Article(id=1236611784833037179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202503042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742572800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772760824639, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772760824639, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772760824639, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772760824639, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236611783876727231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='159', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1772760824412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772761154835, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=43, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236611785143415678, articleId=1236611784833037179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Simulation of variable-load characteristics of a supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler, columnId=1236611784820445633, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on “ultra supercritical circulating fluidized bed power generation technology”, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuously increasing proportion of installed capacity from new energy sources, higher flexibility demands are imposed on coal-fired power generation units, including supercritical circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers. By taking a 350 MW supercritical CFB boiler as the research object, the computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) method was employed to simulate the furnace response characteristics under variable load conditions, focusing on parameters such as furnace temperature, near-wall particle concentration, and average heat flux density on heating surfaces. The effects of combustion and circulation interventions on the rate of load change were also explored. The results indicate that, during load ramp-up operation, the response rate of average heat flux density in low load range (30%~50% of the unit rated load) decreases by about 38% compared with that in high load range (above 50% of the rated load). Focusing only on the high load range, the heat flux density responds faster during load ramp-down, with the rate of change about 31% higher than that during ramp-up. Under varying load amplitudes, the particle suspension concentration and convective heat transfer intensity inside the furnace can respond rapidly, while temperature changes lag slightly, indicating that CFB boilers rely more on variations in the heat transfer coefficient for rapid thermal regulation. Through combustion interventions, such as substituting 40% of the original coal feedstock with fine coal particles sized several hundred microns, the change in furnace temperature can be effectively accelerated, with the response rate of average heat flux density during ramp-up in the high load range increasing by about 43%, and by nearly 16% in the low load range. Additionally, implementing circulation interventions, such as adding a certain amount of fine bed material during ramp-up, can rapidly increase the particle suspension concentration in a short time and thus effectively improve the response rate of the heat transfer coefficient on the heating surface. If hot fine material is further added (for example, through a hot circulating ash storage and return system), the response rate of the average heat flux density during ramp-up in the high load range can be improved by approximately 31%, and by about 13% in the low load range. The study elucidates the internal response mechanisms of CFB boilers under variable loading conditions, confirms the feasibility of improving load change rates through circulation and combustion interventions, and provides a reference for further tapping the flexibility potential of supercritical CFB boilers and improving their variable load capability.

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新能源装机占比的不断提高对包括超临界循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉在内的燃煤发电机组灵活性提出了更高要求。以某350 MWCFB锅炉为对象,采用计算颗粒流体动力学(computational particle fluid dynamics,CPFD)方法,针对变负荷工况下的炉内过程响应特性开展了模拟研究,并探讨了燃烧-循环干预措施对变负荷速率的影响。结果表明:升负荷工况下,低负荷段(30%~50%机组额定负荷)的平均热流密度响应速率比高负荷段(50%以上机组额定负荷)下降约38%;仅看高负荷段,机组降负荷时热流密度响应更快,变化率比升负荷时大31%左右。不同负荷变化幅度下,炉内颗粒悬浮浓度和对流换热强度均可快速响应,而炉内温度的变化略显滞后,说明CFB锅炉更依赖传热系数的变化实现热量传递的快速调节。采用燃烧干预,如将40%的原给煤替换成百微米级的细煤颗粒,能够有效加快炉膛温度的变化,升负荷时高负荷段平均热流密度响应速率提高约43%,低负荷段也提升了近16%。此外,采用循环干预,即在升负荷时额外添加一定量的细床料,可使颗粒悬浮浓度在短时间内快速增加,从而有效提高受热表面传热率的响应速率;若进一步给入热细床料(如通过循环灰热储-回送方式),升负荷时高负荷段炉内平均热流密度响应速率可提高约31%,低负荷段也可提升13%左右。研究结果探明了CFB锅炉变负荷时的炉内响应机制,验证了循环-燃烧干预提高机组变负荷速率的可行性,为深入挖掘超临界CFB锅炉的灵活性潜力、改善其变负荷能力提供了参考。

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柯希玮(1994),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为流化床燃烧和绿色低碳燃料燃烧技术,
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刘梁(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为循环流化床锅炉快速变负荷技术,

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刘梁(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为循环流化床锅炉快速变负荷技术,

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刘梁(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为循环流化床锅炉快速变负荷技术,

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611795591426416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Response curves of particles’ mass concentrations in near-wall region in dilute phase under variable load conditions in high and low load ranges, figureFileSmall=yLzu91TNoGUVNSz17rSThg==, figureFileBig=MgfUcYDKPwLmNatN8UjjEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611795704672628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=CN, label=图6, caption=高、低负荷段内负荷升降时炉内稀相段近壁区颗粒质量浓度响应曲线, figureFileSmall=yLzu91TNoGUVNSz17rSThg==, figureFileBig=MgfUcYDKPwLmNatN8UjjEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611795851473273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Response curves of bed temperature Tb and furnace outlet temperature To under variable load conditions in high and low 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611796350595477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Response curves of bed temperature Tb and furnace outlet temperature To under combustion interventions, figureFileSmall=P0uFxfF/Vc3RXUr47XU4tA==, figureFileBig=/maaHRsNQyZVPjTH/dtnmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611796484813208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=CN, label=图9, caption=采用粉煤干预时床温Tb和炉膛出口温度To响应曲线, figureFileSmall=P0uFxfF/Vc3RXUr47XU4tA==, figureFileBig=/maaHRsNQyZVPjTH/dtnmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611796598059423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Response curves of particle mass concentrations in dilute phase under combustion interventions, figureFileSmall=gHXz8zSNfTzI9odmZzpj5Q==, figureFileBig=Ef0uPI4lpYoRp9pUDBCgrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611796753248679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=CN, label=图10, caption=采用粉煤干预时炉内稀相段颗粒质量浓度响应曲线, figureFileSmall=gHXz8zSNfTzI9odmZzpj5Q==, figureFileBig=Ef0uPI4lpYoRp9pUDBCgrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611796904243629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Variations of average heat flux density under circulation interventions, figureFileSmall=Kt/612bnOrTo71eKIzFoXg==, figureFileBig=oeTwaVcHjNw1UneLjzoxFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611797030072758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=CN, label=图11, caption=循环干预下平均热流密度变化, figureFileSmall=Kt/612bnOrTo71eKIzFoXg==, figureFileBig=oeTwaVcHjNw1UneLjzoxFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611797134930363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Response curves of particle mass concentrations in dilute phase with or without circulating interventions, figureFileSmall=mEjVo1cURyNuJ+FMp8+qyg==, figureFileBig=O3ZbhXCv5UASp4p8WsMafg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611797260759490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=CN, label=图12, caption=有无循环干预时稀相段颗粒质量浓度响应曲线, figureFileSmall=mEjVo1cURyNuJ+FMp8+qyg==, figureFileBig=O3ZbhXCv5UASp4p8WsMafg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611797336256966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Response curves of bed temperature Tb and furnace outlet temperature To under circulation interventions with fine bed materials, figureFileSmall=kJmPQjn+mO+ffGyROCvwlw==, figureFileBig=84RFzB8C+TFc5BwO9mHzWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611797420143050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=CN, label=图13, caption=采用不同温度细床料干预下床温Tb和炉膛出口温度To响应曲线, figureFileSmall=kJmPQjn+mO+ffGyROCvwlw==, figureFileBig=84RFzB8C+TFc5BwO9mHzWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611797516612047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main operation parameters of the boiler under BMCR condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
主蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 146.0
主蒸汽出口温度/℃571
主蒸汽出口压力/MPa25.28
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)974.4
再热蒸汽出口温度/℃569
再热蒸汽出口压力/MPa3.855
再热蒸汽进口温度/℃311.8
再热蒸汽进口压力/MPa4.029
给水温度/℃278.6
), ArticleFig(id=1236611797617275346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

BMCR工况下锅炉主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
主蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 146.0
主蒸汽出口温度/℃571
主蒸汽出口压力/MPa25.28
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)974.4
再热蒸汽出口温度/℃569
再热蒸汽出口压力/MPa3.855
再热蒸汽进口温度/℃311.8
再热蒸汽进口压力/MPa4.029
给水温度/℃278.6
), ArticleFig(id=1236611797717938642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Chemical reaction equations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化学反应方程式
(R-1)Coal YCChar +YVVolatile +YMMoisture + (1-YC-YV-YM) Ash
(R-2)Volatile  CO2+ CO + CH4+ H2+ H2O + HCN + NH3+ H2S
(R-3)C+φO2 (2φ-1) CO2+(2-2φ)CO
(R-4)C + CO2 2CO
(R-5)C+H2 CO+H2
(R-6)CO+0.5O2 CO2
(R-7)H2+0.5O2 H2O
(R-8)CH4+2O2 CO2+2H2O
(R-9)H2S+1.5O2 H2O+SO2
(R-10)HCN+1.25O2 NO+CO+0.5H2O
(R-11)NH3+1.25O2 NO+1.5H2O
(R-12)NO+C  0.5N2+CO
(R-13)NO+CO char 0.5N2+CO2
(R-14)NH3+NO+0.25O2 N2+1.5H2O
), ArticleFig(id=1236611797826990552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

化学反应方程式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号化学反应方程式
(R-1)Coal YCChar +YVVolatile +YMMoisture + (1-YC-YV-YM) Ash
(R-2)Volatile  CO2+ CO + CH4+ H2+ H2O + HCN + NH3+ H2S
(R-3)C+φO2 (2φ-1) CO2+(2-2φ)CO
(R-4)C + CO2 2CO
(R-5)C+H2 CO+H2
(R-6)CO+0.5O2 CO2
(R-7)H2+0.5O2 H2O
(R-8)CH4+2O2 CO2+2H2O
(R-9)H2S+1.5O2 H2O+SO2
(R-10)HCN+1.25O2 NO+CO+0.5H2O
(R-11)NH3+1.25O2 NO+1.5H2O
(R-12)NO+C  0.5N2+CO
(R-13)NO+CO char 0.5N2+CO2
(R-14)NH3+NO+0.25O2 N2+1.5H2O
), ArticleFig(id=1236611797919265242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Expressions of chemical reaction rate and kinetic parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号反应速率r/(kmol·(m3·s)–1)反应速率常数K
(R-1)r1=K1CVolatileK1=1.901×104exp5.882×107/RT 
(R-2)r2=K2CVolatileK2=8.276×104exp7.3×107/RT 
(R-3)r3=K3CO2K3=4.34×107θSTexp 1.13×108/RT
(R-4)r4=K4aCCO2-K4bCCO2K4a=1.272msTexp 1.88×108/RT
K4b=0.1044mST2exp1.96×107/RT20.92 
(R-5)r5=K5aCH2OK5bCH2CCOK5a=1.272msTexp 1.88×108/RT
K5b=0.1044mST2exp5.25×107/RT17.29 
(R-6)r6=K6CCOCO2K6=2.9×108exp24358/T 
(R-7)r7=K7CH21.5CO2K7=1.63×109T1.5exp3420/T 
(R-8)r8=K8CCH40.7CO20.8K8=2.239×1012exp 20131/T
(R-9)r9=K9CH2SCO2K9=5.2×108exp 19300/RT
(R-10)r10=K10CHCNCO2K10=2.14×108exp8.314×107/RT 
(R-11)r11=K11CNH3CO2K11=3.1×108exp8.314×107/RT 
(R-12)r12=K12Nπdc2CNOK12=5.58×107exp1.2×104/T 
(R-13)r13=K13K13aCNO(K13bCCO+K13c)K13aCNO+K13bCCO+K13cK13=1.952×107exp1.58×108/RT 
K13a=18.26,  K13b=7.86,  K13c=0.002531 
(R-14)r14=K14CNH3CNOCO2K14=1.1×1015exp 2.301×108/RT
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798040900064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

化学反应速率表达式及动力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号反应速率r/(kmol·(m3·s)–1)反应速率常数K
(R-1)r1=K1CVolatileK1=1.901×104exp5.882×107/RT 
(R-2)r2=K2CVolatileK2=8.276×104exp7.3×107/RT 
(R-3)r3=K3CO2K3=4.34×107θSTexp 1.13×108/RT
(R-4)r4=K4aCCO2-K4bCCO2K4a=1.272msTexp 1.88×108/RT
K4b=0.1044mST2exp1.96×107/RT20.92 
(R-5)r5=K5aCH2OK5bCH2CCOK5a=1.272msTexp 1.88×108/RT
K5b=0.1044mST2exp5.25×107/RT17.29 
(R-6)r6=K6CCOCO2K6=2.9×108exp24358/T 
(R-7)r7=K7CH21.5CO2K7=1.63×109T1.5exp3420/T 
(R-8)r8=K8CCH40.7CO20.8K8=2.239×1012exp 20131/T
(R-9)r9=K9CH2SCO2K9=5.2×108exp 19300/RT
(R-10)r10=K10CHCNCO2K10=2.14×108exp8.314×107/RT 
(R-11)r11=K11CNH3CO2K11=3.1×108exp8.314×107/RT 
(R-12)r12=K12Nπdc2CNOK12=5.58×107exp1.2×104/T 
(R-13)r13=K13K13aCNO(K13bCCO+K13c)K13aCNO+K13bCCO+K13cK13=1.952×107exp1.58×108/RT 
K13a=18.26,  K13b=7.86,  K13c=0.002531 
(R-14)r14=K14CNH3CNOCO2K14=1.1×1015exp 2.301×108/RT
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798191895013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Major parameters settings for the model

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项目数值
颗粒堆积极限0.6
碰撞最大动量重定向40%
壁面法向反弹系数0.2
壁面切向反弹系数0.99
漫反射反弹指数2
曳力模型Wen Yu-Ergun
床料密度/(kg·m–3)2 600
球形度0.7
床料粒径分布/mm0.01~10.00(见图2
给煤粒径分布/mm0.01~12.00(见图2
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798321918441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

主要模型参数选择

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
颗粒堆积极限0.6
碰撞最大动量重定向40%
壁面法向反弹系数0.2
壁面切向反弹系数0.99
漫反射反弹指数2
曳力模型Wen Yu-Ergun
床料密度/(kg·m–3)2 600
球形度0.7
床料粒径分布/mm0.01~10.00(见图2
给煤粒径分布/mm0.01~12.00(见图2
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798456136172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Coal quality analysis

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名称煤种
收到基全水分war(M)/%16.5
空气干燥基水分war(M)/%2.97
收到基灰分war(A)/%32.25
干燥无灰基挥发分war(V)/%42.41
低位发热量war(Q)/(kJ·kg–1)14 180
收到基碳war(C)/%37.87
收到基氢war(H)/%2.66
收到基氧war(O)/%9.09
收到基氮war(N)/%0.68
收到基全硫war(S)/%0.95
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798556799472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

煤质分析

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名称煤种
收到基全水分war(M)/%16.5
空气干燥基水分war(M)/%2.97
收到基灰分war(A)/%32.25
干燥无灰基挥发分war(V)/%42.41
低位发热量war(Q)/(kJ·kg–1)14 180
收到基碳war(C)/%37.87
收到基氢war(H)/%2.66
收到基氧war(O)/%9.09
收到基氮war(N)/%0.68
收到基全硫war(S)/%0.95
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798657462772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Main operational parameters at different loads

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项目负荷
100%50%30%
一次风率0.440.560.63
总风量/(×104 m3·h–1)1207562
风温/℃310260240
给煤量/(kg·s–1)78.6037.8023.18
静止料层厚度/m1.11.11.1
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不同负荷下主要运行参数

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项目负荷
100%50%30%
一次风率0.440.560.63
总风量/(×104 m3·h–1)1207562
风温/℃310260240
给煤量/(kg·s–1)78.6037.8023.18
静止料层厚度/m1.11.11.1
), ArticleFig(id=1236611798904926714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Response time of air volume and coal feed under variable load conditions

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工况风量响应时间/s给煤量响应时间/s
50%~100%升负荷82
100%~50%降负荷41
30%~50%升负荷42
50%~30%降负荷21
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变负荷工况下风量、给煤量响应时间

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工况风量响应时间/s给煤量响应时间/s
50%~100%升负荷82
100%~50%降负荷41
30%~50%升负荷42
50%~30%降负荷21
), ArticleFig(id=1236611799139807742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Design parameters for combustion-intervention conditions

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负荷掺烧比例/%粉煤粒径/μm煤粉温度/℃
50%~100%40100,30025
30%~50%40100,30025
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燃烧干预工况设计

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负荷掺烧比例/%粉煤粒径/μm煤粉温度/℃
50%~100%40100,30025
30%~50%40100,30025
), ArticleFig(id=1236611799366300169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Design parameters for solid circulation-intervention conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负荷床料粒径/μm每点进料/(kg·s–1)床料温度/℃进料时间/s
50%~100%10020025,85010
30%~50%10020025,68010
), ArticleFig(id=1236611799475352076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

循环干预工况设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负荷床料粒径/μm每点进料/(kg·s–1)床料温度/℃进料时间/s
50%~100%10020025,85010
30%~50%10020025,68010
), ArticleFig(id=1236611799651512853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=EN, label=Tab.10, caption=

Temperatures of the heat transfer walls

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项目数值
渐缩段壁温750
下部水冷壁壁温360
上部水冷壁壁温400
悬吊屏壁温400
旋风分离器壁温550
), ArticleFig(id=1236611799760564758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784833037179, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

换热壁面温度

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项目数值
渐缩段壁温750
下部水冷壁壁温360
上部水冷壁壁温400
悬吊屏壁温400
旋风分离器壁温550
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超临界循环流化床锅炉变负荷特性模拟
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刘梁 1, 2 , 高凯旋 3 , 谢德清 4 , 何建乐 5 , 黄中 2, 3 , 金燕 1 , 吕俊复 2, 3 , 柯希玮 3
热力发电 | “超超临界循环流化床发电技术”专题 2025,54(7): 43-53
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热力发电 | “超超临界循环流化床发电技术”专题 2025, 54(7): 43-53
超临界循环流化床锅炉变负荷特性模拟
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刘梁1, 2 , 高凯旋3, 谢德清4, 何建乐5, 黄中2, 3, 金燕1, 吕俊复2, 3, 柯希玮3
作者信息
  • 1.太原理工大学电气与动力工程学院,山西 太原 030024
  • 2.清华大学能源与动力工程系,北京 100084
  • 3.怀柔实验室山西研究院,山西 太原 030032
  • 4.华电国际电力股份有限公司朔州热电分公司,山西 朔州 036032
  • 5.华电电力科学研究院有限公司,浙江 杭州 310030
  • 刘梁(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为循环流化床锅炉快速变负荷技术,

通讯作者:

柯希玮(1994),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为流化床燃烧和绿色低碳燃料燃烧技术,
Simulation of variable-load characteristics of a supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler
Liang LIU1, 2 , Kaixuan GAO3, Deqing XIE4, Jianle HE5, Zhong HUANG2, 3, Yan JIN1, Junfu LYU2, 3, Xiwei KE3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Electrical and Power Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 2.Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3.Shanxi Research Institute of Huairou Laboratory, Taiyuan 030032, China
  • 4.Huadian International Power Co., Ltd., Shuozhou Thermal Power Branch, Shuozhou 036032, China
  • 5.Huadian Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310030, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503042
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新能源装机占比的不断提高对包括超临界循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉在内的燃煤发电机组灵活性提出了更高要求。以某350 MWCFB锅炉为对象,采用计算颗粒流体动力学(computational particle fluid dynamics,CPFD)方法,针对变负荷工况下的炉内过程响应特性开展了模拟研究,并探讨了燃烧-循环干预措施对变负荷速率的影响。结果表明:升负荷工况下,低负荷段(30%~50%机组额定负荷)的平均热流密度响应速率比高负荷段(50%以上机组额定负荷)下降约38%;仅看高负荷段,机组降负荷时热流密度响应更快,变化率比升负荷时大31%左右。不同负荷变化幅度下,炉内颗粒悬浮浓度和对流换热强度均可快速响应,而炉内温度的变化略显滞后,说明CFB锅炉更依赖传热系数的变化实现热量传递的快速调节。采用燃烧干预,如将40%的原给煤替换成百微米级的细煤颗粒,能够有效加快炉膛温度的变化,升负荷时高负荷段平均热流密度响应速率提高约43%,低负荷段也提升了近16%。此外,采用循环干预,即在升负荷时额外添加一定量的细床料,可使颗粒悬浮浓度在短时间内快速增加,从而有效提高受热表面传热率的响应速率;若进一步给入热细床料(如通过循环灰热储-回送方式),升负荷时高负荷段炉内平均热流密度响应速率可提高约31%,低负荷段也可提升13%左右。研究结果探明了CFB锅炉变负荷时的炉内响应机制,验证了循环-燃烧干预提高机组变负荷速率的可行性,为深入挖掘超临界CFB锅炉的灵活性潜力、改善其变负荷能力提供了参考。

循环流化床锅炉  /  炉内过程  /  响应特性  /  燃烧干预  /  循环干预  /  数值模拟

With the continuously increasing proportion of installed capacity from new energy sources, higher flexibility demands are imposed on coal-fired power generation units, including supercritical circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers. By taking a 350 MW supercritical CFB boiler as the research object, the computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) method was employed to simulate the furnace response characteristics under variable load conditions, focusing on parameters such as furnace temperature, near-wall particle concentration, and average heat flux density on heating surfaces. The effects of combustion and circulation interventions on the rate of load change were also explored. The results indicate that, during load ramp-up operation, the response rate of average heat flux density in low load range (30%~50% of the unit rated load) decreases by about 38% compared with that in high load range (above 50% of the rated load). Focusing only on the high load range, the heat flux density responds faster during load ramp-down, with the rate of change about 31% higher than that during ramp-up. Under varying load amplitudes, the particle suspension concentration and convective heat transfer intensity inside the furnace can respond rapidly, while temperature changes lag slightly, indicating that CFB boilers rely more on variations in the heat transfer coefficient for rapid thermal regulation. Through combustion interventions, such as substituting 40% of the original coal feedstock with fine coal particles sized several hundred microns, the change in furnace temperature can be effectively accelerated, with the response rate of average heat flux density during ramp-up in the high load range increasing by about 43%, and by nearly 16% in the low load range. Additionally, implementing circulation interventions, such as adding a certain amount of fine bed material during ramp-up, can rapidly increase the particle suspension concentration in a short time and thus effectively improve the response rate of the heat transfer coefficient on the heating surface. If hot fine material is further added (for example, through a hot circulating ash storage and return system), the response rate of the average heat flux density during ramp-up in the high load range can be improved by approximately 31%, and by about 13% in the low load range. The study elucidates the internal response mechanisms of CFB boilers under variable loading conditions, confirms the feasibility of improving load change rates through circulation and combustion interventions, and provides a reference for further tapping the flexibility potential of supercritical CFB boilers and improving their variable load capability.

CFB boiler  /  in-furnace process  /  response characteristics  /  combustion intervention  /  circulation intervention  /  numerical investigation
刘梁, 高凯旋, 谢德清, 何建乐, 黄中, 金燕, 吕俊复, 柯希玮. 超临界循环流化床锅炉变负荷特性模拟. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (7) : 43 -53 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503042
Liang LIU, Kaixuan GAO, Deqing XIE, Jianle HE, Zhong HUANG, Yan JIN, Junfu LYU, Xiwei KE. Simulation of variable-load characteristics of a supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (7) : 43 -53 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503042
2024年,全国发电装机容量中风能、太阳能占比42.0%,而煤电占比约36%[1]。新能源出力的不稳定性对电力系统的安全稳定运行带来挑战[2],为此,大量煤电机组向基础保障性和系统调节性电源并重转型[3],其灵活运行能力需进一步提升。循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)燃烧技术具备燃料适应性广、污染物控制成本低以及负荷调节范围宽等特点[4-5],特别是其依靠炉内蓄热可以进行压火操作,天然具备0~100%全负荷调峰能力[6-7],适应新型电力系统对煤电机组的灵活性要求,将更多承担灵活调峰任务。
然而,传统观念认为CFB锅炉受床料、浇注料等蓄热体的影响,机组变负荷速率偏低。为此,不少学者围绕CFB锅炉变负荷特性开展了系列研究,以求提高其变负荷速率。乔磊磊等[7]在某300 MW亚临界CFB锅炉上进行了压火调峰试验,结果显示机组出力能够以10.4%Pe/min的平均速率从中间负荷快速降至1 MW,压火结束后热态再启速率可达3.5%Pe/min,首次报道了CFB燃煤发电机组具备快速启停能力。刘众元等[8]分析了某350 MW超临界CFB锅炉给煤量阶跃下的床温及负荷响应特性;蔡晋等[9]分析了某350 MW超临界CFB锅炉变负荷下床温、蒸汽参数以及污染物排放变化,得到机组升、降负荷速率分别为1.71%Pe/min和1.14%Pe/min。
CFB锅炉变负荷速率的核心在于燃料燃烧放热率和受热面表面传热率的响应快慢。前者与燃料粒径、燃料种类、燃烧温度等有关[10-11],后者则主要取决于炉内颗粒悬浮浓度(颗粒对流换热能力)[12]。已有研究者尝试通过优化燃料特性提升变负荷速率。Liu等人[13]采用常规CFB给煤与煤粉共燃技术,在220 t/h小型CFB锅炉上进行试验,发现当煤粉通过二次风管给入时,锅炉负荷变化率可超过2%Pe/min。该方法主要通过改善燃料燃烧特性提高了燃烧速率,但对炉内颗粒悬浮浓度及其对传热过程的影响关注较少,难以兼顾燃烧和传热两方面的动态响应。
针对上述不足,清华大学团队在深入分析炉内动态过程的基础上,提出了基于燃烧-循环协同干预的高灵活性CFB锅炉技术路线。通过补充细粒度燃料(干预燃烧过程)和细粒度床料(干预物料循环),强化燃烧放热,快速改变炉内颗粒悬浮浓度,提高传热速率[14-15],显著提升了CFB锅炉的灵活调节能力。
大型CFB锅炉受生产安排、安全运行以及经济性限制,难以开展全工况实验,因此,大量学者采用数值模拟方法作为补充研究手段。目前已有大量研究采用计算颗粒流体动力学(computational particle fluid dynamics,CPFD)方法对CFB锅炉运行特性进行了模拟[16],包括稳态和动态特性研究两方面。前者关注CFB锅炉稳定负荷运行下的气固流动、燃烧以及传热行为,主要集中于炉膛颗粒分布、壁面磨损、温度分布、传热性能、污染物控制等方面[17-22]。当前针对CFB锅炉变负荷特性的模拟研究也逐渐丰富,Shen等人[23-24]研究了变负荷过程中炉内流场、温度场的动态特性,并针对CFB锅炉压火特性进行数值模拟。
本文采用CPFD方法,以某350 MW超临界CFB锅炉作为研究对象,旨在讨论变负荷工况下CFB锅炉炉内过程,如受热面平均热流密度、炉膛温度和近壁区颗粒质量浓度等的动态响应特性,分析CFB锅炉变负荷时的炉内响应机制。在此基础上,进一步探究燃烧干预、循环干预方法对CFB锅炉动态特性的影响,验证其对提高锅炉变负荷速率的可行性。
以某350 MW超临界CFB锅炉为模拟对象,其结构简图如图1所示。炉膛高48.0 m,直段深9.7 m、宽31.9 m。炉膛后墙配有3台汽冷式旋风分离器,采用外旋布置。每台分离器下分别对应1个“一分二”结构的M型返料阀,即有2条回料腿。前墙布置6个给煤口和12个上二次风口,后墙布置7个下二次风口和7个上二次风口;左、右墙各布置1个上二次风口;锅炉两侧4条回料腿上还分别设置1个给煤口。炉膛顶部布置有12片水冷蒸发屏、12片高温屏式过热器、12片中温屏式过热器和8片高温屏式再热器。锅炉主要设计参数如表1所示。
气相控制方程如式(1)和式(2)所示:
αfρft+(αfρfuf)=δm˙s
(αfρfuf)t+(αfρfuf)=pF+αf+αfτf
式中:αf为气相体积分数;t为时间,s;ρf为气相密度,kg/m3uf为气相速度,m/s;δṁs为在单位控制体积内非均相反应引起的固体质量变化,kg/(m3·s);p为气相压力,Pa;F为其他作用力源项,kg/(m2·s2);g为重力加速度,m/s2τf为气体应力张量,Pa。
固相控制方程如式(3)和式(4)所示:
dusdt=β(ufus)1ρsp+g1αsρsτs
τs=psαsγmax[(αcpαs),ε(1αs)]
式中:us为固相速度,m/s;β为相间曳力系数,s–1ρs为固相密度,kg/m3αs为固相体积分数;τs为固相的法向应力,kg/(m·s2):ps为固相压力,Pa;γ为模型的自有参数,取值为2~5;αcp为颗粒堆积极限,指颗粒紧密堆积时的最大体积分数;ε为数量级为10–7的小量。
对流换热计算式如式(5)—式(7)所示:
h=hl+hs
h1=c0ReLn1Prn2+c1kfds+c2
hs=c0Resn1kfds
式中:hl为稀相区传热系数,W/(m2·K);hs为密相区传热系数,W/(m2·K);c0c1c2n1n2取值分别为0.46、3.66、0、0.50和0.33;kf为流体导热系数,W/(m2·℃);ds为颗粒直径,m。
辐射换热计算表达式如式(8)所示:
qws=AwFwsεwsσTW4Ts4
式中:Aw为壁面面积,m2Tw为壁面温度,℃;Ts为颗粒在一个计算单元内的质量加权平均温度,℃;Fws为系数;εws为壁面和颗粒的有效辐射率;σ为斯特藩-玻尔兹曼常数,σ=5.67×10–8 W/(m2·℃4)。
本文选取的14个化学反应见表2。原煤入炉后分解为如式(R-1)、式(R-2)所示组分,焦炭及各挥发分气体份额根据CPD-NLG模型计算确定[25]。焦炭氧化过程主要考虑与氧气、二氧化碳和水蒸气的反应,如式(R-3)—式(R-5)所示。各可燃性气体组分燃烧反应如式(R-6)—式(R-9)所示;含氮反应方程如式(R-10)—(R-14)所示。参考相关文献数据,本文各反应式的动力学参数如表3所示[21,24,26]
模型主要计算参数选择如表4所示,具体取值依据团队研究基础并参考相关文献[21,27],给煤和初始床料粒径分布如图2所示。表5为煤质分析结果。
表6为主要运行参数,根据实际运行工况确定。风量以及给煤量的响应时间如表7所示,默认风量和给煤量线性变化。在进行变负荷计算时,从变负荷起始点开始,以1 s为间隔,连续检查每个15 s时间窗口内的状态值(如热流密度、颗粒浓度等),如果窗口内所有数据点均在稳态下对应参数平均值的±5%范围内,则认为从该时间点开始已调整至另一个稳定负荷状态。
表8为燃烧干预工况设计,即升负荷时将一部分原粗给煤替换为粉煤,两种燃料理化性质完全一致,仅考虑粉煤粒径的影响。为简化计算,在模拟燃烧-循环干预影响时,外加的粉煤和床料采用单一粒径。
表9为循环干预工况设计,在6条回料腿上各增加1个进料口,升负荷时在初始有限时间段内,按固定流率添加一定量的细床料。另外,分别考虑冷、热灰2种方案的影响,即外加床料为常温灰;或通过返料阀处排出的热灰经热储后回送入炉膛。因不同负荷下循环灰温有显著差异,故在对高、低负荷段分别模拟时,根据实际返料阀处监测温度采用不同的热灰温度。
模型计算时,旋风分离器出口设置为压力边界(-500 Pa)。一、二次风入口采用速度边界条件,均通过设置射流点进风代替实际CFB锅炉的风帽、喷口结构。炉膛收缩段、水冷壁、水冷蒸发屏、炉内过热器以及汽冷式旋风分离器等壁面存在和炉内换热,具体换热模型参见Barracuda帮助文档。边界条件示意如图3所示,默认负荷变化时换热壁面温度不发生变化,具体温度设置如表10所示。
采用结构性网格对计算域进行离散,并在炉膛渐扩段适当加密。综合考虑计算精度和计算成本,确定网格总数约为200万。
将30%负荷时相同工况条件下获得的炉内压力、温度实测数据与模拟结果进行对比,结果如图4所示。模拟值与试验值的平均误差在5%以内,验证了模型计算的准确性。
图5为高、低负荷段内负荷升降时受热面平均热流密度响应曲线。
对于升负荷工况,在高负荷段内(50%~100%机组额定负荷),从50%负荷升至100%负荷,热流密度响应时间约为67 s,平均响应速率达0.31 kW/(m2·s–1);而在低负荷段内(30%~50%机组额定负荷),从30%负荷升至50%负荷,热流密度平均响应速率为0.19 kW/(m2·s–1),比高负荷段低38%。即负荷越高,CFB锅炉爬坡速率越大。
仅看高负荷段,降负荷时热流密度响应时间约为51 s,平均响应速率为-0.41 kW/(m2·s–1),较升负荷工况下提高约31%,即锅炉降负荷速率比升负荷速率更大。
图6为高、低负荷段内负荷升降时炉内稀相段近壁区颗粒质量浓度响应曲线(统计32~40 m高度四周水冷壁附近区域)。可以看出,不同负荷变化要求下,颗粒质量浓度响应时间接近,均在35~45 s。表明高负荷段内颗粒质量浓度随负荷响应更快,显著快于热流密度的变化;而低负荷段内颗粒质量浓度变化较慢,响应时间也与热流密度相当。
CFB锅炉内颗粒对流传热是热量传递的主要方式之一。颗粒悬浮浓度越高、对流传热越强、受热表面热流密度越高。意味着颗粒质量浓度响应越快会加速热量从炉侧向工质侧传递速率的变化,并影响锅炉负荷变化率。这为下文讨论循环干预技术提供了重要理论依据,即人为调节物料循环量及颗粒质量浓度变化,以提升CFB锅炉变负荷速率。
图7为高、低负荷段内负荷升降时床温Tb和炉膛出口温度To响应曲线。总体上看,温度变化相较于热流密度及颗粒质量浓度更加平缓(后两者在变负荷初始时刻均发生“陡变”式快速响应),即在一定程度上存在滞后性。进一步表明CFB锅炉热量传递过程与颗粒质量浓度的密切联系。
此外,在高负荷段内,对比升负荷时炉内温度及时响应,降负荷时由于床料内仍有大量未燃尽碳燃烧放热,炉内温度在初始较短时间内变化不明显、存在滞后;但温度整体稳定时间较升负荷时更短。而在低负荷段内,由于床料内焦炭含量比高负荷工况下少,降负荷时温度滞后不明显。
变负荷时不仅是追求传热率的快速响应,也要实现燃烧放热率与传热率的平衡。升负荷时,若仅仅依靠颗粒质量浓度调节以提高传热系数,传热短时增加会减缓床温升高,影响传热率的进一步提升,因此引出燃烧干预的技术思想。
图8对比分析了升负荷下采用燃烧干预的作用效果。整体来看,将部分给煤替换为粉煤,热流密度响应速率显著提升。以使用100 μm粉煤为例:高负荷段内,热流密度响应时间较常规工况缩短近20 s,响应速率提升约43%;低负荷段内,响应速率也提升了近16%。
图9为采用粉煤干预时床温Tb和炉膛出口温度To响应曲线。由于粉煤燃烧性能更好,燃烧放热速率比粗煤颗粒更快,炉内温度响应速率提高,传热温差增加,有利于加快热量传递。
图10为采用粉煤干预时炉内稀相段颗粒质量浓度响应曲线。相较常规粗给煤工况,掺烧粉煤时,由于粉煤燃烧后成灰更细,能够带来更多参与循环的有效床料,因此负荷变化过程中稀相区颗粒质量浓度更高,从而起到类似循环干预的效果,加强了对流颗粒换热,这是采用粉煤实现燃烧干预的另一重效果。
图11对比分析了采用循环干预的作用效果。模拟结果表明:在高负荷段,当添加冷细床料(25 ℃)时,热流密度响应时间为56 s,如提高细床料温度至850 ℃(采用循环灰热储-回送方式),热流密度响应时间缩短至51 s,较常规工况下提高约31%;在低负荷段,采用热细床料进行干预时,热流密度响应速率可提高13%左右。
图12比较了有无循环干预时稀相段颗粒质量浓度响应曲线。细床料的快速给入使得变负荷过程中颗粒质量浓度快速升高,对流换热增强,加快了热量从炉侧向工质侧的传递,有效提高了负荷响应速率。
图13为采用不同温度细床料干预下床温Tb和炉膛出口温度To响应曲线。较常规工况,添加冷细床料会导致炉内温度在变负荷过程中有所降低,但降幅有限(高、低负荷段内分别平均降低约8.5 ℃和6.2 ℃);低负荷段炉内温度响应速率也较常规工况降低约25%。提高细床料温度可在一定程度上提高负荷响应速率,然而循环灰热储-回送系统复杂、建设和运行成本高,其经济性值得进一步研究。
采用CPFD方法模拟分析了某350 MW超临界CFB锅炉变负荷工况下炉内过程(受热面平均热流密度、炉膛温度、近壁区颗粒浓度等)动态响应特性,并进一步探究了燃烧-循环干预措施对锅炉动态特性的影响。主要结论如下。
1)低负荷段(30%~50%机组额定负荷范围)热流密度响应速率较高负荷段(50%~100%机组额定负荷范围)低约38%;同为高负荷段内,降负荷时热流密度响应速率较升负荷工况高31%左右。
2)采用燃烧干预,如将40%的原给煤替换成百微米级的细煤颗粒,能够有效加快炉膛温度的变化。高负荷段内,热流密度响应速率提升约43%;低负荷段内,响应速率也提升了近16%。
3)采用循环干预,即在变负荷过程中添加一定量的细床料,可使颗粒悬浮浓度在短时间内快速增加,从而有效提高受热面表面传热率的响应速率;若进一步提高外加细床料温度(如通过循环灰热储-回送方式),高负荷段炉内平均热流密度响应速率可提高约31%,低负荷段也提升了约13%。
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100303)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503042
  • 接收时间:2025-03-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-22
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Key Project of the National Fourteen-Five-Year Research Program of China(2022YFB4100303)
“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100303)
作者信息
    1.太原理工大学电气与动力工程学院,山西 太原 030024
    2.清华大学能源与动力工程系,北京 100084
    3.怀柔实验室山西研究院,山西 太原 030032
    4.华电国际电力股份有限公司朔州热电分公司,山西 朔州 036032
    5.华电电力科学研究院有限公司,浙江 杭州 310030

通讯作者:

柯希玮(1994),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为流化床燃烧和绿色低碳燃料燃烧技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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