Article(id=1236596128196645426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202411236, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731859200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772757091806, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772757091806, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772757091806, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772757091806, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236596124832821317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772757091004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772757664851, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236598531780309922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236598531780309923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=82, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236596128532189748, articleId=1236596128196645426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Simulation study on dynamic characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide/lead-bismuth coupled heat exchanger, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the effect of inlet temperature and flow step changes on dynamic performance of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2)/lead-bismuth coupled heat exchanger, a segmental model was established for numerical simulations. Based on the simulation results, a transfer function model was developed and validated to quantitatively assess the effect of inlet step disturbances on the cold-side outlet temperature. The results show that, under inlet temperature step disturbances, the heat exchanger responds quickly, but the temperature field changes with a smaller amplitude. The time constant for the temperature step change at the hot-side inlet is 22.1 s. When the cold-side inlet temperature decreases by 50 K, the temperature at the midpoint of the heat exchanger only drops from 795.23 K to 793.17 K. Under flow step disturbances, the heat exchanger responds with a delay, but the temperature field changes with a larger amplitude. The time constant for the cold-side inlet flow step change is 30.08 s. When the cold-side flow increases to 0.002 kg/s, the temperature at the midpoint of the heat exchanger drops from 795.23 K to 779.08 K. The transfer function established in this study shows good agreement with the results from the segmental model. The findings provide useful insights for the operational strategy of intermediate heat exchangers in the S-CO2 power cycle and the lead-bismuth fast reactor coupling system.

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为研究入口温度、流量阶跃变化对超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)/铅铋耦合换热器动态性能的影响,通过建立换热器分段模型开展了数值模拟工作,基于仿真结果建立并验证了传递函数模型,定量掌握入口阶跃扰动对冷侧出口温度的影响作用。结果表明:入口温度阶跃扰动下,换热器响应迅速但温度场变化幅度较小,热侧入口温度阶跃变化的时间常数为22.1 s,当冷侧入口温度降低50 K时,换热器中点热侧温度仅从795.23 K降至793.17 K;流量阶跃扰动下,换热器响应滞后但温度场变化幅度更大,冷侧入口流量阶跃变化的时间常数为30.08 s,当冷侧流量增加至0.002 kg/s时,换热器中点热侧温度由795.23 K降至779.08 K。所建立传递函数的计算结果与分段模型模拟值吻合性较好,所得结论对于S-CO2动力循环与铅铋快堆耦合系统中间换热器的运行策略具有一定参考意义。

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李红智(1983),男,研究员,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化循环发电技术,
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倪依柯(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳换热技术,

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倪依柯(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳换热技术,

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Verification of the independence between microelement length and time step size

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dL/mmt/s
0.020.050.100.20
5301.30301.08301.30301.31
10302.25302.87302.58302.24
27299.30299.36299.36299.36
), ArticleFig(id=1236610624575304425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596128196645426, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微元长度与时间步长无关性验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
dL/mmt/s
0.020.050.100.20
5301.30301.08301.30301.31
10302.25302.87302.58302.24
27299.30299.36299.36299.36
), ArticleFig(id=1236610624692744942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596128196645426, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Entrance boundary conditions for model validation

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项目入口温度/℃入口压力/MPa
热侧453.707.60
冷侧115.6020.20
), ArticleFig(id=1236610624785019631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596128196645426, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模型验证入口边界参数

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项目入口温度/℃入口压力/MPa
热侧453.707.60
冷侧115.6020.20
), ArticleFig(id=1236610624889877237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596128196645426, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Model validation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目本文模型参考值相对误差
热侧出口/℃295.39281.674.9%
冷侧出口/℃232.71248.066.2%
热侧压损/kPa26.6826.321.4%
冷侧压损/kPa7.517.854.3%
), ArticleFig(id=1236610625003123449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596128196645426, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模型验证结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目本文模型参考值相对误差
热侧出口/℃295.39281.674.9%
冷侧出口/℃232.71248.066.2%
热侧压损/kPa26.6826.321.4%
冷侧压损/kPa7.517.854.3%
), ArticleFig(id=1236610625099592444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596128196645426, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Pressure drop at different inlet temperatures

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冷侧入口温度/K650700750
冷侧压降/kPa7.037.327.60
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不同入口温度条件下压降对比

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冷侧入口温度/K650700750
冷侧压降/kPa7.037.327.60
), ArticleFig(id=1236610625393193736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596128196645426, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Pressure drops at different inlet flow rates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷侧流量/(kg·s–1)0. 0010. 0020. 0030. 005
冷侧压降/kPa7. 3224. 0748. 78108. 88
), ArticleFig(id=1236610625539994379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596128196645426, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同入口流量条件下压降对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷侧流量/(kg·s–1)0. 0010. 0020. 0030. 005
冷侧压降/kPa7. 3224. 0748. 78108. 88
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超临界二氧化碳/铅铋耦合换热器动态特性模拟
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倪依柯 , 李红智 , 杨玉 , 张一帆 , 吴家荣 , 吴帅帅 , 韩煜航
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(5): 82-91
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(5): 82-91
超临界二氧化碳/铅铋耦合换热器动态特性模拟
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倪依柯 , 李红智 , 杨玉, 张一帆, 吴家荣, 吴帅帅, 韩煜航
作者信息
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 倪依柯(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化碳换热技术,

通讯作者:

李红智(1983),男,研究员,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化循环发电技术,
Simulation study on dynamic characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide/lead-bismuth coupled heat exchanger
Yike NI , Hongzhi LI , Yu YANG, Yifan ZHANG, Jiarong WU, Shuaishuai WU, Yuhang HAN
Affiliations
  • Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co Ltd, Xi’an, 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411236
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为研究入口温度、流量阶跃变化对超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)/铅铋耦合换热器动态性能的影响,通过建立换热器分段模型开展了数值模拟工作,基于仿真结果建立并验证了传递函数模型,定量掌握入口阶跃扰动对冷侧出口温度的影响作用。结果表明:入口温度阶跃扰动下,换热器响应迅速但温度场变化幅度较小,热侧入口温度阶跃变化的时间常数为22.1 s,当冷侧入口温度降低50 K时,换热器中点热侧温度仅从795.23 K降至793.17 K;流量阶跃扰动下,换热器响应滞后但温度场变化幅度更大,冷侧入口流量阶跃变化的时间常数为30.08 s,当冷侧流量增加至0.002 kg/s时,换热器中点热侧温度由795.23 K降至779.08 K。所建立传递函数的计算结果与分段模型模拟值吻合性较好,所得结论对于S-CO2动力循环与铅铋快堆耦合系统中间换热器的运行策略具有一定参考意义。

印刷电路板换热器  /  超临界二氧化碳  /  动态响应  /  传递函数

To study the effect of inlet temperature and flow step changes on dynamic performance of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2)/lead-bismuth coupled heat exchanger, a segmental model was established for numerical simulations. Based on the simulation results, a transfer function model was developed and validated to quantitatively assess the effect of inlet step disturbances on the cold-side outlet temperature. The results show that, under inlet temperature step disturbances, the heat exchanger responds quickly, but the temperature field changes with a smaller amplitude. The time constant for the temperature step change at the hot-side inlet is 22.1 s. When the cold-side inlet temperature decreases by 50 K, the temperature at the midpoint of the heat exchanger only drops from 795.23 K to 793.17 K. Under flow step disturbances, the heat exchanger responds with a delay, but the temperature field changes with a larger amplitude. The time constant for the cold-side inlet flow step change is 30.08 s. When the cold-side flow increases to 0.002 kg/s, the temperature at the midpoint of the heat exchanger drops from 795.23 K to 779.08 K. The transfer function established in this study shows good agreement with the results from the segmental model. The findings provide useful insights for the operational strategy of intermediate heat exchangers in the S-CO2 power cycle and the lead-bismuth fast reactor coupling system.

PCHE  /  S-CO2  /  dynamic response  /  transfer function
倪依柯, 李红智, 杨玉, 张一帆, 吴家荣, 吴帅帅, 韩煜航. 超临界二氧化碳/铅铋耦合换热器动态特性模拟. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (5) : 82 -91 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411236
Yike NI, Hongzhi LI, Yu YANG, Yifan ZHANG, Jiarong WU, Shuaishuai WU, Yuhang HAN. Simulation study on dynamic characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide/lead-bismuth coupled heat exchanger[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (5) : 82 -91 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411236
超临界二氧化碳(S-CO2)布雷顿循环设备高度紧凑、热功转换效率高、运行灵活性强,其与铅铋冷却快堆(lead-bismuth fast reactor,LFR)相耦合的发电技术已成为核能领域的重点研究方向之一[1]。印刷电路板换热器(printed circuit heat exchanger,PCHE)作为一种微通道换热器,具备在极端高温高压条件下稳定运行的能力[2],广泛应用于航空航天、电子电器及能源化工等领域[3]。由于具有高紧凑性和高效换热性能,PCHE被认为是S-CO2布雷顿循环与LFR耦合发电系统的理想换热器形式[4]。此外,随着对发电系统运行灵活性需求的不断提高,换热器在动态工况下的性能表现也逐渐成为研究的重点。
近年来,关于换热器动态特性的研究逐步深入,这些研究采用了多种方法,包括实验测试、数值模拟和理论分析等。Hey等人[5]对以水为工质的板式换热器进行动态测试,开发并验证了一种用于预测换热器瞬态响应的统计模型。Chen等人[6]通过建立动态模型,对氦气入口温度和流量变化条件下的PCHE瞬态响应进行了模拟,并通过实验验证了该动态模型在氦-氦工况下模拟直通道PCHE的适用性。Ma等人[7]利用计算流体动力学方法模拟了S-CO2入口温度和流量变化条件下的PCHE瞬态响应,并通过神经网络分析了PCHE在不同工况下的性能变化,为1 000 MW S-CO2燃煤电站系统的动态建模提供了支持。Khan等人[8]试验研究了板式换热器在不同冷却水流量条件下的动态特性,提出了基于实验结果的二阶模型,能够准确描述冷流体出口温度对热流体变化的响应。邹宏伟等[9]利用直通道PCHE样件进行了不同流量下的水-水过渡区下的传热与流动实验,并对相应范围内PCHE过渡区液体流动的传热与流动关联式进行了校准。Luo等人[10]开发了一维流动多流体换热器的动态模型,采用Laplace变换和数值反演算法进行温度和流量变化条件下的响应模拟,适合复杂流体的动态分析。Tang等人[11]基于MATLAB Simulink平台进行换热器动态特性模拟,获得了管壳式换热器在不同条件下的动态响应曲线,为提高换热器的使用效率提供了支持。Rybiński等人[12]采用统计方法结合实验数据,分析了换热器在有机朗肯循环系统中的动态特性,提升了数值模型在模拟微通道换热器动态响应时的准确性和可靠性。Bastida等人[13]建立模型分析了逆流换热器的动态性能,并设计了简单的PI控制器来优化不同操作条件下的温度控制。李占英等[14]利用Simulink建立了S-CO2布雷顿循环中PCHE回热器的动态仿真模型,模拟了流体入口温度和流量发生变化时PCHE的瞬态响应。Zhao等人[15]利用神经网络模型对换热器的动态特性进行了建模,展示了灰箱模型在精确预测换热器动态特性中的有效性。Terasaka等人[16]使用Galerkin方法研究了旋转再生式热交换器在不同操作条件下的动态特性,得出了该方法在较低复杂度下能够精确预测换热器动态响应的结论,为换热器的工程设计和优化提供了有效工具。张勤等[17]提出了一种用于预测多流体换热器动态特性的网络方法,展示了简便的理论模型在多流体换热器中的应用潜力。徐婷婷等[18]采用分段设计方法建立了PCHE数学模型,对不同水力直径、壁厚及热端进口温度下的PCHE换热性能及阻力特性进行了对比分析。吴珍珍等[19]建立了光热S-CO2发电系统的动态模型,并对系统在不同输入扰动下的动态响应特性进行了分析,研究所得的动态响应特性结果为光热S-CO2发电系统控制策略的制定提供了理论依据。
综上所述,已有研究对换热器的动态特性进行了大量探索,但仍存在一定局限性:现有研究多以水、油和He等传统气液流体作为换热工质,与CO2在热力学特性如密度、比热容和热导率等方面存在显著差异,特别是剧烈变化的物性对换热器动态特性影响的研究相对较少,研究成果不能直接适用于CO2;现有研究大多选择较简单的换热器结构和工况,针对S-CO2与铅铋非对称结构耦合换热的研究较少。对此,本文构建了一个适应CO2物性特点的S-CO2/铅铋耦合换热器动态模型,模拟了新型非对称结构换热器的动态响应过程。通过分析瞬态温度场变化并建立传递函数模型,系统性定量评估了换热器在入口温度和流量变化下的响应特性。研究成果旨在为耦合换热器的运行优化提供理论指导,并为耦合系统的动态设计与运行管理提供技术支持。
S-CO2/铅铋耦合换热器采用冷热侧非对称结构的周期性通道设计如图1所示。每个换热单元内包含1个直径为6 mm的热流体圆形截面通道和4个直径为3 mm的冷流体半圆形截面通道。换热器总长600 mm,热侧板厚4 mm,冷侧板厚2 mm,1个换热单元内包含热、冷换热板各2个。由于S-CO2和铅铋在比热容、热导率等热物性上存在显著差异,非对称结构设计通过增加冷侧通道数量有效扩大了冷侧的传热面积;同时,增大热侧通道直径有助于减小铅铋的流速,从而减缓其对换热器通道的冲蚀,降低堵塞概率,并改善热应力分布[20]
为了简化模型的分析过程并提高计算效率,在构建S-CO2/铅铋耦合换热器的动态响应模型时,采用了以下合理假设。
1)由于存在热损失,热流体的能量无法完全传递给冷流体,其中一部分能量会散失到环境中。因此引入1个修正系数ξ,根据文献[21]中的实验结果,热损失通常占总传热量的5.5%~6.0%。
2)假设各通道内流体流动均匀,流体域及固体域温度仅沿换热器长度方向变化,忽略沿径向和周向的温度梯度;忽略流体的轴向导热。
3)由于流动过程中的压降相对流体区域内的压力较小,因此动态模型中忽略了压力随时间和空间的变化[22],压力设置采用稳态计算结果。
同时,为确保模拟结果的准确性,在模拟过程中,流体的物性参数如热导率、比热容等随温度和压力的变化而变化。CO2物性通过调用NIST数据库实时更新,铅铋物性设置为与温度有关的关联式。
冷侧CO2参考Filonenko阻力系数公式[23]
f=(1.82lgRe1.64)2
热侧铅铋参考Colebrook阻力系数公式[24]
f=0.3164Re0.25
式中:Re为雷诺数。
冷侧CO2参考Gnielinski的Nu数公式[25]
Nu=(f8)(Re1000)Pr1.07+12.7f8(Pr2/31)
式中:Pr为普朗特数。
热侧铅铋参考Kirillov的Nu数公式[26]
Nu=4.5+0.018Pe0.8
式中:Pe为佩克莱数。
压降计算公式[27]
Δp=fLDeq12ρv2
式中:L为流道长度;Deq为流道水力直径;ρ为流体密度;v为流体流速。
通过能量守恒方程描述S-CO2/铅铋耦合换热器中的温度变化和传热过程。该方程基于控制体内能量守恒的原理,揭示了热量传递与温度、流速等参数的关系。针对流体的非稳态能量守恒方程为:
(ρfcp,fTf)t+(ρfcp,fufTf)=qf
式中:ρf为流体密度;cp,f为流体定压比热容;Tf为流体温度。
金属壁面的非稳态能量方程为:
ρscp,sTst=qs
式中:ρs为固体密度,cp,s为固体定压比热容,Ts为固体温度。上述控制方程能够综合描述流体在换热器中的流动与传热行为,为建立动态模型提供理论支持。
数值模型的构建包含了稳态计算和动态计算两部分。在一维稳态计算方法中,首先设定换热器的几何结构参数和边界条件,包括冷热侧流体的入口流量、温度、压力等;然后将换热器沿长度方向划分为多个微元,如图2所示,每个微元内假设物理参数均匀分布。初始时假设热侧温度沿长度方向线性分布,据此计算热侧温度及热量损失,再据此计算得到冷侧温度分布和传热系数,并基于总传热系数重新计算热量传递,从而更新热侧温度。通过多次迭代,将每次所得温度分布与上一次迭代的结果比较,当相差小于预设容忍度10–3时,即认为达到平衡状态,获得换热器稳态下的温度场和压力场,为后续动态仿真提供初始条件。
在一维动态计算方法中,通过有限差分法将连续的微分方程(6)、(7)离散化为代数方程,并将时间轴离散为多个时间步长,以实现物理量在各微元中的逐步更新。在每个时间步上,根据离散化后的方程,对每个微元的温度、压力和速度等参数进行瞬时计算,从而获得动态演变过程中的温度场和压力场分布。动态计算通过迭代推进,模拟了换热器在初始条件和边界条件变化下的响应过程。采用显式方法时,每一步的计算仅依赖于当前时间步的已知信息,具有较高的计算效率和稳定性。
离散形式的冷侧流体非稳态能量守恒方程为:
ρccp,cTc,out,n+1Tc,out,nΔt+ρccp,cucTc,out,nTc,in,nΔx=hcAc,cAf,cΔx(Ts,nTc,in,n+Tc,out,n2)
热流体非稳态能量守恒方程为:
ρhcp,hTh,out,n+1Th,out,nΔt+ρhcp,huhTh,out,nTh,in,nΔx=ξhhAc,hAf,hΔx(Th,in,n+Th,out,n2Ts,n)
式中:下标c代表冷流体,下标h代表热流体;Tout,n为微元出口处当前时刻流体温度;Tin,n为微元入口处当前时刻流体温度;Tout,n+1为微元出口处下一时刻流体温度;Ts,n为当前时刻固体域温度;u为流体速度;h为对流换热系数;Ac为流体侧换热面积;Af为流道横截面积;ξ为修正系数。
离散形式的固体域非稳态能量守恒方程为:
ρscp,sTs,n+1Ts,nΔtAsΔx=ksAs(Ts,up,nTs,nΔx)ksAs(Ts,nTs,down,nΔx)hcAc,cold(Ts,nTc,in,n+Tc,out2)+ξhhAc,hot(Th,in,n+Th,out,n2Ts,n)
式中:Ts,n为当前时刻固体温度;Ts,n+1为下一时刻固体温度;As为固体横截面积;Ts,up,n为上游当前时刻固体温度;Ts,down,n为下游当前时刻固体温度;ks为固体导热系数。
为确保模型分段数和时间步长的选择不会影响模拟结果的准确性,选择一系列不同的微元长度d及时间步长进行计算,选择冷侧出口温度作为验证条件,结果对比如表1所示。利用文献[21]给出的直通道PCHE回热器数据对模型进行验证,初始边界条件如表2所示。选择微元长度为10 mm、时间步长为0.05 s时计算得到的结果与参考结果对比,如表3所示。基于文献[28]中热侧入口流量60.0 s变化0.02 kg/s时热侧出口温度斜坡响应的数据验证动态模型的准确性,结果如图3所示。对比计算结果,可认为本文建立的模型计算结果可靠,可用于后续计算。
为分析S-CO2/铅铋耦合换热器在不同边界条件下的换热性能差异,设置如下入口参数:热侧入口保持为800 K、0.8 MPa、0.025 kg/s;冷侧入口压力10 MPa,流量0.001 kg/s,温度分别设定为650、700、750 K,分析入口温度对换热器性能的影响;冷侧入口压力10 MPa、温度700 K,流量分别设定为0.001、0.002、0.003、0.005 kg/s,以考察流体流量对换热器性能的影响。
图4展示了不同冷侧入口温度条件下的换热器温度与换热量分布情况。由图4可以看出,不同冷侧入口温度下均呈现冷侧入口附近温差大、换热量大,热侧入口附近温差小、换热量小,换热量沿换热器轴向从右至左逐渐降低的特点。同时,冷侧入口附近冷流体升温更迅速,换热量变化率更高。当冷侧入口温度为最低的650 K时,冷侧入口处两侧温差最大,为104.83 K,微元换热量最大,为11.20 kW,总换热量为309.26 kW。当冷侧入口温度提升至700 K时,两侧的最大温差降为69.81 K,最大微元换热量降为7.29 kW。冷侧入口温度进一步升高至750 K时,整体换热量因温差减少而显著下降。综合3种边界条件的计算结果来看,尽管冷侧入口温度变化了100 K,但出口温度变化不到15 K,表明S-CO2/铅铋耦合换热器对冷侧流体的加热能力较强,热侧入口温度对冷侧出口温度和换热器的换热性能起主导作用。同时,换热器两侧温度变化率的非线性分布导致换热器后段的换热量显著下降,换热器长度利用不充分。
为更深入地理解和掌握工质入口温度动态变化对换热器性能的影响,将通过动态计算模型和传递函数模型,研究工质入口温度随时间变化对换热器温度分布及出口温度的影响。
表4展示了冷侧不同入口温度条件下的压降对比。由表4可以看出,随着冷侧入口温度升高100 K,冷侧压降提高了0.57 kPa。
图5展示了在不同冷侧入口流量条件下换热器温度和换热量分布。由图5可以看出,冷侧流量为0.001 kg/s时,冷侧温度沿流动方向的上升幅度最大,热侧入口附近两侧温差14.25 K,冷侧入口附近两侧温差69.81 K,换热量沿长度方向的变化较大,热侧入口附近换热量较小。当冷侧流量提升至0.003 kg/s时,与小流量相比,相同温差下微元的换热量进一步提升,两侧的温度曲线接近平行,温差在换热器长度方向上维持稳定,表明在该流量下能充分利用换热器的有效长度。进一步增加冷侧流量至0.005 kg/s时,换热量分布表现出“左高右低”的趋势,在高流速下,冷热两侧的温差沿热侧流动方向减小,导致换热过程集中于热侧入口,无法有效利用热侧出口段的换热潜力。因此,当冷侧流量过低,尽管冷侧温度上升较多,但整体换热量不高,难以满足需求。而冷侧流量过高则会导致换热集中,未能充分利用换热器的有效长度,并带来更大的压力损失。
为更全面理解流量对换热器性能的动态影响,进一步开展流量变化的动态响应研究,以揭示其对换热性能的影响规律,为优化设计提供依据。
表5展示了冷侧不同入口流量条件下的压降对比。由表5可以看出,冷侧流量与冷侧压降之间的关系呈非线性增长趋势,随着流量增加,压降的增长幅度加大。
图6展示了冷侧入口温度在第50 s从700 K阶跃降低至650 K时,换热器两侧流体温度随时间的变化。
图6可以看出,冷侧入口温度骤降后,冷侧入口附近的温度场迅速响应,且随着时间推移,温度降低沿流动方向逐渐传递,最终在约50 s后形成稳定的温度梯度。相比之下,热侧温度对冷侧温度骤降的响应较慢,温度变化较为平缓,换热器中点热侧温度仅从795.23 K降至793.17 K,变化幅度较小,稳定后与图4a)结果一致。
图7展示了冷侧入口流量在第50 s阶跃增加至0.002 kg/s时,换热器两侧流体温度随时间的变化。与入口温度骤变引起的快速温度响应不同,冷侧流量阶跃扰动导致两侧温度场的变化较为缓慢,约在90 s后重新稳定,但影响更显著,使换热器两侧流体温度整体下降,换热器中点热侧温度由795.23 K降至779.08 K,表明该工况下冷侧流量增加至0.002 kg/s对换热器整体传热的影响更直接。冷侧流量的调整对温度场的整体分布影响较大,适合较大幅度的温度调整;而冷侧入口温度的调整对热侧影响相对较小,适用于精细和快速的冷侧温度控制。
图8展示了热侧入口温度在第50 s阶跃增加10%时,换热器两侧流体温度随时间的变化。图9展示了热侧入口流量在第50 s阶跃降至0.012 kg/s时,换热器两侧流体温度随时间的变化。
图8图9可以看出:当热侧入口温度增长10%时,冷侧出口温度迅速响应,且冷侧下游区域温度显著提升,沿流动方向形成较大的温度梯度,约130 s内达到稳态;相比之下,热侧入口流量变化的响应稍慢,约180 s后才稳定。总体而言,入口温度调节适合快速调控,特别是热侧入口温度调节对冷侧出口温度的影响显著,但会带来较大的温度梯度,对换热器的长期稳定运行不利;而流量调节不易引起出口温度的剧烈波动,两侧温度梯度较为平缓,因此在长期运行调节中具有独特优势。
3.2节定性分析了流体入口温度和流量变化对S-CO2/铅铋耦合换热器内部温度场的动态影响,但未涉及入口条件与出口温度之间的定量关系。为进一步精确掌握出口温度对入口温度和流量变化的动态响应,将在前述定性分析的基础上建立传递函数模型,提供动态响应的量化工具,从而为温度和流量的调控提供更加准确的预测依据。
传递函数模型的结构通常包括输入和输出的数学关系,根据文献[22],一阶系统传递函数在描述换热器动态行为时,与二阶函数的相对误差较小,并且在准确性上能够满足研究需求,在换热器动态特性研究中,宜选择一阶系统传递函数。具有滞后时间的一阶系统传递函数模型可表示为:
G(s)=Ktps+1exp(tds)
式中:G(s)表示系统对输入的响应;s为复变量,用于描述系统的频率响应;K为增益,表示系统输入与输出之间的稳态增益;tp为时间常数,描述系统响应的速度,值越小响应越快;td为纯滞后时间,表示系统对输入的反应有一定的延迟。
针对S-CO2/铅铋耦合换热器,以热侧入口温度的变化为输入量、冷侧出口温度变化为输出量构建传递函数模型。图10展示了在第50 s时不同热侧入口温度阶跃扰动对冷侧出口温度的动态影响。由图10可知,冷侧出口温度对热侧入口温度变化较敏感,纯滞后时间均小于1.5 s,但响应速度较慢,达到稳定值所需时间为90~100 s,表现出明显的滞后特性,且响应幅度与热侧温度变化幅度密切相关。
通过对4次仿真实验结果的分析,计算了系统的平均时间常数、滞后时间和增益,得到了该型换热器以热侧入口温度变化为输入量、冷侧出口温度变化为输出量的传递函数模型如式(12)所示。通过该模型可以进一步优化该型耦合换热器的冷侧出口温度控制策略。
G(s)=0.88exp(1.36s)22.1s+1
图11展示了在第50 s时,不同冷侧入口流量阶跃扰动对冷侧出口温度的动态影响。
以2次仿真实验结果为依据,得到该型换热器以冷侧入口流量变化为输入量、冷侧出口温度变化为输出量的传递函数模型为:
G(s)=0.25exp(1.62s)30.08s+1
基于传递函数式(12)计算热侧入口温度阶跃变化率为+15%时的冷侧出口温度动态响应,并以动态模型计算结果为真值,各时刻传递函数计算结果的相对误差曲线如图12所示。基于传递函数式(13)计算冷侧入口流量阶跃变化率为+150%时的冷侧出口温度动态响应,并以动态模型计算结果为真值,各时刻传递函数计算结果的相对误差曲线如图13所示。
图12图13可知,与动态模型计算值相比,传递函数的计算结果平均相对误差绝对值小于1.00%,可以将其应用于换热器动态特性的研究中。
采用离散化求解方法建立了包含稳态计算和动态计算的换热器仿真模型,重点研究了S-CO2动力循环与铅铋快堆耦合系统中间换热器的动态特性,得出如下结论。
1)冷侧入口温度的变化对冷侧出口温度的影响较小,冷侧入口温度升高100 K,冷侧出口温度变化小于15 K。热侧入口温度的变化对冷侧出口温度的影响较大。调节流量对换热器两侧温度场的影响较大。
2)流体入口温度发生阶跃扰动,换热器响应速度较快,沿长度方向出现较大的温度梯度,但影响范围较小,冷侧入口温度阶跃降低50 K时,换热器中点热侧温度仅从795.23 K降低到793.17 K;流量发生阶跃扰动时,换热器响应速度较慢,沿长度方向温度变化平缓,但影响范围更大,冷侧入口流量阶跃增加0.001 kg/s时,换热器中点热侧温度由795.23 K降低到779.08 K。换热器对流量阶跃扰动具有更大的热惯性。
3)基于换热器动态模型计算结果建立了传递函数,定量掌握热侧入口温度阶跃扰动和冷侧流量阶跃扰动对冷侧出口温度的影响,为研究S-CO2动力循环与铅铋快堆耦合系统的动态特性奠定基础。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411236
  • 接收时间:2024-11-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-18
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Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi Province(2023-CX-TD-18)
陕西省创新能力支撑计划项目(2023-CX-TD-18)
作者信息
    西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

李红智(1983),男,研究员,主要研究方向为超临界二氧化循环发电技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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