大致分为机理模型、数据驱动模型和GSE、Dymola等仿真软件模型,其中机理模型分为集总参数模型和分布式参数模型。在集总参数的机理模型方面,文献[14]建立了适用于电力系统分析的超超临界火电机组动态模型;文献[15]提出了补偿环节惯性时间常数的参数动态优化方法;文献[16]给出了直流锅炉的动态数学模型;文献[17]采用三段式的移动边界法,搭建了超临界600 MW直流锅炉机组的蒸汽发生器模型。在分布式参数的机理模型方面,文献[18]建立了水冷壁的一维分段移动边界模型;文献[19]采用动态热量流法,搭建了汽包锅炉的数学模型。一般而言,集总参数模型,相较于分布式参数模型牺牲了仿真精度,提升了仿真速度。文献[20]为满足热工控制的研究需要,采用两输入两输出的传递函数模型,辨识得到不同工况下的模型参数;文献[21]搭建了灵活性改造后的超超临界1 000 MW直流锅炉机组传递函数模型;文献[22]给出了基于神经网络训练的火电机组模型。这类数据驱动模型的内部动态往往过于模糊,不利于分析影响机组调节能力的关键因素。文献[23]在GSE软件中搭建了火电机组动态模型,用以分析燃料偏差对机组循环效率的影响。热力软件是基于封装部件的建模工具,而一个火电机组模型往往包含20个以上的物理模块。热力软件虽然具有较高仿真精度,但也有着大量模型参数需要拟定,这使得电力仿真的复杂度随着机组数量的增加而显著增大,相应的仿真耗时也会增加。因此,热力软件更适合用于机组特性研究。
综上所述,现有用于电力仿真的火电机组模型,对于超临界直流锅炉机组的适用性较差,无法准确反映其主蒸汽压力动态,不利于对其调节能力的掌握;同时,热力学方面提供了更详细的火电机组模型,但是需要综合模型复杂度、模型适配环境等多方面因素,才能得到最为合适的建模方法。
为解决上述问题,本文建立了适用于多时间尺度仿真的超临界直流锅炉火电机组模型。为了提升机组主蒸汽压力的仿真精度,在直流锅炉模型方面,采用移动边界和动态热量流的建模方法,准确反映锅炉蓄热能力;在锅炉控制模型方面,加入给水控制和过热度控制,更加符合直流锅炉的控制动态。基于某实际机组的运行数据,本文验证了所搭建模型的准确性,并与现有的电力仿真模型[8]进行了对比。本文所搭建的火电机组模型,可以为超临界直流锅炉机组的一、二次调频能力及调峰能力的评估提供参考。
一个完整的火电机组模型由控制系统、执行部件和锅炉-汽轮机动态响应系统构成,如图1所示。其中,控制系统根据输入的电网频率、AGC (auto-matic generation control)指令,以及反馈的主蒸汽温度、主蒸汽压力、机组功率,得到不同变量的控制指令。不同的控制指令需要相应的执行部件响应,如给煤指令需要转换为对不同磨煤机的控制才可以实现给煤量的变化。执行部件的动作会导致燃料量、二次风量、给水流量和主蒸汽阀阀位的实际变化,进而通过锅炉-汽轮机系统的物理响应,转化为主蒸汽温度、主蒸汽压力和机组功率的变化。
为了搭建模型,本文做如下简化:
1)采用一阶惯性环节作为各控制指令执行部件的模型。这是因为执行部件也有其配套的控制系统,其核心目标是快速、准确地达成控制指令。简化执行部件不会对整体模型带来较大误差,但是可以降低模型复杂度。
2)假设二次风量可以匹配燃料量,燃料释放热量仅与燃料量相关,不考虑具体的燃烧动态。
本文火电机组简化结构模型如图2所示。
直流锅炉在亚临界状态运行时,存在相变过程。因此,采用移动边界法[24]建立水冷壁方程。本文忽略水冷壁壁面的换热过程和汽水工质的势能变化,假设流动阻力集总在进口处,将水冷壁模型(图3)分为过冷段、相变段和过热段,给出每一段的方程如下。
1)过冷段
{Swwddτ(l13ρ2)=D1D3+Swwρ3dl13dτSwwddτ(l13ρ2u2)=D1H1D3H3+Q2+                             Swwρ3H3dl13dτp1p3=ζ13l13D22ρ2u2=u1+u32Q2=k2l13(t2tf)
2)相变段
{Swwddτ(l35ρ4)=D3D5Swwρ3dl13dτ+Fwwρ5dl15dτSwwddτ(l35ρ4u4)=D3H3D5H5+Q4                             Swwρ3H3dl13dτ+Swwρ5H5dl15dτp3=p5u4=u3+u52Q4=k4l35(t4tf)
3)过热段
{Swwddτ(l57ρ6)=D5D7+Swwρ5dl57dτSwwddτ(l57ρ6u6)=D5H5D7H7+Q6+                             Swwρ5H5dl57dτp5p7=ζ57l57D62ρ6u6=u5+u72Q6=k6l57(t6tf)
式中:D为汽水工质的质量流量;p为汽水工质的压力;t为汽水工质的温度;u为汽水工质的内能;H为汽水工质的比焓;ρ为汽水工质的密度;l为水冷壁等效管道长度;ζ为阻力系数;Q为汽水工质和烟气的换热量;k为汽水工质和烟气间换热系数,数字下标为节点(如D1表示节点1的汽水工质的质量流量,节点划分见);Sww为水冷壁等效管道内横截面积;tf为烟气温度;τ为时间。
为了减少需要辨识的参数,结合汽水工质的物理特性,给出其他方程:
{l17=l13+l35+l57k2:k4:k6=4:10:1ζ13:ζ57=3:1k6=fww(B)
式中:函数fww表示换热系数与给煤量间的折算关系,采用分段线性函数的形式,类似于式(16)。
式(1)—式(4)及汽水工质的物性方程,共同构成了水冷壁的模型。由于汽水工质的物性方程较多且采用查表的形式,本文在此不再详细列写。
将过热器等效为一维分段换热器(图4),并定义其中每一段换热器为一个“换热单元”,给出一个“换热单元”内的方程如下。
1)能量守恒
金属壁截面的能量守恒方程:
Qhkcl(twtc)=mwcwtwτ
式中:Qh为金属壁-烟气间单位长度的换热量;kc为金属壁-汽水工质间的换热系数;l为换热单元的金属管长度;cw为金属比热;mw为单位长度金属管的质量;下标c、w分别表示汽水工质和金属壁。
汽水工质截面的能量守恒方程:
kcl(twtc)=DcHcx+SshρcHcτSshpcτ
式中:Ssh为过热器等效管道内横截面积;x为长度。
参照文献[25]的动态热量法,将式(5)和式(6)分别改写为式(7)和式(8):
tco(ττ)=tw(τ)+(tci(τ)tw(τ))exp(kcGc)
tw(ττ)=(tw(τ)tci(τ)QhRc)×exp(ΔτMwcwRc)+tci(τ)+QhRc
式中:tco(ττ)ττ时刻换热单元出口的汽水工质温度;Gc为换热器内全部汽水工质的质量和定压比热容的乘积;Rc为汽水工质和金属壁间的传热热阻;Mw为换热单元的金属管质量;Δτ为汽水工质流动的时间延迟。
GcRc的表达式为:
{Gc=DccpcRc=1Gc[exp(kcGc)1]
式中:cpc为汽水工质的定压比热容。
2)质量守恒
汽水工质截面的质量守恒方程为:
Dcx+Sshρcτ=0
对于换热单元而言,可以将式(10)改写为:
DcoDci+Sshlρcτ=0
式中:Dco为换热单元出口的汽水工质流量;Dci为换热单元入口的汽水工质流量。
3)动量守恒
汽水工质截面的动量守恒方程为:
pcx+ζσDc2ρc=0
式中:ζσ为阻力系数。
假设汽水工质受到的流动阻力集中在换热单元之间,则式(12)可以改写为:
pc(j+1)pc(j)+ζσlDco(j)2ρc=0
4)燃烧换热
将锅炉炉膛视作一个开口系统,忽略炉膛内换热设备的能量变化,则有:
{qdBηr+ckDktk=cyDyty+QhB+Dk=Dy
式中:qd为燃料的低位热值;ηr为炉膛燃烧效率;ck为进入炉膛空气的比热容;Dk为进入炉膛空气的质量流量;tk为进入炉膛空气的温度;cy为炉膛出口烟气的比热容;Dy为炉膛出口烟气的质量流量;ty为炉膛出口烟气的温度。
化简得到:
B(qdηrcyty)+Dk(cktkcyty)=Qh
当火电机组出力变化不大时,可认为式(15)中仅送风量Dk会随给煤量B成正比变化,其余参数均维持恒定。当火电机组工况变化较大时,除Dk以外的其他参数也会发生明显变化。因此,在火电机组大范围工况内,采用分段线性函数表示,得到金属壁-烟气之间的换热量和锅炉给煤量之间的关系:
Qh={K1B+b1,B(B0,B1)K2B+b2,B(B1,B2)              ...KjB+bj,B(Bj-1,Bj)
式中:Kj为不同工况区间内燃料量变化对换热量的传递系数;Bj为不同工况的给煤量;bj为偏置矫正。
5)换热单元边界条件
基于图4的一维分段换热器,可以得到如下边界条件:
{tco(j)=tci(j+1)=tc(j+1)Dco(j)=Dci(j+1)=Dc(j+1)
6)物性方程
对于工质的物性方程,主要考虑水的压强和定压比热容,随温度和密度的变化。取换热单元进出口工质温度的平均值作为定性温度,则工质的物性方程为:
{pc(j)=fP(tc(j+1)+tc(j)2,ρc(j))cpc(j)=fc(tc(j+1)+tc(j)2,ρc(j))
式中:pc(j)j段换热单元汽水工质的定性压力;cpc(j)j段换热单元汽水工质的定压比热容;ρc(j)j段换热单元汽水工质的平均密度。
综上所述,式(7)—式(8)、式(11)、式(13)、式(16)—式(18)构成了过热器的一维分段换热器模型。
阀门的理想流量特性指阀门前后压差恒定时,阀门开度和阀门的流量之间的关系。而实际系统中,阀门前后压差会随流量和管道阻力变化,导致理想特性发生偏离,此时就需要考虑阀门流量系数。对于由多个调节阀共同组成的调节阀组,如主蒸汽阀,其流量特性可以认为是阀门流量和综合开度、阀门压力之间的关系。本文忽略主蒸汽阀流量特性的非线性,认为主蒸汽阀流量和综合阀门开度、主蒸汽压力成正比,即:
Dst=kv×v×pst
式中:Dst为主蒸汽流量;kv为阀门流量系数。
为简化模型,将多个减温水环节合并为1个减温水环节,置于过热器和主蒸汽阀之间。假设减温水的注入不影响汽水工质的压力变化,则有:
{Dsi+Ds=DsoDsiHsi+DsHs=DsoHso
式中:Dsi为减温水前汽水工质质量流量;Ds为减温水质量流量;Dso为减温水后汽水工质质量流量;Hsi为减温水前汽水工质的比焓;Hs为减温水的比焓;Hso为减温水后汽水工质的比焓。
对于汽轮机模型,本文采用IEEE推荐的单再热器汽轮机标准模型[7],如图5所示。其中Pm为汽轮机输出功率,在不考虑发电机转换效率情况下,近似认为汽轮机输出功率等于发电机输出功率PE
汽轮机主控的输入为AGC指令PAGC、频率偏差Δf和机组实际功率PE,输出为主蒸汽阀综合阀位指令cv,汽轮机主控逻辑如图6所示。
锅炉主控的输入为AGC功率指令PAGC和锅炉测量主蒸汽压力pst,输出为给煤指令B、给水指令Dfw,其框图如图7所示,其中过热度PI控制对象为过热器入口工质温度。
将上述锅炉、汽轮机、控制系统模型进行连接,即可得到超临界直流锅炉火电机组完整动态模型,如图8所示。图8中:tci为过热器入口的汽水工质温度;pci为过热器入口的汽水工质压力;tco为过热器出口的汽水工质温度;twi为给水温度。
相较于现有的电力系统仿真模型[8],本文模型更准确地描述了水冷壁和过热器的换热动态以及锅炉主控动态。因此,本文模型具有主蒸汽压力的仿真精度优势,有助于大扰动下的一次调频仿真和中长期仿真。在热力研究方面,本文模型属于一维空间的机理模型。相较于其他机理模型[14],本文模型结合了移动边界法和动态热量流法,既可以描述直流锅炉亚临界运行时的热力动态,增大了模型的适用范围,又保留了过热器的空间分布特性,提高了模型的仿真精度。
为了验证所搭建模型的准确性,对某超临界600 MW直流锅炉机组进行了仿真结果和实际结果的比较。本文锅炉模型的参数辨识方法参考文献[26],用于对比的现有模型采用文献[6]提出的锅炉模型。图9为案例输入的系统频率和AGC指令,模型控制参数取自机组实际控制器,模型变量初值取自电厂分散控制系统(distributed control system,DCS),得到的仿真结果如图10所示。表1为模型误差计算结果,其中绝对误差的计算公式为仿真值和测量值的平均绝对偏差。由于不同模型、同一变量的相对误差基值相同,因此采用相对误差计算也可以得到相同结果。
本文模型功率的误差计算公式如下:
Ea_PE_paper=0τmax|PE_paperPE_real|dττmax
式中:Ea_PE_paper为本文模型功率的绝对误差;PE_paper为本文模型仿真功率;PE_real为测量功率;τmax为最大时刻时间。
相对误差的计算公式为绝对误差除以测量值最大偏差,计算公式为:
Er_PE_paper=Ea_PE_papermax(PE_real)min(PE_real)
式中:Er_PE_paper为本文模型功率的相对误差。
本文模型提升程度的计算公式为现有模型和本文模型的绝对误差之差除以现有模型绝对误差,其计算公式为:
ΔEa_PE=Ea_PE_referenceEa_PE_paperEa_PE_reference×100%
式中:ΔEa_PE为本文模型功率的提升程度;Ea_PE_reference为现有模型功率的绝对误差。
图10表1可以看出,虽然机组功率的仿真结果二者相差不大,但是在主蒸汽压力和主蒸汽阀综合阀位的仿真精度上,本文模型明显优于现有模型。这是因为现有模型存在以下问题:1)锅炉模型的蓄热系数为零时刻线性化参数,缺少动态过程;2)锅炉主控的输出没有细分给水指令和给煤指令。上述问题导致现有模型在主蒸汽压力的仿真上失准严重。现有模型依靠汽轮机主控的负反馈调节减弱了主蒸汽压力对机组功率的影响,但是这本质上是在消耗机组的调节裕量。当机组蓄热耗尽(主蒸汽阀全开)时,主蒸汽压力的动态就会严重影响机组功率。因此,为了正确评估机组的调节能力,需要保证内部压力的仿真精度。
需要注意的是,本文模型和现有模型采用相同的汽轮机主控,因此在阀位均未触及限幅的情况下,二者功率的控制性能相近,主要区别为本文模型由于主蒸汽压力对功率的反调作用(阀门增大,主蒸汽压力减小,抑制功率增长),功率曲线波动更小。同时,由式(19)和图5可知,机组功率受主蒸汽压力和主蒸汽阀综合阀位共同影响。在汽轮机主控负反馈作用下,现有模型为了维持功率准确性,必然通过调节阀位来弥补主蒸汽压力的偏差。换而言之,在控制系统作用下,现有模型的功率误差转嫁到了阀位上,并且阀位误差和主蒸汽压力误差呈现反向,即主蒸汽压力偏高导致阀位偏低。
查阅该机组的设计手册,获取不同工况下的机组参数,分别进行一次调频试验[27]和升负荷场景下的模型仿真,结果如图11图12所示。
图11可知,一次调频时,主蒸汽阀综合阀位增大5%左右,机组功率上升16 MW,主蒸汽压力下降约0.4 MPa。
图12可知,升负荷时,给水流量和给煤量按一定速率增长,主蒸汽压力按滑压曲线由16.3 MPa增长至18.8 MPa,机组功率以2 MW/min由360 MW增长至420 MW。模型仿真结果符合预期。
新型电力系统的建设,对火电机组的调节能力提出了更高的要求。而现有电力仿真主要采用的汽包锅炉火电机组模型,对直流锅炉机组的适用性较差,不能准确体现直流锅炉机组的调节能力。因此,本文针对滑压运行的超临界直流锅炉火电机组,采用热力学的建模方法,建立了适用于多时间尺度仿真的动态模型。
具体工作包括:1)构建了火电机组动态模型的框架,将火电机组模型划分为控制系统、执行部件和锅炉-汽轮机动态响应系统;2)分别采用移动边界法和动态热量流法,建立了水冷壁和过热器的换热器模型,结合主蒸汽阀和减温水模型,共同构成了直流锅炉的动态模型;3)提出了适用于直流锅炉的锅炉主控模型,区别于汽包锅炉,额外考虑了给水控制和过热度控制,并给出本文物理-控制模型的完整框图;4)利用电厂DCS的运行数据,对某实际机组,验证了所搭建模型的准确性,并比较了本文模型相较于现有模型的优势。
本文提出的超临界直流锅炉火电机组模型,显著提高了机组主蒸汽压力的仿真精度。这无论是对掌握机组的一次调频能力极限,还是反映机组中长期内调节能力随工况的变动都至关重要。同时,本文模型对机组试验的依赖性较弱,可以在事前的频率安全估计中提供较为精确的参考。但是,本文模型仍存在部分问题,包括直流锅炉超临界和亚临界转换导致的动态过程求解问题,以及煤质变化导致的换热量非线性问题。后续,本研究将在进一步解决以上模型问题的同时,将本文模型代入多机系统,进行系统频率安全的相关研究。
  • 国家电网有限公司科技项目(SGNX0000DKJS2200808)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410214
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 修回日期:2024-12-21
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Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(SGNX0000DKJS2200808)
国家电网有限公司科技项目(SGNX0000DKJS2200808)
作者信息
    1.清华大学电机工程与应用电子技术系,北京 100084
    2.清华大学新型电力系统运行与控制全国重点实验室,北京 100084
    3.国网宁夏电力有限公司,宁夏 银川 750010

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陈磊(1982),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为新能源电力系统动态分析与控制,
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