Article(id=1236596129018729017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202410257, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729440000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772757092003, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772757092003, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772757092003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772757092003, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236596124832821317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772757091004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772757664851, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236598531780309922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236598531780309923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=148, endPage=156, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236596129425576512, articleId=1236596129018729017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical study on dynamic sedimentation characteristics of ash particles in baghouse filter devices and its influence on sedimentary layer, columnId=1236596125684265033, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The porous media methodology is used to describe the filter bags and their surface ash layer seepage flow. On this basis, the discrete particle model (DPM), as implemented in Fluent software, is employed to simulate the dynamics of dust particles movement and deposition in a baghouse filter. The effects of dust particle size on evolving morphology of the cake on the filter bags are investigated, and the influence of additional resistance of the filter cake on subsequent ash particle deposition is explored. The results show that, when the duration of dust removal is sufficiently long, the cake thickness and pressure loss in the baghouse filter increase in a linear fashion over time. For a constant dust mass flow rate, the pressure loss becomes higher with smaller dust particles. The smaller ash particles are transported more effectively by the upward airflow to the top of the vertical filter bag, whereas the larger particles, due to their weight, tend to settle in the middle area. This results in significant differences in the distribution of cake thickness. In contrast to conventional algorithms that neglect cake resistance, the proposed model, which incorporates this resistance through advanced development in commercial software, predicts a more uniform distribution of dust thickness, which is more consistent with the actual situations. This conclusion can provide references for improving the operational efficiency of baghouse filters.

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在使用多孔介质方法描述滤袋及其表面灰层渗流的基础上,借助Fluent软件的DPM模型模拟布袋除尘器内灰粒运动和沉积行为,研究灰粒尺寸对滤袋表面滤饼动态形貌的影响,并探求滤饼附加阻力对后续灰粒沉积的影响。结果表明:1)除尘时间足够长时,灰层厚度和除尘器压力损失近似随时间线性增加,在灰粒质量流量不变条件下,灰粒尺寸越小,压力损失越大;2)小直径灰粒跟随性好,容易被上升气流携带至竖直滤袋尾(顶)部,而大灰粒重力较大,大量集中在滤袋中部区域,两者灰层厚度分布有显著差异;3)与传统忽略灰层阻力的算法相比,该模型通过商业软件二次开发考虑灰层附加阻力后,预测的灰尘厚度分布更为均匀,这与实际情况更为一致。该结论可以为改善布袋除尘器性能提供参考。

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游永华(1974),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为强化传热传质技术,
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吴嘉俊(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为气固两相流技术,

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吴嘉俊(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为气固两相流技术,

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布袋除尘器内灰粒动态沉积特性及对沉积层影响的数值研究
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吴嘉俊 1 , 游永华 1, 2 , 毛汉林 1 , 易正明 1, 2
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025,54(5): 148-156
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025, 54(5): 148-156
布袋除尘器内灰粒动态沉积特性及对沉积层影响的数值研究
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吴嘉俊1 , 游永华1, 2 , 毛汉林1, 易正明1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.武汉科技大学钢铁冶金及资源利用省部共建教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430081
  • 2.武汉科技大学耐火材料与冶金国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430081
  • 吴嘉俊(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为气固两相流技术,

通讯作者:

游永华(1974),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为强化传热传质技术,
Numerical study on dynamic sedimentation characteristics of ash particles in baghouse filter devices and its influence on sedimentary layer
Jiajun WU1 , Yonghua YOU1, 2 , Hanlin MAO1, Zhengming YI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410257
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在使用多孔介质方法描述滤袋及其表面灰层渗流的基础上,借助Fluent软件的DPM模型模拟布袋除尘器内灰粒运动和沉积行为,研究灰粒尺寸对滤袋表面滤饼动态形貌的影响,并探求滤饼附加阻力对后续灰粒沉积的影响。结果表明:1)除尘时间足够长时,灰层厚度和除尘器压力损失近似随时间线性增加,在灰粒质量流量不变条件下,灰粒尺寸越小,压力损失越大;2)小直径灰粒跟随性好,容易被上升气流携带至竖直滤袋尾(顶)部,而大灰粒重力较大,大量集中在滤袋中部区域,两者灰层厚度分布有显著差异;3)与传统忽略灰层阻力的算法相比,该模型通过商业软件二次开发考虑灰层附加阻力后,预测的灰尘厚度分布更为均匀,这与实际情况更为一致。该结论可以为改善布袋除尘器性能提供参考。

布袋除尘器  /  DPM模型  /  颗粒运动  /  滤饼阻力

The porous media methodology is used to describe the filter bags and their surface ash layer seepage flow. On this basis, the discrete particle model (DPM), as implemented in Fluent software, is employed to simulate the dynamics of dust particles movement and deposition in a baghouse filter. The effects of dust particle size on evolving morphology of the cake on the filter bags are investigated, and the influence of additional resistance of the filter cake on subsequent ash particle deposition is explored. The results show that, when the duration of dust removal is sufficiently long, the cake thickness and pressure loss in the baghouse filter increase in a linear fashion over time. For a constant dust mass flow rate, the pressure loss becomes higher with smaller dust particles. The smaller ash particles are transported more effectively by the upward airflow to the top of the vertical filter bag, whereas the larger particles, due to their weight, tend to settle in the middle area. This results in significant differences in the distribution of cake thickness. In contrast to conventional algorithms that neglect cake resistance, the proposed model, which incorporates this resistance through advanced development in commercial software, predicts a more uniform distribution of dust thickness, which is more consistent with the actual situations. This conclusion can provide references for improving the operational efficiency of baghouse filters.

baghouse filter  /  DPM model  /  particle motion  /  filter cake resistance
吴嘉俊, 游永华, 毛汉林, 易正明. 布袋除尘器内灰粒动态沉积特性及对沉积层影响的数值研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (5) : 148 -156 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410257
Jiajun WU, Yonghua YOU, Hanlin MAO, Zhengming YI. Numerical study on dynamic sedimentation characteristics of ash particles in baghouse filter devices and its influence on sedimentary layer[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (5) : 148 -156 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410257
布袋除尘器是一种干式滤尘装置,具有结构简单、除尘效率高、排放浓度稳定等特点,广泛用于高炉煤气、脱硫烟气等领域[1-2]。由于布袋除尘器内的流场情况复杂,灰尘吸附率低,滤袋表面分布不均匀等现象时常发生,这会导致气体粉尘排放超标、滤袋破损等问题,影响滤袋使用寿命[3-6]。为此,国内外学者通过数值模拟和实验来研究布袋除尘器内流场的均匀性,并尝试对除尘器结构进行改进。如,杨征[7]对某钢厂的布袋除尘器进行数值模拟分析,发现进风口位置影响除尘效率,模型优化后提高了除尘器内流场均匀性,有利于提高除尘效率;宁波等[8]对除尘器内部流场进行数值模拟,发现安装导流板可以使两侧风管风量均匀;李少华等[9]对大型袋式除尘设备进行了数值模拟,发现在进口处添加导流板可以对射流进行分流,可以使袋室内气流分布更均匀,进而提高滤袋使用寿命及设备除尘效率;高广德等[10]运用数值模拟技术对比研究直管式和四棱台式进口的下进风式布袋除尘器,发现四棱台式进口能减弱进口射流强度,使除尘器内部气流分布较为均匀;谢铮胜等[11]采用改变烟道形状和支管的连接方式、设置导流板等措施来优化除尘器入口气流组织,并进行了数值模拟。
灰尘运行轨迹及其沉积特性是布袋除尘器研究的另一个热点。Aroussi等人[12]研究了灰尘沉积过程和滤饼形成的影响因素,不过并没有研究灰尘运动轨迹和分布规律;Saleem等人[13-15]对滤袋表面滤饼形成过程和滤饼阻力进行了大量实验,研究过滤速度、灰尘含量、过滤介质阻力等的影响;丁倩倩等[16]通过除尘器内部流场数值模拟,对比研究了不同长度滤袋的过滤速度及过滤阻力,为优化提高袋式除尘器的除尘效率提供依据。
通过计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics ,CFD)计算研究粉尘颗粒在除尘内部的运行情况。如毛锐等[17]对布袋除尘器气固两相流进行数值模拟,发现原型除尘器左侧布袋受到高速颗粒冲刷磨损严重,为此提出采用新型混合式导流板。高晖等[18]提出扩大进风管直径和在下箱体中布置钝体来解决某显像管厂袋式除尘器尾部滤袋工作寿命过短的问题,并使用Fluent软件对原型和改进型袋式除尘器进行了数值模拟,采用双向耦合拉格朗日方法跟踪颗粒轨迹,计算平均沉积率。值得指出,他们将过滤介质表面和出口设为逃逸边界条件,因而未能模拟颗粒沉积厚度。众所周知,粉尘在滤袋表面形成的滤饼会对后续流场和粉尘沉积造成影响,这意味着要准确模拟布袋除尘器内粉尘运动和沉积行为,需要动态仿真粉尘层的形成过程,并将粉尘层附加阻力施加给流场,相关研究鲜有报道。
本文采用Fluent软件中的离散相模型对布袋除尘器内不同直径灰粒运动和动态堆积行为进行数值模拟研究,并且对比分析了滤饼阻力对后续滤袋渗流和灰粒沉积均匀性的影响。为了描述滤袋表面滤饼厚度动态变化及其诱导流动阻力,对Fluent软件进行了二次开发。
工业布袋除尘器通常设备尺寸较大,学者常提取单元结构进行实验和数值模拟研究。某小型立式布袋除尘器内部设置有3排布袋,每排2个布袋,单个布袋过滤面积约为1.5 m2[14]。本文利用单个布袋结构对称的特点,提取单个布袋的1/8及周围流体作为除尘器单元结构进行模拟,结果如图1a)所示。该单元结构竖直布置,长280 mm,宽280 mm,高9 000 mm。滤袋采用厚度2.2 mm的针刺聚酯纤维无纺布,滤筒长3 000 mm,外径160 mm。滤袋底部设有盖板,盖板与烟气进口间隔3 000 mm,滤袋顶部(尾部)设有隔板,将过滤前后气流隔开。隔板距盖板的间距等于滤袋长度为3 000 mm。工作时,含尘烟气从底部进口进入除尘器,在滤袋区横穿滤布时,其中灰尘粒被滤布捕集形成滤饼,离开滤筒的清洁烟气向上运动,从排气口流出。
由于灰粒体积分数小于10%,故选用拉格朗日离散相模型(discrete phase model,DPM)对主相烟气和离散相灰粒进行数值模拟。
假设烟气为不可压缩流体,支配其流动的质量和动量守恒方程为:
ρt+(ρu)=0
ρ[ut+(u)u]=p+μeff2u+ρg+S1+S2
式中:ρ为流体密度;t为时间;u为流体速度;p为压力;μeff为流体有效黏度,等于层流黏度和湍流黏度之和,后者用Realizable k-ε湍流模型计算;g为重力加速度。
滤袋和滤饼层均假设为各向同性多孔介质,它们诱导的流动阻力分别用式(2)的源项S1S2表示。这2个源项均由黏性阻力损失和惯性阻力损失两部分组成,对于i方向的分量,可用式(3)计算。
Si=μαui+12C2ρ|u|ui
式中:μ为流体层流黏度;αC2分别为渗透率和惯性阻力系数,对于滤袋分别取4.3×10–11 m2和1.0×107 m–1[19]
滤饼层阻力特性满足Ergun方程[20-22],其αC2分别用式(4)和式(5)计算。
α=Dp2150ε3(1ε)2
C2=3.5Dp(1ε)ε3
式中:Dp为灰粒直径;ε为滤饼孔隙率。
假设灰粒为球形颗粒,模拟时忽略灰粒间相互作用,但考虑灰粒与烟气之间动量交换。由于烟气密度远低于灰粒,忽略灰粒旋转运动,另外,为减少计算量,不计颗粒受到的虚拟质量力、热泳力等附加作用力,仅考虑灰粒重力和流体曳力[23]。通过对力平衡方程积分预测灰粒运动轨迹,在拉格朗日坐标系下,该力平衡方程为:
dupdt=FD(uup)+g(ρpρ)ρp
式中:ρpup分别为灰粒密度和速度;FD(u-up)为单位质量灰粒所受曳力,其中FD由式(7)得到。
FD=18μρpDp2CDRe24
Re=ρDp|upu|μ
式中:Re为相对雷诺数;CD为曳力系数,与Re有关[24]
假设滤袋表面灰粒沉积层的孔隙率不随时间变化,单个时间步的沉积层厚度增量为:
Δi=miρpAi(1ε)
式中:Aimi分别为滤袋第i单元表面积和单个时间步捕捉的总颗粒质量。将δi对时间求和即得到不同运行时间内滤袋表面各处的堆积厚度。
除尘器出口处压力设为0,故除尘器压力损失Δp等于除尘器进口压力:
Δp=pin
除尘器单元结构底部进口设为烟气速度进口边界条件,数值为8.18×10–2 m/s,对应滤袋平均过滤速度vf为1 m/min[19],单元结构侧面设为对称边界,顶部出口应用压力出口边界条件。滤布区设为多孔介质,并设置渗透率和惯性阻力系数等。对于离散相,灰粒以颗粒包的形式喷入除尘器,灰粒密度ρp为900 kg/m3,不同粒径灰粒的质量流量相同,为1.4×10–7 kg/s,这意味着不同种类灰粒总数不相等,但在相同时间内灰层沉积厚度基本一致。所有边界均为反弹边界条件,但滤袋表面应用捕捉边界条件,即颗粒到达滤袋处将被捕获。
数值模拟采用ANSYS Fluent软件。模拟时,将布袋设为多孔介质,激活离散相模型,设置相关参数。数值方法采用基于压力的分离式求解器,压力-速度耦合采用SIMPLE算法。图2为数值模拟的流程。为模拟滤饼动态变化及其对后续流场和颗粒沉积的影响,对Fluent软件二次开发,即借助DEFINE_ ADJUST、DEFINE_DPM_SCALAR_ UPDATE和DEFINE_SOURCE等宏获取各时间步内滤袋捕捉的灰粒质量等参数,计算灰尘堆积厚度及其诱导的局部阻力,并加载到烟气动量守恒方程中进行迭代。
为验证网格无关性,分别使用15万、20万、30万、48万、100万网格对烟气稳态单向流动进行数值模拟。结果表明,20万和30万网格模型计算收敛时入口压力相差最大不超过1.7%。采用0.02、0.10、0.50、1.00 s 4种时间步长进行对比,结果表明,时间步长为0.02 s时计算量过大,1.00 s时流场容易发散,0.10 s与0.50 s计算结果差别不大。综合考虑,后续计算使用20万网格和0.50 s时间步长。
Park等人[19]实验了各种长度滤袋在不同过滤速度下的压力损失。本文采用上述单元结构模型对该实验进行单向流数值模拟,计算的压力损失与实验值的平均误差为10%;后续灰粒沉积多相流模拟将采用3 m长滤袋和1 m/min过滤速度,其单向流模拟压力损失与实验值误差仅1%。此外,Saleem等人[14,25]在通过实验研究滤饼形成过程中除尘器压力损失,其动态变化规律与本文数值模拟结果一致,即滤饼厚度和除尘器压力损失均随除尘的进行不断增加。通过上述分析,本文模型精度满足后续研究。
受烟气湍流影响,灰粒的运动和沉积具有随机性。为了便于分析灰粒在滤袋表面的动态沉积行为,定义灰粒沉积率w为单个时间步内灰粒沉积数量mp与喷射数量的比值m0[26],即:
w=mpm0
图3以粒径20 μm的灰粒为例给出了滤袋表面灰粒沉积率动态变化情况。由于灰粒运动到滤袋区需要一定时间,沉积曲线有一段数值为0的起始段。
随着烟气携带灰粒不断进入除尘器,滤袋区灰粒数量不断增加,越来越多灰粒被滤袋所捕集,滤袋区灰粒数量增加得越来越慢,因此滤袋表面灰粒沉积速率随时间不断增加,但是增加速度逐渐减慢。当除尘过程足够长时间后,灰粒充满整个滤袋区,沉积速度达到最大值,此时进入除尘器的灰粒数量近似等于在滤袋表面沉积的数量。图3中灰粒沉积率随时间激烈变化,是因为烟气湍流施加给灰粒的流体曳力随时间无规则脉动,导致灰粒运动具有随机性。值得指出,灰粒重力需要烟气曳力加以平衡,当某些灰粒曳力不足以平衡重力时将下落,并从进口逃逸出去,这导致沉积率均值略小于1。
灰粒直径越大,其随机速度的惯性越显著,这不利于滤袋对其平稳捕集。为了验证这一点,对粒径10 μm和40 μm灰粒的动态沉积行为进行模拟。结果表明:在稳定沉积条件下,10 μm灰粒沉积率平均值为0.984,偏离平均值的方差为5.9×10–3,与20 μm灰粒相当;40 μm灰粒沉积率平均值为0.958,偏离平均值的方差为15.4×10–3,显著高于10 μm和20 μm灰粒。另外,在不考虑滤饼阻力情况下模拟了灰粒动态沉积情况,对于40 μm灰粒,其沉积率偏离平均值的方差为18.2×10–3,大于考虑滤饼阻力的计算结果,这表明滤饼阻力会使灰粒沉积更加均匀。
为进一步分析不同直径灰粒运动情况,图4给出了它们在除尘器内部的停留时间。由图4可见:当灰粒较小时(Dp=10 μm),灰粒很好地跟随气流运动到滤袋尾部,并在尾部长时间停留,这有助于滤袋尾部表面捕集灰粒;中等灰粒(Dp=20 μm)也能随气流运动到滤袋尾部,不过灰粒重力比小灰粒大,在尾部聚集区范围也比小灰粒大且整体位置下移(左移,图4b));大灰粒(Dp=40 μm)比较重,难以随气流一起到达并长时间停留在滤袋尾部,它们会随烟气上升然后自滤袋尾部下落(图4c))。在这过程中,滤袋中前部烟气过滤量较少,具有较大流速,能提供较大曳力,有助于大灰粒停留。
除尘器内灰粒运动比较复杂,滤袋表面灰粒沉积厚度随时间和空间发生变化。图5给出了不同粒径灰粒沉积层轴向轮廓线随时间的变化情况。为减少灰粒周向沉积不均的影响,对滤袋表面周向计算单元的沉积厚度进行了平均处理。值得指出,图5各曲线的灰粒质量流量相同,因而同一时刻不同灰粒的堆积厚度差异不大。
图5a)可见,小灰粒(Dp=10 μm)跟随性良好,很容易随气流运动到滤袋尾部,不过运动到滤袋尾部需要一定的时间,这会减少滤袋尾部灰粒有效沉积时间,导致该区域沉积厚度较小,特别是除尘时间较短时(t<200 s)。另一方面,由于大量小灰粒随烟气运行到滤袋尾部,滤袋尾部的沉积厚度随着除尘的进行而迅速增加,当除尘时间到400 s时,滤袋尾部沉积厚度已经与其余区域平齐;继续除尘200 s后,滤袋尾部特别是末端沉积厚度进一步快速增加,这种现象进一步证实大量小灰粒随烟气运动到滤袋尾部,另外,由于滤袋末端灰粒沉积层厚度急剧增加,开始影响数值模拟的稳定性;继续模拟小灰粒沉积时间到800 s,滤袋尾部和末端沉积厚度继续快速上升,其他区域沉积层厚度也有一定程度增加,但是增加幅度存在差距,导致灰粒堆积厚度曲线呈现锯齿状的特征。此后,由于小灰粒的跟随性好,导致滤袋尾部堆积厚度增速过快,堆积厚度相当大且堆积不均匀,使得多相流模拟收敛困难,故图5a)中未提供t=1 000 s时的灰粒沉积厚度曲线。
在除尘时间较短时(t<200 s),中等粒径灰粒(Dp=20 μm)轴向轮廓线(图5b))也呈现滤袋尾部沉积厚度低于其他部位的特征。另外,中等灰粒也能跟随气流运动到滤袋尾部沉积,但由于重力较大,沉积集中区位置较小灰粒有所下移,这导致除尘进行到400 s时,中等灰粒的滤袋尾部沉积厚度追平上游其他区域,且在尾部某个位置形成局部凸起。在随后的除尘过程中,该凸起处的沉积厚度增速基本与其他区域相同,因而中等灰粒沉积层轮廓没有急剧变化,这有助于流场迭代的数值稳定。值得指出,中等灰粒并不总能随气流达到滤袋末端,滤袋末端灰粒沉积厚度总是小于其他区域。
大灰粒(Dp=40 μm)跟踪性能不佳,难以随气流到达滤袋末端,因此,即便经过长时间除尘,大灰粒在滤袋末端的沉积厚度几乎为0。另外,与中、小灰粒类似,在除尘时间较短时,滤袋尾部大灰粒沉积厚度小于其他位置,但运行到400 s时,尾部沉积厚度已经和其上游持平,运行到600 s时甚至超过滤袋上游表面的沉积厚度(图5c))。值得指出,当滤袋尾部沉积厚度超过其上游表面后,由于局部沉积层阻力小较多烟气流过滤袋上游表面,促进了滤袋上游表面的灰粒沉积,这通过比较除尘时间800 s和1 000 s灰粒沉积厚度曲线可知。该现象证明滤袋阻力增加有助于灰粒沉积层厚度更加均匀。
为研究灰粒动态堆积对除尘器烟气流动阻力的影响,分别在考虑和不考虑滤袋表面滤饼阻力2种算法下模拟布袋除尘过程。鉴于灰粒直径对颗粒运动和沉积行为有很大影响,数值模拟时采用了10、20、40 μm 3种粒径的灰粒。除尘器工作10~30 min后会进行反吹清灰操作[27-28],设定除尘器持续运行1 000 s,此时滤袋已累积相当厚的灰尘,计算得到容尘量约为190 g/m2
图6展示了本文模拟不同灰粒的除尘器压力损失Δp随时间变化情况。可以看出,不考虑滤饼阻力时,Δp(约为22.8 Pa)主要由烟气横穿滤袋的渗滤阻力所决定,几乎不随时间变化。考虑滤饼阻力时,Δp随时间不断增大,前200 s,Δp增加较慢,随后Δp加速增大,最后Δp随时间线性增加。出现该现象的原因为:除尘时间较短时,进入除尘器的灰粒数量相当少,且大部分未运动到滤袋区,滤饼厚度和滤饼阻力几乎为零,但由于灰粒对流体运动具有阻碍作用且其数量逐渐增多,故该阶段压力损失随时间有少量增加;当除尘时间较长时,除尘器内部灰粒比较多,滤袋表面则形成滤饼,两者均会增加流动阻力,此时除尘器内部灰粒还在增加,滤饼厚度及其诱导的流动阻力均随时间加速增加;除尘足够长时间后,滤饼厚度增加速度不再变化,其诱导的附加阻力随时间线性增加。
对比图4中压力损失可知,小灰粒条件下的除尘器压力损失较大,且随时间快速增加。这种现象与小灰粒滤饼的附加阻力有关,即根据欧根公式(式(3)—式(5)),微米级灰粒滤饼黏性阻力远大于惯性阻力,且随灰粒直径减小而快速增加。
为研究滤饼阻力对灰粒沉积特性的影响,作者分别在考虑和不考虑滤饼的阻力条件下仿真粒径40 μm灰粒在布袋除尘器内的除尘过程。2种算法得到烟气横穿滤袋的沉积情况分别如图7所示,其中横轴代表轴向位移,竖轴s代表滤袋沿滤筒周向展开长度即扇形弧长,且底边(s=0)代表xoz面与滤袋的交线(图1a))。
图7可见,滤袋中部存在较大堆积厚度区域,在不考虑滤饼阻力情况下,灰粒沉积厚度分布不均匀。这是由于:对于xoz面附近的滤袋表面,其轴向中部区域的沉积量比较大,这与烟气流进入滤袋区前改向和大灰粒有较大惯性有关,即烟气进入滤袋区前受到盖板阻挡,携带灰粒一起向外偏转,它们碰到外侧边界后,再次偏转,指向滤袋,虽然气流受滤袋阻碍朝尾部运动,但粒径40 μm的灰粒有较大惯性,它克服流体力作用,向滤袋运动,进而大量沉积在滤袋中部某个区域。离xoz面较远的滤袋表面与前者有显著差异,其附近的烟气流动空间较大,烟气受挡板阻挡后偏转的影响不是那么强烈,另外在离xoz面较远的区域,烟气流速较大,更能携带灰粒一起向滤袋尾部运动,因而尾部沉积厚度较大。
比较图7a)和图7b)可知,考虑滤饼阻力的滤袋表面灰粒沉积更均匀。这是因为如前所述,沉积层较厚区域产生了较大的滤饼附加阻力,迫使烟气流向沉积层较薄的区域,进而促进沉积较少的滤袋表面对灰粒的捕集。
为了验证上述假设,图8给出了考虑和不考虑滤饼阻力条件下计算的横穿滤袋流体的过滤速度云图。显然,在考虑滤饼阻力时,灰粒沉积较厚的地方流体过滤速度较小,这将减慢该区域后续灰粒的沉积;与之相反,灰粒沉积厚度较小的滤袋表面过滤速度较大,后续滤袋捕集灰粒数量较多,因此滤袋表面灰层厚度分布将随着除尘过程趋于均匀。值得指出,考虑和未考虑滤饼阻力算法都预测尾部过滤速度比其他区域大,但后者明显低估滤袋尾部的过滤速度。我们通过用户自定义函数(user defined function,UDF)提取了2种条件下滤袋表面网格单元的过滤速度,对滤袋尾部区域(x=5.5~6.0 m)的过滤速度取平均值,经计算,考虑阻力时平均过滤速度为3.17 m/min,不考虑阻力时平均过滤速度为2.60 m/min,后者约小18%,这可能导致滤袋因设计强度不足而破损。
本文在对Fluent软件二次开发的基础上,建立了布袋除尘器内灰粒运动和沉积的数值模型,并仿真了不同直径灰粒在某除尘器内的除尘情况,同时研究了滤饼对后续灰粒运动和沉积的反作用。本模拟可为改善布袋除尘器除尘性能和减少灰尘排放等工作提供参考。主要结论如下。
1)布袋除尘器压力损失受灰粒沉积影响显著。除尘时间足够长时,灰粒沉积厚度和除尘器压力损失均随时间近似线性增长。另外,灰粒直径越小,压力损失越大,随时间增加也越快。
2)灰粒沉积率会随时间动态变化。在除尘初始阶段,沉积率经过一段空白区,然后快速增加,达到动态平衡后,沉积率接近1。此外,灰粒直径越大,沉积率相对偏差越大,灰粒沉积波动越显著。
3)小直径灰粒跟随性好,容易被流体带至滤袋尾部,导致滤袋末端表面灰粒层厚度远大于其余位置。大直径灰粒受重力影响更大,难以被流体携带至滤袋尾部,因而堆积在滤袋中部。另外,周向烟气流速差异也会影响灰粒在滤袋表面的沉积,远离外边界的滤袋表面附近烟气流速较快,导致较多颗粒运动到滤袋尾部沉积。
4)滤饼会显著影响后续滤袋过滤速度和灰粒沉积速率,即局部沉积层较厚的滤袋区产生较大的附加阻力,迫使大量流体流向沉积厚度较小的滤袋表面,这将加速灰粒在薄沉积表面的沉积,进而使得滤袋表面灰尘厚度空间分布更加均匀。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(12072245)
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2025年第54卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410257
  • 接收时间:2024-10-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-21
基金
General Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(12072245)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(12072245)
作者信息
    1.武汉科技大学钢铁冶金及资源利用省部共建教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430081
    2.武汉科技大学耐火材料与冶金国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430081

通讯作者:

游永华(1974),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为强化传热传质技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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