Article(id=1236611784572981695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202411246, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731427200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772760824578, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1753372800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772760824578, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772760824578, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772760824578, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236611783876727231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='159', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1772760824412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772761154835, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236613169855123925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236611783876727231, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236611784900137410, articleId=1236611784572981695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Advancements in the application of machine learning in circulating fluidized bed boiler technology, columnId=1236611784820445633, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on “ultra supercritical circulating fluidized bed power generation technology”, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers play a pivotal role in China’s power generation landscape. However, the intricate combustion system within the CFB boiler furnace exhibits strong coupling characteristics, characterized by multiple parameters, variables, nonlinearity, and time-varying dynamics, posing a significant challenge for precise system modeling and prediction. Machine learning (ML), with its robust nonlinear processing capabilities and predictive performance, holds immense promise in the domain of CFB technology. This paper delves into the application of ML techniques in this field, encompassing the prediction of minimum fluidization velocity, emissions forecasting, bed pressure forecasting, bed temperature/thermal efficiency prediction, particle circulation rate prediction, reduced-order models of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) flow fields, and boiler safety control system models. The paper critically evaluates the strengths and limitations of these technologies in various scenarios, providing an insightful perspective on the opportunities and challenges faced by CFB boilers in the era of big data. Emphasizing aspects like model interpretability, enhancing generalization capabilities, improving data quality and diversity, integrating models with conventional methods, and experimental validation are crucial areas worth attention for future advancements.

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循环流化床(CFB)锅炉在我国发电行业具有重要地位,然而炉膛燃烧系统具有多参数、多变量、非线性、时变性等强耦合特征,使系统的精确建模和预测困难。机器学习凭借强大的非线性处理能力和预测性能,在CFB领域展现出广阔的应用前景。探讨了机器学习技术在该领域的应用,包括最小流化速度预测、污染物排放预测、床层压力预测、床层温度/热效率预测、颗粒循环流率预测、计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)场的降阶模型、锅炉安全控制系统模型等方面。分析了这些技术在不同场景中的优势和局限,展望了CFB锅炉在大数据时代面临的机遇和挑战,关注模型解释性、泛化能力提升、数据质量多样性、模型结合传统方法、实验验证等是未来研究的重点方向。

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黄中(1983),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为多相流燃烧和循环流化床技术等,
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肖红亮(1991),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为气固流化床、多相流测量和数值模拟、人工智能等,

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肖红亮(1991),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为气固流化床、多相流测量和数值模拟、人工智能等,

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肖红亮(1991),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为气固流化床、多相流测量和数值模拟、人工智能等,

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2.怀柔实验室山西研究院,山西 太原 030032
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figureFileSmall=w3ajrpaDVkjhq04ftVKhrA==, figureFileBig=26LePXkRvnAxoOBp2e7Dog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236611794291184494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784572981695, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main classifications of common machine learning

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分类描述模型代表
有监督学习使用标注数据进行训练,模型学习从输入到输出的映射线性模型、人工神经网络(ANN)、决策树、随机森林(RF)和支持向量机(SVM)等
半监督学习使用少量标注数据和大量未标注数据进行训练生成对抗网络、图神经网络等
无监督学习使用未标注数据进行训练,模型学习数据的内在结构和模式k均值聚类、主成分分析等
), ArticleFig(id=1236611794379264888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236611784572981695, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见机器学习的主要分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类描述模型代表
有监督学习使用标注数据进行训练,模型学习从输入到输出的映射线性模型、人工神经网络(ANN)、决策树、随机森林(RF)和支持向量机(SVM)等
半监督学习使用少量标注数据和大量未标注数据进行训练生成对抗网络、图神经网络等
无监督学习使用未标注数据进行训练,模型学习数据的内在结构和模式k均值聚类、主成分分析等
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机器学习在循环流化床锅炉技术中的应用进展
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肖红亮 1, 2 , 柯希玮 1, 2 , 潘帅 3 , 郎丽萍 1, 2, 4 , 王君峰 1, 2, 4 , 祁海鹰 1, 2, 5 , 张守玉 1, 2 , 吕俊复 1, 2, 5 , 黄中 1, 2, 5
热力发电 | “超超临界循环流化床发电技术”专题 2025,54(7): 1-13
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热力发电 | “超超临界循环流化床发电技术”专题 2025, 54(7): 1-13
机器学习在循环流化床锅炉技术中的应用进展
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肖红亮1, 2 , 柯希玮1, 2, 潘帅3, 郎丽萍1, 2, 4, 王君峰1, 2, 4, 祁海鹰1, 2, 5, 张守玉1, 2, 吕俊复1, 2, 5, 黄中1, 2, 5
作者信息
  • 1.北京怀柔实验室,北京 101499
  • 2.怀柔实验室山西研究院,山西 太原 030032
  • 3.中国石油大学(北京)机械与储运工程学院,北京 102249
  • 4.哈尔滨锅炉厂有限责任公司,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150046
  • 5.清华大学能源与动力工程系,北京 100084
  • 肖红亮(1991),男,博士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为气固流化床、多相流测量和数值模拟、人工智能等,

通讯作者:

黄中(1983),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为多相流燃烧和循环流化床技术等,
Advancements in the application of machine learning in circulating fluidized bed boiler technology
Hongliang XIAO1, 2 , Xiwei KE1, 2, Shuai PAN3, Liping LANG1, 2, 4, Junfeng WANG1, 2, 4, Haiying QI1, 2, 5, Shouyu ZHANG1, 2, Junfu LYU1, 2, 5, Zhong HUANG1, 2, 5
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Huairou Laboratory, Beijing 101499, China
  • 2.Shanxi Research Institute of Huairou Laboratory, Taiyuan 030032, China
  • 3.College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
  • 4.Harbin Boiler Co., Ltd., Harbin 150046, China
  • 5.Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2025-07-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411246
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循环流化床(CFB)锅炉在我国发电行业具有重要地位,然而炉膛燃烧系统具有多参数、多变量、非线性、时变性等强耦合特征,使系统的精确建模和预测困难。机器学习凭借强大的非线性处理能力和预测性能,在CFB领域展现出广阔的应用前景。探讨了机器学习技术在该领域的应用,包括最小流化速度预测、污染物排放预测、床层压力预测、床层温度/热效率预测、颗粒循环流率预测、计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)场的降阶模型、锅炉安全控制系统模型等方面。分析了这些技术在不同场景中的优势和局限,展望了CFB锅炉在大数据时代面临的机遇和挑战,关注模型解释性、泛化能力提升、数据质量多样性、模型结合传统方法、实验验证等是未来研究的重点方向。

燃煤锅炉  /  CFB锅炉  /  机器学习  /  非线性  /  预测

Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers play a pivotal role in China’s power generation landscape. However, the intricate combustion system within the CFB boiler furnace exhibits strong coupling characteristics, characterized by multiple parameters, variables, nonlinearity, and time-varying dynamics, posing a significant challenge for precise system modeling and prediction. Machine learning (ML), with its robust nonlinear processing capabilities and predictive performance, holds immense promise in the domain of CFB technology. This paper delves into the application of ML techniques in this field, encompassing the prediction of minimum fluidization velocity, emissions forecasting, bed pressure forecasting, bed temperature/thermal efficiency prediction, particle circulation rate prediction, reduced-order models of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) flow fields, and boiler safety control system models. The paper critically evaluates the strengths and limitations of these technologies in various scenarios, providing an insightful perspective on the opportunities and challenges faced by CFB boilers in the era of big data. Emphasizing aspects like model interpretability, enhancing generalization capabilities, improving data quality and diversity, integrating models with conventional methods, and experimental validation are crucial areas worth attention for future advancements.

coal-fired boiler  /  circulating fluidized bed boiler  /  machine learning  /  nonlinearity  /  prediction
肖红亮, 柯希玮, 潘帅, 郎丽萍, 王君峰, 祁海鹰, 张守玉, 吕俊复, 黄中. 机器学习在循环流化床锅炉技术中的应用进展. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (7) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411246
Hongliang XIAO, Xiwei KE, Shuai PAN, Liping LANG, Junfeng WANG, Haiying QI, Shouyu ZHANG, Junfu LYU, Zhong HUANG. Advancements in the application of machine learning in circulating fluidized bed boiler technology[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (7) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411246
为实现“双碳”目标,我国能源结构将面临绿色低碳转型,其中煤炭的高效清洁利用是重要的发展方向。在我国,燃煤电厂是煤炭的主要消耗场所之一,有煤粉锅炉和循环流化床(CFB)锅炉2种燃烧设备。煤粉锅炉在燃烧稳定性、经济性方面优于CFB锅炉,而CFB锅炉在难燃煤种、热值燃料掺烧和污染排放方面更具竞争力,因此这2种性能互补的燃烧方式共同保障了我国电厂的安全、稳定和经济运行。其中,CFB锅炉燃烧技术可有效降低NOx、SO2、重金属等污染物的排放,该技术已经成为国际上公认的商业化程度最好的洁净煤燃烧技术,目前我国CFB技术正朝着高参数、大容量、环保型方向发展[1]
在电厂锅炉的设计和优化过程中,目标变量的获取往往涉及多组过程变量的控制,锅炉系统中存在多个复杂变量的非线性和时序性耦合,使得变量预测较为困难,同时炉内气固流态化处于混沌状态,增加了预测难度。目前,根据测量方法,可以将目标变量的测量分为硬测量和软测量。硬测量即通过理论、经验或实验手段进行直接计算或分析目标变量;软测量则是通过事先建立好的预测模型进行预测目标变量。软测量不会涉及系统中复杂的过程变化,而硬测量需要一个明确的机理作为先验知识。
机器学习模型主要依赖于数据驱动,通过学习大量数据中的模式来进行预测或分类。相比于传统的物理模型,机器学习模型不需要建立详细的数学物理方程,而是从数据中自动提取特征,因此属于“黑盒”模型[2-3]。机器学习基于大数据算法,通过对海量数据的理解和学习,揭示出数据中潜在的复杂而丰富的信息结构,从而对未来进行预测[4]。机器学习避免了解析过程变量到目标变量之间的详细机理,通过大量数据之间潜在的耦合信息训练出一种通用模型,这种模型能够更加有效、便捷地对目标参数进行预测。相关研究表明,对于非线性和不确定性的混沌系统,机器学习的数据驱动算法具有良好的训练学习、非线性映射、预测泛化和容错能力,丰富了传统的机理控制方法,使混沌系统中各参数之间的时变性和非线性的解耦变得更加容易,因此机器学习算法有望改善锅炉燃烧系统的设计和优化[5]
本文对典型机器学习模型在CFB锅炉中的应用研究进行了系统总结与分析。首先,介绍了机器学习中常见的模型和算法及其特点;其次,分析了多种机器学习模型在CFB锅炉中的研究现状和优缺点;最后,总结了机器学习的发展方向和在CFB锅炉的应用前景。
机器学习是统计学、概率论、神经生物学、计算机科学等众多领域的交叉学科,也是人工智能领域重要的研究方向[6]。在工程领域中,根据训练数据是否被标记,主要分为有监督学习、半监督学习和无监督学习,具体见表1
其中神经网络中的误差逆传播(error backpropagation,BP)最为经典。基于ANN发展起来的还有深度学习,常见的有深度神经网络(DNN)、卷积神经网络(CNN)、深度置信网络(DBN)、长短期记忆(LSTM)等。
通常原始数据结构复杂,包含数字、字符、特殊标记等信息,因此需要对其进行数据清理,通常包括寻找缺失值、改变数据类型、替换特殊值、噪声处理等。完成数据选取之后,需要对数据标准化。由于不同输入向量的量纲和期望间存在差异,数字的差异可能导致向量之间不具有可比性,为消除数据波动幅度的影响,通常要进行数据标准化,标准化后的数据范围一般选一个较小的区间,如[–1, 1],采用的方法有最值标准化、标准差标准化等。最值标准化转化后的数据为x′=(xxmin)/(xmaxxmin),标准差标准化转化后的数据为x′=(xμ)/σμx的均值,σ为标准差。随后可采用相关性分析从原始数据中选择特征向量,如皮尔逊相关性分析法。
考虑到CFB锅炉数据的特点,选择合适的机器学习算法至关重要。对于时间序列数据,如锅炉床层温度的预测,LSTM因其擅长处理序列数据,能够捕捉时间上的依赖关系,是较为理想的选择。而对于高维且复杂的特征数据,RF由于在处理高维数据时的优势和较快的训练速度,往往能取得不错的效果。此外,当样本维度较小时,SVM具有良好训练效果。因此,算法的选择应综合考虑数据的特性、问题的复杂度以及计算资源等因素。
机器学习在训练模型时通常会涉及参数的调节,不同的参数配置很可能导致较大差异的训练结果,因此调参是机器学习建模过程非常重要的一个环节。决策树的调参包括最大数深度、树的个数、学习率等,RF中的叶子数、森林大小、树木根数等,ANN中的神经网络层数、神经元个数、激活函数、梯度下降方法、最大迭代次数、学习率、损失函数等。从数学的角度来说,这些参数的调节范围较大,调参工作量占据了模型训练的大部分时间,通常需要依据物理特征和相关经验缩小调参范围。
当样本(流化床的烟气组分或负荷)数量比较少且特征比较多时,可能涉及燃料量、风量、给水量等几十组原始输入参数,不是所有的输入参数都能提高模型的精度,因此一般先进行降维处理,常采用的方法有主成分分析或相关性分析,此时的模型要尽量简化,否则可能会增大过拟合风险。如决策树的深度不宜过深(2~3层),森林大小500~ 2 000,ANN的层数和神经元个数不宜过多(2~3层,10个左右)。
刻画某种模型的精准度,最主要的指标是预测值与实际值的误差大小,无论是训练集还是测试集都需要评价误差。在回归算法中,常用的性能度量参数包括:均方根误差、均方误差、平均绝对误差、可决系数R2
在分类问题中,常使用查准率P=TP/(TP+FP)、查全率R=TP/(TP+FN)和准确率A=(TP+TN)/(TP+TN+FN+FP)来评价模型的分类性能,将真实类别和预测类别划分为真正例(TP)、假正例(FP)、真负例(TN)、假负例(FN)。显然这些指标的取值范围在0~1,值越大代表模型的输出越好。
最小流化速度(Umf)是气固流化床流动特性最重要的参数之一,其准确获取对流化床反应器的设计、放大、优化等至关重要。目前计算Umf的方法较多的采用经验/半经验公式或压降法实验,这些方法在精度或耗时上仍然有待提高。包国强等[7]采用RF模型预测了Umf,发现其值受颗粒粒径、颗粒密度和床层直径的影响,影响重要性指标分别占0.78、0.20、0.02,RF的预测值和实验值比较接近(图1a)),文献中一般采用压降法测量Umf,颗粒大部分属于Geldart A类或B类粒子,参考了文献相关数据进行重新绘图(图1b))。另外,大量研究表明,颗粒的粒径分布(PSD)不仅对流化质量有重大影响,同样会对Umf产生重要影响[8-10]。即使保持这种二元/多元、窄分布、高斯分布等具有相同的平均粒径,Umf同样存在差异[11]。近些年,一些学者基于ANN模型在不同的PSD下预测了Umf[12-13],具体如图1c)所示。将与阿基米德数、静床高、颗粒直径、底部床径等相关的参数作为输入,预测了Umf,预测结果和实验结果的误差非常小,(图1d))。
准确可靠地预测废气污染物的排放对锅炉燃烧性能和环境保护至关重要,SO2和NOx的排放控制是电厂锅炉面临的重大问题。目前,脱硫工艺主要分为燃烧前、燃烧中和燃烧后。脱硫方法可分为数百种。脱硝工艺可分为低NOx燃烧技术、选择性催化还原(SCR)、选择性非催化还原(SNCR),其中SNCR技术较多的被CFB锅炉采用,主要得益于旋风分离器的强旋流作用使得脱硝还原剂和烟气充分混合反应。目前对污染物排放的预测模型主要是建立在锅炉运行参数上,而对于变工况的操作条件很难及时有效地预测,机器学习模型在此表现出一定优势。刘吉臻等[14]比较SVM和ANN模型在煤粉锅炉NOx排放预测,其中SVM在较少的输入变量情况下仍能保持一定预测精度,这对CFB锅炉污染物排放的预测具有参考价值。文献[15-16]均采用LSTM模型预测了燃煤锅炉NOx排放,LSTM模型相较于传统方法更好捕捉燃烧过程中动态演变规律。Wang等人[17]采用高斯过程对煤粉锅炉NOx排放进行了预测,一些学者[18-26]采用ANN模型预测了CFB锅炉或煤粉锅炉NOx排放,Adams等人[27]采用DNN和SVM对CFB锅炉NOx和SOx进行了预测,Krzywanski等人[28]采用ANN模型对CFB锅炉SO2进行了预测,曹歌瀚等[29]采用遗传算法优化了ANN模型的参数,在煤粉锅炉中获得了高精度的NOx预测结果。任少君等[30]基于物理信息神经网络(PINN)预测了燃煤锅炉NOx排放,将物理规律嵌入到模型可有效提升模型的泛化能力和可解释性。总的来说,上述模型在煤粉锅炉和CFB锅炉都取得了较好的NOx和SO2预测结果,在这些模型里面,应用最广泛的是ANN模型或基于ANN开发相关模型(DNN、LSTM和极限学习机ELM)。
混合机器学习模型发挥出各自算法的优势,例如先利用CNN提取主要特征参数,在采用LSTM进行长时间序列的预测NOx或SO2的排放,结合注意力机制模型(AM)优化时间序列特征的权重,Wan等人[31]基于混合模型的优势提出的污染物排放预测模型及其相关结果,具体如图2所示。图2a)为混合模型结构,图2b)、图2c)为NOx和SO2预测值与真实值波动曲线,图2d)可以看到单个模型的过拟合现象比较严重。因此单个模型可能会产生过拟合、欠拟合、泛化能力差、长期预测能力差等诸多问题,从而导致单个模型往往不能较好地预测,而混合算法从数据结构出发有望能够解决这类问题。
变负荷运行时,CFB锅炉的操作变量(风煤比)变化频繁,产生大量高噪声和非平稳数据,造成实际工况数据不足或极端工况难以获得的情况,将增加预测模型特征提取和动态适应的复杂性。而生成模型是一类能够学习数据分布并生成与输入数据相似的样本的模型,如生成对抗网络。生成模型可用于生成多种工况下的锅炉排放数据,作为训练集提升预测模型的泛化能力。
床层压力信号是颗粒运动特性、气体/气泡运动特性等众多动态信息的一个集中反映,压力信号可直接或间接反映气体扩散、气泡运动和颗粒的混合程度,实验中常采用压力传感器探头获取压力信号[32-36]。近年来,基于机器学习模型预测床层压力的方法逐渐受到关注,Korkerd等人[12]采用ANN模型(图1c))预测了床层压力,结果显示模型具有良好的预测性能,但预测结果与流化介质、床层孔隙率、颗粒粒径分布等因素相关,因此模型受限于使用条件。
床层温度作为流化床反应器重要的参数之一,该参数不但直接反映了反应器热效率,而且对装置的稳定安全运行至关重要。一般地,CFB锅炉的床层燃烧反应温度控制在850~950 ℃,温度过低会影响燃烧效率,造成燃烧不稳定,同时会降低脱硫效果;温度过高会引起结焦以及NOx排放增加。因此床温需要控制一个稳定的范围,以保障锅炉运行的安全性和经济性[37]。床温受众多因素的影响,如给煤量、煤种、风量等,气固燃烧又是一个非线性、强耦合的过程,因此传统的机理模型较难描述床温的动态演变过程。机器学习避开了机理建模,能够较好地预测床温的动态演变。刘吉臻等[37]组合了遗传算法和SVM预测了床温的动态变化;文献[38-39]采用SVM模型对锅炉热效率或床温进行了预测;Grochowalski等人[40]开发了48个输入参数的DNN模型,对床温进行了预测;Zhang等人[41]采用主成分分析(PCA)结合时间划分窗口的方法预测了床温,该方向显示了较好的泛化能力;Faridi等人[42]基于LSTM对生物质汽化炉的反应温度进行了预测,输入参数包括生物质质量流量、一次风流量、二次风流量和初始温度分布,LSTM结构示意和不同位置温度的相关预测结果如图3a)、图3b)所示。考虑到CFB锅炉沿高度方向和同一高度上床面之间温度偏差与不均匀性很大,特别是CFB底部密相区,这里的实验测量也考虑到这一点了,因此在密相段3个高度(h=0.105、0.405、0.715 m)测量,每个高度上取3个测点,最后9组数据进行算术平均求得平均温度,模型预测结果和实验值整体上比较接近。Hong等人[43]采用LSTM模型对CFB锅炉床层温度进行了预测,一些学者[20,22,44-45]采用ANN模型对锅炉热效率进行了预测,真实值和预测值的相对误差较小,Ashraf等人[44]的七参数输入模型如图3c)、图3d)所示。这些机器学习模型以SVM和神经网络为主,避开了复杂的机理描述且均获得了较好的床温预测结果,但这些模型的输入参数并不统一,最大的影响因素可能是设备本身及其复杂操作条件,因此每种模型的应用范围可能受限于使用条件,有待开发更普适的数据驱动模型。
固体颗粒的循环流率是影响床层传热传质的重要参数,但是循环流率的测量一直是个技术难题。文献中常采用局部称重法、光纤探针法等方法,局部称重法适用于冷模实验,光纤探针法可以应用于热态装置,但需要同时测量颗粒浓度和速度,计算后得到循环流率,这2种方法的测量精度仍有待提高[46-47]。文献[48-49]基于ANN模型对流化床颗粒循环率进行了预测,说明ANN模型能够较好地预测颗粒循环流率,考虑到训练数据的测量精度,该部分可结合高精度的数值模拟来获得更可靠的预测模型,以此推广到实际测试中。
计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)已经成为描述流场微观信息的重要工具[50],但很多情况下CFD的计算成本是难以承受的,特别是对较大设备的颗粒流体模拟,而基于机器学习的降阶模型有望解决这一问题。文献[46]总结了各类CFD模型的计算成本,其计算模型如图4a)所示。对于工业级别的设备,如流化催化裂化再生器可以负载1 014量级的颗粒,采用CPU的颗粒打包方法(MP-PIC)完成一个稳定的模拟,也需要40余天[51]。Kong等人[47]也采用MP-PIC的方法,基于GPU计算了工业300 MW的CFB锅炉(宽8.9 m,深28 m,高39.7 m),完成稳定性计算将耗时缩短至7天,CFB系统模型和数值计算结果如图4b)所示。MP-PIC方法可大幅度降低计算耗时,同时又很好地复现了实验和工业测试结果,因此该方法近些年得到了广泛的应用[35,51]。Kotteda等人[52]分别采用CFD和机器学习方法计算了CFB中床层高度和压降的变化,发现使用MFiX-DEM计算一组变量的物理耗时是采用DNN方法的20万倍。近期很多学者提出了采用机器学习辅助CFD计算的方法,这类方法基本的思想是在高精度数据下构建出基于机器学习的代理模型或降阶模型,然后将构建好的模型与CFD进行耦合计算,从而极大地降低CFD的计算量。文献[53-57]基于ANN模型将精细网格模拟得到的数据用于构造曳力模型,然后将此数据包耦合至CFD模型,研究发现机器学习与CFD耦合的新模型所获取的结果要优于单一CFD模型,且粗网格模型可大幅度缩减物理耗时。Nikolopoulos等人[58]采用ANN模型识别介尺度结构以辅助能量最小多尺度(EMMS)建模,CFB碳酸化炉中的测试结果表明ANN-EMMS耦合模型在预测平均压降和出口CO2浓度方面具有较好的结果。李天宇等[59]采用本征正交分解耦合CFD的方法建立煤粉锅炉的三维速度场降阶模型,通过SVM构建了工况参数与模态系数之前的映射关系,进而完成了任意工况下速度场的预测,计算耗时由原来CFD的2 819 min缩短至3 min,极大降低了计算成本。近些年基于机器学习的代理模型和MP-PIC方法在气固流化床领域得到了越来越多的应用,主要原因是这些方法大大降低了计算成本,又保证了计算准度。图4c)为典型数值计算与代理模型耗时对比,基于机器学习的代理模型在耗时上更具优势。降阶模型虽然能够大幅度降低时间成本,但这类模型只能作为一个辅助手段而非代替,因为缺少机理的描述,不同于CFD,代理模型能够有效地捕捉流化床中的反应流动特征和介观结构。降阶模型的构建过程涉及多种人工智能、机器学习、深度学习等技术,如特征提取、降维、聚类、回归、分类、神经网络等。这些技术的选择和参数的调整都需要专业的知识和经验,否则可能导致模型的过拟合或欠拟合,影响模型的性能。生成模型也能够通过降维生成简化的流场特征,进一步减少CFD仿真的计算成本。CFB运行参数的时空多变性,如果实际工况或参数发生了较大变化,超出了CFD数据的覆盖范围,那么降阶模型的预测能力就会下降,甚至失效。因此,降阶模型需要定期更新和验证,以适应CFB的多变性。
付颜等[60]基于现场数据对送风量,首先采用RF模型剔除掉无关数据,然后采用ANN模型得到预测模型,结果表明机器学习模型较好地描述了送风机导叶开度和总风量的动态特性。张维等[61]基于模糊推理和滑动平均方法,建立了引风机的在线快速预警模型。Kim等人[62]在CFB锅炉中提出了基于k邻近的加权局部异常因子方法(weight local outlier factor,WLOF)构建安全故障检测系统,故障检测系统的流程如图5所示。由图5可见,该流程可分为离线监测和在线监测,离线监测基于训练数据并设置阈值进行检测,而在线监测需要实时检测查询向量,结果表明该方法优于传统的主成分分析和独立成分分析方法。
另外,Jia等人[63]对比了LSTM和DNN预测主蒸汽温度、汽包压力和汽包水位的性能,发现2种模型的平均绝对误差都非常小,但CNN模型的计算成本更低,所构建的模型能够为增压锅炉的安全运行提供指导建议。
锅炉掺烧热值燃料是一项极具经济性和环保性的燃烧手段。“双碳”政策下,燃煤电厂向煤氨混燃转型是降低碳排放的重要举措之一[64]。另外,考虑到CFB锅炉的特殊优势,其不仅可以燃烧难燃煤种,也可以掺烧大部分低热值燃料(油泥、煤泥、污泥、生物质等),掺烧低热值燃料不仅可以提高CFB锅炉的经济性,又可极大地降低这些固体燃料对环境的污染[65]。张维等[66-67]基于ANN-SVM模型建立了CFB锅炉掺烧煤泥的经济性评价模型,该研究首先采用k均值算法对稳态数据筛选,并对输入参数进行相关性分析,然后基于ANN模型选出对节能指标(供电煤耗)SVM输入影响较大的参数,建立了供电煤耗的数据驱动模型。
由于锅炉燃烧系统的非线性、时变性强耦合等特性,同时对于日益增长的不确定性参量,使得传统的经验很难建立起有效的预测模型[68],而基于机器学习的数据驱动模型作为一种机械式的学习方法,有望辅助或代替传统模型进行系统中不确定性参数的建模。Sun等人[68]将电厂系统中不确定性变量划分为5个方面(图6a)):环境、模型、扰动、随机性(噪声)和设备。该研究综述了机器学习在各层不确定性的应用和挑战。较为典型的不确定性控制模型包括:比例积分微分控制(PID)、迭代学习控制(ILC)、自抗扰控制器(ADRC)。PID控制器可消除输出与参考值之间的误差,在实际工业中得到了广泛的应用,也是目前电站的主要控制器,但控制器参数的选择较为复杂,而ANN-PID模型可有效改善PID控制器的性能[69]。ILC主要用于解决周期性扰动问题,目前在燃煤锅炉中的应用较少。通常,内部动态特性和外部干扰使得动态系统总是包含多种不确定元素,此时ADRC控制器可以在干扰和抑制方面具有较好的性能。ADRC控制器在煤粉锅炉和CFB锅炉中均有较广泛的应用[70],Niu等人[71]提出了线性ADRC控制系统,通过耦合SVM模型对系统不确定性进行了预测,输出了CFB锅炉附加扰动后的响应。基于机器学习可为这些智能控制提供输入信号,辅助控制器调节参数,从而使系统的输出更接近期望值。神经网络预测控制器的流程如图6b)所示,反应器温度响应结果如图6c)所示,机器学习控制器能够有效地改善系统的性能和稳定性[72]
通常,训练工况和验证工况都是在已知条件下获取的,不确定性层次是先知的,但是实际的应用工况要大于验证工况,这使得不确定性的来源更为广泛。因此,目前应用中存在的挑战是当现有模型进行外推时,可能会引入其他的不确定性参数,造成模型的预测精度降低。基于数据驱动的人工智能算法,大量的数据是精准预测的基础,而基于实验室数据所建立的不确定性模型,可能不足以覆盖不确定性的来源,因此工业现场测试与应用相结合是必要的。
综上,传统的锅炉安全控制系统通常基于PID等经典控制算法,具有较好的稳定性和可靠性,但对系统参数变化的适应性较差,且难以处理复杂的非线性问题。机器学习方法则通过数据驱动,能够建立更精确的模型,实现对锅炉系统的实时监测和优化控制。相比之下,机器学习模型具有较强的自适应性和非线性拟合能力,但模型的可解释性较弱,且对数据质量要求较高。因此将机器学习模型与传统的PID等控制算法相结合,充分发挥各自优势,提高控制系统的鲁棒性和适应性。同时也可以应用强化学习技术,使控制系统能够在与环境交互的过程中不断学习和优化,实现更智能、更自主的控制。
炉膛燃烧是一个多参数、多变量、非线性、时变性强耦合的过程,相互耦合的变量使得系统的控制设计变得复杂,而解耦设计是一项行之有效的方法。以CFB锅炉为例,由于主蒸汽压力和床层温度的强耦合特性加剧了控制器的设计难度,众多学者基于ANN模型实现了CFB锅炉的主蒸汽压力-床层温度的自适应解耦[73]。ANN模型的CFB锅炉燃烧系统控制原理如图7a)所示。主蒸汽压力和床层温度解耦结果如图7b)、图7c)所示。单参数的扰动不影响另一参数的变化,为燃烧过程的自动控制提供了思路。柯希玮等[74]阐述了解耦CFB锅炉高效脱硫和低NOx排放发展现状,发现同步执行钙基脱硫和喷氨脱硝是一项可行的减排技术,该技术对实现CFB锅炉NOx和SO2的双超低排放具有重要现实意义。
本文介绍了常用机器学习的分类和回归机器学习模型,回顾了机器学习模型在CFB锅炉中的国内外研究现状以及模型和算法的特点、应用场景、优缺点等,其中混合机器学习模型耦合单个模型之后展现良好的预测性能。对于机器学习的应用研究总结如下。
1)大数据算法最重要是输入数据应尽可能包含所有过程和目标变量的特征。大量的数据是精准预测的基础,目前较多的数据来源于小试、中试或局部工业数据,所建立的模型进行外推时可能会引入不确定性误差,因此需谨慎推广模型。
2)数据特征决定着预测精度和泛化能力。原始数据往往是多维复杂数据,直接使用可能会存在过拟合风险,常采用主成分分析或相关性分析进行特征提取,以提高模型的预测性能。
3)模型选取是构建机器学习框架的最后一步。每一种算法都有各自的优势,对于数据维度不高的数据,单个模型一般都能显示出较好的预测性能,但对于高维复杂数据,单个模型可能会产生过拟合、欠拟合、泛化能力差、长期预测能力差等诸多问题,从而导致单个模型往往不能较好地预测,而混合算法从数据结构出发有望能够解决这类问题。总之,基于机器学习的代理模型显示了较小的计算成本,但这类模型由于缺少机理的描述,目前一般仅作为辅助手段而非代替传统计算方法。
CFB锅炉作为一个高参数、大容量强耦合的燃烧系统,其本质上由于内部流态的复杂多变,建立过程参数与目标位置所处流态之间的关系,对机器学习来说既是机遇,又是挑战。机器学习拥有强大的非线性和时变性处理能力,且能够快速提取特征变量和分析变量之间的相关特性,在CFB锅炉的关键参数预测、优化控制、故障诊断等方面展现出巨大的潜力。当前的研究多集中于机器学习模型在不同方面的应用,模型的解释性相对较弱,未来可深入探索多参数的耦合特性,通过数据驱动模型识别和优化复杂的非线性多变量关系,并进一步解释预测结果的原因。同时,机器学习模型可与传统的物理模型相结合,充分利用两者的优势,从而提高模型的准确性和稳健性,除了理论建模,对机器学习模型的实际验证也是关键的一步,需要更多的实际应用和验证,以确保模型在实际工程中的可行性和可靠性。
生成模型近年来在多个领域展现出强大的数据生成、特征提取和复杂关系建模能力。CFB锅炉的研究中,生成模型可以解决数据不足、工况复杂、系统非线性等问题,与其他机器学习模型(LSTM、RF)相结合,增强模型在时间序列预测、非线性建模中的表现,特别是在优化建模、工况模拟和实验数据扩展方面具有广阔的应用前景。
不久的将来数据科学会应用到各个领域,燃煤锅炉也将朝着智能化和信息化的方向发展,机器学习以强大的预测能力将会在锅炉燃烧系统中发挥重要的作用,对未来电厂的整体模型构建、设计优化、自动控制、故障检测、安全和经济运行提供强有力的支持。
  • 怀柔实验室项目(ZD2023008A)
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2025年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411246
  • 接收时间:2024-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-13
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Program of Beijing Huairou Laboratory(ZD2023008A)
怀柔实验室项目(ZD2023008A)
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    1.北京怀柔实验室,北京 101499
    2.怀柔实验室山西研究院,山西 太原 030032
    3.中国石油大学(北京)机械与储运工程学院,北京 102249
    4.哈尔滨锅炉厂有限责任公司,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150046
    5.清华大学能源与动力工程系,北京 100084

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黄中(1983),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为多相流燃烧和循环流化床技术等,
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