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In the context of “carbon peak, carbon neutral”, how to utilize biomass fuel safely, efficiently and environmentally friendly has become a hot research issue in the industry. The research progress of biomass fuel fluidized bed combustion technology both domestically and internationally was summarized based on the extensive practical engineering experience in fluidized bed combustion, providing a comprehensive overview of progress in biomass fluidized bed combustion power generation technology from an engineering perspective. The analysis compares the characteristics and problems of biomass boilers, with particular emphasis on the research and application status of biomass utilization in circulating fluidized bed. In addition, the combustion characteristics of biomass fuels, NOx pollutant emission control, chlorine corrosion, and ash deposition and slagging issues caused by alkali metals in fluidized bed combustion were discussed. The reaction mechanisms in each process were described, and the future development directions of related technical issues were forecasted.

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在“碳达峰、碳中和”的大背景下,如何安全高效环保利用生物质燃料成为行业研究的热点问题。结合流化床燃烧工程实际经历,介绍了国内、外生物质燃料燃烧技术现状及研究进展,对国内、外生物质流化床燃烧发电技术的工程应用进展进行了系统总结;对比分析了生物质锅炉的特点及存在问题,重点关注循环流化床(CFB)锅炉燃烧利用生物质的研究、应用现状;最后,分析了生物质燃料流化床燃烧时的燃烧特性、NOx污染物排放控制、氯腐蚀以及碱金属引起的积灰结渣腐蚀问题,探讨了各过程中的反应机理,展望了相关技术问题的未来发展方向。

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王长安(1986),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为固体燃料高效清洁利用与碳捕集技术,
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赵鹏勃(1980),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为流化床锅炉技术及烟气污染物排放治理技术,

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赵鹏勃(1980),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为流化床锅炉技术及烟气污染物排放治理技术,

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赵鹏勃(1980),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为流化床锅炉技术及烟气污染物排放治理技术,

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Coal Conversion, 2005(4): 54-56., articleTitle=Study on generation of SO2 dyring co-combustion of biomass and coal in circulation fluidized bed, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236611800796557889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=54, authorNames=刘岩, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘岩. 生物质与煤混合循环流化床燃烧炉内脱硫特性研究[D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古工业大学, 2020: 1., articleTitle=生物质与煤混合循环流化床燃烧炉内脱硫特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236611800909804102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=55, authorNames=LIU Yan, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Yan. Research on desulfurization characteristics of biomass and coal mixed combustionin circulating fluidized bed[D]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University of Technology, 2020: 1., articleTitle=Research on desulfurization characteristics of biomass and coal mixed combustionin circulating fluidized bed, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236611801010467401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=53, issue=7, pageStart=112, pageEnd=118, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=56, authorNames=余武高, 程文峰, 孙涛, journalName=热力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=余武高, 程文峰, 孙涛, 等. 300 MW循环流化床锅炉燃煤耦合生物质燃烧及污染物排放特性试验研究[J]. 热力发电, 2024, 53(7): 112-118., articleTitle=300 MW循环流化床锅炉燃煤耦合生物质燃烧及污染物排放特性试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236611801115325007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=53, issue=7, pageStart=112, pageEnd=118, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=57, authorNames=YU Wugao, CHENG Wenfeng, SUN Tao, journalName=Thermal Power Generation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU Wugao, CHENG Wenfeng, SUN Tao, et al. Expertmental study on combustion and pollutants emission characteristics of coal coupled with biomass in 300 MW CFB boiler[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024, 53(7): 112-118., articleTitle=Expertmental study on combustion and pollutants emission characteristics of coal coupled with biomass in 300 MW CFB boiler, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236611801195016784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=58, authorNames=中能供热新闻网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中能供热新闻网. 白马电厂: 大型循环流化床多物质耦合燃烧研究[EB/OL]. (2023-12-08) [2025-01-09]. https://news.58heating.com/show-7384.html., articleTitle=白马电厂: 大型循环流化床多物质耦合燃烧研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236611801295680086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Zhongneng Heating News, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhongneng Heating News. Baima power plant: large-scale circulating fluidized bed multi-matter coupled combustion research[EB/OL]. (2023-12-08) [2025-01-09]. https://news.58heating.com/show-7384.html., articleTitle=Baima power plant: large-scale circulating fluidized bed multi-matter coupled combustion research, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236611794110837032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, awardId=52176129, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52176129), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236611794328940852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, awardId=52176129, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52176129), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236611787198624679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236611787211207592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, 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articleId=1236611785135027069, companyId=1236611787425117106, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.国家电投集团江西电力有限公司分宜发电厂,江西 新余 338000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236611791770415237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Classification of biomass fuel combustion technology for power generation, figureFileSmall=ZMCrZN6Q+NRQlMEGU68RZw==, figureFileBig=/hxL5oXZaRbssuWSaqq/5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611791866884238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=CN, label=图1, caption=生物质燃料燃烧发电技术分类, figureFileSmall=ZMCrZN6Q+NRQlMEGU68RZw==, figureFileBig=/hxL5oXZaRbssuWSaqq/5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611792097570971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of process for power generation via direct biomass combustion, figureFileSmall=IsRdqvzuWcjMSmSysnd84Q==, figureFileBig=YduW5aO/QVIG+7K+sBzlrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611792210817186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=CN, label=图2, caption=生物质燃料直接燃烧发电流程示意, figureFileSmall=IsRdqvzuWcjMSmSysnd84Q==, figureFileBig=YduW5aO/QVIG+7K+sBzlrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611792328257708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of process for power generation via direct co-combustion of biomass fuels and coal, figureFileSmall=ITEbeHLwcO/tc0cPRFrjKA==, figureFileBig=xCB3a9V6JzRVZyamSgQBYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611792437309619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=CN, label=图3, caption=生物质燃料直接混合燃烧发电流程示意, figureFileSmall=ITEbeHLwcO/tc0cPRFrjKA==, figureFileBig=xCB3a9V6JzRVZyamSgQBYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611792558944444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Biomass direct-fired coupling system for a 300 MW CFB boiler, figureFileSmall=+wu23rIu0EWFCsXUk6xe6w==, figureFileBig=Kb4aQjlkeXzIPINQ2cNt1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611792638636226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=CN, label=图4, caption=某电厂300 MW CFB锅炉生物质直燃耦合系统, figureFileSmall=+wu23rIu0EWFCsXUk6xe6w==, figureFileBig=Kb4aQjlkeXzIPINQ2cNt1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611792772853963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Schematic diagram of biomass direct combustion coupling system, figureFileSmall=9dhFEzu+8shlC+isrJHHlA==, figureFileBig=uimk7oUjY04XbdFuz5xiGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611792890294482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=CN, label=图5, caption=生物质直燃耦合系统示意, figureFileSmall=9dhFEzu+8shlC+isrJHHlA==, figureFileBig=uimk7oUjY04XbdFuz5xiGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611792986763481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Types and characteristics of biomass

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类来源特点备注
木本类林业资源(灰杆)树木、木本废弃料(含再生木)密度大、易破碎;钾、钠等碱金属含量高;水分高,基本无灰分(质量分数小于5%,下同)桉木等氯元素含量高
草本类农业资源(黄秸秆)农作物、农作物秸秆(如玉米秸、麦秸)、农业加工业废弃物(如稻壳)密度小,容易缠绕,难破碎,水分高、基本无灰分(小于2%),钾、钠等碱金属含量高高灰、高氯、高钾、高硅、低钙、低铁;秸秆氯元素含量高
畜禽粪便畜禽的排泄物(粪便、尿和垫草混合物)含水率高、挥发分高、臭味大,影响环境水分含量高;烘干处理后热值高,是优质燃料
城镇污泥含有丰富有机物的城镇生活排水、
工业生产废水、城镇生活污泥
高含水率(可达80%以上);污染物含量高;含有较高比例的有机物和氮、磷等元素;易腐败、散发恶臭;不同来源的污泥性质差异较大含有氯等腐蚀性较强的元素
生活垃圾居民生活垃圾量大面广,有可回收性;易腐烂变质,产生恶臭;如处理不当,易造成污染;成分复杂,处理需要综合考虑减量化、资源化和无害化;地域性和季节性变化会影响生活垃圾的产生量和成分含有汞、铅等重金属或有害物质以及氯等腐蚀性较强的元素
), ArticleFig(id=1236611793091621087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

生物质种类和特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类来源特点备注
木本类林业资源(灰杆)树木、木本废弃料(含再生木)密度大、易破碎;钾、钠等碱金属含量高;水分高,基本无灰分(质量分数小于5%,下同)桉木等氯元素含量高
草本类农业资源(黄秸秆)农作物、农作物秸秆(如玉米秸、麦秸)、农业加工业废弃物(如稻壳)密度小,容易缠绕,难破碎,水分高、基本无灰分(小于2%),钾、钠等碱金属含量高高灰、高氯、高钾、高硅、低钙、低铁;秸秆氯元素含量高
畜禽粪便畜禽的排泄物(粪便、尿和垫草混合物)含水率高、挥发分高、臭味大,影响环境水分含量高;烘干处理后热值高,是优质燃料
城镇污泥含有丰富有机物的城镇生活排水、
工业生产废水、城镇生活污泥
高含水率(可达80%以上);污染物含量高;含有较高比例的有机物和氮、磷等元素;易腐败、散发恶臭;不同来源的污泥性质差异较大含有氯等腐蚀性较强的元素
生活垃圾居民生活垃圾量大面广,有可回收性;易腐烂变质,产生恶臭;如处理不当,易造成污染;成分复杂,处理需要综合考虑减量化、资源化和无害化;地域性和季节性变化会影响生活垃圾的产生量和成分含有汞、铅等重金属或有害物质以及氯等腐蚀性较强的元素
), ArticleFig(id=1236611793175507172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Compositional analysis of some typical herbaceous biomass fuels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
典型生物质成分玉米秸秆稻壳树皮芦苇水稻秸秆模板料
w(M)/%32.5018.2632.7015.5716.3011.90
wad(A)/%11.101.855.304.5112.602.04
wdaf(V)/%71.2565.8278.0278.5069.6978.76
w(S)/%0.060.070.140.110.100.05
wash(K2O)/%4.501.1907.318.969.102.50
war(Cl)/%0.0210.0140.0020.0490.0120.300
Qnet/(MJ·kg–1)9.9212.2810.8814.5212.3915.70
), ArticleFig(id=1236611793288753391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

部分典型草本类生物质燃料成分分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
典型生物质成分玉米秸秆稻壳树皮芦苇水稻秸秆模板料
w(M)/%32.5018.2632.7015.5716.3011.90
wad(A)/%11.101.855.304.5112.602.04
wdaf(V)/%71.2565.8278.0278.5069.6978.76
w(S)/%0.060.070.140.110.100.05
wash(K2O)/%4.501.1907.318.969.102.50
war(Cl)/%0.0210.0140.0020.0490.0120.300
Qnet/(MJ·kg–1)9.9212.2810.8814.5212.3915.70
), ArticleFig(id=1236611793406193911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Overview of foreign engineering applications of biomass combustion technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物质发电技术国家/电厂工程应用概况
全燃生物质丹麦BWE公司建设世界上第一座秸秆发电厂
Foster Wheeler公司CFB燃烧,燃料为木材加工废料、造纸业废弃物,发电功率为3.0~47.0 MW
美国通用电力公司CFB燃烧,容量为2.5 MW
比利时布鲁赛尔温克能源公司倾斜式液压移动炉排炉,燃料为木材废弃物、木质建筑废弃物、造纸废弃物、城市垃圾等,锅炉效率为85.0%,容量为20 MW以下
日本Takuma公司已销售500余台生物质锅炉,燃料为木屑、甘蔗渣、谷物的残余物等
掺烧生物质美国以煤粉炉为主,其次是流化床,容量在50~700 MW
芬兰以CFB锅炉为主,容量在300 MW以下
瑞士以链条炉为主,容量在30 MW以下
丹麦热电联产电厂
波兰Ostroleka B电厂欧洲著名的生物质煤粉炉混燃示范项目,2005年开始实施共磨混燃方案,3×200 MW机组,混燃量为30 t/h×2套
英国Drax电厂2003年开始了生物质耦合发电的历程,成功掺烧100%生物质,改造了4台660 MW燃煤机组100%燃烧生物质燃料发电
荷兰Amer电厂600 MW机组2020年新增30%生物质直燃耦合发电
), ArticleFig(id=1236611793498468608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

国外生物质燃烧技术工程应用概况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物质发电技术国家/电厂工程应用概况
全燃生物质丹麦BWE公司建设世界上第一座秸秆发电厂
Foster Wheeler公司CFB燃烧,燃料为木材加工废料、造纸业废弃物,发电功率为3.0~47.0 MW
美国通用电力公司CFB燃烧,容量为2.5 MW
比利时布鲁赛尔温克能源公司倾斜式液压移动炉排炉,燃料为木材废弃物、木质建筑废弃物、造纸废弃物、城市垃圾等,锅炉效率为85.0%,容量为20 MW以下
日本Takuma公司已销售500余台生物质锅炉,燃料为木屑、甘蔗渣、谷物的残余物等
掺烧生物质美国以煤粉炉为主,其次是流化床,容量在50~700 MW
芬兰以CFB锅炉为主,容量在300 MW以下
瑞士以链条炉为主,容量在30 MW以下
丹麦热电联产电厂
波兰Ostroleka B电厂欧洲著名的生物质煤粉炉混燃示范项目,2005年开始实施共磨混燃方案,3×200 MW机组,混燃量为30 t/h×2套
英国Drax电厂2003年开始了生物质耦合发电的历程,成功掺烧100%生物质,改造了4台660 MW燃煤机组100%燃烧生物质燃料发电
荷兰Amer电厂600 MW机组2020年新增30%生物质直燃耦合发电
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Comparative analysis of furnace types for all-fired biomass boilers

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项目CFB锅炉差速流化床锅炉水冷振动炉排锅炉
给料系统适应性螺旋给料,燃料粒度要求均匀,燃料粒度要求低,给料稳定性差;给料不稳定,容易堵料;给料口正压,容易回火,烟气反串螺旋给料,燃料粒度要求均匀变化时,给料稳定性差;容易堵料;给料口正压,容易回火,烟气反串燃料粒度要求低,适应性好;对各类生物质料给料稳定,适应性好;给料口附近背压小,有料封,可防止回火
燃料品质适应性热负荷均匀,燃烧行程长,燃尽性好,锅炉效率高;对各种高水分、高灰分、低热值燃料适应性好,可靠性高热负荷均匀,燃烧行程长,燃尽性好,锅炉效率高;对燃料适应性不如CFB锅炉,但是比炉排炉强,可靠性高燃烧集中在炉排上部,燃烧行程短,燃尽性差(灰渣含碳量高);对燃料水分要求高,对高水分低热值燃料必要时需要投油助燃;燃用灰分较大生物质燃料时,容易结焦,可靠性差
灰渣处理底渣占比少,排渣系统简单可靠;在燃用含金属和石块等较多的建筑模板料时,会影响床料流化效果,需要定期置换床料有利于燃用含金属和石块等较多的建筑模板料时,可排出大块杂质燃烧温度高,固定床燃烧方式形成的焦块较大、较硬,需要在捞渣机中急冷破碎,对排渣系统的可靠性要求较高
污染物排放控制在燃料相对稳定的情况下,运行参数稳定,NOx原始含量低且稳定,SO2含量低,可通过炉内添加石灰石脱硫,脱硫成本低;在炉膛中上部和水平烟道处安装SNCR脱硝系统,可实现低成本NOx达标排放在燃料相对稳定的情况下,运行参数稳定,部分不带分离器和返料器的差速床锅炉,NOx原始含量高,波动大;床温不均匀;SNCR脱硝系统效率低,需要尾部增加低温SCR脱硝装置,脱硝成本高燃烧温度高,NOx原始含量高;SO2含量低,脱硫成本高;燃烧存在周期性突变,NOx存在周期性波动;炉膛截面积大,炉膛温度梯度大,采用SNCR脱硝效率低;NOx难以控制到超低水平,一般采用低温催化剂,脱硝成本高
受热面腐蚀、结焦、积灰和磨损系统可靠性高;流化床内存在大量炽热高温物料对水冷壁的冲刷,水冷壁沾污和高温腐蚀风险小;受热面特殊布置,可有效避开碱金属的高温腐蚀有埋管设计,埋管的磨损不可避免;需采用相应的防磨措施;可靠性相对较差;炉膛上部温度低,SNCR脱硝系统效率低,氨逃逸浓度高,容易在尾部空预器积灰、堵塞、腐蚀结构复杂,振动机构以及挠性管周期振动都易发生机械故障;炉膛火焰温度高、热负荷高,极易发生水冷壁大面积高温结焦、腐蚀,如果燃料中Cl元素含量高,压红线运行时易发生高温过热器结焦和腐蚀;高温对流受热面积灰时易发生磨损
), ArticleFig(id=1236611793724961036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

全燃生物质锅炉炉型对比分析

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项目CFB锅炉差速流化床锅炉水冷振动炉排锅炉
给料系统适应性螺旋给料,燃料粒度要求均匀,燃料粒度要求低,给料稳定性差;给料不稳定,容易堵料;给料口正压,容易回火,烟气反串螺旋给料,燃料粒度要求均匀变化时,给料稳定性差;容易堵料;给料口正压,容易回火,烟气反串燃料粒度要求低,适应性好;对各类生物质料给料稳定,适应性好;给料口附近背压小,有料封,可防止回火
燃料品质适应性热负荷均匀,燃烧行程长,燃尽性好,锅炉效率高;对各种高水分、高灰分、低热值燃料适应性好,可靠性高热负荷均匀,燃烧行程长,燃尽性好,锅炉效率高;对燃料适应性不如CFB锅炉,但是比炉排炉强,可靠性高燃烧集中在炉排上部,燃烧行程短,燃尽性差(灰渣含碳量高);对燃料水分要求高,对高水分低热值燃料必要时需要投油助燃;燃用灰分较大生物质燃料时,容易结焦,可靠性差
灰渣处理底渣占比少,排渣系统简单可靠;在燃用含金属和石块等较多的建筑模板料时,会影响床料流化效果,需要定期置换床料有利于燃用含金属和石块等较多的建筑模板料时,可排出大块杂质燃烧温度高,固定床燃烧方式形成的焦块较大、较硬,需要在捞渣机中急冷破碎,对排渣系统的可靠性要求较高
污染物排放控制在燃料相对稳定的情况下,运行参数稳定,NOx原始含量低且稳定,SO2含量低,可通过炉内添加石灰石脱硫,脱硫成本低;在炉膛中上部和水平烟道处安装SNCR脱硝系统,可实现低成本NOx达标排放在燃料相对稳定的情况下,运行参数稳定,部分不带分离器和返料器的差速床锅炉,NOx原始含量高,波动大;床温不均匀;SNCR脱硝系统效率低,需要尾部增加低温SCR脱硝装置,脱硝成本高燃烧温度高,NOx原始含量高;SO2含量低,脱硫成本高;燃烧存在周期性突变,NOx存在周期性波动;炉膛截面积大,炉膛温度梯度大,采用SNCR脱硝效率低;NOx难以控制到超低水平,一般采用低温催化剂,脱硝成本高
受热面腐蚀、结焦、积灰和磨损系统可靠性高;流化床内存在大量炽热高温物料对水冷壁的冲刷,水冷壁沾污和高温腐蚀风险小;受热面特殊布置,可有效避开碱金属的高温腐蚀有埋管设计,埋管的磨损不可避免;需采用相应的防磨措施;可靠性相对较差;炉膛上部温度低,SNCR脱硝系统效率低,氨逃逸浓度高,容易在尾部空预器积灰、堵塞、腐蚀结构复杂,振动机构以及挠性管周期振动都易发生机械故障;炉膛火焰温度高、热负荷高,极易发生水冷壁大面积高温结焦、腐蚀,如果燃料中Cl元素含量高,压红线运行时易发生高温过热器结焦和腐蚀;高温对流受热面积灰时易发生磨损
), ArticleFig(id=1236611793821430036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Characteristics of typical CFB boilers in biomass boiler manufacturing plants

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锅炉厂锅炉类型特点
杭州锅
炉厂
生物质CFB锅炉适应生物质燃料的多样性特点
济南锅
炉厂
生物质CFB锅炉、水冷振动炉排锅炉35~150 t/h;燃烧效率高,脱硫效果好;燃料适应性广;连续运行时间长;负荷调节范围宽,超负荷能力强
无锡华光锅炉厂CFB锅炉75 t/h;低氮燃烧、低能耗;采用分离效率较高的蜗壳式汽冷旋风分离器
太原锅
炉厂
生物质CFB锅炉5~260 t/h;低氮燃烧、低能耗;燃烧效率高,环保特性好
), ArticleFig(id=1236611793947259168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611785135027069, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

生物质CFB锅炉制造厂典型锅炉特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
锅炉厂锅炉类型特点
杭州锅
炉厂
生物质CFB锅炉适应生物质燃料的多样性特点
济南锅
炉厂
生物质CFB锅炉、水冷振动炉排锅炉35~150 t/h;燃烧效率高,脱硫效果好;燃料适应性广;连续运行时间长;负荷调节范围宽,超负荷能力强
无锡华光锅炉厂CFB锅炉75 t/h;低氮燃烧、低能耗;采用分离效率较高的蜗壳式汽冷旋风分离器
太原锅
炉厂
生物质CFB锅炉5~260 t/h;低氮燃烧、低能耗;燃烧效率高,环保特性好
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生物质燃料流化床燃烧技术发展现状及展望
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赵鹏勃 1, 2 , 刘嘉淼 1 , 王长安 1 , 常刘军 1 , 刘爱平 3 , 时正海 2 , 刘施恩 1 , 车得福 1
热力发电 | “超超临界循环流化床发电技术”专题 2025,54(7): 14-22
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热力发电 | “超超临界循环流化床发电技术”专题 2025, 54(7): 14-22
生物质燃料流化床燃烧技术发展现状及展望
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赵鹏勃1, 2 , 刘嘉淼1, 王长安1 , 常刘军1, 刘爱平3, 时正海2, 刘施恩1, 车得福1
作者信息
  • 1.西安交通大学绿色氢电全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 2.西安西热锅炉环保工程有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 3.国家电投集团江西电力有限公司分宜发电厂,江西 新余 338000
  • 赵鹏勃(1980),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为流化床锅炉技术及烟气污染物排放治理技术,

通讯作者:

王长安(1986),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为固体燃料高效清洁利用与碳捕集技术,
Development status and prospect of fluidized bed combustion technology for biomass fuels
Pengbo ZHAO1, 2 , Jiamiao LIU1, Chang’an WANG1 , Liujun CHANG1, Aiping LIU3, Zhenghai SHI2, Shi’en LIU1, Defu CHE1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
  • 2.Xi’an TPRI Boiler & Environmental Protection Engineering Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 3.SPIC Jiangxi Electric Power Co., Ltd., Xinyu 338000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410258
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在“碳达峰、碳中和”的大背景下,如何安全高效环保利用生物质燃料成为行业研究的热点问题。结合流化床燃烧工程实际经历,介绍了国内、外生物质燃料燃烧技术现状及研究进展,对国内、外生物质流化床燃烧发电技术的工程应用进展进行了系统总结;对比分析了生物质锅炉的特点及存在问题,重点关注循环流化床(CFB)锅炉燃烧利用生物质的研究、应用现状;最后,分析了生物质燃料流化床燃烧时的燃烧特性、NOx污染物排放控制、氯腐蚀以及碱金属引起的积灰结渣腐蚀问题,探讨了各过程中的反应机理,展望了相关技术问题的未来发展方向。

碳中和  /  生物质  /  流化床  /  低碳燃烧

In the context of “carbon peak, carbon neutral”, how to utilize biomass fuel safely, efficiently and environmentally friendly has become a hot research issue in the industry. The research progress of biomass fuel fluidized bed combustion technology both domestically and internationally was summarized based on the extensive practical engineering experience in fluidized bed combustion, providing a comprehensive overview of progress in biomass fluidized bed combustion power generation technology from an engineering perspective. The analysis compares the characteristics and problems of biomass boilers, with particular emphasis on the research and application status of biomass utilization in circulating fluidized bed. In addition, the combustion characteristics of biomass fuels, NOx pollutant emission control, chlorine corrosion, and ash deposition and slagging issues caused by alkali metals in fluidized bed combustion were discussed. The reaction mechanisms in each process were described, and the future development directions of related technical issues were forecasted.

carbon neutral  /  biomass  /  fluidized bed  /  low carbon combustion
赵鹏勃, 刘嘉淼, 王长安, 常刘军, 刘爱平, 时正海, 刘施恩, 车得福. 生物质燃料流化床燃烧技术发展现状及展望. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (7) : 14 -22 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410258
Pengbo ZHAO, Jiamiao LIU, Chang’an WANG, Liujun CHANG, Aiping LIU, Zhenghai SHI, Shi’en LIU, Defu CHE. Development status and prospect of fluidized bed combustion technology for biomass fuels[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (7) : 14 -22 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410258
生物质能是仅次于煤、石油、天然气的世界第四大能源,具有来源广、低碳清洁、可再生及稳定性好等优点,是国际公认的零碳可再生能源,对解决能源和环境问题具有重要意义。我国生物质能储量巨大、分布广泛,产量约35亿吨,其中可作为能源利用具有开发潜力的约4.6亿吨标准煤[1]。随着“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的深入推进,燃煤发电机组面临紧迫的低碳转型发展需求[2]。生物质能在我国能源战略中受到高度重视。
生物质直燃发电在我国通常以农林生物质为燃料,安全环保,易于规模化、工业化发展[3-4]。将生物质在传统大型燃煤锅炉中与煤混合燃烧,利用现有大型燃煤发电厂尾气处理设备,实现高效发电和低碳超低排放,这种低成本的生物质能源利用技术,也是煤电实现低碳化发展的重要途径之一。生物质直燃耦合燃煤发电技术应用于煤电机组收益高、降碳提效潜力大、可规模化利用。将新一代煤电技术与可再生能源技术相结合,通过互补优势,共同推动电力系统的清洁化、低碳化进程[5-8]
在生物质燃料利用方面,别如山[9]对生物质能应用技术现状及发展趋势进行了全面综述分析,包括生物质捆包直燃和成型燃料直燃技术、生物质气化多联产技术等,为生物质能进一步利用提供方向。谭厚章等[10]对全链条大型燃煤机组直接耦合生物质发电降碳技术进行了深入分析。杨卧龙等[11]介绍了生物质直燃耦合发电的国内外研究现状以及工程经验,分析了存在的问题,并展望了其在我国的发展前景。本文主要针对生物质燃料的燃烧技术进行讨论,总结分析了国内外生物质全燃发电技术和生物质掺烧发电技术的工程应用情况,重点关注了国内生物质锅炉的现状与应用进展,并对直燃利用生物质的几种主要锅炉炉型进行了分析对比,着重介绍了循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉掺烧生物质的应用现状,最后总结了生物质燃料流化床燃烧技术普遍存在的结焦沾污、腐蚀、烟气NOx超标、CO排放质量浓度高等难点问题。
生物质是地球上最广泛存在的有机物质。通过光合作用固定太阳能,并将化学能储存在生物体的结构化合物中。生物质主要包括农、林业资源、农业加工业废弃物、畜禽粪便、生活垃圾、生活污水、工业有机废水、含有丰富有机物的城镇生活排水以及工业生产废水等。生物质的种类、来源及其特点见表1
由于生物质来源复杂,量大面广,涉及多个领域,不同来源成分差异大。本文主要论述木本类和草本类生物质燃料,典型草本类生物质特性指标见表2
1)全水分在6%~45%的较大范围内波动。木屑颗粒等成型生物质颗粒的水分基本在6%以内;芦苇秸秆等收割后晾晒的秸秆类生物质水分在10%~15%;花生秧等未枯萎晾晒的生物质水分能够达到30%~45%;新鲜生物质水分能达到75%~80%。
2)密度小,发热量低。这会显著影响运输成本、燃料存储、料仓以及给料等各环节的设计。典型生物质收到基低位发热量在10~18 MJ/kg,木屑与秸秆颗粒的堆积密度约为0.35 kg/m3
3)含碳量少,含氧量高。生物质含碳量低导致其发热量低于煤炭,生物质中的木质纤维素决定了其元素构成的最显著特征是含氧量高。
4)硫和灰分含量低。生物质的硫含量比煤炭低1个数量级以上,其灰分含量较低,非常有利于燃烧过程的半焦燃尽及粉尘排放控制。
5)挥发分含量高,易着火,燃烧活性强。生物质的挥发分含量远高于煤炭(一般大于65%),非常有利于生物质燃料着火。生物质半焦孔隙发达,反应活性显著高于煤炭,着火后燃烧迅速,燃尽温度低。由于生物质挥发分高、炭活性高,其更加易燃。
6)生物质的灰熔点普遍偏低,生物质的灰软化温度在1 000~1 250 ℃。钾、钙等碱金属含量高,高比例或者100%燃烧生物质燃料容易引发结渣及腐蚀问题。
直接燃烧利用是最简单的生物质能规模化利用方式,环境友好、高效经济。生物质燃烧特性受多种因素影响,包括其物理形态、化学成分以及热值等,其燃烧过程通常包括水分蒸发、挥发分析出、挥发分燃烧以及固定碳燃烧等阶段。
生物质燃料的挥发分较高,着火点低,有助于燃料的点火和燃烧,但其燃尽性较差,一氧化碳(CO)排放质量浓度高,飞灰残炭含量高,二氧化硫(SO2)和颗粒物等污染物的排放质量浓度较少,但是氮氧化物(NOx)排放质量浓度较高。此外,生物质燃料中钾元素含量高,影响其燃烧后的沾污、结渣特性。部分生物质燃料中氯含量高,存在氯化氢腐蚀的问题。
由于生物质燃料热值低、水分高,在锅炉上直接燃烧利用时,炉膛温度普遍在750~1 000 ℃,且锅炉烟气湿度高、飞灰碱金属含量高、黏附性强,容易粘结在锅炉受热面,粘结堵塞脱硝催化剂模块,造成催化剂中毒失效。此外,由于燃料品质和给料量不稳定,生物质锅炉燃烧区温度变化剧烈,锅炉负荷波动较大,燃烧不稳定,NOx、CO等污染物排放质量浓度波动大,导致锅炉烟气环保达标排放困难较大。
生物质锅炉烟气区别于燃煤锅炉的主要特点如下。
1)生物质锅炉炉内温度差别大。生物质链条炉炉膛温度范围为700~1 100 ℃;生物质CFB锅炉炉膛温度范围一般为700~850 ℃。由于生物质燃料本身挥发分高,易燃尽,而CFB锅炉燃烧温度更低,更有利于控制NOx的生成质量浓度,实现低氮燃烧。
2)SO2、NOx质量浓度低且波动大,CO排放质量浓度高波动大。燃烧生物质时,SO2与NOx的排放质量浓度通常在100~250 mg/m3,如燃料中掺杂木板、木材和树皮等生物质时,烟气中NOx质量浓度会在250~600 mg/m3间波动,瞬时也可达1 000 mg/m3以上。另一方面,生物质锅炉烟尘中的氧化钠(Na2O)质量分数为0.55%~5.51%,氧化钾(K2O)质量分数为4.23%~20.93%,碱金属氧化物总质量分数为7.18%~25.98%。而大多数燃煤锅炉烟尘中碱金属氧化物质量分数不大于3.00%。CFB锅炉因为炉内灰质量浓度水平高,在燃烧过程中可以自脱硫,减轻后续脱硫系统的压力,这使得CFB锅炉在污染物排放控制上更具优势。
生物质发电技术的分类及特点如图1所示,生物质燃料燃烧发电技术主要包括生物质直接燃烧发电技术和生物质耦合燃煤发电技术。生物质直接燃烧发电与燃煤火力发电在原理上没有本质区别,主要区别体现在原料上。适合生物质燃烧的锅炉通常为链条炉和CFB锅炉,将生物质送入生物质锅炉中燃烧,产生蒸汽驱动汽轮机转动,从而带动发电机发电。生物质直接燃烧发电技术要得到进一步发展,亟需解决生物质预处理、输送、给料,燃烧过程的积灰结渣腐蚀,生物质锅炉的燃料适用性较差以及燃烧效率低等难题。
生物质直燃发电流程如图2所示。生物质经运输、预处理后送入锅炉燃烧,通过锅炉换热使锅炉给水蒸发,产生的蒸汽驱动蒸汽轮机发电机组发电。生物质燃烧后的灰渣由除渣装置进行处理,烟气则由除尘装置处理后通过烟囱排入外界环境。
生物质耦合燃煤发电指将生物质送入锅炉与煤混合燃烧发电仅需对生物质燃料部分进行相对适度的投资,从而获得较高的经济利益。选择适当的生物质品种和煤种进行锅炉设计和运行,可减少SOx及NOx等传统污染物和温室气体的排放,是实现碳减排最经济的方式之一。碳税(对CO2等温室气体的排放征收的税费)推动了热电厂对生物质的使用,政府也对某些情况做出了相应补贴与促进政策。但是,不合理的燃料选择、锅炉设计或运行条件可能最小化甚至抵消这些优势,某些情况还可能损害设备。与单纯使用化石燃料或生物质的系统相比,在大型热电厂进行生物质与燃煤混合燃烧将全面节约燃料,还可利用现有大型系统的烟气净化设备。
生物质耦合燃煤发电主要有直接混合燃烧、间接混合燃烧以及并联燃烧等方法。上述方法都已经在示范或商业化项目得到了实施,每项技术都有自己的优缺点。1)直接混合燃烧是将经过预处理的生物质直接喂入锅炉,流程如图3所示,应用案例较多;2)间接混合燃烧将生物质气化产生的可燃气体输送至锅炉;3)并联燃烧是生物质与煤分别在生物质锅炉和燃煤锅炉中燃烧,将产生的蒸汽耦合送入蒸汽轮机发电机组发电。
欧美国家自1999年世界环境与发展大会后,就开始大力发展生物质能。其中,有代表性的生物质锅炉公司的燃烧技术及应用情况如下[12-15]
丹麦BWE公司1988年建设投运了世界上第1座秸秆发电厂,并被推广至世界各国。丹麦也成为现代生物质直燃发电技术的起源地,建立有130多家全燃秸秆生物质发电厂。
截至2020年,美国生物质发电装机约为1 600万kW,总发电量为640亿kW·h。Foster Wheeler公司的生物质CFB锅炉机组发电功率为3.0~47.0 MW,其生物质燃料主要为木材加工废料、造纸业废弃物等。美国通用电力公司采用CFB燃烧,在加利福尼亚建造了许多纯燃生物质的发电站,容量在2.5 MW左右。
比利时布鲁赛尔温克能源是世界上最早使用生物质作为燃料的锅炉公司之一,开发了倾斜式液压移动炉排炉,主要以木质材料、造纸废弃物以及生活垃圾等为燃料。该类型锅炉的效率可达85.0%,适合用于20.0 MW以下的生物质燃烧发电机组。
日本的Takuma公司也开发了生物质锅炉技术,并销售了500多台蒸汽锅炉,以木屑、甘蔗渣、谷物的残余物等为主要燃料,锅炉效率在85%~90%。
国外已经建立了200多个生物质和煤的混燃电站,主要分布在美国以及部分欧洲发达国家。表3对国外全燃生物质和掺烧生物质发电技术的工程应用进行总结。
以美国的40多台混燃电站为例,生物质燃料种类广泛,包括各种作物(草本或木本)或是工业残渣等,大多数生物质混燃电站的容量都在50~700 MW,燃烧设备以煤粉炉为主,其次是鼓泡流化床和CFB,炉排炉所占比例不高。在芬兰,混合燃烧的CFB锅炉是主流,规模在300 MW以下。在瑞士,则是30 MW以下的链条炉占主流,大多用来为周边地区供暖。丹麦将过去许多燃煤电厂改造成了混燃生物质的热电联产电厂[16]
波兰Ostroleka B电厂为欧洲著名的生物质煤粉炉混燃示范项目,于2005年开始实施共磨混燃方案,经验表明,当生物质掺烧质量比在5%以内时,不会对原制粉系统造成显著影响。
英国Drax电厂于2003年开始了生物质耦合发电的历程,如今早已成为全球最大、最有名的生物质发电行业的领导项目。Drax电厂的生物质燃料每年消耗量已经超过700万吨,且已经连续3年向英国电网供应超过130亿千瓦时清洁可再生的生物质电能。其单个生物质发电厂供电量相当于我国近百家小型生物质发电厂的上网电量总和[17]
此外,还有荷兰Amer电厂600 MW机组于2020年新增热值掺烧比30%的生物质直燃耦合发电,其远期目标和Drax电厂一样,将实现100%燃用生物质。丹麦Avedore电厂575 MW机组、英国Fiddler’s Ferry电厂4×500 MW机组也在开展相关工作。
目前,国内最常用的生物质发电锅炉主要有CFB锅炉、埋管式差速床锅炉、水冷振动炉排锅炉和联合炉排锅炉。表4总结了燃用生物质的几种典型锅炉在给料系统、燃料适应性、灰渣处理、污染物排放和积灰结渣腐蚀等方面的特点。
表4对比分析可见,在全燃生物质燃料时,CFB锅炉在燃料适应性、可靠性、污染物排放控制等方面更具有优势。燃料是选择锅炉设备的最主要依据:水冷振动炉排炉在燃料粒度的适应性方面更有优势;CFB锅炉虽然燃料粒度要求高于炉排炉,但是对燃料有很好的适应性,特别适应燃烧水分大、热值低的劣质生物质燃料,而且环保特性更好,脱硫、脱硝系统也更简单。
我国的生物质锅炉发展已基本成熟,但多为小型锅炉,压力、温度等参数低,全燃生物质电厂的综合发电效率普遍偏低。目前,世界容量最大的生物质CFB锅炉在我国广东粤电湛江电厂,是240 t/h等级,已经投产近10年;260 t/h等级的CFB生物质锅炉(高温超高压参数)在2021年投产于我国黑龙江庆翔热电公司庆安电厂。部分生物质锅炉制造厂的典型锅炉特点总结见表5
火电厂燃煤耦合生物质燃烧技术通过专用输送系统或现有输煤系统将生物质送入锅炉直接燃烧,具有改造工程量小、系统简单的优势。目前,国内主要应用于煤粉锅炉和CFB锅炉,其中CFB锅炉因燃料适应性强、燃烧稳定等特点更具优势[18-23]。生物质燃料可以通过皮带输送或气力输送系统送至炉内进行直燃和掺烧利用,相关工艺系统简单,设备投资较小,燃烧稳定性较高,工艺系统如图4所示[24]
掺烧生物质燃料后的CFB锅炉与燃煤CFB锅炉在炉内气固流动、燃烧传热以及污染物生成等方面存在一些差异,需对锅炉本体做适当的优化改造。在直燃混烧时生物质燃料给料粒径较大但密度小,燃料迎风面积大,易吹起蓬堵。因此,生物质燃料给料系统如果设计不当,容易产生卡塞、搭桥以及蓬堵现象。生物质燃料挥发分高容易燃烧,其灰中残留的碳质量分数低于煤。另一方面,热转化过程中,大比例燃用生物质燃料的CFB锅炉受热面沾污程度比燃煤严重很多,掺烧生物质燃料后灰中钾、钠含量的增加会降低灰熔点温度,容易诱发结焦问题,造成锅炉设备事故。国内主要有江西分宜电厂、四川白马电厂、福建永安电厂300 MW CFB锅炉多源固废耦合项目、湖南耒阳热电生物质直燃耦合项目等典型案例。
江西分宜电厂300 MW CFB锅炉燃煤直燃耦合生物质系统是国内典型大型CFB直接掺烧生物质降碳的工程应用案例[25-31]。该系统由上料系统、提升系统、输送系统、控制系统、存储料仓设备、输送供气系统以及气力输送管路系统等组成,设计生物质给料量为10~15 t/h,每年可以消纳生物质3万~4万吨。该项目于2023年投用,保守预计每年为企业带来634.3万元的经济收益。
生物质直燃耦合系统如图5所示,生物质料由铲车运送至料斗,料斗下部布置称重输送皮带,通过皮带转运到斗式提升机,再通过斗式提升机输送到螺旋给料机。螺旋给料机下部为炉前气力输送给料系统,采用高压流化风作为输送风和密封风风源。生物质料最终从炉前下二次风口附近给入炉膛密相区与煤混合燃烧。生物质给入锅炉后,与煤直接混燃,混燃后的烟气经过锅炉尾部除尘、脱硝、脱硫设备后从烟囱排出。生物质直燃耦合系统物料以农林生物质、木材加工废料等经破碎并压缩成型的材料为主。
国内的四川白马电厂600 MW CFB锅炉机组也建设了一套生物质直燃掺烧系统,通过储存→给料→输送→仓储→直接入炉膛燃烧,在不影响现有给煤系统运行的前提下,节约了发电煤耗,还有效降低碳排放,不需要对掺烧物质进行一次处理(如生物质气化),燃料直接利用率高,耦合成本低。白马电厂还开展了生物质掺烧减碳试验研究,自该系统投运以来,一共掺烧生物质2.9万吨左右,主要来料为废木材、建筑类生物质、农林生物质等。监测结果显示:掺烧对排烟温度、锅炉燃烧等无显著影响;灰渣品质、重金属含量、大气排放指标均符合标准;未发现纳、钾元素对锅炉设备造成腐蚀;生物质掺烧比例在燃煤量10%以内是安全可靠的[32]
尽管生物质发电厂享受一定优惠政策,但也面临一系列亟待攻克的挑战:生物质燃料成本高且供应不稳定;投资成本高,回收压力大;较低的发电效率制约了发电厂的经济收益;受限于小容量电站设备技术,生物质直燃发电可靠性普遍偏低。
生物质发电技术发展的关键挑战在于生物质的收集、储存、运输以及预处理技术。生物质资源的分散性、能量密度低和季节性等特点导致其收集、运输及贮存费用高。尽管生物质发电成本显著高于风力发电、光伏发电等,目前生物质能源技术与市场发展也尚不完善,但是生物质发电输出稳定,能够参与电力调峰,如果与储热结合,更能参与电力市场的深度调峰,提供清洁热力,发展潜力巨大。另一方面,利用现有的燃煤锅炉及其环保设施,尤其是CFB锅炉机组,对生物质进行掺烧利用,利用CFB锅炉燃料适应性广、生物质燃料制备破碎输送系统简单可靠等优势,可低成本大规模高效利用生物质资源,是推动CFB锅炉机组降低碳排放的主要途径之一。生物质燃烧技术在提高能源利用效率、减少环境污染和实现可持续发展方面具有巨大潜力。未来的研究和应用将进一步解决技术挑战,推动生物质能源的商业化和规模化发展。生物质直接与煤在CFB锅炉中大比例混烧后存在以下问题。
1)混烧比例问题
由于生物质含水量高,当大比例掺烧生物质时,生物质与煤混烧后锅炉产生的烟气量较大,烟气湿度增加,导致烟气酸露点的上升,在锅炉尾部空气预热器冷端容易造成腐蚀。在CFB锅炉中大比例掺烧生物质燃料时,普遍存在的流化床循环灰平衡问题和飞灰含碳量高的问题也需要引起重视。
2)积灰和腐蚀问题
由于生物质的灰熔点较低,燃烧过程中设备容易产生结焦及受热面沾污积灰问题。特别是燃用含氯较多的生物质时,当换热器表面温度超过400 ℃,还有可能会产生高温腐蚀,需要对尾部受热面间距进行调整,改进吹灰方式、燃料改性等。在积灰结渣腐蚀方面,生物质燃料利用需要重点关注碱金属和硫、氯元素导致的积灰结渣腐蚀问题,以及烟气湿度高带来的空气预热器冷端酸腐蚀问题。
3)污染物排放控制问题
在污染物排放控制方面,在流化床中煤与生物质掺烧时的NOx排放与生物质燃料种类、运行参数等关系密切,但满足可能导致NOx超低排放控制难度增加,需要开发更多先进的技术。生物质燃料不完全燃烧会导致CO超标、合成大量氨气以及造成尾部催化剂中毒等问题。
4)精确计量生物质发电量问题
我国的生物质掺混比检测与核实规范尚未形成,生物质直接掺烧较难获得被认可的生物质掺烧量或生物质发电量,阻碍了生物质混燃发电技术的快速发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52176129)
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2025年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410258
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 修回日期:2024-12-28
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52176129)
国家自然科学基金项目(52176129)
作者信息
    1.西安交通大学绿色氢电全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
    2.西安西热锅炉环保工程有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    3.国家电投集团江西电力有限公司分宜发电厂,江西 新余 338000

通讯作者:

王长安(1986),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为固体燃料高效清洁利用与碳捕集技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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