Article(id=1236596131199767164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202408195, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723737600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772757092522, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772757092522, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772757092522, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772757092522, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236596124832821317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772757091004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772757664851, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236598531780309922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236598531780309923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=25, endPage=32, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236596131568865927, articleId=1236596131199767164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on hydrogen production performance of metal-doped ceria catalysts in photo-thermochemical water splitting systems, columnId=1236596126195970127, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Focusing on the photo-thermochemical water splitting hydrogen production technology, where photoreaction and thermal reaction are carried out sequentially, the CeO2 synthesized by sol-gel method and its metal-doped catalysts were taken as the research objects to carry out experimental tests, through which the effects of photoreaction in generating oxygen vacancies and thermal reaction in hydrogen production were investigated. During the photoreaction, CeO2 catalysts doped with three elements (Fe, Cu, Zn) at three different ratios (5%, 10%, 15%) were used. The metal-doped catalysts were characterized by several methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), photoluminescence (PL), ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and BET specific surface area testing method. The results indicate that, the 10% Cu-doped CeO2 catalyst exhibits the best photothermal hydrogen production performance. This is attributed to the smallest size of Cu nanoparticles, which results in the smallest bandgap width for the Cu-doped CeO2 catalyst. Consequently, it can absorb higher energy photons, enhancing the light absorption capacity, and improving the separation and recombination rates of photogenerated charge carriers. This facilitates the formation of photogenerated oxygen vacancies, thereby enhances the hydrogen production capability during the thermal reaction process.

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针对光反应和热反应依次进行的光热协同分解水制氢技术,以溶胶凝胶法合成的CeO2及其金属掺杂催化剂为研究对象,实验测试了3种元素(Fe、Cu、Zn),3个比例(5%、10%、15%)掺杂CeO2催化剂的光反应生成氧空位和热反应产氢的效果。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)、光致发光(PL)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、感应耦合等离子体(ICP)、BET比表面积测试法(BET)等手段对金属掺杂催化剂进行表征分析。研究结果表明:10%Cu掺杂CeO2光热制氢效果最好,这是因为Cu纳米颗粒具有最小的尺寸,导致Cu掺杂CeO2催化剂具有最小的禁带宽度,从而能够吸收更高能量的光子,增强了光吸收能力,提升了光生载流子的分离和结合速率,有利于形成光生氧空位,从而增强了热反应过程中分解水制氢的能力。

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温昶(1986),男,副教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源制氢技术,
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张志银(1982),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为可再生能源制氢的设计规划,

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BET analysis results of the metal-doped CeO2

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催化剂类型比表面积/(m2·g–1)
5Cu-CeO245.36
10Cu-CeO248.62
15Cu-CeO246.56
5Zn-CeO242.68
10Zn-CeO246.23
15Zn-CeO244.25
5Fe-CeO240.12
10Fe-CeO245.26
15Fe-CeO240.25
CeO242.34
), ArticleFig(id=1236610621328912987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596131199767164, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

金属掺杂CeO2的比表面积分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
催化剂类型比表面积/(m2·g–1)
5Cu-CeO245.36
10Cu-CeO248.62
15Cu-CeO246.56
5Zn-CeO242.68
10Zn-CeO246.23
15Zn-CeO244.25
5Fe-CeO240.12
10Fe-CeO245.26
15Fe-CeO240.25
CeO242.34
), ArticleFig(id=1236610621404410467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596131199767164, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The actual doping ratios of three doped cerium oxides measured by ICP

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样品10Cu-CeO210Fe-CeO210Zn-CeO2
掺杂比例/%9.669.5010.25
), ArticleFig(id=1236610621479907944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596131199767164, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

ICP测试3种掺杂氧化铈实际掺杂比例

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样品10Cu-CeO210Fe-CeO210Zn-CeO2
掺杂比例/%9.669.5010.25
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光热协同分解水体系中金属掺杂氧化铈催化剂的制氢性能研究
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张志银 1 , 胡慧敏 1 , 何正光 1 , 杨洁 1 , 颜凯 2 , 张博涵 2 , 温昶 2
热力发电 | 新型发电技术专题 2025,54(5): 25-32
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热力发电 | 新型发电技术专题 2025, 54(5): 25-32
光热协同分解水体系中金属掺杂氧化铈催化剂的制氢性能研究
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张志银1 , 胡慧敏1, 何正光1, 杨洁1, 颜凯2, 张博涵2, 温昶2
作者信息
  • 1.湖北省电力规划设计研究院有限公司,湖北 武汉 435111
  • 2.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 张志银(1982),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为可再生能源制氢的设计规划,

通讯作者:

温昶(1986),男,副教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源制氢技术,
Study on hydrogen production performance of metal-doped ceria catalysts in photo-thermochemical water splitting systems
Zhiyin ZHANG1 , Huimin HU1, Zhengguang HE1, Jie YANG1, Kai YAN2, Bohan ZHANG2, Chang WEN2
Affiliations
  • 1.PowerChina Hubei Electric Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan 435111, China
  • 2.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408195
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针对光反应和热反应依次进行的光热协同分解水制氢技术,以溶胶凝胶法合成的CeO2及其金属掺杂催化剂为研究对象,实验测试了3种元素(Fe、Cu、Zn),3个比例(5%、10%、15%)掺杂CeO2催化剂的光反应生成氧空位和热反应产氢的效果。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)、光致发光(PL)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、感应耦合等离子体(ICP)、BET比表面积测试法(BET)等手段对金属掺杂催化剂进行表征分析。研究结果表明:10%Cu掺杂CeO2光热制氢效果最好,这是因为Cu纳米颗粒具有最小的尺寸,导致Cu掺杂CeO2催化剂具有最小的禁带宽度,从而能够吸收更高能量的光子,增强了光吸收能力,提升了光生载流子的分离和结合速率,有利于形成光生氧空位,从而增强了热反应过程中分解水制氢的能力。

氧空位  /  掺杂  /  光热循环  /  电解水  /  产氢

Focusing on the photo-thermochemical water splitting hydrogen production technology, where photoreaction and thermal reaction are carried out sequentially, the CeO2 synthesized by sol-gel method and its metal-doped catalysts were taken as the research objects to carry out experimental tests, through which the effects of photoreaction in generating oxygen vacancies and thermal reaction in hydrogen production were investigated. During the photoreaction, CeO2 catalysts doped with three elements (Fe, Cu, Zn) at three different ratios (5%, 10%, 15%) were used. The metal-doped catalysts were characterized by several methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), photoluminescence (PL), ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and BET specific surface area testing method. The results indicate that, the 10% Cu-doped CeO2 catalyst exhibits the best photothermal hydrogen production performance. This is attributed to the smallest size of Cu nanoparticles, which results in the smallest bandgap width for the Cu-doped CeO2 catalyst. Consequently, it can absorb higher energy photons, enhancing the light absorption capacity, and improving the separation and recombination rates of photogenerated charge carriers. This facilitates the formation of photogenerated oxygen vacancies, thereby enhances the hydrogen production capability during the thermal reaction process.

oxygen vacancy  /  dope  /  photo-thermochemical cycle  /  water electrolysis  /  hydrogen production
张志银, 胡慧敏, 何正光, 杨洁, 颜凯, 张博涵, 温昶. 光热协同分解水体系中金属掺杂氧化铈催化剂的制氢性能研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (5) : 25 -32 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408195
Zhiyin ZHANG, Huimin HU, Zhengguang HE, Jie YANG, Kai YAN, Bohan ZHANG, Chang WEN. Study on hydrogen production performance of metal-doped ceria catalysts in photo-thermochemical water splitting systems[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (5) : 25 -32 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408195
太阳能作为可再生能源中存储量最为丰富,且具有极大发展潜力的清洁能源,全球许多国家和地区都在大力发展和建设[1-3]。我国陆地区域有着丰富的太阳能资源,全国各地区年太阳辐射总量基本保持在3 000~8 500 MJ/m2,且其平均值可超过5 000 MJ/m2。全国约2/3的陆地面积都能保持年光照时间在2 200 h以上[4-6]。发展利用光伏等可再生能源制氢是消纳富余太阳能产力、实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的有效途径。目前,全球和我国制氢原料仍有高达96%来自化石能源,中国有约1%~3%的氢来自于太阳能等新型能源[7],未来由可再生能源制取的绿氢比例将大幅增加。
太阳能光热分解水制氢技术是目前新能源制氢技术中重要的技术选择。太阳能光热制氢是将光化学和热化学反应耦合起来促进制氢效率,从而协同促进驱动催化反应[8]。第一步金属氧化物MxOy在高频光的激发下产生光致氧空位,分解为金属单质或低价的金属氧化物;第二步含有光致氧空位的还原性低价金属氧化物分解水形成H2和相应的金属氧化物。金属氧化物MxOy再生并再次应用于第一步反应中,从而形成光热化学循环。式(1)、式(2)为这两步的反应式。第一步的常温光反应取代了传统两步式热化学法中需要极高温度的第一步热还原反应,而其第二步热氧化阶段的原理与热化学法第二步相同。
MxOyMxOyn+n/2O2(g)
MxOyn+H2O(g)MxOy+H2(g)200
氧化铈作为一种优秀的光催化剂逐渐进入学者的视野。另外,掺杂过渡金属(如Cu、Fe、Zn、Ni、Co)[9]是一种广泛应用于CeO2等半导体催化剂调控催化性质的手段。Yue等人[10]对过渡金属(Fe、Cu、Zn)掺杂CeO2的光催化性能进行的研究指出,Fe、Cu和Zn离子的引入使CeO2对可见光的吸收边发生了明显的红移,其带隙降低,吸收波段被拓宽到更长的波长。Paola等人[11]选用掺杂5%过渡金属(Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mo、V和W)的多晶TiO2粉末进行光催化反应,并认为捕获电子的寿命与经过掺杂金属TiO2粉末的光催化活性有关。Zhou等人[12]使用10%、15%钇掺杂CeO2合成了超细CeO2,增强了催化效率。学者们付出了很多努力来增强CeO2衍生材料中的电荷分离,以便在可见光下有效利用它们作为光催化剂。在这方面,掺杂Fe、Cu、Pb、Cu、Fe或Cr等金属离子已被证明是一种可行的方法,可以改善CeO2的光学特性(使其吸收最大值红移)以及促进电子-空穴对的分离。
本文在研究CeO2光热制氢材料时,提出了溶胶-凝胶法,即分别以不同比例掺杂Fe、Cu、Zn等3种金属到CeO2上,合成新型光热制氢半导体金属氧化物催化剂。探讨不同掺杂金属和掺杂比例对催化剂材料晶型、形貌、能带结构和制氢性能的影响,从中筛选出可以提高产氢效率,同时能做到简化反应条件的优良催化剂。
称取90 mmol高纯度硝酸铈,再按照物质的量n(Ce(NO3)3)/n(C6H8O7·H2O)=1:3的比例称取270 mmol柠檬酸。这2种试剂加入300 mL去离子水中,并使用磁力搅拌器搅拌15~30 min;将搅拌好的澄清溶液放入加热磁力搅拌器中,在65 ℃下水浴加热24 h;然后将得到的胶状产物转移到电热鼓风干燥箱中,在120 ℃下干燥3 h得到棕色干凝胶;再对干凝胶进行研磨处理,将研磨后的粉末状物质在马弗炉中锻造3 h,在5 ℃/min的升温速率下升至500 ℃,相应产物标记为CeO2纳米催化剂。
同样按照n(Ce(NO3)3)/n(C6H8O7·H2O)=1:3的比例称取硝酸铈和柠檬酸,之后分别按照5%、10%、15%比例掺入硝酸铁、硝酸铜、硝酸锌3种粉末,将上述试剂加入300 mL的去离子水中,并使用磁力搅拌器搅拌15~30 min。将所得到的溶液用1.1.1节方法进行处理,便可以得到溶胶-凝胶法制备出的金属掺杂CeO2纳米催化剂。相应产物分别标记为:5Fe-CeO2、10Fe-CeO2、15Fe-CeO2;5Cu-CeO2、10Cu-CeO2、15Cu-CeO2;5Zn-CeO2、10Zn-CeO2、15Zn-CeO2
本文使用自主设计的光热协同分解水制氢实验系统,该实验台架整体实物如图1所示。
光热协同实验系统由进气系统、反应系统、检测系统和控制系统4部分组成。进气系统由氮气气路和与其相连接的气体质量流量计组成。反应气体使用高纯(99.9%)N2来排出空气,水蒸气来源为使用进样针将纯净水注射入加热带包裹的管道。气体流量由北京七星华创气体质量流量计控制,可以动态测量气体体积流量,该流量计量程为0~200 mL/min。反应系统中包括控制阀、可控温电加热炉、反应发生器以及氙灯光源。氙气灯模拟太阳光提供光照条件。光源系统受氙灯光源及其控制系统。光源选择为北京泊菲莱科技有限公司的PLS系列模拟日光氙灯光源,型号为PLS-SXE300C/300CUV。光束由反应器外部照射,可提供从紫外区到近红外区的强光谱输出,可实现高能量密度、长时间连续照射。反应釜为自主设计,由南京正信仪器有限公司加工。顶部密封采用法兰式结构,法兰使用6根耐高温高压螺栓紧固,阀门密封采用合金结构,确保高温高压下密封性良好。阀门连接处采用翅型散热结构,避免高温下使用阀门时漏气;要求反应釜可透光,因此顶部设置窗口供光线通过,窗口设计为鼎式结构,窗口视镜选用高硬度高透光率蓝宝石。控制阀对气体流通、去离子水的注入、反应器的密闭性以及气体排出等实验操作进行控制[13]。可控温电加热炉和反应发生器作为光热耦合反应系统的核心要素,提供温度控制以及发生器气密性信息[14]。加热系统升温速率设定为25 ℃/min。使用配置TCD检测器的气相色谱仪,来检测反应后定量收集到气体中氢气的含量[15-16]
整体光热实验流程为:将100 mg样品均匀放置于直径约25 mm的玻璃皿中,将玻璃皿放置于不锈钢反应釜底部,通过法兰密封。在第一阶段的光反应阶段,高纯氮气作为保护气以200 mL/min速率持续通入反应釜中,以防止样品被氧化,开启氙灯,保持垂直光照一定时间;光反应结束后,停止通入氮气,并设定热反应温度开始升温,升温至指定温度后,开始注入水蒸气置换氮气气氛,直到整个釜体充满水蒸气,关闭所有阀门,开始计时记为热反应时长,保持热反应时长后,打开反应釜出口阀门,收集气体产物并送入气相色谱仪进行检测,最后关闭加热,通入氮气自然降温。
采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(ZEISS Gemini SEM 300)观察催化剂材料的形貌;X射线衍射仪(XRD,Malvern Panalytical instrument)表征材料的晶体结构。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM,Titan G2 60-300)进行样品微观结构观测,分析样品的形貌、晶面等微观特征。采用美国安捷伦公司生产的730-ES型电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)对不同CeO2样品中的实际金属掺杂含量做定量分析。采用紫外-可见光漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS,PE950)测试样品在不同波长下的吸收率,将得到的漫反射光谱通过Kubelka-Munk换算从而分析样品的带隙。光致发光光谱(photoluminescence spectroscopy,PL)使用激发光源对待测材料进行激发,材料中的电子从价带跃迁至导带,并留下空穴,通过分析PL谱图,可以了解材料的能带结构、载流子寿命、表面缺陷等信息。对材料进行电子顺磁共振分析(EPR,Bruker A300),可以定性和定量的检测物质中所含未成对电子,所提供的材料表面未成对电子信号就是氧空位信号。采用美国Micromeritics公司生产的Micromeritics 3Flex型氮气比表面积及孔径分析仪,使用BET比表面积测试法对比表面积进行测定。
3种金属以3种比例掺杂的CeO2催化剂制氢效果如图2所示。由图2可知,CeO2作为光热协同分解水制氢反应的纳米催化剂有着良好的催化效果,在CeO2体系中掺杂10%的Cu、Fe、Zn均对CeO2的催化效果起到明显的促进作用。CeO2的产氢量为9.81 μmol/(g·h),而掺杂后对催化效果促进最好的掺杂金属为10Cu-CeO2,产氢量达到20.61 μmol/(g·h),其次是10Zn-CeO2,产氢量为18.76 μmol/(g·h),效果最弱的10Fe-CeO2产氢量也达到了17.43 μmol/(g·h);相比纯CeO2催化剂,产氢量分别提升了110%、91%和78%;相比5%和15%的掺杂比例,CeO2体系中掺杂10%的催化效果明显,制氢效果提升显著。
图2中,15Fe-CeO2、15Zn-CeO2和5Zn-CeO2的催化效果均不如原CeO2。这可能是因为在低掺杂比例下,较为分散的金属离子可以促进电子和空穴的分离,随着掺杂比例的增加,抑制复合的效果越明显;然而掺杂比例增加到一定值以后,过多的电子陷阱反而会促进电子空穴对的复合,不利于光生载流子的分离,降低了材料的催化活性[17-18]
催化剂比表面积是催化活性的重要参数,更大的比表面积意味着有更多反应位点可以参与反应,更多的表面晶格氧位置能够生成氧空位。所测得的比表面积见表1。由表1可以发现:掺杂金属后的CeO2催化剂比表面积与CeO2接近,差距均在20%以内;掺入元素不同,比表面积差异较大,5Fe-CeO2和15Fe-CeO2由于比表面积比CeO2的比表面积低,导致其制氢性能低于CeO2
因此,选用3种金属10%掺杂比例的催化剂样品进行表征和机理分析。为确定实际掺杂比例与实验预设是否相符合,使用感应耦合等离子体(ICP)测试对实际掺杂比例进行分析比较,结果见表2。由表2可见,3种金属的实际掺杂比例均接近10%的预设值。
为了验证CeO2基催化剂作为光热制氢催化剂的稳定性,文献[16,19]将CeO2协同催化剂在一次完整的反应后以相同条件再进行连续4次实验,通过5次实验来验证其循环性能,H2产率在后几次循环中趋于稳定,可以排除制备过程中的原生氧空位或杂质的影响,也证明了CeO2基催化剂作为制氢催化剂的稳定性。
图3展示了CeO2、10Cu-CeO2、10Fe-CeO2和10Zn-CeO2的TEM图像。从图3可看到催化剂具体形貌为纳米球,使用Digital Micrograph软件估测出所测样品粒径分别为CeO2((25.0±0.5) nm)、10Cu-CeO2((8.0±0.5) nm)、10Fe-CeO2掺杂((10.0±0.5) nm)、10Zn-CeO2((12.0±0.5) nm),掺杂后粒径更为细密,粒径减小。粒径对催化剂特性的改变可能会影响氧空位的生成,以及与颗粒尺寸相关的O2–离子的流动性,这表示晶体粒径可能对氧空位的生成及消耗均有一定影响[20]
CeO2以及10%掺杂Cu、Fe、Zn的样品XRD图谱如图4所示。通过XRD图谱可以看出CeO2以及10%掺杂Cu、Fe、Zn的4个样品的出峰位置均相同。这些峰分别代表CeO2的(111)、(200)、(220)、(311)、(222)、(400)、(331)、(420)、(422)晶面[21],其中(111)晶面对应主峰晶面。除去这些晶峰外,未观察到其他金属和金属氧化物的晶峰面和杂峰。由此判断,所检测样品均为较纯的面心立方体结构,并且推测所掺杂金属较好地融入了CeO2晶格中,未形成其他金属杂质[22]
为了进一步获取结构信息,对XRD图谱中(111)晶面的主衍射峰进行放大处理,得到图5。由图5可知,成功制备出了3种金属的CeO2掺杂体,金属掺杂样品主峰相比于纯CeO2主峰均有一定程度的偏移。根据布拉格公式2dsinθ=,当衍射峰发生右移则θ增大,此时晶格常数会相应减小。根据数据显示Cu2+、Fe3+、Zn2+的离子半径(72、64、74 pm)均小于Ce4+离子半径(92 pm),离子半径相比均较小。所以,当所掺杂的金属离子掺杂过程中代替CeO2晶格中的离子时,会导致晶面间距缩小[23];而当所掺杂的金属离子掺杂过程中镶嵌入晶格间隙中时,则会导致晶面间距变大。因此,通过对主衍射峰的分析可知,Cu2+和Zn2+是以代替Ce4+的途径掺杂CeO2的,而Fe3+是以镶嵌入CeO2晶格间隙中的途径来掺杂CeO2的。
CeO2以及10%掺杂Cu、Fe、Zn样品紫外-可见光分光漫反射光谱分析表征如图6所示。吸收峰的具体波长位置反映了样品的光吸收能力。图6中掺杂了10%Fe、Cu、Zn的CeO2发生了红移现象(吸收边向长波长方向移动),表明掺杂降低了CeO2的带隙,从而提高了对可见光的吸收。曲线高度(强度)反映了材料对不同波长光的吸收效率。掺杂后的CeO2样品光吸收强度增加,表明掺杂增强了光催化的潜力。从图6中观察到,10%Cu、Fe、Zn 3种金属的掺杂在紫外线波段都保留了CeO2对紫外线的吸收能力,并且对可见光波段的吸收能力都有一定程度的提高。其中,对于可见光的吸收能力从强到弱依次为10Cu-CeO2>10Fe-CeO2>10Zn-CeO2,与CeO2相比均有较大提升。因此,由UV可以得知,在不考虑其他影响因素的情况下,光催化性能由强到弱依次为10Cu-CeO2>10Fe-CeO2>10Zn-CeO2
在得到UV表征图后,绘制Tauc图如图7所示,通过外推法得到切线与横坐标交点,交点的横坐标值即为该样品所对应的禁带宽度估值。由图7数据所得4种样品禁带宽度为Eg(10Cu-CeO2)=2.48 eV< Eg(10Zn-CeO2)=2.77 eV<Eg(10Fe-CeO2)=2.96 eV< Eg(CeO2)=3.12 eV,这说明金属掺杂降低了CeO2半导体的禁带宽度。掺杂离子在CeO2半导体原来的价带和导带之间引入了新的杂质能级,缩短了载流子的迁移距离,使得电子能够以更低的赋能激发,从而在光热协同反应中产生更多的光生电子-空穴对,表现为掺杂样品在紫外可见波段有更高的吸收强度和更宽的吸收范围,且具有更好的光催化性能[24]
CeO2以及10%掺杂Cu、Fe、Zn样品固体光致发光光谱PL表征如图8所示。由图8可以看出,3种金属掺杂CeO2样品的形状与CeO2的峰状一样,这说明金属元素的掺杂没有对CeO2的发光机理产生实质性影响,依旧是由发射带间光子和氧空位映入杂质能级二者共同决定[25-26]
图8中主峰峰值降低,代表光生电子空穴对的复合能力下降,而光生电子空穴对的复合能力下降的原因是掺杂的金属离子有效捕获光生电子降低了光生电子空穴对的复合能力,提高能级受到激发的电子能够有效参与光热耦合分解水制氢反应[21,27]。因此,对光生电子空穴对的复合能力抑制能力由强到弱依次是10Cu-CeO2>10Zn-CeO2>10Fe-CeO2,这也代表了催化活性由强到弱的顺序[28-29]
EPR是一种通过测量样品中自由基、基态或激发态原子核周围的未成对电子自旋与外加磁场相互作用的技术[30-31]图9为CeO2以及10%掺杂Cu、Fe、Zn样品的EPR图。由图9可见,10Cu-CeO2g=2.003处的峰值比10Fe-CeO2和10Zn-CeO2的更强,表明其含有更多的氧空位。
图10为10Cu-CeO2在光反应前、光反应后和热反应后的EPR图。由图10可见,10Cu-CeO2在光照后氧空位含量得到了大幅提升,证明了其在光照后生成了大量氧空位,适用于光热协同制氢反应。而反应后的氧空位含量下降说明了氧空位确实在热反应中被消耗,从而还原水产生了氢气。但氧空位并没有恢复至光照前的水平,证明了即使是40 min的热反应时长,氧空位也并未完全消耗。
图9表明由于掺杂Cu大幅增加了CeO2纳米颗粒在光照时生成的表面氧空位,同时Cu掺杂改性大幅提升了样品的光吸收能力,抑制了光生电子空穴对的复合,基于掺杂的改性方法优化了CeO2基催化剂的催化效率[32-33]。由于量子禁锢效应,半导体金属氧化物的带隙与纳米颗粒的尺寸之间存在反比关系,当半导体材料尺寸缩小到纳米级别时,电子和空穴的运动被限制在非常小的空间内,由于空间的限制,电子和空穴的能级不再连续,而变成离散的能级[2]。随着纳米颗粒尺寸的减小,能级间间隔(即带隙)增大。这意味着小尺寸纳米颗粒具有更高的能带间隙,从而能够吸收更高能量的光子。这一特性使得小粒径的半导体材料在紫外区或更高能量的光谱范围内具有更好的光响应性,可以认为小粒径的样品更容易表现出更优的光响应特性,这一优势在掺杂Cu后表现得更加明显(图3),说明CeO2的氧空位生成的确受掺杂金属和杂原子的综合影响。
1)金属掺杂显著优化了CeO2的催化制氢性能,尤其是掺杂10%的Cu、Fe、Zn展现了良好的协同催化效应。其中,效果最好的10Cu-CeO2产氢率达到20.61 μmol/(g·h),是CeO2的2倍,其次是10Zn-CeO2产氢率为18.76 μmol/(g·h),效果最弱的10Fe-CeO2产氢率也达到了17.43 μmol/(g·h)。这表明,通过精确调控掺杂种类和比例可以提高CeO2基催化剂的制氢能力。
2)Cu在多种掺杂比例下均表现出持续的催化增强效果,而Fe和Zn的最佳掺杂比例仅有10%。这主要是由于Fe和Zn在其他比例下的掺杂导致了比表面积的大幅减少,同时低掺杂比例催化剂不足以促进电子和空穴分离,然而过高掺杂比例下会产生电子陷阱也不利于光生载流子的分离,反而会降低材料催化活性。
3)掺杂引起的禁带宽度变化对CeO2的光吸收性能有显著提升,同时降低了电子-空穴对的复合率。其中,10Cu-CeO2的禁带宽度仅为2.48 eV,其次是10Zn-CeO2和10Fe-CeO2,禁带宽度分别是2.77 eV和2.96 eV,均低于未掺杂的纯CeO2(3.12 eV)。这可以归因于掺杂离子在CeO2半导体原来的价带和导带之间引入了新的杂质能级,从而在光热协同反应中产生更多的光生电子-空穴对。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4003801)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52076091)
  • 中国电力建设股份有限公司科技项目(DJ-ZDXM-2023-16)
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2025年第54卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408195
  • 接收时间:2024-08-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-16
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4003801)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4003801)
General Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(52076091)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52076091)
Technology Project of China Power Construction Co., Ltd.(DJ-ZDXM-2023-16)
中国电力建设股份有限公司科技项目(DJ-ZDXM-2023-16)
作者信息
    1.湖北省电力规划设计研究院有限公司,湖北 武汉 435111
    2.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074

通讯作者:

温昶(1986),男,副教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源制氢技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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