Article(id=1236596129568182851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202409200, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725465600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772757092134, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772757092134, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772757092134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772757092134, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236596124832821317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772757091004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772757664851, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236598531780309922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236598531780309923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=92, endPage=101, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236596129886949967, articleId=1236596129568182851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on operation scheduling of cogeneration units coupled with heat storage tank considering peak shaving ancillary service income, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the context of building a new type of power system with new energy as the main body, it is required that thermal power units undertake more peak shaving tasks, and coupling heat storage tanks is one of the effective ways for units to improve the peak shaving capability. In order to solve the operation scheduling problem of heat storage tanks and units in the context of peak shaving auxiliary service market, thermal system simulation is conducted on combined heat and power (CHP) units to obtain coal consumption and operational safety zones that reflect the actual operating conditions of the units. After that, an optimization model for the CHP system coupled with heat storage tank is established. Aiming to maximize the net profit of the system, this article intelligently optimizes the hourly operation scheduling of a certain CHP and heat storage tank. The results show that, the heat storage process of the thermal storage tank occurs during the electricity price period, and the heat release process varies depending on the heating load. During the high cold period with high heat load, heat is only released during the electricity price valley period, while during the early and late stages with low heat load, heat is released during the valley and peak periods. The net income of the system decreases with the increase of heating load. Running the entire heating season with the optimized scheduling in this article can increase revenue by 21.13 million yuan per year, with a static investment payback period of 5.22 years.

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在构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统的形势下,要求热电联产机组更多地承担调峰任务,其中耦合储热罐是机组提高调峰能力的有效途径之一。为解决在调峰辅助服务市场背景下储热罐与机组的运行调度问题,对热电联产机组进行热力系统仿真,获得了反映机组实际工况的煤耗与运行安全区;建立了耦合储热罐的热电联产机组系统优化模型,以系统净收益最大为目标,对某热电联产机组及储热罐逐小时运行调度智能寻优。结果表明:储热罐储热过程都发生在电价平段,释热过程根据供热负荷大小有所不同,热负荷较高的高寒期只在电价谷段释热,而热负荷较低的初末期在谷段与峰段释热;系统净收益随供热负荷增加而降低;整个供热季以优化的调度运行,可增加收益2 113万元/a,静态投资回收周期为5.22年。

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徐钢(1978),男,教授,主要研究方向为能源系统集成、大数据分析与智能优化等,
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周天羽(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火-储融合系统优化及系统运行调度,

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周天羽(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火-储融合系统优化及系统运行调度,

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596129568182851, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Daily increase in revenue throughout the heating season, figureFileSmall=Rf25sHnjDZqO5ESSk8ocvg==, figureFileBig=L176c3yYrxh+U3Dl91fVYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610622268428453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596129568182851, language=CN, label=图10, caption=全供热季每日增加收益, figureFileSmall=Rf25sHnjDZqO5ESSk8ocvg==, figureFileBig=L176c3yYrxh+U3Dl91fVYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610622377480361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596129568182851, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of the unit under rated working condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计值
机组功率/MW350
主蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 049.48
主蒸汽压力/MPa24.20
主蒸汽温度/℃566.0
再热蒸汽压力/MPa3.64
再热蒸汽温度/℃566.0
锅炉给水温度/℃282.2
背压/kPa10.50
额定采暖抽汽压力/MPa0.40
), ArticleFig(id=1236610622503309487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596129568182851, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

机组额定工况参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计值
机组功率/MW350
主蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)1 049.48
主蒸汽压力/MPa24.20
主蒸汽温度/℃566.0
再热蒸汽压力/MPa3.64
再热蒸汽温度/℃566.0
锅炉给水温度/℃282.2
背压/kPa10.50
额定采暖抽汽压力/MPa0.40
), ArticleFig(id=1236610622624944307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596129568182851, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The peak and peak shaving compensation prices for thermal power units

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目机组负荷率补偿价格/(元·(kW·h)–1)
顶峰补偿97.5%~100.0%0.50
90.0%~97.5%0.30
调峰补偿50.0%~40.0%0
40.0%~00.35
), ArticleFig(id=1236610622742384825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596129568182851, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

热电机组顶峰与调峰补偿价格

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目机组负荷率补偿价格/(元·(kW·h)–1)
顶峰补偿97.5%~100.0%0.50
90.0%~97.5%0.30
调峰补偿50.0%~40.0%0
40.0%~00.35
), ArticleFig(id=1236610622826270908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596129568182851, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Verification of accuracy of the model under each working condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况设计值/MW仿真值/MW误差/%
THA350.00350.090.03
75% THA262.50261.660.32
50% THA175.00175.490.28
30% THA105.00104.230.70
最大采暖工况
(采暖供汽500 t/h)
268.40269.710.49
额定采暖工况284.55285.730.41
最小电负荷工况
(额定采暖400 t/h)
234.46232.420.87
), ArticleFig(id=1236610622914351297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596129568182851, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模型各工况准确性验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况设计值/MW仿真值/MW误差/%
THA350.00350.090.03
75% THA262.50261.660.32
50% THA175.00175.490.28
30% THA105.00104.230.70
最大采暖工况
(采暖供汽500 t/h)
268.40269.710.49
额定采暖工况284.55285.730.41
最小电负荷工况
(额定采暖400 t/h)
234.46232.420.87
), ArticleFig(id=1236610623006625989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596129568182851, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Each economic parameter on a typical day at the beginning and end of the period

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目低谷时段调峰容量/(MW·h)高峰时段顶峰容量/(MW·h)煤耗成本/万元售电收益/万元调峰补偿收益/万元顶峰补偿收益/万元毛利润增加量/万元
初末期无储热245019323800.410
初末期储热68417417722314.145.2220.31
), ArticleFig(id=1236610623119872204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596129568182851, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

初末期典型日各项经济参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目低谷时段调峰容量/(MW·h)高峰时段顶峰容量/(MW·h)煤耗成本/万元售电收益/万元调峰补偿收益/万元顶峰补偿收益/万元毛利润增加量/万元
初末期无储热245019323800.410
初末期储热68417417722314.145.2220.31
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考虑调峰辅助服务收益的耦合储热罐热电联产机组运行调度研究
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周天羽 1 , 张一农 1 , 徐钢 1 , 李敏杰 1 , 董伟 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(5): 92-101
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(5): 92-101
考虑调峰辅助服务收益的耦合储热罐热电联产机组运行调度研究
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周天羽1 , 张一农1, 徐钢1 , 李敏杰1, 董伟2
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 2.华北电力科学研究院有限责任公司,北京 100045
  • 周天羽(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火-储融合系统优化及系统运行调度,

通讯作者:

徐钢(1978),男,教授,主要研究方向为能源系统集成、大数据分析与智能优化等,
Research on operation scheduling of cogeneration units coupled with heat storage tank considering peak shaving ancillary service income
Tianyu ZHOU1 , Yinong ZHANG1, Gang XU1 , Minjie LI1, Wei DONG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2.North China Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100045, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202409200
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在构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统的形势下,要求热电联产机组更多地承担调峰任务,其中耦合储热罐是机组提高调峰能力的有效途径之一。为解决在调峰辅助服务市场背景下储热罐与机组的运行调度问题,对热电联产机组进行热力系统仿真,获得了反映机组实际工况的煤耗与运行安全区;建立了耦合储热罐的热电联产机组系统优化模型,以系统净收益最大为目标,对某热电联产机组及储热罐逐小时运行调度智能寻优。结果表明:储热罐储热过程都发生在电价平段,释热过程根据供热负荷大小有所不同,热负荷较高的高寒期只在电价谷段释热,而热负荷较低的初末期在谷段与峰段释热;系统净收益随供热负荷增加而降低;整个供热季以优化的调度运行,可增加收益2 113万元/a,静态投资回收周期为5.22年。

热电联产  /  储热罐  /  调峰补偿  /  运行调度

In the context of building a new type of power system with new energy as the main body, it is required that thermal power units undertake more peak shaving tasks, and coupling heat storage tanks is one of the effective ways for units to improve the peak shaving capability. In order to solve the operation scheduling problem of heat storage tanks and units in the context of peak shaving auxiliary service market, thermal system simulation is conducted on combined heat and power (CHP) units to obtain coal consumption and operational safety zones that reflect the actual operating conditions of the units. After that, an optimization model for the CHP system coupled with heat storage tank is established. Aiming to maximize the net profit of the system, this article intelligently optimizes the hourly operation scheduling of a certain CHP and heat storage tank. The results show that, the heat storage process of the thermal storage tank occurs during the electricity price period, and the heat release process varies depending on the heating load. During the high cold period with high heat load, heat is only released during the electricity price valley period, while during the early and late stages with low heat load, heat is released during the valley and peak periods. The net income of the system decreases with the increase of heating load. Running the entire heating season with the optimized scheduling in this article can increase revenue by 21.13 million yuan per year, with a static investment payback period of 5.22 years.

CHP  /  heat storage tank  /  peak shaving compensation  /  operation scheduling
周天羽, 张一农, 徐钢, 李敏杰, 董伟. 考虑调峰辅助服务收益的耦合储热罐热电联产机组运行调度研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (5) : 92 -101 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202409200
Tianyu ZHOU, Yinong ZHANG, Gang XU, Minjie LI, Wei DONG. Research on operation scheduling of cogeneration units coupled with heat storage tank considering peak shaving ancillary service income[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (5) : 92 -101 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202409200
2021年我国提出构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统,风能和太阳能发电得到快速发展。2022年风电和太阳能发电装机容量分别为36 564万、39 268万kW,占总发电装机容量的14.24%和15.29%[1]。在风光发电大规模并网的能源形势下,燃煤机组需要作为重要调峰主体,降低出力参与电网调度,保证电力供需平衡。为鼓励燃煤机组积极参与调峰,我国实行了电力调峰辅助市场规则,参与调峰的机组可获得一定补偿[2-4]。当火电机组深度调峰时,消纳的新能源发电能够使整体电力系统单位发电碳排放成本下降,带来减碳效益[5]。但在我国北方热电联产机组需要承担供暖季居民和部分工业稳定供热的需求,这意味着当热负荷较高时,其发电功率将受限,灵活性大大降低[6],此时机组将难以满足电网调峰需求。为解除机组热电之间的运行约束、提高调峰能力,储热罐、电锅炉、热泵等多种热电解耦方式在火电厂得到广泛应用[7-10]
众多学者就配置储热罐的热电联产系统热力学性能进行了研究。张红昌等[11]对比研究了低压缸切缸、高低压旁路改造、储热罐、电锅炉等改造方式,结果表明配置储热罐热电解耦能力与能耗都具有较好的效果。巩志强等[12]研究了不同储热技术与煤电机组耦合的调峰能力及热力学性能,并提出各储热类型的最优耦合及储热、释热方案。马欢等[13]对冷端耦合相变储热罐的间接空冷机组进行性能评估,在高负荷吸收乏汽废热,低负荷借助空冷塔排放废热,使标准煤耗率下降,机组背压变动缩小。
近年,对机组与储热罐之间进行容量配置及电热调度成为许多学者研究的重点。对于模型的建立,李咸善等[14]提出了基于一次热源和储热罐等灵活性资源协同调节的热力站调度策略,并进一步考虑充热动态特性的储热罐实际容积及其结构参数,使模型更合理、更符合实际。在电热调度模型的优化算法方面,曹丽华等[15]建立配置储热罐后的热电联产机组逐小时运行模型,并使用改进的遗传算法结合特征日法进行优化,结果表明以系统收益最大和消纳风电量最大为目标时最佳运行策略是不同的。Deng等人[16]提出了一种启发式收紧方法来进一步压缩由分段McCormick技术得到的强化上下界,并恢复一个附近的可行解,其结果表明该方法快速解决了热电运行问题。秦绍基等[17]提出了一种结合启发式算法和Gurobi求解器的联合优化(Pymoo-Gurobi)求解方法,该方法弥补了2种算法的不足,可消除传统信息间隙决策中人为因素带来的影响,同时提高求解效率。在运行经济性方面,杨利等[18]对某电厂2×330 MW热电联产机组配置储热罐后运行方式及优化效果进行分析计算,结果表明,配置储热罐后调峰容量得到了提高,同时还有效降低了机组总体热耗率,具有良好的经济性。王安等[19]建立带熔融盐储热的热电联产机组的优化模型,并得到侧重灵活性时需维持高储热量、侧重经济性时储热需频繁调节的结论。
以往对储热罐运行策略的研究通常是基于供电标准煤耗率来计算煤耗,与实际煤耗量相比误差较大,尤其是高寒期低谷时段的极端工况。基于此,本文通过对热电联产机组进行热力系统仿真,获得机组实际煤耗与运行安全区,建立了耦合储热罐的热电联产机组系统优化模型,以系统净收益最大为目标,对典型日内机组、储热罐、电锅炉的运行方式进行优化,并进行了经济性分析。
储热系统具有高度的灵活性,可实现能量的跨时空利用,能够有效解决热电联产机组供热量在时间上的供需不平衡,达到“移峰填谷”的作用,各项储热技术越来越多地与热电联产机组耦合[20]。其中,储热罐具有结构简单、单位投资成本较低且与热网循环水直接相连的特点,控制运行较为简单,因此已成为重要的调峰、解耦手段。我国使用的储热罐多为常压式蓄热水罐,利用水作为储热介质,不同温度的水密度有差异,通过冷热水自然分层进行储热[21]
本文所研究的耦合储热罐的热电联产机组系统结构如图1所示。系统由1台抽凝式热电联产机组和1套储热罐储热系统组成,储热罐连接在机组与热网之间。该耦合系统的工作过程为:在保证用户供热负荷的前提下,抽取机组中的中压缸排汽蒸汽额外加热一部分热网循环水,从供水侧引出至储热罐;在需要储热罐放热时,将罐内热水向热网供水母管释放,降低机组供热所需抽汽量[22]
热电联产机组发电功率P和抽汽供热量Q间的耦合关系通常以运行安全区来表示[23-24]。这是由于机组在供热季运行时,要按照“以热定电”的方式运行,因此发电功率上下限均会受到供热量的约束。在保证机组安全的前提下,运行安全区的计算必须满足以下条件:1)不超过锅炉最大连续蒸发量和汽轮机最大进汽量;2)不低于锅炉最低稳燃负荷;3)不低于汽轮机低压缸最小排汽冷却流量。
热电联产机组运行安全区示意如图2所示。点A为锅炉满负荷下最大发电出力点,点B为锅炉满负荷下最大供热点,点E为锅炉最低稳燃负荷下最大发电出力点,点D为锅炉最低稳燃负荷下最大供热点。
储热罐对热电联产机组调峰能力的提高体现在通过一定程度的热电解耦,扩大了机组运行安全区间。图2中在对外供热量为Ph0时,发电功率范围为PEPF,可以看出机组对外供热负荷较大时,机组电调峰能力严重不足。而耦合储热罐后,能够为机组分担部分热负荷,将发电功率范围扩大至PGPH,发电功率上下限都得到了拓宽。
本文以构建的耦合储热罐的热电联产系统净收益最大为目标函数,其中收益主要来自于上网电量、供热量和辅助服务,系统的运行成本主要来自锅炉的燃煤成本,因此总收益的计算公式如下:
max(C)=Csell,e+Csell,h+CbcCmh
式中:Csell,eCsell,hCbcCmh分别为售电收益、售热收益、补偿收益和煤耗成本,万元。
售电收益可表示为:
Csell,e=t=1TPrisd,t×Sele,t×103
式中:Prisd,t为时刻t上网电价,元/(kW‧h);Sele,t为时刻t上网售电量,MW。
售热收益可表示为:
Csell,h=Prisht=1T×Sheat,t×103
式中:Prish为当地供热热量出厂单价,元/(kW‧h);Sheat,t为时刻t出厂售热量,MW‧h。
f1f2f3f4为《宁夏电力辅助服务市场运营规则》中不同补偿档位时,火电发电机组发电功率与机组额定功率之比。补偿收益包括顶峰与调峰补偿,电价高峰时段参与顶峰且发电功率在f1Pef2Pe以上的机组,获得超出档位部分的顶峰补偿;电价低谷时段参与调峰辅助服务市场的机组,当发电功率低于f3Pef4Pe时,获得低于档位部分的补偿。
第一档顶峰补偿金额由下式计算:
Cf1,t=(Sele,tf1Pe)×cf1
式中:Pe为机组设计工况下发电功率,MW;cf1为第一档顶峰补偿报价,元/(MW‧h)。
第二档顶峰补偿金额由下式计算:
Cf2,t=[(Sele,tf2Pe)×cf2+(f2f1)×Pe×cf1]
式中:cf2为第二档顶峰补偿报价,元/(MW‧h)。
第一档调峰补偿金额由下式计算:
Cf3,t=(f3PeSele,t)×cf3
式中:cf3为第一档调峰补偿报价,元/(MW‧h)。
第二档调峰补偿金额由下式计算:
Cf4,t=[(f4PeSele,t)×cf2+(f3f4)×Pe×cf3]
式中:cf4为第二档调峰补偿报价,元/(MW‧h)。
根据《宁夏电力辅助服务市场运营规则》,上述调峰补偿费用由负荷率大于等于深度调峰基准的发电机组共同分摊。其中火电厂的分摊方法为:
{CFT=(Sele,t0.5Pe)k1Pall×CBC0.7PePi0.5PeCBC=(Sele,t0.7Pe)k2+0.2Pek1PECBC0.8PePi0.7PeCFT=(Sele,t0.8Pe)k2+0.1Pek2+0.2Pek1PallCBCPi0.8Pe
式中:CFT为分摊金额,元;ki为火电厂发电量修正系数,k1=1,k2=1.5,k3=2;Pall为区内所有参与分摊的发电机组发电量;CBC为调峰补偿总金额。
机组煤耗量与发电量、供热量直接相关,机组煤耗量计算方法见2.3节,进而计算煤耗成本:
Cmh=B×cbzm
式中:B为机组逐小时运行煤耗量,t/h;cbzm为标准煤单价,本文取1 000元/t。
案例机组对于耦合储热罐的系统整体电力平衡可表示为:
Sele,tPele,t
式中:Pele为机组发电功率,MW。
系统整体热平衡可表示为:
Sheat,t+PHST,C,t=Pheat,t+PHST,D,t
式中:PHST,C,tPHST,D,t分别为储热罐时刻t的充热量和放热量,MW;Pheat,t为机组时刻t抽汽热量,MW。
储热罐受最大设计功率约束,可表示为:
{PHST,C,tPHST,C,maxPHST,D,tPHST,D,max
式中:PHST,C,max为储热罐最大储热功率,MW;PHST,D,max为储热罐最大放热功率,MW。
由于罐内下布水盘与罐底有一定的距离,也为了保证储热罐连续运行,因此罐内剩余热量必须保证不能低于最低储热量[25]。罐内剩余热量可表示为:
{PHSG,net,t=ηHSG,C×PHST,C,tPHST,D,t/ηHSG,DPstore,t=Pstore,t1+PHSG,net,tPstore,tψPstore,max
式中:PHST,net,t为时刻t净储热量,MW;ηHSG,CηHSG,D分别为储热罐的储热效率、放热效率;Pstore,t为时刻t和上一时刻罐内剩余热量,MW‧h;ψ为储热罐最低储热量;Pstore,max为储热罐容量,MW‧h;下标tt–1表示时刻t和上一时刻。
机组在正常运行时必须处于运行安全区内。根据图2,机组运行安全区可表示为发电功率与抽汽热量之间的约束:
{Pele, t KABPheat,t+PAPele, t KBCPheat,tKBCPhmax+PBPele, t KCDPheat,t+PD
通常高峰时段之后即是低谷时段,此时要求机组从高负荷降到低负荷,以实现深度调峰。而机组不仅要满足运行安全区间,在此类负荷变化急剧的情况还应加入功率爬坡约束:
{Pele,tPele,t1RUePele,t1Pele,tRDePheat,tPheat,t1RUhPheat,t1Pheat,tRDh
式中:RUe和RDe分别为机组发电功率最大升负荷与降负荷速率,MW;RUh和RDh分别为机组抽汽热量最大升负荷与降负荷速率,MW。
煤耗是热电联产机组运行调度主要的运行成本,需要获得机组在不同工况下准确的煤耗。本节介绍了热电联产机组的变工况模型和煤耗计算方法,接着使用大数据从历史数据中筛选出稳态数据,修正变工况模型,使模型计算结果更接近实际机组。
为计算出不同电、热负荷下的煤耗量,首先需建立机组变工况模型。变工况下汽轮机各级蒸汽压力可由弗留格尔公式[26]求得:
MoMd=Pin,o2Pout,o2Pin,d2Pout,d2×Tin,dTin,o
式中:MdMo分别为设计工况和非设计工况下级组蒸汽流量,t/h;Pin,dPout,d分别为设计工况下机组进口、出口压力,MPa;Pin,oPout,o分别为非设计工况下机组进口、出口压力,MPa;Tin,dTin,o分别为设计工况和非设计工况下级组进口蒸汽温度,℃。
汽轮机各级实际出口蒸汽焓可由式(17)计算:
hout,o=hin,o(hin,ohin,t)×ηit
式中:hin,ohout,o分别为非设计工况下级组进口、出口蒸汽理想比焓,kJ/kg;hin,t为级组进口、出口蒸汽实际比焓,kJ/kg;ηit为级组的等熵效率。
机组发电功率Pe可表示为:
Pe=1i[Mi(hin,ihout,i)]ηmηg3600
式中:Pe为发电功率,MW;Mi为第i级级组通流蒸汽流量,t/h;hin,i、hout,i分别为第i级级组进、出口蒸汽焓,kJ/kg;ηmηg分别为机械效率、发电效率。
机组供热量Qh为:
Qh=Mcq×(hcqhss)3600
式中:Mcq为供热抽汽流量,t/h;hcq、hss分别为抽汽焓和疏水焓,kJ/kg。
热电联产机组标准煤耗量B为:
B=QbηbηpqLHV
式中:Qb为热耗量,kJ/h;ηbηp分别为锅炉效率和管道热效率,取0.93、0.99;qLHV为标准煤低位发热量,取29 271 kJ/kg。
其中热耗量Qb为:
Qb=Mo(hohfw)+Mrh(hrhhch)3600
式中:ho、hfwhrhhch分别为主蒸汽焓、给水焓、热再蒸汽焓、冷再蒸汽焓,kJ/kg;MoMrh分别为主蒸汽流量、再热蒸汽流量,t/h。
火电机组的运行是一个复杂多变的动态过程,具有多变量、非线性的特点。因此机组分散控制系统(DCS)数据中通常存在许多非稳态数据,这些数据增加了建模的难度,且建模的精确性难以保证。为使模型能够反映供暖季机组的实际运行特性,本节采用滑动窗口剔除整个供热季历史运行数据的坏值点和非正常点。
本文中数据剔除采用了滑动窗口的方法,该方法在信息数据处理方面得到了广泛运用,其原理是数据窗口的长度N+1保持不变,随着窗口的不断滑动,不断写入最新的数据,退出最早的数据,整体秉持先进先出机制。当窗口由第S个数据滑动到第S+1个数据时,第SN个数值相应退出窗口。通过计算窗口内数据标准差δ来判断第S+1个数据是否为正常运行值,若满足精度要求,则认为第S+1个数据是正常值;反之,则对窗口内存在的“坏点”进行处理,用计算的均值替代原值,提高数据准确度。
Δ=1x¯1N+1(xix¯)N
将波动较大的数据剔除并替换,仍存在部分不可信数据。因此利用大数据方法,选取部分清洗后的数据进行训练建模,剩余数据进行测试。若此时预测模型计算得到的机组发电功率P与历史功率数据Pt的误差不在允许范围内,则将通过机组变工况模型计算,找出不可信数据,并进行一定修正;若误差小于允许误差δ,则输出发电功率P并与此时供热量Qh计算得出标准煤耗量,大数据与机组变工况修正模型的流程如图3所示。
本文建立的系统运行调度模型,属于非线性规划模型,因此采用了Gurobi求解器进行求解,它是一个高性能的数学优化求解器,它能够对线性规划、非线性规划、整数规划、混合整数规划、二次规划等复杂模型快速求解,得到给定最优值间隙下的最优解。Gurobi求解器的优化步骤主要有:
1)添加决策变量。创建空白的的决策变量矩阵,并给定决策变量上下限。
2)设定目标函数。确定最优化问题,目标函数以F表示,当最优化问题为求解最大值时,使用函数MAXIMIZE,最小值时使用MINIMIZE。
3)添加约束条件。通过addConstr添加决策变量之间的约束条件,应注意避免约束条件之间冲突。
4)设定最优值间隙。最优值间隙为当前目标函数值与近似全局最优可行解之间的相对差,最优值间隙越小,优化结果越准确,但对于复杂问题的求解时间也将增加。
5)若最优值间隙小于设定值,则输出相应的目标函数值和相应的决策各变量值;若大于设定值,则继续进行求解,直至满足输出条件。
本文选取某超临界350 MW机组为案例机组,搭建该热电联产机组变工况计算模型,获得实际机组热电特性。机组主要技术参数见表1
本文所建立的耦合储热罐的热电联产系统以净收益最大为目标,需要在保证一定供热收益下,争取更高的发电收益、顶峰及调峰补偿收益。上网电价每日按阶梯电价实行,售热价格取0.087元/(kW‧h),补偿价格按西北地区电力辅助服务市场运营规则中报价下限执行,具体价格如图4表2所示。
供热季热电联产机组优先保证供热,不同月份供热量差异较大,对储热罐最佳容量与运行策略都会造成影响。因此本文基于案例机组整个供热季真实历史数据,将数据分为初期、高寒期与末期,并各取其中典型周的数据输入模型计算。2023年供热季机组供热量历史数据如图5所示,初期、末期热负荷相差较小,后续将二者统一为初末期。
为验证变工况数学模型的准确性,选取100%THA、75%THA、50%THA、30%THA工况进行仿真,将电功率仿真值与原始机组热平衡图设计值进行对比,对比结果见表3。由表3可见,仿真值与纯凝工况设计值相差较小,误差绝对值不超过0.9%。
将历史数据处理并修正后,将前2/3时刻的功率、主蒸汽、供暖抽汽参数及流量等输入到大数据模型中,计算后1/3时刻的发电功率,并与功率历史数据对比,具体如图6所示。由图6可看出,二者相对误差基本在5%以下,证明该模型精度较高,能较好地反映实际工况,可用于调度模型中煤耗成本计算。
以系统净收益最大为目标函数进行逐时优化计算,计算得到供热季初末期、高寒期典型周所需储热罐容量分别为2 286、1 620 MW∙h。高寒期储热罐容量较低的原因是机组最大供热能力是一定的,高寒期供热需求量越大,剩余给储热罐的储热量越少。因此储热罐容量取2 286 MW∙h,此时可满足整个供热季策略运行的需求。
高寒期储热罐主要在每天谷段10:00—18:00进行放热,在平段和部分峰段进行储热,具体如图7所示。在电价低谷时段,机组热电耦合导致最低发电功率较高,因此调峰压力大,若无储热罐放热分担部分热负荷,上网电量约220 MW,超过机组额定发电量的50%,将支付分摊费用。结合图7a)和图7b)来看,储热罐选择在谷段放热有效降低了最低发电功率;而高峰时段机组最大发电功率不高,约270 MW,若此时储热罐放热,只能增加部分高电价的售电收益,难以达到90%额定发电量,也就无法获得高峰时段的顶峰补偿,因此峰段并不是最佳的放热时间,甚至为了满足谷段放热量需求,还需要在部分峰段时间进行储热。
初末期储热罐与机组最优运行方式如图8所示。供热季初末期储热罐最优运行方式与高寒期有所不同,储热罐放热操作不仅发生在谷段,也发生在高峰时段;而储热操作高寒期相似,发生在平段00:00—07:00。由于初末期供热需求不高,储热罐辅助机组谷段深度调峰释放了约50%的热量,达到机组电负荷下限,此时调峰容量最大,上网电量最低。储热罐内剩余热量于高峰时段平均释放,用于提高机组最大发电功率,此时机组发电功率处于顶峰补偿范围内,最高可达到340 MW。
综上,本文在供热季高寒期、初末期2个时期充分发挥储热罐的灵活性,实现典型日内的精准调度,获得2个时期优化运行策略。此外,本文研究不局限于案例地区,同样适用于类似收益情况的地区。
为验证本文所提运行调度模型的合理性,本节在相同的电价与补偿价格等边界条件下,对同一时期热电联产机组系统有无储热罐场景下的最佳调度结果进行对比分析。
以初末期典型日为例,机组燃煤成本及各项收益如图9所示。由图9可知,耦合储热罐后,煤耗成本与售电收益降低,补偿收益提高。这是因为储热罐在储热过程中增加了热负荷,降低机组最大发电功率,同时放热过程有利于机组热电解耦,会降低最小发电功率并分担部分热负荷,使机组整体出力下降。故图9a)、图9b)中,储热煤耗成本和售电收益在平、谷时段都有明显的减少。高峰时段储热罐放热能够提高机组最大发电功率,因此前后2个高峰时段售电收益有所回升。此外,由上文可知,机组无储热时在低谷时段负荷无法降低至40%以下,该日内补偿收益仅有高峰时段0.41万元的少量顶峰补偿。而加入储热后,机组发电功率最高可达340 MW,最低降至90 MW,因此顶峰与深调补偿收益明显增加。
表4为初末期典型日配置储热罐前后热电联产机组各项经济参数对比。其中,供热量在调度模型中作为边界条件输入,因此同一时期配置储热罐后售热收益不变。根据上文配置储热罐后机组发电量减小主要发生在平价与低谷时段,此时上网电价分别为0.35、0.22元/(kW∙h),与机组单位发电成本接近,因此煤耗成本与售电收益几乎同步减小:售电收益减少了14.50万元,节煤获得15.86万元。此外配置储热罐后深调容量及顶峰容量明显增加,共增加补偿收益19.36万元,该典型日内增加收益20.31万元。本案例中整个供热季按前文所述的调度结果运行,计算得到每日增加收益如图10所示。
结合图5中供热历史数据可知,储热罐在热负荷较低的初末期较高寒期可获得更高收益,因此热负荷的大小是影响配置储热罐经济效益的主要因素。本案例选取储热罐容量为2 286 MW∙h,投资成本约为11 034万元,按前文所述的优化结果运行,可得到一个供热季利润增加量为2 113万元,静态回收周期为5.22年。
常规燃煤火电机组受最低稳燃负荷、汽轮机最大进汽流量等因素限制,其负荷调节范围较窄,深度调峰与顶峰能力有限。此外,在构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统的新形势下,增加储热技术已成为实现碳减排、增加火电企业盈利的重要手段。为此,本文建立了考虑辅助服务收益的耦合储热罐的热电联产机组运行调度模型,以系统净收益最大为目标函数,主要结论如下。
1)在分时电价与辅助服务的背景下,建立了配置储热罐的热电联产机组的运行调度模型。对案例电厂供暖季进行调度优化。优化结果中储热罐运行趋向于平段储热;谷段释热以降低谷段机组煤耗量,同时获得辅助服务收益;峰段释热以获得高电价售电收益及顶峰收益。
2)在本案例中,储热罐有效发挥了“削峰填谷”的作用,解决了热电联产机组顶峰与深调能力不足的问题,系统运行灵活性得到改善。
3)配置储热罐后增加利润主要由补偿收益构成,而煤耗成本与售电收益几乎同步减小。热负荷的大小是影响配置储热罐经济效益的主要因素,热负荷越小越有利于储热罐的经济效益。配置储热罐后一个供热季可增加收益2 113万元,有效提高了系统经济性。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202409200
  • 接收时间:2024-09-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-05
基金
Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51821004)
国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目(51821004)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
    2.华北电力科学研究院有限责任公司,北京 100045

通讯作者:

徐钢(1978),男,教授,主要研究方向为能源系统集成、大数据分析与智能优化等,
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202409200
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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