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To solve the problem of severe ash accumulation and slagging on heating surface of boilers caused by a large proportion of blended economic coal, based on the close relationship between the ash fouling layer and the flue gas flow field parameters, the concept of cross-sectional “ash fouling characteristic field” is proposed, and a new intelligent soot blowing control system for boilers is developed, which includes functions such as characteristic field detection and generation, and benchmark field prediction. By comparing the difference in “drop value” and “concentration” between the benchmark feature field and the current feature field, the system can timely and accurately determine the appropriate blowing time, achieving “intelligent perception and on-demand blowing”. The new system solves the problem of lack of measurement points and low accuracy in existing model calculation methods, overcomes the disadvantage of high equipment cost in furnace observation methods, and uses on-site full section data collectors combined with intelligent prediction models for ash pollution characteristic fields to achieve low-cost and high-precision detection of ash and slag accumulation, effectively solving the problems of over blowing and under blowing. The actual application effect of the power plant shows that, after the new system was put into use for 3 months, the monthly blowing frequency decreased by 19.6%, and the monthly blowing steam consumption decreased by 229.0 tons, which is equivalent to a direct economic benefit of 284 000 yuan per year. In addition, the system also brings multiple indirect benefits, such as avoiding sudden coking that causes the unit to stop, extending the service life of the heating surface, and avoiding delayed soot blowing that leads to a decrease in boiler efficiency. The relevant control optimization experience can be used as a reference for similar units in the future.

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为解决大比例掺烧经济煤种带来的锅炉受热面严重积灰结渣问题,基于灰污层与烟气流场参数间的密切关系,提出了截面灰污特征场的概念,并据此开发了包含特征场检测生成与基准场预测等功能于一体的新型锅炉智能吹灰控制系统。通过比较基准特征场与当前特征场落差值与集中度差异,系统能够及时准确地判断合理吹灰时机,实现了智能感知、按需吹灰。新系统解决了现有的模型计算法测点缺乏、精度不高的问题,克服了炉内观测法仪器设备造价高的劣势,以就地全截面数据采集器配合灰污特征场智能预测模型,实现了低成本、高精度的积灰结渣检测,有效解决了过吹与欠吹问题。电厂实际应用效果表明,新系统投用3个月后,日均吹灰频次降低19.6%,月度吹灰蒸汽消耗量减少229.0 t,节煤节水带来直接经济效益28.4万元/a;另外,系统还带来避免突然掉焦引起机组非停、延长受热面使用寿命、避免吹灰不及时导致锅炉效率下降等多项间接收益。相关控制优化经验可供后续同类机组参考。

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王林(1989),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂智能化技术开发,
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刘道庆(1975),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为发电管理与新技术应用,

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Comparison of blowing frequency before and after renovation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间高过高再吹灰/次低过低再吹灰/次省煤器吹灰/次
2023年5月682744186
2023年6月532580146
2023年7月552596150
2023年8月548594150
), ArticleFig(id=1236610623090520755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596131669529230, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

改造前后吹灰次数比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间高过高再吹灰/次低过低再吹灰/次省煤器吹灰/次
2023年5月682744186
2023年6月532580146
2023年7月552596150
2023年8月548594150
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基于灰污特征场感知的电站锅炉智能吹灰系统设计与应用
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刘道庆 1 , 李鹤 1 , 陈昊 1 , 姜磊 1 , 王先权 1 , 陈解决 1 , 安呈帅 1 , 王林 2 , 顾玉顺 3
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025,54(5): 140-147
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025, 54(5): 140-147
基于灰污特征场感知的电站锅炉智能吹灰系统设计与应用
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刘道庆1 , 李鹤1, 陈昊1, 姜磊1, 王先权1, 陈解决1, 安呈帅1, 王林2 , 顾玉顺3
作者信息
  • 1.淮河能源淮南潘集发电有限责任公司,安徽 淮南 232082
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 3.中国电力工程顾问集团华东电力设计院有限公司,上海 200063
  • 刘道庆(1975),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为发电管理与新技术应用,

通讯作者:

王林(1989),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂智能化技术开发,
Design and application of intelligent soot blowing system for power plant boiler based on fouling feature field perception
Daoqing LIU1 , He LI1, Hao CHEN1, Lei JIANG1, Xianquan WANG1, Jiejue CHEN1, Chengshuai AN1, Lin WANG2 , Yushun GU3
Affiliations
  • 1.Huaihe Energy Huainan Panji Power Generation Co., Ltd., Huainan 232082, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 3.East China Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd. of China Power Engineering Consulting Group, Shanghai 200063, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408189
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为解决大比例掺烧经济煤种带来的锅炉受热面严重积灰结渣问题,基于灰污层与烟气流场参数间的密切关系,提出了截面灰污特征场的概念,并据此开发了包含特征场检测生成与基准场预测等功能于一体的新型锅炉智能吹灰控制系统。通过比较基准特征场与当前特征场落差值与集中度差异,系统能够及时准确地判断合理吹灰时机,实现了智能感知、按需吹灰。新系统解决了现有的模型计算法测点缺乏、精度不高的问题,克服了炉内观测法仪器设备造价高的劣势,以就地全截面数据采集器配合灰污特征场智能预测模型,实现了低成本、高精度的积灰结渣检测,有效解决了过吹与欠吹问题。电厂实际应用效果表明,新系统投用3个月后,日均吹灰频次降低19.6%,月度吹灰蒸汽消耗量减少229.0 t,节煤节水带来直接经济效益28.4万元/a;另外,系统还带来避免突然掉焦引起机组非停、延长受热面使用寿命、避免吹灰不及时导致锅炉效率下降等多项间接收益。相关控制优化经验可供后续同类机组参考。

电站锅炉  /  智能吹灰  /  流场感知  /  不均匀度

To solve the problem of severe ash accumulation and slagging on heating surface of boilers caused by a large proportion of blended economic coal, based on the close relationship between the ash fouling layer and the flue gas flow field parameters, the concept of cross-sectional “ash fouling characteristic field” is proposed, and a new intelligent soot blowing control system for boilers is developed, which includes functions such as characteristic field detection and generation, and benchmark field prediction. By comparing the difference in “drop value” and “concentration” between the benchmark feature field and the current feature field, the system can timely and accurately determine the appropriate blowing time, achieving “intelligent perception and on-demand blowing”. The new system solves the problem of lack of measurement points and low accuracy in existing model calculation methods, overcomes the disadvantage of high equipment cost in furnace observation methods, and uses on-site full section data collectors combined with intelligent prediction models for ash pollution characteristic fields to achieve low-cost and high-precision detection of ash and slag accumulation, effectively solving the problems of over blowing and under blowing. The actual application effect of the power plant shows that, after the new system was put into use for 3 months, the monthly blowing frequency decreased by 19.6%, and the monthly blowing steam consumption decreased by 229.0 tons, which is equivalent to a direct economic benefit of 284 000 yuan per year. In addition, the system also brings multiple indirect benefits, such as avoiding sudden coking that causes the unit to stop, extending the service life of the heating surface, and avoiding delayed soot blowing that leads to a decrease in boiler efficiency. The relevant control optimization experience can be used as a reference for similar units in the future.

utility boiler  /  intelligent soot blowing  /  flow field perception  /  uneven degree
刘道庆, 李鹤, 陈昊, 姜磊, 王先权, 陈解决, 安呈帅, 王林, 顾玉顺. 基于灰污特征场感知的电站锅炉智能吹灰系统设计与应用. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (5) : 140 -147 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408189
Daoqing LIU, He LI, Hao CHEN, Lei JIANG, Xianquan WANG, Jiejue CHEN, Chengshuai AN, Lin WANG, Yushun GU. Design and application of intelligent soot blowing system for power plant boiler based on fouling feature field perception[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (5) : 140 -147 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408189
近年来煤价走高,火电行业已出现较大面积亏损。为改善经营困境,火电厂采用大比例掺烧经济煤种(高硫、高灰、低热值、易结渣等低价煤)来减少燃料采购费用,降低经营成本。掺烧经济煤种后,锅炉出现灰量增大、受热面结焦挂渣加剧等问题,严重影响了机组的长期稳定运行,因此优化提升锅炉蒸汽吹灰系统的性能成为当务之急。
制约常规蒸汽吹灰系统性能提升的主要因素,在于缺少可靠的积灰结焦检测装置。没有检测器的吹灰系统只是一个执行器,无法判断何时吹灰,无法定位何处吹灰,面对混烧劣质煤带来的快速、大面积沾污堵塞问题,常规吹灰系统暴露出反应慢、不精确、“欠吹过吹”问题显著等缺陷,亟需升级改造。
综上分析,基于当前煤电企业大面积亏损、高比例掺烧经济煤种的客观情况,具有低成本、高精度优势的电站锅炉智能吹灰系统,将在未来一段时间内成为火电企业降本增效的重要装备。本文基于烟气流场感知技术开发了新一代锅炉智能吹灰系统,电厂实际应用效果良好,并带来了显著的经济效益和安全效益,相关经验可供同类机组参考。
制约电站锅炉精确吹灰的关键是高精度的积灰结渣检测装置或方法,国内外研究者围绕锅炉受热面的灰污检测开展了大量工作。
马晓春等[1]基于长短时记忆(LSTM)神经网络对结渣过程进行建模,建立了炉膛水冷壁结渣监测模型,开发了基于DCS的锅炉智能吹灰系统,降低了吹灰总频次、蒸汽消耗量和排烟温度。卫健等[2]基于传热系数、清洁度指标等建立了对流受热面的粘污程度的计算监测模型,指导吹灰系统在最恰当的时刻吹灰,给火电厂带来良好的经济效益和社会效益。李孟威[3]基于神经网络预测受热面“洁净因子”的变化,以此作为吹灰的控制依据。董利斌[4]等提出一种结合核极限学习机(kernel extreme learning machine,KELM)和自适应噪声完备集成经验模态分解(complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise,CEEMDAN)的清洁因子预测方法,用于判断吹灰时机。
上述文献基于热力学、传热学等基本公式,通过建立表征受热面灰污程度的清洁因子、热阻、热流密度等指标,结合前沿的人工智能算法,或者结合Fluent等大型仿真计算软件,来预测或模拟积灰结渣趋势,实现灰污程度的软测量。然而,燃煤电厂各受热面的烟气流动和传热工况十分复杂,烟道截面广而测点数量极少,导致烟温测量值不能准确代表受热面整体受热情况,而受热面烟温的准确性基本上决定了计算预测法的输出准确性——不解决全截面烟温参数的测量问题,模型计算便无法达到工程实用的程度。
利用仪器进行直接观测具有客观准确的优点。赵永卓等[5]基于红外视觉成像原理,开发了锅炉结焦图像识别预警系统,利用先进的图像处理算法,将结焦程度进行可视化转换。王昕等[6]开发了基于辐射光谱的锅炉受热面积灰状态监测技术,并搭建相应监测系统,克服工况参数变化带来的飞灰组分变化这一RGB测温难题,对积灰表面温度和形貌进行了精确测量。习伯泉等[7]提出了一种基于红外机器视觉技术的空预器积灰监测方案。该方案利用红外热像仪实时监测空预器换热元件运行状态,根据图像标识空预器积灰区域,为清除积灰提供了导向作用。
国外关于电站锅炉智能吹灰的文献多在2015年前后,2020年后相对较少:一是煤电技术已不再是欧美等国的重点发展方向,二是这些国家的煤电机组燃用煤质良好,常规吹灰系统已能满足锅炉安全运行要求。Taneshwaren Sundaram等[8]利用CFD软件对超临界700 MW锅炉进行建模,结合人工神经网络算法预测了最佳的吹灰时机。Zhang等人[9]基于改进的Elman神经网络,建立了电站锅炉污染监测的软传感器模型,为锅炉吹灰优化策略提供了理论依据。Lalatendu Pattanayak等[10]开发了基于热力学模型和人工神经网络模型预测受热面积灰程度的优化系统。该系统利用优化算法来细化对吹灰器频率最优序列的搜索,实现提升锅炉吹灰性能。
结合国内外文献调研情况,当前锅炉结焦检测主要有以下2种方案。
1)模型计算法 基于传热学公式,结合神经网络等人工智能算法,对烟气、蒸汽多工况下的换热特性(热阻、清洁因子等指标)进行总结预测,这类方案最大的优势是成本低,最大的缺陷是精度差。传热计算所依赖的烟温测点数量、汽温测点数量过少,相对于数十平米的烟道截面以及数百根换热管束,这些测点获得的数据并不具备整体代表性,输入数据失准的缺陷难以克服。
2)摄像观测法 该方案基于高性能多光谱技术,利用特殊摄像头直接对受热面进行观测,具有高效、直观、可靠的优点,存在的问题是设备造价高,视野范围窄,难以覆盖整个受热面。考虑到锅炉庞大的受热面系统以及多变的工况,基于该方案构建的实时在线、重点区域全覆盖的高精度结焦观测系统,部署成本将会达到千万元级。
综上所述,开发一套检测精度高、改造成本低的电站锅炉智能吹灰系统对于火电企业降本增效具有重要意义。
烟气流经受热面时,受到金属管阻挡,其在整个烟道截面上的流速、温度将呈现显著的不均匀分布特性。具体而言,管屏间隙处阻力小,烟气的流速高,管屏正后方受管子阻拦,烟气的流速低。另一方面,从烟气温度的角度考虑,也同样存在截面各处不均匀分布的现象:从管屏间隙流过的烟气与管子相对速度高,换热量大,故温度高;直接与管子迎面冲击的烟气,流速下降,换热量小,故烟气温度低。在某个工况下,受热面管子外壁清洁,那么烟气流速与烟气温度的较大值、较小值以及二者的差值(称为落差)将具有较好的规律性与稳定性。
但是,当管子外表面积灰结渣后,管屏间隙减小,阻力增加,基于狭管效应以及旁路补偿效应,会引起烟气流速、烟气温度在管屏外区域“高值更高”,而管子后区域则“低值更低”。
受热面灰污越严重、阻力异常增加越多,那么烟道截面上流速的不均匀度就会越大。根据烟气参数高值、低值及其所在位置,可绘制三维的灰污特征场图。可以预见,受热面洁净情况下的特征场图整体要比严重积灰结渣情况下的曲面过度平滑。
通过对比分析同等工况下特征场内极值的集中度、整体落差,就能够判断当前受热面的灰污严重程度,从而为精确吹灰提供决策依据。
系统采用移动巡测枪作为数据采集器,开发大数据预处理算法、灰污特征场参数智能计算模块、特征场形态智能比对模块等用于数据运算和处理。上述模块置于外挂服务器中;模块完成灰污程度评价后,结果输出给DCS吹灰控制模块,最终实现“检测-运算-执行”的智能吹灰全链路闭环。系统的硬件构成如图1所示。
移动巡测枪是精确吹灰系统的数据采集硬件,本项目设计的巡测枪可利用压缩空气实现冷却和取样孔防堵效果;枪体本身具有驱动装置,可实现定点驻停,在特定长度的直线导轨上开展多点测量;枪头搭载的烟气流速传感器探头具备旋转功能,可实现多角度测量;巡测枪可通过就地控制柜与集控室内控制电脑(外挂系统)相连,实现测量结果与控制指令的传输。图2为多点并行采集装置测示意,其进退全行程时间约为10 min。
利用进退与中停功能,上述数据采集器可实现对烟道整个截面的全覆盖测量,为获得烟道流场整体的不均匀度。
就地巡测枪搭载的流速传感器响应时间为数十毫秒,烟道截面尺寸大,锅炉工况变化多,测量全截面烟气流场参数将产生大量的数据。由于实际流动工况复杂,采集到的烟气温度与烟气速度信号波动剧烈,含有的干扰噪声较多[11-13],需进行提纯降噪处理。
锅炉运行参数会因异常故障(RB、甩负荷、MFT等)或主动操作(磨煤机启停、炉膛吹灰、减温水投退)出现快速、大幅变化,这类“非稳定工况”不宜进行吹灰操作。因此,本项目利用Python语言开发了实时数据的“稳定工况”筛选功能,以满足特征场模型对数据有效性的要求。稳定工况数据应满足以下要求:
1)机组负荷>50%额定出力;
2)机组总煤量保持稳定(波动<±10.0 t/h),且持续时间>10 min;
3)机组总风量保持稳定(波动<±20.0 t/h),且持续时间>10 min;
4)机组给水流量保持稳定(波动<±30.0 t/h),且持续时间>15 min;
5)巡测枪采集的烟气温度>450 ℃,烟气流速>10.0 m/s,且持续时间>15 min。
筛选出的稳态工况数据继续采用小波去噪法进行滤波,原始信号经过离散小波变换,然后经门限阈值处理后经小波重构得到所需数据。
本项目依托某地区超超临界660 MW机组开展研究,DCS为国产NT6000型,信号每秒采集1个,其在500 MW工况下的省煤器出口烟气温度经处理后如图3所示。
采集的信号经小波去噪法进行整体降噪后,还需要利用专家经验进行二次筛选,识别并剔除启动、RB、甩负荷、紧急停机等各类剧烈变化工况,最终获得稳定工况下用于训练特征场形态预测模型的有效数据集。
筛选出的有效数据,首先根据其所在位置与数值大小进行空间标注,获得三维散点图(图4)。
将某个点与其周边最近的各点进行连接,将得到2种典型的形状,即“凹点”和“凸点”(图5),外观类似地形图上的山峰和低谷。将所有测点均进行连接后,将形成由若干个凹凸点形成的尖锐平面,称为原始灰污特征场。
针对原始特征场上的凸点、凹点间缺少平滑过渡的问题,利用MATLAB软件中的Griddata函数,对三维散点图进行曲面拟合,调用函数时,选择拟合网格密度N=300%,以某660 MW机组60%额定出力工况下高温过热器入口烟气流速数据为例,经过计算、渲染原始特征场平滑处理结果如图6所示。
采用相同处理方式,将不同工况下烟气参数特征场数据转换成三维特征场形态,以受热面清洁状态的特征场为基准特征场。机组运行状态下由实际参数实时生成的特征场为当前特征场。显然,受热面清洁状态下,各测点上烟气流速、烟气温度差值稳定,分布均匀;当受热面积灰结渣时,各测点数据差值增加,且落差大的数据围绕严重积灰区域呈现集中分布,特征场形态具有可测量的显著差异。
需要指出的是,机组工况快速变化,基准特征场与当前特征场必须在同一时刻下进行比较才有意义。
当前特征场通过就地传感器采集的数据实时生成。基准特征场跟机组工况密切相关,本项目建立了专门的人工智能模型,根据机组主要参数来预测获得当前合理的基准特征场。
机组的主要参数包括机组负荷、总煤量、总风量、磨煤机组合形式、总给水流量、总给水温度、空预器出口热一次风温、空预器出口热二次风温等。
将DCS历史服务器中受热面烟气温度/流速数据,按上述方法全部转换为特征场,就获得了灰污特征场历史库,该数据库同时也作为人工智能模型的训练数据集。
LSTM神经网络是目前应用广泛的时间序列神经网络算法[14-19],它是在传统的循环神经网络算法的基础上,通过增加输入门、输出门和遗忘门等结构,来控制信息的流动,根据重要程度对信息进行有效保留[20-25]
本项目创建了1个具有双层LSTM神经网络、包含60个神经单元的智能预测模型,其中,激活函数选择Sigmoid函数,权重更新利用AdaBoost算法,设置模型学习率为0.01。在迭代训练过程中,选择批次值为32,利用灰污特征场历史库中数据,对模型进行了100次迭代训练。
训练完成后,选取某时间段的机组工况参数作为模型输入,对其输出的基准特征场的合理度进行评估。根据偏差大小及时调整权重矩阵和偏置项,优化模型预测过程,最终使得预测值与实际值的偏差在±5%以内。
基准特征场(预测值)与实际特征场(实际值)外观形态偏差增大时,表明受热面出现了沾污,且沾污程度与偏差值呈正相关关系,据此即可判断某受热面的吹灰时机。
特征场形态的偏差,主要从落差值和集中度2个指标进行分析。其基本方法是,对某一时刻烟道截面上的参数进行全面统计,获得整体的中位数。将烟道截面划分成统计单元,以单位内的数据与整体中位数逐一作差,其差值即为落差值,落差值越大,代表该区域参数变化越剧烈,数据坡度大,发生积灰结渣越严重。落差值较大的统计单元,在整个烟道截面上的分布情况,能够反映出沾污的集中程度,即集中度。
模型通过分析比较灰污特征场的上述2个指标,就能对当前特定受热面的积灰结渣程度进行判断,一旦当前特征场与该工况下的预测基准特征场偏差超过给定的阈值,模型便发出启动相应区域吹灰器的指令,开展自动吹灰。系统的工作过程如图7所示。
本项目开发的基于烟气流场感知的新一代锅炉智能吹灰系统,在某地区660 MW机组开展了现场应用试验,系统部署界面如图8所示。
该厂锅炉型号为DG1846/32.45-Ⅱ16型,是660 MW等级的国产超超临界二次再热Π式炉。锅炉本体共配备长伸缩式吹灰器52支,型号为PX-H,分左右墙配置,编号为IK1-IK52,安装于过热器、再热器和省煤器(包括分级省煤器)区域,选用一次低温再热器入口蒸汽,经减温减压后作为本体吹灰汽源。
根据煤质特性与电厂原吹灰方案,设定吹灰方案为:每天白班吹一侧长吹,每天前夜班吹另一侧长吹。
新系统的性能考核期为3个月,效果评价方法如下:首先,采集考核期内各工况下空预器出口排烟温度,并与等工况的历史数据进行比对,发现排烟温度并未出现广泛的、具有统计学意义的上升,从而表明当前的智能吹灰控制方式未引起受热面沾污情况的恶化;其次,依靠电厂运行部实际统计数据,对系统投运前后吹灰次数、消耗的蒸汽量进行统计,得到结果见表1
相较于原手动吹灰方案,系统投运3个月,各受热面吹灰频次均出现一定程度减少,以各受热面合并的日均吹灰频次来衡量新系统投用前后的效果。手动方案下,长伸缩式吹灰器日均吹灰52.0次,新系统投运3个月,日均吹灰频次为41.8次,降幅为19.6%,单月(30日计)长伸缩式吹灰器减少吹灰306次。
以长吹灰器行程10 min,蒸汽耗量75 kg/min计算,新系统投用后单月(30日计)节省蒸汽量229.0 t。锅炉吹灰汽源取自一次低温再热器进口,额定出力工况下设计蒸汽参数为11.23 MPa/ 434 ℃,锅炉给水参数为35.00 MPa/320 ℃,节约的吹灰蒸汽量对应的锅炉吸热量为399.6 GJ/m。
按锅炉效率93.5%、入炉煤发热量18 880 kJ/kg计算,节约的吹灰蒸汽对应22.64 t燃煤,该厂燃煤实际到厂价911.42元/t,据此计算得到本系统全年可节约燃料费用24.8万元。厂制除盐水按13.1元/t计算,本系统全年可节约除盐水成本3.6万元。
综上,项目带来直接经济收益为28.4万元/a。
新系统投用后达到了“智能感知、按需吹灰”的设计目标,并带来了以下收益。
1)增强了锅炉清除积灰结渣的主动性,避免了突然掉焦引发除渣系统跳闸、机组非停等事件的发生,对机组安全运行具有显著保障作用。
2)降低了吹灰频次,减轻了受热面管子“吹损减薄”,有助于延长寿命,节约受热面检修费用。
3)提升了锅炉吹灰工作的及时性,避免了吹灰滞后引起排烟温度升高、锅炉效率下降的问题。
本项目设计开发的基于烟气流场感知的新一代电站锅炉智能吹灰系统,有效克服了模型计算法精度低及摄像头观测法成本高等缺点,实现受热面积灰结渣低成本、高精度的检测。经电厂实际运行检验,应用效果良好,具有显著的经济效益和安全效益。
  • 安徽省科技厅重大专项(2022ZDZX0036)
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2025年第54卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408189
  • 接收时间:2024-08-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-20
基金
Major Special Project of Anhui Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2022ZDZX0036)
安徽省科技厅重大专项(2022ZDZX0036)
作者信息
    1.淮河能源淮南潘集发电有限责任公司,安徽 淮南 232082
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    3.中国电力工程顾问集团华东电力设计院有限公司,上海 200063

通讯作者:

王林(1989),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂智能化技术开发,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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