Article(id=1236611785743201155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202410243, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1735315200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772760824857, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772760824857, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772760824857, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772760824857, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236611783876727231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='159', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1772760824412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772761154835, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=101, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236611785999053706, articleId=1236611785743201155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research and application of AGC frequency regulation capacity allocation scheme for supercapacitor hybrid energy storage assisted thermal power unit, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The “double high” characteristics of new power system make its frequency stability face a huge challenge. Energy storage assisted thermal power unit frequency regulation technology has become a key core technology to ensure the stable operation of the new power system. The mainstream form of energy storage used in this technology, lithium battery storage, suffers from short lifespan and poor safety in use. The features of supercapacitor energy storage like high power, long cycle life, and high security, are highly compatible with the energy-storage requirements of frequency regulation of the energy storage assisted thermal power unit, but the supercapacitor’s response to the continuous unidirectional command is poor. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the technical route of hybrid energy storage to achieve complementary advantages of the two types of energy storage. The hybrid energy storage capacity configuration of supercapacitor and lithium battery was studied, the energy storage capacity configuration method based on the actual AGC frequency regulation command was designed, considering the characteristics of power-type energy storage devices and energy-type energy storage devices. Moreover, the frequency regulation performance and economy of three typical capacity configuration schemes were compared, and the optimal scheme was determined. Finally, engineering verification was carried out. The actual operation data show that, the supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system can improve the frequency regulation performance of the thermal power unit by 59.77%, extend the service life of the lithium battery to 3.6 times, and improve the system economy.

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新型电力系统“双高”特性使其频率稳定性面临巨大挑战,储能辅助火电机组调频技术已成为保障新型电力系统稳定运行的关键核心技术。该技术所采用的主流储能形式——锂电池储能,在使用中存在寿命短和安全性差的问题,超级电容储能自身高功率、长循环寿命、高安全性的特性极其契合火储调频对储能的要求,但对连续单向指令响应效果较差,需要探索混合储能技术路线实现2种储能优势互补。针对超级电容-锂电池混合储能容量配置问题进行研究,考虑功率型储能器件和能量型储能器件特性,设计了基于实际自动发电控制(AGC)调频指令的储能容量配置方法,对比了3种典型容量配置方案的调频性能和经济性,确定了最优方案并进行了工程验证。实际运行数据表明,超级电容混合储能系统可提升机组调频性能59.77%,延长锂电池使用寿命至3.6倍,提升系统经济性。

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李菁华(2000),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为储能技术,

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李菁华(2000),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为储能技术,

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李菁华(2000),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为储能技术,

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Representative projects of energy storage assisted frequency modulation of thermal power units in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目名称储能规模设计功能投运时间
广东阳西电厂52.5 MW/55.9 MW·h锂电池一次调频2023年
国能灵武电厂22 MW/4.5 MW·h飞轮储能一次调频2023年
上海外高桥第三发电厂10 MW/10 MW·h锂电池二次调频2021年
佛山恒益电厂10 MW/10 MW·h锂电池二次调频2020年
内蒙古金山电厂10 MW/5 MW·h锂电池二次调频2020年
山西兆光电厂15 MW/7.5 MW·h锂电池二次调频2019年
华润电力海丰电厂30 MW/14.93 MW·h锂电池二次调频2019年
内蒙古上都电厂18 MW/8.957 MW·h锂电池二次调频2018年
京能石景山热电厂2 MW锂电池二次调频2013年
), ArticleFig(id=1236611797403365831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785743201155, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

全国储能辅助火电机组调频代表性工程项目

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目名称储能规模设计功能投运时间
广东阳西电厂52.5 MW/55.9 MW·h锂电池一次调频2023年
国能灵武电厂22 MW/4.5 MW·h飞轮储能一次调频2023年
上海外高桥第三发电厂10 MW/10 MW·h锂电池二次调频2021年
佛山恒益电厂10 MW/10 MW·h锂电池二次调频2020年
内蒙古金山电厂10 MW/5 MW·h锂电池二次调频2020年
山西兆光电厂15 MW/7.5 MW·h锂电池二次调频2019年
华润电力海丰电厂30 MW/14.93 MW·h锂电池二次调频2019年
内蒙古上都电厂18 MW/8.957 MW·h锂电池二次调频2018年
京能石景山热电厂2 MW锂电池二次调频2013年
), ArticleFig(id=1236611797516612045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785743201155, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Working conditions of the hybrid energy storage system based on SOC partitioning

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DEFGH
AS1S2S3S4S5
BS6S7S8S9S10
CS11S12S13S14S15
), ArticleFig(id=1236611797613081041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785743201155, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于SOC分区的混合储能系统工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DEFGH
AS1S2S3S4S5
BS6S7S8S9S10
CS11S12S13S14S15
), ArticleFig(id=1236611797692772817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785743201155, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Statistics of AGC command duration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份0~2 min占比/%2~4 min占比/%4 min以上占比/%
6月45.9138.9615.13
7月64.9730.084.95
8月41.7244.9113.37
9月37.2145.2017.59
), ArticleFig(id=1236611797801824725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785743201155, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

AGC指令时长统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份0~2 min占比/%2~4 min占比/%4 min以上占比/%
6月45.9138.9615.13
7月64.9730.084.95
8月41.7244.9113.37
9月37.2145.2017.59
), ArticleFig(id=1236611797915070938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785743201155, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Statistics of the number of consecutive increases and decreases in AGC commands

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份1~2个占比/%3个及以上占比/%
6月80.2919.71
7月64.6835.32
8月82.7717.23
9月75.7624.24
), ArticleFig(id=1236611797994762718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785743201155, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

AGC指令中连续增减个数统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份1~2个占比/%3个及以上占比/%
6月80.2919.71
7月64.6835.32
8月82.7717.23
9月75.7624.24
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798166729187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785743201155, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The frequency-modulation performance of hybrid energy storage with different capacities

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方案名称储能容量SOC限值时长/hSOC限值时长占比/%储能日循环次数
方案15 MW/4 min超级电容+15 MW/7.5 MW·h锂电池2.299.58锂电3.20次
超容31.00次
方案210 MW/6 min超级电容+10 MW/5 MW·h锂电池2.5010.42锂电3.24次
超容25.07次
方案315 MW/8 min超级电容+5 MW/2.5 MW·h锂电池2.6110.87锂电3.21次
超容20.18次
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798292558311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785743201155, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同容量混合储能调频性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案名称储能容量SOC限值时长/hSOC限值时长占比/%储能日循环次数
方案15 MW/4 min超级电容+15 MW/7.5 MW·h锂电池2.299.58锂电3.20次
超容31.00次
方案210 MW/6 min超级电容+10 MW/5 MW·h锂电池2.5010.42锂电3.24次
超容25.07次
方案315 MW/8 min超级电容+5 MW/2.5 MW·h锂电池2.6110.87锂电3.21次
超容20.18次
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798451941868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785743201155, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Economic comparison of different energy storage configuration schemes

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方案1方案2方案3
年平均出清价格/(元·MW-1)10.510.510.5
年平均K0.850.840.84
日平均调频里程/MW5 125.005 077.395 051.89
日AGC调用补偿/元45 740.6744 782.6244 557.66
日AGC基本补偿/元10 348.810 348.810 348.8
年AGC调频补偿收益/万元1 682.681 653.941 647.19
年考核费用奖励/万元380.02376.49374.60
年调频精度考核减免/万元180180180
电池日循环次数3.203.243.21
超级电容日循环次数31.0025.0720.18
储能初始投资/万元1 2601 6402 020
系统其他初始投资/万元2 0002 0002 000
初始总投资/万元3 2603 6404 020
储能电芯更换周期/a4.20(锂电池)
10.75(超级电容)
4.10(锂电池)
13.30(超级电容)
4.10(锂电池)
16.52(超级电容)
储能电芯更换成本/万元1 320880440
投资回收期(税前)/a1.451.651.82
运行周期投资成本/万元4 5804 5204 460
运行周期净利润/万元17 847.0517 584.3317 557.93
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798552605168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785743201155, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同储能配置方案经济性对比

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方案1方案2方案3
年平均出清价格/(元·MW-1)10.510.510.5
年平均K0.850.840.84
日平均调频里程/MW5 125.005 077.395 051.89
日AGC调用补偿/元45 740.6744 782.6244 557.66
日AGC基本补偿/元10 348.810 348.810 348.8
年AGC调频补偿收益/万元1 682.681 653.941 647.19
年考核费用奖励/万元380.02376.49374.60
年调频精度考核减免/万元180180180
电池日循环次数3.203.243.21
超级电容日循环次数31.0025.0720.18
储能初始投资/万元1 2601 6402 020
系统其他初始投资/万元2 0002 0002 000
初始总投资/万元3 2603 6404 020
储能电芯更换周期/a4.20(锂电池)
10.75(超级电容)
4.10(锂电池)
13.30(超级电容)
4.10(锂电池)
16.52(超级电容)
储能电芯更换成本/万元1 320880440
投资回收期(税前)/a1.451.651.82
运行周期投资成本/万元4 5804 5204 460
运行周期净利润/万元17 847.0517 584.3317 557.93
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798653268465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785743201155, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

The unit frequency regulation performance before and after the supercapacitor energy storage system is put into operation

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性能指标储能未投入储能投入提升幅度/%
调节速率K10.048 80.983 91 916.19
调节精度K21.322 85.119 9287.05
响应时间K30.185 90.716 2285.26
综合性能指标K0.540 60.863 759.77
综合性能要求0.550.55
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798787486198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785743201155, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

超级电容储能系统投运前后机组调频性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标储能未投入储能投入提升幅度/%
调节速率K10.048 80.983 91 916.19
调节精度K21.322 85.119 9287.05
响应时间K30.185 90.716 2285.26
综合性能指标K0.540 60.863 759.77
综合性能要求0.550.55
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798904926713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785743201155, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Comparison of daily cycle times between lithium batteries and supercapacitors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期按容量分配独立响应指令策略本文所提控制策略
锂电池
循环次数
超级电容
循环次数
锂电池
循环次数
超级电容
循环次数
第1天0.010.060.9512.92
第2天3.2115.860.277.41
第3天3.9219.732.6640.53
第4天3.9811.200.085.07
第5天5.3217.872.2740.72
第6天5.2317.542.4944.54
第7天7.4322.700.9813.67
第8天7.1521.171.9439.39
第9天5.3817.050.8529.34
第10天10.1025.070.8328.38
第11天9.9618.790.9932.37
第12天9.9518.453.8150.83
第13天2.498.732.7640.62
平均值5.7016.481.6129.68
), ArticleFig(id=1236611799034950141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785743201155, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

锂电池与超级电容日循环次数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期按容量分配独立响应指令策略本文所提控制策略
锂电池
循环次数
超级电容
循环次数
锂电池
循环次数
超级电容
循环次数
第1天0.010.060.9512.92
第2天3.2115.860.277.41
第3天3.9219.732.6640.53
第4天3.9811.200.085.07
第5天5.3217.872.2740.72
第6天5.2317.542.4944.54
第7天7.4322.700.9813.67
第8天7.1521.171.9439.39
第9天5.3817.050.8529.34
第10天10.1025.070.8328.38
第11天9.9618.790.9932.37
第12天9.9518.453.8150.83
第13天2.498.732.7640.62
平均值5.7016.481.6129.68
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超级电容混合储能辅助火电机组AGC调频容量配置方案研究与应用
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李菁华 1 , 兀鹏越 1 , 黄富强 2 , 房方 3 , 康祯 1 , 洪烽 3 , 解晶莹 4 , 杨恩东 5 , 寇水潮 1 , 王小辉 1
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025,54(7): 101-110
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025, 54(7): 101-110
超级电容混合储能辅助火电机组AGC调频容量配置方案研究与应用
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李菁华1 , 兀鹏越1, 黄富强2, 房方3, 康祯1, 洪烽3, 解晶莹4, 杨恩东5, 寇水潮1, 王小辉1
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.上海交通大学材料科学与工程学院,上海 200240
  • 3.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206
  • 4.上海空间电源研究所,上海 200245
  • 5.南通江海储能技术有限公司,江苏 南通 226300
  • 李菁华(2000),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为储能技术,

Research and application of AGC frequency regulation capacity allocation scheme for supercapacitor hybrid energy storage assisted thermal power unit
Jinghua LI1 , Pengyue WU1, Fuqiang HUANG2, Fang FANG3, Zhen KANG1, Feng HONG3, Jingying XIE4, Endong YANG5, Shuichao KOU1, Xiaohui WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 3.School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 4.Shanghai Institute of Space Power-Sources, Shanghai 200245, China
  • 5.Nantong Jianghai Energy Storage Technology Co., Ltd., Nantong 226300, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410243
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新型电力系统“双高”特性使其频率稳定性面临巨大挑战,储能辅助火电机组调频技术已成为保障新型电力系统稳定运行的关键核心技术。该技术所采用的主流储能形式——锂电池储能,在使用中存在寿命短和安全性差的问题,超级电容储能自身高功率、长循环寿命、高安全性的特性极其契合火储调频对储能的要求,但对连续单向指令响应效果较差,需要探索混合储能技术路线实现2种储能优势互补。针对超级电容-锂电池混合储能容量配置问题进行研究,考虑功率型储能器件和能量型储能器件特性,设计了基于实际自动发电控制(AGC)调频指令的储能容量配置方法,对比了3种典型容量配置方案的调频性能和经济性,确定了最优方案并进行了工程验证。实际运行数据表明,超级电容混合储能系统可提升机组调频性能59.77%,延长锂电池使用寿命至3.6倍,提升系统经济性。

超级电容  /  混合储能  /  AGC调频  /  容量配置

The “double high” characteristics of new power system make its frequency stability face a huge challenge. Energy storage assisted thermal power unit frequency regulation technology has become a key core technology to ensure the stable operation of the new power system. The mainstream form of energy storage used in this technology, lithium battery storage, suffers from short lifespan and poor safety in use. The features of supercapacitor energy storage like high power, long cycle life, and high security, are highly compatible with the energy-storage requirements of frequency regulation of the energy storage assisted thermal power unit, but the supercapacitor’s response to the continuous unidirectional command is poor. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the technical route of hybrid energy storage to achieve complementary advantages of the two types of energy storage. The hybrid energy storage capacity configuration of supercapacitor and lithium battery was studied, the energy storage capacity configuration method based on the actual AGC frequency regulation command was designed, considering the characteristics of power-type energy storage devices and energy-type energy storage devices. Moreover, the frequency regulation performance and economy of three typical capacity configuration schemes were compared, and the optimal scheme was determined. Finally, engineering verification was carried out. The actual operation data show that, the supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system can improve the frequency regulation performance of the thermal power unit by 59.77%, extend the service life of the lithium battery to 3.6 times, and improve the system economy.

supercapacitor  /  hybrid energy storage  /  AGC frequency regulation  /  capacity allocation
李菁华, 兀鹏越, 黄富强, 房方, 康祯, 洪烽, 解晶莹, 杨恩东, 寇水潮, 王小辉. 超级电容混合储能辅助火电机组AGC调频容量配置方案研究与应用. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (7) : 101 -110 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410243
Jinghua LI, Pengyue WU, Fuqiang HUANG, Fang FANG, Zhen KANG, Feng HONG, Jingying XIE, Endong YANG, Shuichao KOU, Xiaohui WANG. Research and application of AGC frequency regulation capacity allocation scheme for supercapacitor hybrid energy storage assisted thermal power unit[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (7) : 101 -110 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410243
随着光伏、风电等新能源大规模接入电网,我国电力系统正向着“高比例可再生能源接入与高比例电力电子设备应用”方向发展[1]。电源侧高比例新能源的随机性、间歇性、波动性,电网侧电力电子变换器的接入以及负荷侧用电设备的随机性、自趋利性等特点,导致系统的功率-能量平衡问题日益突出[2]。自动发电控制(AGC)调频是指发电机组提供足够的可调节容量和调节速率,在允许的调节偏差下实时跟踪频率变化,维持电力系统频率稳定。传统火电机组响应AGC存在调频指令时滞长、爬坡速率低、不能准确跟踪调度指令等现象[3]
通过配置储能系统,可大幅提升火电机组的综合电力调频性能[4],增强新能源消纳能力[5]。锂电池作为目前主流的火储调频技术路线,存在寿命短和安全性差的问题。超级电容作为一种新型储能技术,自身特性与火电厂短时高频的功率补充需求高度契合,但存在对部分连续上升或连续下降的单向指令无法完全响应的问题。因此,需要探索混合储能技术路线,将功率型储能器件超级电容和能量型储能器件锂电池按照一定的容量配比,实现优势互补,达到更好地响应调频指令的目的。
目前鲜有文献针对超级电容混合储能在火电调频场景下应用的容量配置问题展开研究,已有的火电厂调频用储能容量配置文献研究所用的储能形式多为锂电池储能[6](二次调频)和飞轮储能[7](一次调频)。文献[8]分别计算储能在不同功率和时长配置下的每日净收益,寻找不影响电池寿命情况下净收益更高的电池容量配置方案;文献[9]以全寿命周期收益净现值为目标函数,通过穷举法总结效益与飞轮容量的关系实现容量优化配置。以上文献研究储能类型单一,未将功率型储能器件和能量型储能器件结合以发挥各自优势,且均仅通过仿真,未能从工程应用角度验证所提方法的可行性。现有已投运的储能辅助火电调频项目中所配置储能容量均依据工程经验,按照火电机组装机容量的3%进行配置[10],未与电厂实际调频需求相结合。
基于上述分析,本文针对满足火储调频需求的超级电容混合储能容量配置方案开展研究,考虑功率型储能器件和能量型储能器件特性,设计了一种基于实际AGC指令的储能容量配置方法,对3种不同容量配置方案进行了调频效果仿真与经济性研究,确定了最优配置方案,并以华能罗源电厂超级电容混合储能系统实际运行数据验证了超级电容混合储能调频配置方案的有效性和经济性。
AGC调频指令具有短时高频的特点,具体表现为波动周期在10 s至2~3 min,幅值在0.05~0.50 Hz,主要由冲击负荷变动引起[11]图1为某火电厂2 h内AGC调频指令,据统计,电厂每日接收到的AGC调频指令约200~400次,每年约6万~12万次。
储能辅助火电机组调频技术是一种通过储能与火电机组协同出力实现灵活快速响应调频指令的技术[12]。储能辅助火电机组AGC调频原理如图2所示。
目前,全国已有130余个储能辅助火电机组调频项目投入运行,其中采用磷酸铁锂电池技术路线的项目占到了90%以上,代表性工程项目见表1
但是在实际运行中,磷酸铁锂电池的寿命短和安全性差问题日益突出。目前,磷酸铁锂电池的实际循环寿命仅为3 000~5 000次,严重不满足调频需求,长期工作在频繁充、放电场景下还会对电池寿命带来负面影响[13]。目前工程应用项目均基于锂电池工作于浅充浅放状态下可以大幅增加寿命周期内充、放电次数的原理,通过超额配置较长时长的储能容量的方式来保证锂电池寿命,造成了一定程度的容量冗余;此外,锂电池在大电流高频充、放电的工况下易发生热失控现象,给火电厂安全生产带来较大隐患。随着新型储能技术的发展,探索新型储能辅助火电机组调频技术路线成为解决问题的关键。
超级电容是一种新型储能器件,循环寿命长、安全性高[14],可快速进行高功率输出,具备替代锂电池的可行性。超级电容储能响应频繁上下波动指令波形如图3所示,响应单向连续上升指令波形如图4所示。
根据指令响应仿真波形图3可知,超级电容对频繁上下波动的指令响应效果较好,可以以较小的容量较好地承担调频任务。但是对于图4中1 500 s单向连续上升的指令,超级电容由于时长配置较短,无法完全响应。由于超级电容价格与锂电池相比较为昂贵,进一步延长时长会导致成本大幅上升,为了尽可能多地响应调频指令,需要探索混合储能配置方案,将功率型储能器件超级电容短时高频的优点和能量型储能器件锂电池稳定放电时长较长的优点相结合来解决此问题。
火储调频项目储能容量需根据AGC指令需求进行配置,要确定的主要参数是储能的功率和时长,即储能功率要基本覆盖AGC指令与机组功率差值,储能时长要满足AGC指令持续时长。本文所提出的储能容量计算方法首先以1 s为采样间隔,对机组DCS中的大量AGC指令和发电机运行功率的差值进行统计分析,确定储能系统额定功率;其次通过对AGC指令持续时间、连续增减个数等指令特性进行统计,确定储能时长的大致范围;最后对典型配置方案进行仿真,以2种储能SOC状态同时到达上下限值的持续时间占比近似表征AGC不响应率,作为评判性能的标准,以10年运行周期净利润作为评判经济性的标准,确定最优储能配置方案,方法见图5
基于AGC调频指令的储能容量优化配置方法具体步骤如下:
1)统计以1 s为采样间隔的大量机组AGC指令与发电机运行功率数据中的特征参数,包括AGC调频指令与发电机运行功率的差值幅值分布、AGC调频指令持续时间、AGC调频指令连续增减个数等,确定储能总功率和时长范围;
2)初始化设置储能容量;
3)导入典型日AGC指令与机组功率数据;
4)将典型日AGC指令与机组功率的差值作为储能功率输入功率分配模块,按照本文设计的基于超容优先与电池荷电状态(SOC)分区保护的功率分配策略,按式(1)—式(10)计算超级电容与锂电池参考功率;
5)统计2种储能SOC均处在限值的时长和储能日充放电量,其中SOC限值时长用以表征不同容量配置下储能响应AGC调频指令的能力;
6)按式(18)、式(19)计算储能日循环次数,计算储能电芯更换年限与规划使用周期内更换次数;
7)按式(11)—式(17)、式(20)进行规划使用周期内经济性计算,确定最优容量配置方案。
本文基于超级电容循环寿命长,可高频充、放电,锂电池循环寿命短,浅充浅放有利于提升循环次数,减少更换成本的特点,设计出基于超容优先与电池SOC保护的功率分配策略,即超级电容储能优先响应调频功率指令,不足由锂电池储能补充;同时对锂电池储能SOC状态区间进行更细致的划分,减少锂电池储能SOC越限。
将超级电容储能SOC划分为3个区间,锂电池储能SOC划分为5个区间,具体如图6所示。
各区间划分原则与储能充、放电特性如下。
1)超级电容正常充、放电区A 当0.1<SOCcap<0.9时,超级电容可正常响应充、放电指令,超级电容最大充、放电功率Pcap-max=Pn-cap
2)超级电容禁止充电区B 当0.9≤SOCcap≤1.0时,超级电容正常响应放电指令,不响应充电指令。
3)超级电容禁止放电区C 当0≤SOCcap≤0.1时,超级电容正常响应充电指令,不响应放电指令。
4)锂电池正常充、放电区D 当0.25<SOCbat<0.75时,锂电池可正常响应充、放电指令,锂电池最大充、放电功率Pbat-max=Pn-bat
5)锂电池限制充电区E 0.75≤SOCbat<0.80时,电池电量较高,已不适合响应较大功率充电指令。可正常响应放电指令,仅可部分响应充电指令。
6)锂电池限制放电区F 0.20<SOCbat≤0.25时,电池电量较低,已不适合响应较大功率放电指令。可正常响应充电指令,仅可部分响应放电指令。
7)锂电池禁止充电区G 当0.8≤SOCcap≤1.0时,锂电池可正常响应放电指令,不响应充电指令。
8)锂电池禁止放电区H 当0≤SOCcap≤0.2时,锂电池可正常响应充电指令,不响应放电指令。
基于储能SOC分区的混合储能系统工况见表2,根据不同工况控制超级电容和锂电池充、放电功率。
以储能放电段,即储能功率Pes=PAGC-PGen>0时为例,分析不同工况下储能系统功率,储能充电段与之同理。
当处于S1、S2、S4、S6、S7、S9工况时,超级电容优先响应放电指令,不足的功率由锂电池补充,2种储能充、放电功率如下:
Pcap={Pes,0<PesPn-capPn-cap,Pn-cap<Pes
Pbat={0,0<PesPn-capPesPn-cap,Pn-cap<PesPn-cap+Pn-batPn-bat,Pn-cap+Pn-bat<Pes
式中:Pcap为超级电容响应的功率,MW;Pn-cap为超级电容的额定功率,MW;Pbat为锂电池响应的功率,MW;Pn-bat为锂电池的额定功率,MW。
当处于S3、S8工况时,超级电容优先响应放电指令,不足的功率由锂电池补充,此时锂电池仅可完全响应部分指令,2种储能充、放电功率如下:
Pcap={Pes,0<PesPn-capPn-cap,Pn-cap<Pes
Pbat={0,0<PesPn-capPesPn-cap,Pn-cap<PesPn-cap+αPn-batαPn-bat,Pn-cap+αPn-bat<Pes
式中:α为锂电池功率限制因子,取0.7。
当处于S5、S10工况时,超级电容优先响应放电指令,锂电池处于禁止放电区,2种储能充、放电功率如下:
Pcap={Pes,0<Pes<Pn-capPn-cap,PesPn-cap
Pbat=0
当处于S11、S12、S14工况时,超级电容处于禁止放电区,由锂电池响应调频指令,2种储能充、放电功率如下:
Pcap=0
Pbat={Pes,0<Pes<Pn-batPn-bat,PesPn-bat
当处于S13工况时,超级电容处于禁止放电区,由锂电池响应调频指令,此时锂电池仅可完全响应部分指令,2种储能充、放电功率如下:
Pcap=0
Pbat={Pes,0<PesαPn-batαPn-bat,αPn-bat<Pes
当处于S15工况时,超级电容和锂电池均处于禁止放电区,放弃响应指令。
容量优化配置模型中的经济性分析以系统运行周期净利润最大为判断依据,计算方法依据《福建省电力调频辅助服务市场交易规则》[15](下称《规则》)进行。调频辅助服务的收益由AGC调用补偿、AGC基本补偿和考核费用奖励3部分组成,具体计算方法如下。
1)AGC调用补偿 即每月根据机组AGC调节容量被调用时增发或少发的电量按一定的标准进行补偿,计算公式如下:
Rinv=30MDdayKP*
式中:M为调节系数,按《规则》取1;Dday为机组日均调频里程,MW;K为机组AGC调频性能综合指标,由全省机组最高K值0.95按AGC响应率进行折算;P*为市场出清价格,取10.5元/MW。
2)AGC基本补偿 即每月根据机组AGC的可用率和AGC可调节容量的乘积按照一定标准进行补偿,计算公式如下:
Rbasic=δAGCPAGCγ1
式中:δAGC为机组AGC的可用率,按规定不允许小于95%,取98%;PAGC为机组AGC可调节容量,MW,按照罗源电厂实际机组容量取330 MW;γ1为AGC基本补偿的补偿标准,元/(MW·h),按《规则》取960元/(MW·h)。
3)日平均调频里程
Dday=βDre
式中:β为机组AGC响应率;Dre为机组历史日均接收到的AGC指令里程,取5 668 MW。
4)考核费用奖励
Rass=DdayDreR0
式中:R0为未加装储能前机组平均考核费用奖励,根据罗源电厂历史数据,取20万元/月。
5)调频精度考核减免 据历史精度考核费估算,储能投运后每月可减免调频精度考核费15万元。
Rre=15
6)初始投资成本
Cinv=CcapEcap,rated+CbatEbat,rated+C0
式中:Ecap,rated为超级电容储能的额定容量,MW·h;Ebat,rated为锂电池储能的额定容量,MW·h;Ccap为超级电容储能的单位容量成本,取1 800万元/(MW·h);Cbat为锂电池储能的单位容量成本,取880万元/(MW·h);C0为储能系统其他投资,取2 000万元。
7)储能电芯更换成本
Cexc=TcapCcapEcap,rated+TbatCbatEbat,rated
{Tbat,day=Qbat,day1000Ebat,ratedTbat=TocTbat,totalTbat,dayT0
{Tcap,day=Qcap,day1000Ecap,ratedTcap=TocTcap,totalTcap,dayT0
式中:Tcap为超级电容储能的更换次数;Tbat为锂电池储能的更换次数;Toc为系统运行周期,取10年;Tcap,total为超级电容全寿命循环次数,取100 000次;Tbat,total为锂电池全寿命循环次数,取4 000次;Tcap,day为超级电容日循环次数;Qcap,day为电池日充放电量;Tbat,day为锂电池日循环次数;Qbat,day为电池日充放电量;T0为储能系统年运行天数,取300天。
8)系统运行周期净利润
{P=RCR=Rbasic+Rcal+Rass+RreC=Cinv+Cexc
式中:P为系统运行周期净利润;R为系统运行周期总收益;C为系统运行周期总投资成本。
1)功率统计
对华能罗源电厂660 MW燃煤发电机组6—9月所接收到的AGC指令与发电机运行功率的差值进行统计,结果如图7所示。结果显示,平均97%以上的指令幅值在20 MW及以下,储能系统的额定输出功率设置为20 MW即可满足97%的调频指令,因此混合储能系统总功率选择为20 MW。
2)时长统计
华能罗源电厂660 MW燃煤发电机组6—9月所接收到的AGC指令的时长统计结果见表3。由表3可知,单个AGC指令时长多在4 min以下。将连续增或连续减功率的指令视为一组,统计每组内AGC指令个数见表4,可以看出,单向增减指令的个数多为1~2个,在配置混合储能容量时可按超级电容优先响应1~2个单向指令来进行时长选择。
基于对AGC指令的统计分析,确定3组工程典型混合储能容量方案。配置方案中超级电容功率分别为混合储能系统总功率20 MW的25%、50%和75%;时长分别设置为可响应1个4 min以内的指令、可连续响应1个4 min以内的指令和1个2 min以内的指令、可连续响应2个4 min以内的指令,即3组配置中超级电容时长分别为4、6、8 min;锂电池均采用2C锂电池。
本文以1 s为采样间隔,选取典型日华能罗源电厂机组实际AGC指令和机组实际出力数据,使用本文所建立的容量优化配置模型对3组超级电容与锂电池混合储能系统容量配置方案进行仿真,统计24 h内2种储能SOC均达到限值的时长和储能日循环次数,具体见表5
表5可知,方案1的2种储能同时处于SOC限值状态的时长最短,占比为9.58%。该方案响应AGC指令效果仿真波形如图8图9所示。由图8图9可以看出,该混合储能配置既可以完全响应频繁上下波动的指令,又可以完全响应连续单向的指令,调频性能好。
本文经济性计算方法相关参数与所计算出的各种储能配置方案的经济性见表6。综合性能仿真和经济性计算可知,3种混合储能方案投资回收期相近,方案1的性能最好,年AGC补偿收益最高,10年运行周期净利润最高,经济性最好。
基于实际AGC指令特性,综合考虑调频效果与经济性,华能罗源发电有限责任公司选用5 MW/ 4 min超级电容+15 MW/7.5 MW·h锂电池混合储能方案,于2023年2月正式建成投运,是全球首个应用超级电容的火电机组调频项目。
图10为罗源电厂加装超级电容混合储能系统后AGC调频曲线。表7为机组调频性能指标,由表7可知,混合储能系统投运后,机组调节速率K1提升19.16倍,调节精度K2提升2.87倍,响应时间指标K3提升2.85倍,机组综合性能指标K提升59.77%。
示范项目储能日循环次数见表8,2月10日—2月22日不考虑超级电容和锂电池自身特性,仅按容量分配功率独立响应调频指令,锂电池每日充、放电5.70次,寿命2.3年(按锂电池寿命4 000次,年运行300天计算),超级电容每日充、放电16.48次;3月14日—3月26日调整为本文所提出的超容优先与电池SOC分区保护的控制策略,调整后锂电池每日充、放电1.61次,寿命8.3年,超级电容每日充、放电29.68次。由此可知,本文所提控制策略及超级电容的加入使得锂电池的循环次数大大降低,使用寿命提升至3.6倍。
锂电池与超级电容簇运行温差统计如图11所示。由图11可知,超级电容簇间最大温差为5 ℃,比锂电池低5 ℃,簇间一致性表现优于锂电池,运行温差显著小于锂电池,具有更高的安全性。
截至2024年2月,华能罗源电厂超级电容混合储能系统投运12个月,累计调频收益1 700万元,预计全寿命周期(10年)总收益1.7亿,节省锂电池更换费用约2 100万元,节约电费约210万元。
本文提出了一种基于AGC调频指令的混合储能容量配置方法,对3种典型配置的超级电容+锂电池混合储能进行了调频性能和经济性研究,对最优配置方案进行了工程验证。仿真分析与工程应用结果表明:超级电容混合储能辅助火电机组AGC调频技术切实可行。5 MW/4 min超级电容+ 15 MW/7.5 MW·h锂电池混合储能可以提升机组调频性能59.77%。功率型储能器件超级电容的加入可以延长锂电池使用寿命至原有的3.6倍;且超级电容运行温差比锂电池低5 ℃,安全性高;混合储能系统投运12个月累计收益1 700万元,经济效益良好。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-H12; HNKJ24-H30)
  • 陕西省自然科学基金项目(2024JC-YBMS-419)
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2025年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410243
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 修回日期:2024-12-28
基金
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ22-H12; HNKJ24-H30)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ22-H12; HNKJ24-H30)
Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2024JC-YBMS-419)
陕西省自然科学基金项目(2024JC-YBMS-419)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.上海交通大学材料科学与工程学院,上海 200240
    3.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206
    4.上海空间电源研究所,上海 200245
    5.南通江海储能技术有限公司,江苏 南通 226300
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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