Article(id=1236596130805502566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202409213, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726934400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772757092429, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772757092429, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772757092429, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772757092429, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236596124832821317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772757091004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772757664851, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236598531780309922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236598531780309923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=64, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236596131111686776, articleId=1236596130805502566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation and experimental study of ammonia-coal co-firing in a 4 MW boiler, columnId=1236596126195970127, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ammonia-coal co-firing is one of the important ways to achieve carbon reduction of coal-fired thermal power units, but the research on high proportion ammonia co-firing is rare. In order to further explore the feasibility of high-proportion ammonia co-firing, the mechanism model of ammonia-coal co-firing is established, and the ammonia-coal co-firing and pure ammonia combustion process of 4 MW boiler is simulated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The error between CFD calculation results and experimental data is less than 3%. The experimental results show that, when ammonia is co-fired with coal, the flame temperature decreases by about 30 ℃ and the carbon dioxide volume fraction decreases by about 20% for every 20% increase in the co-firing ratio. When the ammonia co-firing ratio is increased from 0 to 40%, the NO volume fraction at the furnace outlet increases by about 77.33%, and the carbon content in fly ash increases from 4.65% to 6.16%; when it is increased from 0 to 60%, the NO volume fraction increases by about 136.44%. When excess air ratio of ammonia-coal co-firing is 1.15, the fuel burnout and nitrogen oxide generation are optimized. The two-stage input of ammonia fuel can reduce the NO volume fraction at the furnace outlet by 31.07% compared with the ungraded input. Compared with the combustion flame of coal combustion and ammonia-coal co-firing, the flame temperature of pure ammonia combustion is lower, the ignition distance is longer and the tangent circle diameter is larger. When pure ammonia is fired, the NO mass concentration at the furnace outlet is 475 mg/m3, and the escaping ammonia concentration is close to 0.

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燃煤掺氨燃烧是实现煤电机组减碳的重要路径之一,为进一步探究高比例掺氨燃烧的可行性,建立了氨煤混燃的机理模型,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟计算了4 MW机组锅炉氨煤混燃及纯氨燃烧过程,CFD计算结果与试验数据误差小于3%。试验结果表明:氨煤混燃时,氨掺烧比例每提高20%,火焰温度下降约30 ℃,二氧化碳体积分数降低约20%;当掺氨比例从0增加到40%时,炉膛出口NO质量浓度增加约77.33%,飞灰含碳量由4.65%增加至6.16%;氨掺烧比例从0增加到60%时NO质量浓度增加约136.44%;氨煤混燃时过量空气系数选择1.15,燃尽性和氮氧化物生成达到最优;氨燃料分两级投入方式相比于不分级方式能够使炉膛出口NO体积分数降低31.07%;与煤粉和氨煤混燃火焰相比,纯氨燃烧时火焰温度低,着火距离长且切圆直径较大,纯氨燃烧时炉膛出口NO质量浓度为475 mg/m3,逃逸氨量接近于0。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张向宇(1984),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为低碳燃料掺烧技术,
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马兆耀(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃烧数值模拟,

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马兆耀(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃烧数值模拟,

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马兆耀(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃烧数值模拟,

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label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of ammonia co-combustion ratio on NO mass concentration distribution, figureFileSmall=1IY2TKM4HedYLfK7KEkaYA==, figureFileBig=rI9wwjo6Rb6QZmXNFQWv7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610620544578101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同掺氨比例对NO质量浓度分布的影响, figureFileSmall=1IY2TKM4HedYLfK7KEkaYA==, figureFileBig=rI9wwjo6Rb6QZmXNFQWv7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610620657824313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of ammonia co-combustion ratio on NH3 volume fraction distribution, figureFileSmall=WTfwin3z2oa14nRNVhwbYg==, figureFileBig=VJjhTwD6MWGQdwDjBndWoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610620750099005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同掺氨比例对氨体积分数分布的影响, figureFileSmall=WTfwin3z2oa14nRNVhwbYg==, figureFileBig=VJjhTwD6MWGQdwDjBndWoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610620846568002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effect of ammonia co-combustion ratio on CO2 volume fraction distribution, figureFileSmall=BjNxuDE6SKisifNbxp05jQ==, figureFileBig=3Xtwhh0EJY51Oqj35g42+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610620951425609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同掺氨比例对CO2体积分数分布的影响, figureFileSmall=BjNxuDE6SKisifNbxp05jQ==, figureFileBig=3Xtwhh0EJY51Oqj35g42+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610621077254736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effect of excess air ratio on flame temperature of ammonia-coal co-combustion, figureFileSmall=FwnnY+0n3fSSfmP9N3wOSg==, figureFileBig=iEYNJv98DLNvsVNMqR3q0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610621228249686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=CN, label=图10, caption=过量空气系数对氨煤混燃火焰温度的影响, figureFileSmall=FwnnY+0n3fSSfmP9N3wOSg==, figureFileBig=iEYNJv98DLNvsVNMqR3q0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610621337301596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Effect of ammonia fuel classification on flame temperature, figureFileSmall=z9PjQk8Ji/wbzG/vSH0FQw==, figureFileBig=NOXmfUzqcA36pi4TY2i/4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610621416993380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=CN, label=图11, caption=氨燃料分级对火焰温度的影响, figureFileSmall=z9PjQk8Ji/wbzG/vSH0FQw==, figureFileBig=NOXmfUzqcA36pi4TY2i/4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610621500879466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Effect of ammonia fuel classification on NO mass concentration distribution, figureFileSmall=VoD5bG0mWtgCnx5TRoXMcQ==, figureFileBig=kx/Gn1f4+p7I1JzbLBE0FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610621597348464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=CN, label=图12, caption=氨燃料分级对NO体积分数分布的影响, figureFileSmall=VoD5bG0mWtgCnx5TRoXMcQ==, figureFileBig=kx/Gn1f4+p7I1JzbLBE0FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610621727371892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Chemical reaction mechanism and kinetic parameters of ammonia-coal co-firing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号反应式指前因子活化能温度指数反应速率指数
R1Vol+0.234O2→0.011CO + 2.01H2O+0.031N22.119×10112.027×1080a(Vol)0.2a(O2)1.3
R2CO+0.5O2→CO22.240×10124.180×1070a(CO)1 a(O2)0.25
R3H2+0.5O2→H2O5.690×10114.165×1080a(H2)1 a(O2)0.5
R4CO+H2O→CO2+H22.750×1098.360×1070a(CO)1 a(H2O)1
R5C+CO2→2CO0.006 351.620×1080a(CO2)1.3
R6C+H2O→CO+H20.001 921.469×1080a(H2O)1
R7C+O2→CO20.002 007.900×1070a(O2)0.5
R8NH3→0.5N2 +1.5H21.554 006.900×1071.25a(NH3)1
R9NH3 +O2→NO+H2O+0.5H23.500×1025.240×1087.65a(NH3)1 a(O2)1
R10NH3 + NO→N2 +H2O+0.5H24.240×1053.500×1085.30a(NH3)1 a(NO)1
), ArticleFig(id=1236610621844812408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

氨煤混燃的化学反应机理及动力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号反应式指前因子活化能温度指数反应速率指数
R1Vol+0.234O2→0.011CO + 2.01H2O+0.031N22.119×10112.027×1080a(Vol)0.2a(O2)1.3
R2CO+0.5O2→CO22.240×10124.180×1070a(CO)1 a(O2)0.25
R3H2+0.5O2→H2O5.690×10114.165×1080a(H2)1 a(O2)0.5
R4CO+H2O→CO2+H22.750×1098.360×1070a(CO)1 a(H2O)1
R5C+CO2→2CO0.006 351.620×1080a(CO2)1.3
R6C+H2O→CO+H20.001 921.469×1080a(H2O)1
R7C+O2→CO20.002 007.900×1070a(O2)0.5
R8NH3→0.5N2 +1.5H21.554 006.900×1071.25a(NH3)1
R9NH3 +O2→NO+H2O+0.5H23.500×1025.240×1087.65a(NH3)1 a(O2)1
R10NH3 + NO→N2 +H2O+0.5H24.240×1053.500×1085.30a(NH3)1 a(NO)1
), ArticleFig(id=1236610622008390270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Coal quality analysis of coal in Shaar Lake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工业分析/w%元素分析/w%Qnet,v,ar/(MJ·kg–1)
MtAarVarFCarCarHarNarOarSt,ar
17.8019.0622.8540.2946.212.290.4914.070.0816.21
), ArticleFig(id=1236610622100664961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

沙尔湖煤的煤质分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工业分析/w%元素分析/w%Qnet,v,ar/(MJ·kg–1)
MtAarVarFCarCarHarNarOarSt,ar
17.8019.0622.8540.2946.212.290.4914.070.0816.21
), ArticleFig(id=1236610622251659916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Main operating parameters of the boiler

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
一次风率/%25
一次风温/℃252
二次风率/%45
二次风温/℃305
OFA风率/%30
OFA风温/℃305
氨气温度/℃25
), ArticleFig(id=1236610622360711825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

锅炉主要运行参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
一次风率/%25
一次风温/℃252
二次风率/%45
二次风温/℃305
OFA风率/%30
OFA风温/℃305
氨气温度/℃25
), ArticleFig(id=1236610622478152344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Parameters of the experimental conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况锅炉负荷/
MW
掺氨比例/%过量空气系数α总煤量/
(kg·h–1)
总氨量/
(m3·h–1)
12.8901.20608.80
22.89201.20487.5145.6
32.89401.20366.0291.6
42.89601.20243.7436.9
52.891001.200727.5
62.89401.05366.0291.6
72.89401.10366.0291.6
82.89401.15366.0291.6
92.89401.20366.0291.6(分级)
), ArticleFig(id=1236610622578815644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

试验工况参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况锅炉负荷/
MW
掺氨比例/%过量空气系数α总煤量/
(kg·h–1)
总氨量/
(m3·h–1)
12.8901.20608.80
22.89201.20487.5145.6
32.89401.20366.0291.6
42.89601.20243.7436.9
52.891001.200727.5
62.89401.05366.0291.6
72.89401.10366.0291.6
82.89401.15366.0291.6
92.89401.20366.0291.6(分级)
), ArticleFig(id=1236610622696256162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The simulation and test values of NO mass concentration at furnace outlet under different working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺氨比例纯氨
020%40%60%
试验值225344399532475
模拟值219342401520467
), ArticleFig(id=1236610622788530855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同工况下炉膛出口NO质量浓度模拟值与试验值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺氨比例纯氨
020%40%60%
试验值225344399532475
模拟值219342401520467
), ArticleFig(id=1236610622889194154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

The simulation and test values of carbon content in fly ash at furnace outlet under different working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺氨比例
020%40%60%
试验值/%4.054.656.167.28
模拟值/%3.974.526.217.49
), ArticleFig(id=1236610622989857454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同工况下炉膛出口飞灰含碳量模拟值与试验值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺氨比例
020%40%60%
试验值/%4.054.656.167.28
模拟值/%3.974.526.217.49
), ArticleFig(id=1236610623090520753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

The simulated values and test values of O2, NO, CO and NH3 mass concentrations at the furnace outlet with different excess air ratios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况O2体积分数/%NO质量浓度/(mg·m–3)CO质量浓度/(mg·m–3)飞灰含碳量/%NH3质量浓度/(mg·m–3)
α=1.05试验值
模拟值1.011162848.160.804
α=1.10试验值
模拟值1.531432017.220.179
α=1.15试验值2.12171886.35
模拟值2.05172896.280.122
α=1.20试验值3.05399176.16
模拟值3.17401176.210.006
), ArticleFig(id=1236610623195378356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同过量空气系数时炉膛出口O2、NO、CO、飞灰含碳量、NH3质量浓度模拟值与试验值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况O2体积分数/%NO质量浓度/(mg·m–3)CO质量浓度/(mg·m–3)飞灰含碳量/%NH3质量浓度/(mg·m–3)
α=1.05试验值
模拟值1.011162848.160.804
α=1.10试验值
模拟值1.531432017.220.179
α=1.15试验值2.12171886.35
模拟值2.05172896.280.122
α=1.20试验值3.05399176.16
模拟值3.17401176.210.006
), ArticleFig(id=1236610623358956218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

The simulated values and test values of O2, NO, CO and NH3 mass concentration at furnace outlet during ammonia fuel classification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况O2体积分数/%NO质量浓度/(mg·m–3)CO质量浓度/(mg·m–3)飞灰含碳量/%NH3质量浓度/(mg·m–3)
氨燃料分级试验值2.95275324.13
模拟值2.84277334.050.001
氨燃料未分级试验值3.05399176.16
模拟值3.17401176.210.006
), ArticleFig(id=1236610623488979647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596130805502566, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

氨燃料分级时炉膛出口O2、NO、CO、飞灰含碳量、NH3质量浓度模拟值与试验值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况O2体积分数/%NO质量浓度/(mg·m–3)CO质量浓度/(mg·m–3)飞灰含碳量/%NH3质量浓度/(mg·m–3)
氨燃料分级试验值2.95275324.13
模拟值2.84277334.050.001
氨燃料未分级试验值3.05399176.16
模拟值3.17401176.210.006
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4 MW锅炉氨煤混燃数值模拟及试验研究
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马兆耀 1, 2 , 张向宇 1 , 文海南 1, 2 , 刘雯 3 , 王志超 1 , 余波 2
热力发电 | 新型发电技术专题 2025,54(5): 64-72
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热力发电 | 新型发电技术专题 2025, 54(5): 64-72
4 MW锅炉氨煤混燃数值模拟及试验研究
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马兆耀1, 2 , 张向宇1 , 文海南1, 2, 刘雯3, 王志超1, 余波2
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.中国矿业大学低碳能源与动力工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 3.华能(天津)煤气化发电有限公司,天津 300452
  • 马兆耀(1998),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃烧数值模拟,

通讯作者:

张向宇(1984),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为低碳燃料掺烧技术,
Numerical simulation and experimental study of ammonia-coal co-firing in a 4 MW boiler
Zhaoyao MA1, 2 , Xiangyu ZHANG1 , Hainan WEN1, 2, Wen LIU3, Zhichao WANG1, Bo YU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.School of Low-Carbon Energy and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
  • 3.Huaneng (Tianjin) Coal Gasification Power Generation Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300452, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202409213
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燃煤掺氨燃烧是实现煤电机组减碳的重要路径之一,为进一步探究高比例掺氨燃烧的可行性,建立了氨煤混燃的机理模型,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟计算了4 MW机组锅炉氨煤混燃及纯氨燃烧过程,CFD计算结果与试验数据误差小于3%。试验结果表明:氨煤混燃时,氨掺烧比例每提高20%,火焰温度下降约30 ℃,二氧化碳体积分数降低约20%;当掺氨比例从0增加到40%时,炉膛出口NO质量浓度增加约77.33%,飞灰含碳量由4.65%增加至6.16%;氨掺烧比例从0增加到60%时NO质量浓度增加约136.44%;氨煤混燃时过量空气系数选择1.15,燃尽性和氮氧化物生成达到最优;氨燃料分两级投入方式相比于不分级方式能够使炉膛出口NO体积分数降低31.07%;与煤粉和氨煤混燃火焰相比,纯氨燃烧时火焰温度低,着火距离长且切圆直径较大,纯氨燃烧时炉膛出口NO质量浓度为475 mg/m3,逃逸氨量接近于0。

燃煤锅炉  /  氨燃烧  /  氮氧化物  /  氨逃逸  /  燃料分级

Ammonia-coal co-firing is one of the important ways to achieve carbon reduction of coal-fired thermal power units, but the research on high proportion ammonia co-firing is rare. In order to further explore the feasibility of high-proportion ammonia co-firing, the mechanism model of ammonia-coal co-firing is established, and the ammonia-coal co-firing and pure ammonia combustion process of 4 MW boiler is simulated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The error between CFD calculation results and experimental data is less than 3%. The experimental results show that, when ammonia is co-fired with coal, the flame temperature decreases by about 30 ℃ and the carbon dioxide volume fraction decreases by about 20% for every 20% increase in the co-firing ratio. When the ammonia co-firing ratio is increased from 0 to 40%, the NO volume fraction at the furnace outlet increases by about 77.33%, and the carbon content in fly ash increases from 4.65% to 6.16%; when it is increased from 0 to 60%, the NO volume fraction increases by about 136.44%. When excess air ratio of ammonia-coal co-firing is 1.15, the fuel burnout and nitrogen oxide generation are optimized. The two-stage input of ammonia fuel can reduce the NO volume fraction at the furnace outlet by 31.07% compared with the ungraded input. Compared with the combustion flame of coal combustion and ammonia-coal co-firing, the flame temperature of pure ammonia combustion is lower, the ignition distance is longer and the tangent circle diameter is larger. When pure ammonia is fired, the NO mass concentration at the furnace outlet is 475 mg/m3, and the escaping ammonia concentration is close to 0.

coal-fired boiler  /  ammonia combustion  /  nitrogen oxides  /  ammonia escape  /  fuel staging
马兆耀, 张向宇, 文海南, 刘雯, 王志超, 余波. 4 MW锅炉氨煤混燃数值模拟及试验研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (5) : 64 -72 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202409213
Zhaoyao MA, Xiangyu ZHANG, Hainan WEN, Wen LIU, Zhichao WANG, Bo YU. Numerical simulation and experimental study of ammonia-coal co-firing in a 4 MW boiler[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (5) : 64 -72 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202409213
我国正在加快构建低碳、安全、经济的新型电力系统,为解决新能源的消纳问题和增强电网的调峰能力,利用新能源制备绿氢作为储能载体获得广泛关注[1]。由于氢在储运过程中存在氢脆和泄漏的问题,因此发展绿氨的制备和使用技术,替代氢作为储能介质大规模存储可再生能源,不仅可以充分利用现有合成氨产业链的基础设施,也将有助于解决新能源消纳难题[2]
新能源制氢-合成氨-氨煤混燃可以实现新能源与火电深度耦合降碳,符合我国战略性新兴产业发展要求,可以成为解决化石能源替代、实现火电机组降碳的有效途径之一,十分契合我国以煤为主的能源体系,对助力我国实现“双碳”目标和氢能产业发展具有十分重要的战略意义[3]。然而,氨煤混燃仍然存在一系列技术问题亟待解决,包括氮氧化物的生成机理和氨燃烧的反应机理尚不清晰[4],氨燃料的反应性较低,火焰极限较窄,着火温度也更高[5],氨气贫燃会产生较高的氮氧化物排放,富燃则会产生较高的氨逃逸。
国内外针对氨煤混燃开展了大量试验研究。日本IHI公司在10 MW[6]试验炉上开展了25%掺氨燃烧试验。Yamamoto等人[7]利用760 kW卧式试验炉研究了氨煤混燃掺烧比为20%条件下氨注入位置对NOx排放的影响。闫卫东等[8]在沉降炉上研究了掺氨燃烧对NOx排放的影响,发现控制较低的温度和空燃比是抑制氨向氮氧化物转化的关键。汪鑫等[9-11]分别在沉降炉和45 kW燃烧炉上研究了烟煤与氨混燃过程中,掺氨比例、空气分级方式和燃烧温度对燃烧特性和污染物排放的影响。王志超等[12]利用一维火焰炉和着火炉等试验装置研究了氨与典型烟煤混燃时的燃烧特性,研究表明氨与煤预混燃不利于NOx控制。牛涛等[13]在40 MW机组燃煤锅炉上完成了氨掺烧比例为25%的中试验证。
数值模拟方法被广泛应用于探究氨煤混燃过程中的燃烧特性和污染物生成特性。Zhang等人[14]模拟研究了8.5 MW的燃煤锅炉掺烧比在0~80%内变化时NOx和未燃尽氨的排放状况,发现随着掺氨比例增加,烟气温度下降对炉内的燃烧和燃尽特性产生了不利影响。金炜等[15]模拟研究了在1 050 MW机组锅炉超低负荷运行时掺氨的影响,表明掺烧比增大及烟气温度降低会对燃烧产生负面影响。吕强等[16]对600 MW电站锅炉进行了数值模拟,结果表明通过富氧燃烧可补偿掺氨导致的锅炉温度损失。
国内有多家电厂开展了氨煤混燃的示范研究。皖能铜陵电厂在300 MW煤电机组上实现了掺氨10%~35%,机组在100~300 MW负荷下能平稳运行。台山电厂630 MW燃煤发电机组已完成高负荷下锅炉掺氨燃烧试验,氨燃尽率达到99.99%。目前,国内相关试验的掺氨比例逼近50%,更高比例掺氨燃烧的可行性仍需要开展进一步研究。
本文首先建立了氨燃烧的机理模型,对4 MW机组锅炉氨煤混燃及纯氨燃烧进行数值计算,并与试验数据进行对比,验证了数值模型在高比例氨煤混燃模拟中的准确性,为燃煤机组掺氨工程设计提供参考。
煤和氨燃烧相关的反应机理及其动力学参数见表1[17]。混合物中的氢燃烧和水气反应见表1中R3、R4。氨的热解和燃烧过程采用简化的R8—R10机理模型[18]。气相湍流采用标准k-ε模型,辐射传热采用P1模型[19],气体吸收系数的计算采用灰气体加权和WSGGE模型[20],煤粉颗粒的运动采用拉格朗日的方法。假定煤粉粒子符合随机轨道模型且与气相耦合,计算过程中考虑颗粒间相互作用。焦炭表面燃烧过程采用多步表面反应模型,气相非预混燃烧过程采用有限速率/涡耗散模型,挥发分的燃烧采用两步均相反应[21-22]。各配风入口设置为速度入口边界,炉壁为绝热边界,壁面发射率为0.8。
氨在燃烧过程中既作为燃料又参与还原反应,因此采用多步化学反应模拟掺烧过程中NO的生成与转化过程。忽略快速型NO的生成,仅对热力型NO和燃料型NO的转化进行模拟[23]。热力型NO生成采用Extended Zeldovich模型,使用部分平衡法计算中间产物[O]和[OH]的自由基;燃料型NO采用HCN/NH3/NO反应体系,高温环境下将挥发性N/焦炭N的比例设为4:6,两者转化率都设为1;挥发分N转换过程中HCN/NH3的比例设为9:1,焦炭N直接氧化为NO[24-25]。同时考虑了湍流中温度和O2组分波动对NO形成的影响。最后,选择CO和H2作为再燃气体,CH3作为等效燃料进行模拟[26-32]
4 MW燃烧试验台如图1所示,本体为积木式结构、Π型炉,四角切圆燃烧。燃烧器布置在炉膛四角,包括2层一次风喷口和3层二次风喷口。部分空气通过燃尽风(OFA)喷口进入炉膛,实现空气分级燃烧。炉膛高度为10.876 m,直径为1.600 m。对切圆燃烧器进行改造,在原燃烧器中心风位置插入氨气喷枪,氨气通过煤粉火焰引燃。
4 MW锅炉的几何模型及网格划分如图2所示,A和B表示一次风入口,AA、AB、BB表示二次风入口,AN1—AN5表示氨喷口。燃烧器区域网格进行了加密处理,构建了3套六面体网格,网格数量分别为922 180、1 587 661和2 018 081。通过纯煤燃烧进行网格独立性测试,计算沿程平均温度、速度和氧量,结果如图3所示。由图3可以看出,模拟结果随网格数量的变化很小。考虑到计算成本和精度,选择1 587 661的网格系统进行数值计算。
试验采用的氨纯度接近100%,热值为18.60 MJ/kg,试验煤种为沙尔湖煤,沙尔湖煤的煤质分析见表2
试验过程中的主要运行参数见表3,一次风温度为252 ℃,二次风和燃尽风的温度为305 ℃,送入氨气的温度为25 ℃,一次风、二次风和燃尽风的比率分别为25%、45%和30%。
模拟计算的工况参数见表4。保持锅炉热负荷不变,改变掺氨比例(均以热量计)、过量空气系数和掺氨位置计算了9组工况,其中工况1—工况5及工况8—工况9同时进行了试验,工况9掺氨比例为40%,将氨燃料分级送入炉膛。
图4给出了不同掺氨比下的炉膛温度云图。由图4可见,高温区主要集中在燃烧器喷口附近,呈对称分布。随着掺氨比例的提高,火焰最高温度逐渐减小。比较横截面切圆直径可以看出,相比于煤粉燃烧,氨气着火距离长,射流刚性小,形成的切圆不连续,且切圆直径大于煤粉火焰。
图5给出了不同掺氨比例下炉膛平均温度随炉膛高度分布。由图5可见,模拟结果与试验测量数据吻合较好,最大计算误差小于1%。由于氨气的理论燃烧温度和热值低于煤粉,掺氨比例每增加20%,燃烧温度降低约30 ℃。随着掺氨比例升高,炉膛出口温度降低,这与传统的热力计算结果中炉膛出口温度随掺氨比例增加略有升高的结论不同,这主要是由于4 MW锅炉为近似绝热壁面,不考虑烟气与水冷壁的传热。
燃烧过程中氧体积分数沿炉膛高度分布如图6所示。随着掺氨比例增加,燃烧器喷口附近的氧气体积分数减少,这一方面是因为氨气与氧气接触反应的速度更快,另一方面是因为保持相同空气过量系数的条件下,掺氨比例越高,总风量越小。不同掺氨比例下炉膛出口的氧量趋于一致,均保持在3%左右,计算结果与试验测量数据基本吻合。
图7显示了不同掺氨比例时NO体积分数随炉膛高度的变化。由图7可见,煤粉和氨燃烧器喷口附近的NO体积分数很高,这表明煤粉和氨在燃烧初期生成了大量的氮氧化物。在炉膛连接段,因为氧体积分数降低形成了还原性气氛,生成的氮氧化物与氨发生还原反应,NO体积分数下降并趋于稳定。当纯氨燃烧时,主燃区的NO体积分数低于氨煤混燃,燃尽风区域的NO体积分数介于掺氨比例40%~60%。
表5给出了不同工况下炉膛出口处NO质量浓度的计算结果与试验数据。计算结果与试验数据变化趋势基本一致,最大计算误差小于3%。随着掺氨比例增加,炉膛出口NO质量浓度相比于纯煤燃烧显著增加。当掺氨比例从0增加到40%时,NO质量浓度增加约77.33%,从0增加到60%时NO质量浓度增加约136.44%。当纯烧氨时,NO质量浓度反而低于氨掺烧比例60%的工况。这表明氨中的燃料氮完全燃烧时生成NO的倾向较小,因此纯氨燃烧的NO生成质量浓度并不会继续上升,这与文献[27]结果一致。
不同掺氨比例时炉膛出口飞灰含碳量的模拟值和试验值对比见表6。可以看出,随着掺氨比例的增加,炉膛出口的飞灰含碳量升高,这表明氨煤燃烧会对煤粉颗粒的燃尽性造成影响,掺氨比例升高,煤粉的燃尽性降低。
不同掺氨比例下氨体积分数沿炉膛高度分布如图8所示。随掺氨比例增加,主燃区的氨体积分数明显提高。在氨煤混燃工况下,仅燃烧器喷口区域存在较高体积分数的氨,炉膛出口处的逃逸氨量很小,均低于10–6数量级,表明即使在较高的氨气掺烧比例下,仍可以达到很高的氨燃尽率。
不同掺氨比时CO2体积分数随炉膛高度分布如图9所示。可以看出随着氨掺烧比例的增加,炉膛中的CO2体积分数明显下降,氨掺烧比例每提高20%,炉膛出口CO2体积分数相比于纯煤燃烧降低约20百分点。
在掺氨比例为40%工况下,研究了不同过量空气系数对火焰温度分布和污染物排放的影响。图10给出了不同过量空气系数下沿炉膛高度方向上的温度分布。由图10可以看出,在燃尽风比例不变时,随着过量空气系数增大,主燃区温度升高,当过量空气系数增加至1.2时燃尽风区域温度明显降低。
不同过量空气系数下炉膛出口O2、NO、CO、飞灰含碳量和NH3质量浓度的试验值与计算值见表7
过量空气系数增大时,炉膛出口NO质量浓度升高,CO质量浓度降低,飞灰含碳量同样降低。当过量空气系数从1.10增加到1.15时,NO质量浓度从143 mg/m3(标况下,下同)增加到171 mg/m3,CO质量浓度从201 mg/m3减少到88 mg/m3;进一步增加过量空气系数到1.20时,NO质量浓度增加到401 mg/m3。过量空气系数由1.05增大至1.15时,炉膛出口的飞灰含碳量下降明显;过量空气系数继续增大至1.20时,飞灰含碳量变化较小,该变化趋势与文献[22]的研究结果一致。因此,综合考虑燃尽性及氮氧化物排放质量浓度,掺氨比例为40%时适宜的过量空气系数为1.15。掺氨比例增加时,应进一步减小燃烧的过量空气系数。
在掺氨比例40%的条件下,将50%的氨与煤粉一起通过煤粉燃烧器喷入,另外50%的氨通过上方的氨喷口AN5喷入,研究氨燃料分级燃烧对火焰温度和污染物排放的影响。图11给出了氨燃料分级燃烧时沿炉膛高度方向上的温度分布。由图11可见,氨燃料分级投入后,主燃区的温度降低,燃尽风区域的温度上升。
图12给出了氨燃料分级燃烧和不分级燃烧时NO体积分数分布。由图12可见,氨燃料分级后,主燃区的NO体积分数最大值明显减少,主燃区与燃尽风区域之间的NO体积分数呈缓慢下降趋势,然后在连接段区域迅速减少,最终趋于一个稳定值。
不同掺氨位置时炉膛出口O2、NO、CO、飞灰含碳量和NH3质量浓度的试验值与模拟值见表8。由表8可以看出,氨燃料分级投入对炉膛出口氧气含量影响不大,但对NO的生成有较大的影响。当氨燃料分级后,炉膛出口的NO质量浓度由399 mg/m3降至275 mg/m3,炉膛出口的CO质量浓度由17 mg/m3升至32 mg/m3,飞灰含碳量由6.16%降低至4.13%,说明氨燃料分级对燃料的燃尽性也有一定影响。由炉膛出口氨质量浓度的模拟值可以看出,氨燃料分级会导致炉膛出口的NH3质量浓度增加,但逃逸氨量很小可忽略不计。
本文通过数值模拟与4 MW机组锅炉试验相结合的方式,研究了不同比例氨煤混燃对锅炉燃烧的影响,验证了简化氨煤混燃模型的正确性,主要结论如下。
1)氨燃烧过程可以简化为包括氨热解、氨氧化、氨还原NO 3步反应,利用简化的机理模型计算了4 MW机组锅炉氨煤混燃及纯氨燃烧,计算结果与试验数据基本吻合,最大计算误差小于3%。
2)氨煤混燃时随着掺氨比例升高,火焰温度降低,炉膛出口NO质量浓度升高,二氧化碳质量浓度降低,飞灰含碳量升高,逃逸氨质量浓度变化较小均接近于0。氨掺烧比例每提高20%,温度降低约30 ℃,二氧化碳质量浓度降低约20%。掺氨比例为60%时生成的NO质量浓度最大,为532 mg/m3。降低过量空气系数能够减少NO的生成,但同时也会导致炉膛出口CO和氨质量浓度的增加,综合考虑燃尽性和NO生成,掺氨比例为40%时适宜的过量空气系数为1.15,并且掺氨比例增加时,应进一步减小燃烧的过量空气系数。氨燃料分级投入能够将炉膛出口的NO质量浓度由399 mg/m3降至275 mg/m3
3)纯氨燃烧火焰温度低于煤粉和氨煤混燃火焰,着火距离长且切圆直径大于煤粉火焰。纯氨燃烧时炉膛出口NO质量浓度475 mg/m3,氨逃逸量接近0。
  • 陕西省重点研发计划一般项目(2024GX-YBXM-458)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202409213
  • 接收时间:2024-09-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-22
基金
General Projects under the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2024GX-YBXM-458)
陕西省重点研发计划一般项目(2024GX-YBXM-458)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.中国矿业大学低碳能源与动力工程学院,江苏 徐州 221116
    3.华能(天津)煤气化发电有限公司,天津 300452

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张向宇(1984),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为低碳燃料掺烧技术,
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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