Article(id=1236596127001276502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202408217, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723392000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772757091522, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1748102400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772757091522, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772757091522, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772757091522, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236596124832821317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772757091004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772757664851, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236598531780309922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236598531780309923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236596124832821317, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236596127324237922, articleId=1236596127001276502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Combustion characteristics of mixed ammonia in coal-fired utility boiler and its influence on boiler: a review, columnId=1236596126195970127, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on new power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The combustion characteristics of coal-fired power plant boilers co-firing ammonia and its impact on the boilers are reviewed, aiming to provide theoretical and practical basis for large-scale application of ammonia as an alternative fuel to coal. By systematically reviewing existing literatures, the study examines the fundamental characteristics of ammonia combustion, flame propagation, flame morphology, and their effects on heat transfer, heat surface safety, boiler efficiency, and exergy efficiency of coal-fired boilers. The study also explores combustion enhancement methods such as oxygen-enriched combustion, preheated combustion, and hydrogen-assisted combustion. The results indicate that, co-firing ammonia can mitigate issues like ash deposition, slagging, wear, and high-temperature corrosion on heating surfaces, but it increases the acid dew point of flue gas, potentially exacerbating low-temperature corrosion. Co-firing ammonia increases the irreversibility of the combustion process, leading to higher furnace losses, although oxygen-enriched combustion can mitigate these losses. While there is substantial research on ammonia co-firing with small molecule gaseous fuels, there is limited study on its co-firing with large molecule solid hydrocarbons like coal. The effect of ammonia blending combustion on boiler heat transfer, heating surface safety, and boiler efficiency is significant. The decrease in flame temperature, reduction in flue gas soots, and changes in flue gas composition can affect heat transfer efficiency and heating surface conditions. Attention should be paid to low-temperature corrosion and unburned ammonia emissions. Ammonia blending combustion is an effective low-carbon combustion technology, but its application in large utility boilers still faces many challenges. It requires further in-depth research on combustion mechanisms and practical application effects to optimize combustion equipment and improve system efficiency.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuhang LI, Shuman TIAN, Puxuan ZHANG, Zhonghua JIN, Lei DENG, Defu CHE, Zhichao WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1236596129337503923, articleId=1236596127001276502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=燃煤电站锅炉掺氨燃烧特性及对锅炉影响研究进展, columnId=1236596126430851155, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=新型发电技术专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

综述了燃煤电站锅炉掺氨燃烧的燃烧特性及其对锅炉的影响,旨在为大规模应用氨作为燃煤替代燃料提供理论和实践依据。通过系统回顾现有文献,研究氨燃烧的基本特性、火焰传播特性、火焰形态及其对燃煤锅炉的影响,同时探讨了富氧燃烧、预热燃烧及氢气助燃等强化燃烧的方法。结果表明:氨煤混燃虽提高了酸露点但能够减缓受热面积灰、结渣、磨损和高温腐蚀等问题,氨的反应性较差可能导致炉膛损失增大,但采用增氧燃烧等策略可以减少这些损失;对于氨与小分子气体燃料的混合燃烧研究较多,但氨与煤等大分子固体碳氢燃料的混合燃烧行为研究较少;掺氨燃烧对锅炉传热、受热面安全及锅炉效率的影响显著,火焰温度降低、煤烟产生量减少、烟气组分变化会影响传热效果和受热面状态,需关注低温腐蚀和未燃尽氨的排放问题。掺氨燃烧是一种有效的低碳燃烧技术,但在大型火力发电锅炉中的应用还面临诸多挑战,需要进一步深入研究燃烧机理和实际应用效果,以优化燃烧设备和提高系统效率。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
邓磊(1983),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为生物质热转化及生物质能利用,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=YZ0jJTOE3uysDR44Nzc9Xg==, magXml=PGo1BzObNeTrsVwb6GwbKg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=VwGzl4hz80cCC3NBkIEr9g==, pdfFileSize=1318356, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=rIuxKuDQhP2im1chgQxrbg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Hf6vcBnxK8tv0c4+GTo9og==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李宇航(1992),男,硕士,主要研究方向为电站锅炉低碳燃料掺烧技术,

, authorsList=李宇航, 田舒嫚, 张普选, 晋中华, 邓磊, 车得福, 王志超)}, authors=[Author(id=1236610614341202083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=liyuhang@tpri.com.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236610614479614124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, authorId=1236610614341202083, language=EN, stringName=Yuhang LI, firstName=Yuhang, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236610614609637562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, authorId=1236610614341202083, language=CN, stringName=李宇航, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049, bio={"content":"

李宇航(1992),男,硕士,主要研究方向为电站锅炉低碳燃料掺烧技术,

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

李宇航(1992),男,硕士,主要研究方向为电站锅炉低碳燃料掺烧技术,

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236610613934354578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610613959520404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610613934354578, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610613967909013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610613934354578, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049)])]), Author(id=1236610614722883779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236610614865490124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, authorId=1236610614722883779, language=EN, stringName=Shuman TIAN, firstName=Shuman, middleName=null, lastName=TIAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236610615008096467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, authorId=1236610614722883779, language=CN, stringName=田舒嫚, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236610613934354578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610613959520404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610613934354578, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610613967909013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610613934354578, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049)])]), Author(id=1236610615104565470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236610615213617379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, authorId=1236610615104565470, language=EN, stringName=Puxuan ZHANG, firstName=Puxuan, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236610615310086381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, authorId=1236610615104565470, language=CN, stringName=张普选, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236610613934354578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610613959520404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610613934354578, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610613967909013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610613934354578, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049)])]), Author(id=1236610615461081339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236610615641436423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, authorId=1236610615461081339, language=EN, stringName=Zhonghua JIN, firstName=Zhonghua, middleName=null, lastName=JIN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.Xi’an Thermal Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236610615742099725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, authorId=1236610615461081339, language=CN, stringName=晋中华, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236610614211178653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610614215372959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610614211178653, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Xi’an Thermal Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610614223761568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610614211178653, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054)])]), Author(id=1236610615838568724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=leideng@mail.xjtu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236610615951814940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, authorId=1236610615838568724, language=EN, stringName=Lei DENG, firstName=Lei, middleName=null, lastName=DENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236610616044089632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, authorId=1236610615838568724, language=CN, stringName=邓磊, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236610613934354578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610613959520404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610613934354578, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610613967909013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610613934354578, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049)])]), Author(id=1236610616165724461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236610616274776373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, authorId=1236610616165724461, language=EN, stringName=Defu CHE, firstName=Defu, middleName=null, lastName=CHE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236610616375439674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, authorId=1236610616165724461, language=CN, stringName=车得福, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236610613934354578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610613959520404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610613934354578, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610613967909013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610613934354578, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049)])]), Author(id=1236610616476102978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236610616551600456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, authorId=1236610616476102978, language=EN, stringName=Zhichao WANG, firstName=Zhichao, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.Xi’an Thermal Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236610616643875155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, authorId=1236610616476102978, language=CN, stringName=王志超, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236610614211178653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610614215372959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610614211178653, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Xi’an Thermal Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610614223761568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610614211178653, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1236610616887144805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=coal-fired boiler), Keyword(id=1236610617017168236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=ammonia fuel), Keyword(id=1236610617138803062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=combustion characteristics), Keyword(id=1236610617239466368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=carbon emission reduction), Keyword(id=1236610617361101189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=ammonia co-firing), Keyword(id=1236610617461764491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=燃煤锅炉), Keyword(id=1236610617562427793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=氨燃料), Keyword(id=1236610617667285397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=燃烧特性), Keyword(id=1236610617759560090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=碳减排), Keyword(id=1236610617872806304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=掺氨燃烧)], refs=[Reference(id=1236610619944792591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=中华人民共和国统计局, journalName=中国统计年鉴, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国统计局. 中国统计年鉴[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2020: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610620049650197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China, journalName=China Statistical Yearbook, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China. China Statistical Yearbook[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2020: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610620125147676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=24, pageEnd=25, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=王巍, journalName=江苏电力情报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王巍. 电站燃煤转换技术[J]. 江苏电力情报, 1993(1): 24-25., articleTitle=电站燃煤转换技术, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610620267754019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=24, pageEnd=25, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=WANG Wei, journalName=Jiangsu Electric Power Intelligence, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Wei. Coal conversion technology of power station[J]. Jiangsu Electric Power Intelligence, 1993(1): 24-25., articleTitle=Coal conversion technology of power station, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610620372611627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=23, issue=6, pageStart=70, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=ZHANG X, LI Y, MA Q, journalName=Strategic Study of CAE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG X, LI Y, MA Q, et al. Development of carbon capture, utilization and storage technology in China[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2021, 23(6): 70-80., articleTitle=Development of carbon capture, utilization and storage technology in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610620473274930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=317, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=5, authorNames=LEI M, ZHANG Y, HONG D, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEI M, ZHANG Y, HONG D, et al. Characterization of nitrogen and sulfur migration during pressurized coal pyrolysis and oxy-fuel combustion[J]. Fuel, 2022, 317: 123484., articleTitle=Characterization of nitrogen and sulfur migration during pressurized coal pyrolysis and oxy-fuel combustion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610620582326840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=71, issue=null, pageStart=36, pageEnd=45, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=6, authorNames=ZHANG Z, LI X, LUO C, journalName=International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Z, LI X, LUO C, et al. Investigation on the thermodynamic calculation of a 35 MWth oxy-fuel combustion coal-fired boiler[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2018, 71: 36-45., articleTitle=Investigation on the thermodynamic calculation of a 35 MWth oxy-fuel combustion coal-fired boiler, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610620691378748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=63, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=7, authorNames=NICOTERA I, POLICICCHIO A, CONTE G, journalName=Journal of CO2 Utilization, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NICOTERA I, POLICICCHIO A, CONTE G, et al. Quaternized polyepichloro-hydrin-based membrane as high-selective CO2 sorbent for cost-effective carbon capture[J]. Journal of CO2 Utilization, 2022, 63: 102135., articleTitle=Quaternized polyepichloro-hydrin-based membrane as high-selective CO2 sorbent for cost-effective carbon capture, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610620787847744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=208, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=8, authorNames=FURCAS F E, PRAGOT W, CHACARTEGUI R, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FURCAS F E, PRAGOT W, CHACARTEGUI R, et al. Sodium carbonate-based post combustion carbon capture utilising trona as main sorbent feed stock[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2020, 208: 112484., articleTitle=Sodium carbonate-based post combustion carbon capture utilising trona as main sorbent feed stock, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610620875928132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=68, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=9, authorNames=PICCIANO P, AGUILAR F X, BURTRAW D, journalName=Resource and Energy Economics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PICCIANO P, AGUILAR F X, BURTRAW D, et al. Environmental and socio-economic implications of woody biomass co-firing at coal-fired power plants[J]. Resource and Energy Economics, 2022, 68: 101296., articleTitle=Environmental and socio-economic implications of woody biomass co-firing at coal-fired power plants, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610620989174348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=431, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=10, authorNames=LIU Q, ZHONG W, YU A, journalName=Chemical Engineering Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Q, ZHONG W, YU A, et al. Co-firing of coal and biomass under pressurized oxy-fuel combustion mode: experimental test in a 10 kWth fluidized bed[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 431: 133457., articleTitle=Co-firing of coal and biomass under pressurized oxy-fuel combustion mode: experimental test in a 10 kWth fluidized bed, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610621123392081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=278, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=11, authorNames=SUN R, LIU T, CHEN X, journalName=Journal of Cleaner Production, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN R, LIU T, CHEN X, et al. A biomass-coal co-firing based bi-level optimal approach for carbon emission reduction in China[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 278: 123318., articleTitle=A biomass-coal co-firing based bi-level optimal approach for carbon emission reduction in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610621249221208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=52, issue=7, pageStart=41, pageEnd=47, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=12, authorNames=王志超, 方亮, 贾子秀, journalName=热力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王志超, 方亮, 贾子秀, 等. 不同比例氨与煤混燃试验研究[J]. 热力发电, 2023, 52(7): 41-47., articleTitle=不同比例氨与煤混燃试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610621366661728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=52, issue=7, pageStart=41, pageEnd=47, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=13, authorNames=WANG Zhichao, FANG Liang, JIA Zixiu, journalName=Thermal Power Generation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Zhichao, FANG Liang, JIA Zixiu, et al. Experimental study on mixed combustion of ammonia and coal with different proportions[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023, 52(7): 41-47., articleTitle=Experimental study on mixed combustion of ammonia and coal with different proportions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610621463130726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=69, issue=null, pageStart=63, pageEnd=102, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=14, authorNames=VALERA-MEDINA A, XIAO H, OWEN-JONES M, journalName=Progress in Energy and combustion science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VALERA-MEDINA A, XIAO H, OWEN-JONES M, et al. Ammonia for power[J]. Progress in Energy and combustion science, 2018, 69: 63-102., articleTitle=Ammonia for power, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610621567988333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=2, issue=10, pageStart=1925, pageEnd=1949, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=15, authorNames=SHIH C F, ZHANG T, LI J, journalName=Joule, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHIH C F, ZHANG T, LI J, et al. Powering the future with liquid sunshine[J]. Joule, 2018, 2(10): 1925-1949., articleTitle=Powering the future with liquid sunshine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610621681234546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=361, issue=6398, pageStart=120, pageEnd=123, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=16, authorNames=SERVICE R F, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SERVICE R F. Liquid sunshine[J]. Science, 2018, 361(6398): 120-123., articleTitle=Liquid sunshine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610621756732021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=37, issue=1, pageStart=109, pageEnd=133, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=17, authorNames=KOBAYASHI H, HAYAKAWA A, SOMARATHNE K K A, journalName=Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KOBAYASHI H, HAYAKAWA A, SOMARATHNE K K A, et al. Science and technology of ammonia combustion[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2019, 37(1): 109-133., articleTitle=Science and technology of ammonia combustion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610621886755449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=4827, pageEnd=4834, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=18, authorNames=ERDEMIR D, DINCER I, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ERDEMIR D, DINCER I. A perspective on the use of ammonia as a clean fuel: challenges and solutions[Z]. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chichester, U.K. 2021: 4827-4834, articleTitle=A perspective on the use of ammonia as a clean fuel: challenges and solutions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610622004195964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=39, issue=3, pageStart=3615, pageEnd=3624, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=19, authorNames=MELLER D, ENGELMANN L, WOLLNY P, journalName=Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MELLER D, ENGELMANN L, WOLLNY P, et al. Evaluation of ammonia co-firing in the CRIEPI coal jet flame using a three mixture fraction FPV-LES[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2023, 39(3): 3615-3624., articleTitle=Evaluation of ammonia co-firing in the CRIEPI coal jet flame using a three mixture fraction FPV-LES, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610622109053570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=53, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=10, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=20, authorNames=NAGATANI G, ISHI H, ITO T, journalName=IHI Engineering Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NAGATANI G, ISHI H, ITO T, et al. Development of co-firing method of pulverized coal and ammonia to reduce greenhouse gas emissions[J]. IHI Engineering Review, 2020, 53(1): 1-10., articleTitle=Development of co-firing method of pulverized coal and ammonia to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610622222299782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=50, issue=7, pageStart=55, pageEnd=65, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=21, authorNames=徐静颖, 朱鸿玮, 徐义书, journalName=华中科技大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐静颖, 朱鸿玮, 徐义书. 燃煤电站锅炉氨燃烧研究进展及展望[J]. 华中科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2022, 50(7): 55-65., articleTitle=燃煤电站锅炉氨燃烧研究进展及展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610622339740304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=50, issue=7, pageStart=55, pageEnd=65, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=22, authorNames=XU Jingying, ZHU Hongwei, XU Yishu, journalName=Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Jingying, ZHU Hongwei, XU Yishu. Research progress and prospect of ammonia combustion in coal-fired power station boilers[J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2022, 50(7): 55-65., articleTitle=Research progress and prospect of ammonia combustion in coal-fired power station boilers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610622452986519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=26, issue=1, pageStart=84, pageEnd=106, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=23, authorNames=LEE H, WOO Y, LEE M J, journalName=Journal of The Korean Society Combustion, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEE H, WOO Y, LEE M J. The needs for R& D of ammonia combustion technology for carbon neutrality: Part Ⅱ R & D trends and technical feasibility analysis[J]. Journal of The Korean Society Combustion, 2021, 26(1): 84-106., articleTitle=The needs for R& D of ammonia combustion technology for carbon neutrality: Part Ⅱ R & D trends and technical feasibility analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610622574621341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=24, authorNames=NAKATSUKA N, FUKUI J, TAINAKA K, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NAKATSUKA N, FUKUI J, TAINAKA K, et al. Detailed observation of coal-ammonia co-combustion processes[C]//Proceedings of the 2017 AIChE Annual Meeting, F, 2017., articleTitle=Detailed observation of coal-ammonia co-combustion processes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610622662701729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=25, authorNames=福井淳平, 中塚記章, 泰中一樹, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=福井淳平, 中塚記章, 泰中一樹, 等. LIF計測を用いた層流対向流バーナにおける微粉炭燃焼過程に対するアンモニア混焼の影響評価[C]//関西支部講演会講演論文集201893, F, 2018. 一般社団法人日本機械学会., articleTitle=LIF計測を用いた層流対向流バーナにおける微粉炭燃焼過程に対するアンモニア混焼の影響評価, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610622771753637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=26, authorNames=FUKUI J, NAKATSUKA K, TAINAKA K, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FUKUI J, NAKATSUKA K, TAINAKA K, et al. Effect of ammonia co-firing on pulverized coal combustion process in laminar counterflow burner using LIF measurement[C]//Proceedings of the Kansai Section Proceedings 201893, F, 2018. Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers., articleTitle=Effect of ammonia co-firing on pulverized coal combustion process in laminar counterflow burner using LIF measurement, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610622884999852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=29, issue=10, pageStart=108, pageEnd=115, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=27, authorNames=吴梓秋, 黄骞, 马鹏, journalName=Clean Coal Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴梓秋, 黄骞, 马鹏, 等. 氨煤混燃过程中单颗粒煤粉着火特性[J]. Clean Coal Technology, 2023, 29(10): 108-115., articleTitle=氨煤混燃过程中单颗粒煤粉着火特性, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610622985663151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=29, issue=10, pageStart=108, pageEnd=115, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=28, authorNames=WU Ziqiu, HUANG Qian, MA Peng, journalName=Clean Coal Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Ziqiu, HUANG Qian, MA Peng, et al. Ignition characteristics of single particle pulverized coal during ammonia-coal mixed combustion[J]. Clean Coal Technology, 2023, 29(10) : 108-115., articleTitle=Ignition characteristics of single particle pulverized coal during ammonia-coal mixed combustion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610623086326448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=3, pageStart=4131, pageEnd=4139, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=29, authorNames=HADI K, ICHIMURA R, HASHIMOTO G, journalName=Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HADI K, ICHIMURA R, HASHIMOTO G, et al. Effect of fuel ratio of coal on the turbulent flame speed of ammonia/coal particle cloud co-combustion at atmospheric pressure[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2021, 38(3): 4131-4139., articleTitle=Effect of fuel ratio of coal on the turbulent flame speed of ammonia/coal particle cloud co-combustion at atmospheric pressure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610623186989748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=3, pageStart=4043, pageEnd=4052, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=30, authorNames=XIA Y, HADI K, HASHIMOTO G, journalName=Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIA Y, HADI K, HASHIMOTO G, et al. Effect of ammonia/oxygen/nitrogen equivalence ratio on spherical turbulent flame propagation of pulverized coal/ammonia co-combustion[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2021, 38(3): 4043-4052., articleTitle=Effect of ammonia/oxygen/nitrogen equivalence ratio on spherical turbulent flame propagation of pulverized coal/ammonia co-combustion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610623300235960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=34, issue=6, pageStart=7465, pageEnd=7476, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=31, authorNames=LIU X, LIU Y, WANG B, journalName=Energy & Fuels, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU X, LIU Y, WANG B, et al. Experimental study on ignition delay and reaction characteristics of Zhundong coal particles in O2/CO2/H2O atmosphere[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2020, 34(6): 7465-7476., articleTitle=Experimental study on ignition delay and reaction characteristics of Zhundong coal particles in O2/CO2/H2O atmosphere, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610623396704957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=312, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=32, authorNames=LIU X, LIU Y, LV Q, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU X, LIU Y, LV Q, et al. Experimental and kinetics analyses of a typical Zhundong coal reaction in O2/CO2/H2O atmosphere[J]. Fuel, 2022, 312: 122969., articleTitle=Experimental and kinetics analyses of a typical Zhundong coal reaction in O2/CO2/H2O atmosphere, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610623505756865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=159, issue=null, pageStart=98, pageEnd=106, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=33, authorNames=HAYAKAWA A, GOTO T, MIMOTO R, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAYAKAWA A, GOTO T, MIMOTO R, et al. Laminar burning velocity and Markstein length of ammonia/air premixed flames at various pressures[J]. Fuel, 2015, 159: 98-106., articleTitle=Laminar burning velocity and Markstein length of ammonia/air premixed flames at various pressures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610623606420165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=246, issue=null, pageStart=178, pageEnd=186, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=34, authorNames=ICHIMURA R, HADI K, HASHIMOTO N, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ICHIMURA R, HADI K, HASHIMOTO N, et al. Extinction limits of an ammonia/air flame propagating in a turbulent field[J]. Fuel, 2019, 246: 178-186., articleTitle=Extinction limits of an ammonia/air flame propagating in a turbulent field, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610623736443596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=39, issue=3, pageStart=3457, pageEnd=3466, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=35, authorNames=MA P, HUANG Q, WU Z, journalName=Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA P, HUANG Q, WU Z, et al. Optical diagnostics on coal ignition and gas-phase combustion in co-firing ammonia with pulverized coal on a two-stage flat flame burner[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2023, 39(3): 3457-3466., articleTitle=Optical diagnostics on coal ignition and gas-phase combustion in co-firing ammonia with pulverized coal on a two-stage flat flame burner, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610623816135375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=267, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=36, authorNames=ZHANG J, ITO T, ISHII H, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG J, ITO T, ISHII H, et al. Numerical investigation on ammonia co-firing in a pulverized coal combustion facility: effect of ammonia co-firing ratio[J]. Fuel, 2020, 267: 117166., articleTitle=Numerical investigation on ammonia co-firing in a pulverized coal combustion facility: effect of ammonia co-firing ratio, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610623946158807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=37, authorNames=加納隆貴, 多田侑司, 北野貴寛, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=加納隆貴, 多田侑司, 北野貴寛, 等. 燃焼試験炉におけるアンモニアの燃焼特性に関する研究[C]//関西支部講演会講演論文集201994, F, 2019. 一般社団法人日本機械学会., articleTitle=燃焼試験炉におけるアンモニアの燃焼特性に関する研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610624046822105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=38, authorNames=KANO T, TADA Y, KITANO T, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KANO T, TADA Y, KITANO T, et al. Combustion characteristics of ammonia in combustion test furnaces[C]//Proceedings of the Kansai Section Proceedings 201994, F, 2019. Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers., articleTitle=Combustion characteristics of ammonia in combustion test furnaces, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610624160068317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=908, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=39, authorNames=朱京冀, 徐义书, 徐静颖, journalName=发电技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱京冀, 徐义书, 徐静颖, 等. 掺烧氨燃料对煤挥发分火焰特性及颗粒物生成的影响[J]. 发电技术, 2022, 43(6): 908., articleTitle=掺烧氨燃料对煤挥发分火焰特性及颗粒物生成的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610624281703137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=908, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=40, authorNames=ZHU Jingji, XU Yishu, XU Jingying, journalName=Power Generation Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Jingji, XU Yishu, XU Jingying, et al. Effect of mixed combustion of ammonia fuel on flame characteristics and particulate matter formation of coal volatiles[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2022, 43(6): 908., articleTitle=Effect of mixed combustion of ammonia fuel on flame characteristics and particulate matter formation of coal volatiles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610624386560741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=36, issue=16, pageStart=9347, pageEnd=9356, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=41, authorNames=ZHU J, LIU X, XU Y, journalName=Energy & Fuels, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU J, LIU X, XU Y, et al. Probing into volatile combustion flame and particulate formation behavior during the coal and ammonia co-firing process[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2022, 36(16): 9347-9356., articleTitle=Probing into volatile combustion flame and particulate formation behavior during the coal and ammonia co-firing process, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610624487224041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=256, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=42, authorNames=XU Y, WANG H, LIU X, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Y, WANG H, LIU X, et al. Mitigating CO2 emission in pulverized coal-fired power plant via co-firing ammonia: a simulation study of flue gas streams and exergy efficiency[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 256: 115328., articleTitle=Mitigating CO2 emission in pulverized coal-fired power plant via co-firing ammonia: a simulation study of flue gas streams and exergy efficiency, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610624579498730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=28, issue=3, pageStart=185, pageEnd=192, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=43, authorNames=王一坤, 邓磊, 王涛, journalName=洁净煤技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王一坤, 邓磊, 王涛, 等. 大比例掺烧NH3对燃煤机组影响分析[J]. 洁净煤技术, 2022, 28(3): 185-192., articleTitle=大比例掺烧NH3对燃煤机组影响分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610624696939245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=28, issue=3, pageStart=185, pageEnd=192, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=44, authorNames=WANG Yikun, DENG Lei, WANG Tao, journalName=Clean Coal Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Yikun, DENG Lei, WANG Tao, et al. Analysis of the influence of large proportion of mixed combustion of NH3 on coal-fired units[J]. Clean Coal Technology, 2022, 28(3): 185-192., articleTitle=Analysis of the influence of large proportion of mixed combustion of NH3 on coal-fired units, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610624789213936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=108, issue=null, pageStart=166, pageEnd=176, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=45, authorNames=KUMAR P, MEYER T R, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KUMAR P, MEYER T R. Experimental and modeling study of chemical-kinetics mechanisms for H2-NH3-air mixtures in laminar premixed jet flames[J]. Fuel, 2013, 108: 166-176., articleTitle=Experimental and modeling study of chemical-kinetics mechanisms for H2-NH3-air mixtures in laminar premixed jet flames, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610624889877238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=40, issue=30, pageStart=9570, pageEnd=9578, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=46, authorNames=ICHIKAWA A, HAYAKAWA A, KITAGAWA Y, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ICHIKAWA A, HAYAKAWA A, KITAGAWA Y, et al. Laminar burning velocity and Markstein length of ammonia/hydrogen/air premixed flames at elevated pressures[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(30): 9570-9578., articleTitle=Laminar burning velocity and Markstein length of ammonia/hydrogen/air premixed flames at elevated pressures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610625028289273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=263, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=47, authorNames=LHUILLIER C, BREQUIGNY P, LAMOUREUX N, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LHUILLIER C, BREQUIGNY P, LAMOUREUX N, et al. Experimental investigation on laminar burning velocities of ammonia/hydrogen/air mixtures at elevated temperatures[J]. Fuel, 2020, 263: 116653., articleTitle=Experimental investigation on laminar burning velocities of ammonia/hydrogen/air mixtures at elevated temperatures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610625133146878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=38, issue=9, pageStart=1214, pageEnd=1223, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=48, authorNames=LI J, HUANG H, KOBAYASHI N, journalName=International Journal of Energy Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI J, HUANG H, KOBAYASHI N, et al. Study on using hydrogen and ammonia as fuels: combustion characteristics and NOx formation[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2014, 38(9): 1214-1223., articleTitle=Study on using hydrogen and ammonia as fuels: combustion characteristics and NOx formation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610625246393091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=35, issue=20, pageStart=11332, pageEnd=11341, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=49, authorNames=LEE J, LEE S, KWON O, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEE J, LEE S, KWON O. Effects of ammonia substitution on hydrogen/air flame propagation and emissions[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(20): 11332-11341., articleTitle=Effects of ammonia substitution on hydrogen/air flame propagation and emissions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610625388999434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=85, issue=null, pageStart=503, pageEnd=510, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=50, authorNames=CHOI S, LEE S, KWON O C, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHOI S, LEE S, KWON O C. Extinction limits and structure of counterflow nonpremixed hydrogen-doped ammonia/air flames at elevated temperatures[J]. Energy, 2015, 85: 503-510., articleTitle=Extinction limits and structure of counterflow nonpremixed hydrogen-doped ammonia/air flames at elevated temperatures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610625539994381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=61, issue=198, pageStart=299, pageEnd=303, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=51, authorNames=木本政義, 山本晃, 小沢靖, journalName=日本燃焼学会誌, refType=null, unstructuredReference=木本政義, 山本晃, 小沢靖, 等. 微粉炭ボイラに適用可能なアンモニア混焼技術[J]. 日本燃焼学会誌, 2019, 61(198): 299-303., articleTitle=微粉炭ボイラに適用可能なアンモニア混焼技術, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610625615491855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=61, issue=198, pageStart=299, pageEnd=303, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=52, authorNames=KIMOTO M, YAMAMOTO S, OZAWA S, journalName=Journal of Combustion Society of Japan, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KIMOTO M, YAMAMOTO S, OZAWA S, et al. An ammonia co-firing technology for pulverized coal boilers[J]. Journal of Combustion Society of Japan, 2019, 61(198): 299-303., articleTitle=An ammonia co-firing technology for pulverized coal boilers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610625737126675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=201, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=53, authorNames=KU J, AHN Y, KIM H, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KU J, AHN Y, KIM H, et al. Propagation and emissions of premixed methane-ammonia/air flames[J]. Energy, 2020, 201: 117632., articleTitle=Propagation and emissions of premixed methane-ammonia/air flames, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610625837789976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=204, issue=null, pageStart=162, pageEnd=175, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=54, authorNames=OKAFOR E C, NAITO Y, COLSON S, journalName=Combustion and Flame, refType=null, unstructuredReference=OKAFOR E C, NAITO Y, COLSON S, et al. Measurement and modelling of the laminar burning velocity of methane-ammonia-air flames at high pressures using a reduced reaction mechanism[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2019, 204: 162-175., articleTitle=Measurement and modelling of the laminar burning velocity of methane-ammonia-air flames at high pressures using a reduced reaction mechanism, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610625934258968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=175, issue=null, pageStart=250, pageEnd=258, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=55, authorNames=LIU S, ZOU C, SONG Y, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU S, ZOU C, SONG Y, et al. Experimental and numerical study of laminar flame speeds of CH4/NH3 mixtures under oxy-fuel combustion[J]. Energy, 2019, 175: 250-258., articleTitle=Experimental and numerical study of laminar flame speeds of CH4/NH3 mixtures under oxy-fuel combustion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610626064282395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=35, issue=9, pageStart=6964, pageEnd=7029, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=56, authorNames=VALERA-MEDINA A, AMER-HATEM F, AZAD A K, journalName=Energy & Fuels, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VALERA-MEDINA A, AMER-HATEM F, AZAD A K, et al. Review on ammonia as a potential fuel: from synthesis to economics[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2021, 35(9): 6964-7029., articleTitle=Review on ammonia as a potential fuel: from synthesis to economics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610626173334306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=206, issue=null, pageStart=214, pageEnd=226, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=57, authorNames=HAN X, WANG Z, COSTA M, journalName=Combustion and Flame, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN X, WANG Z, COSTA M, et al. Experimental and kinetic modeling study of laminar burning velocities of NH3/air, NH3/H2/air, NH3/CO/air and NH3/CH4/air premixed flames[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2019, 206: 214-226., articleTitle=Experimental and kinetic modeling study of laminar burning velocities of NH3/air, NH3/H2/air, NH3/CO/air and NH3/CH4/air premixed flames, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610626278191907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=213, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=58, authorNames=HAN X, WANG Z, HE Y, journalName=Combustion and Flame, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN X, WANG Z, HE Y, et al. Experimental and kinetic modeling study of laminar burning velocities of NH3/syngas/air premixed flames[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2020, 213: 1-13., articleTitle=Experimental and kinetic modeling study of laminar burning velocities of NH3/syngas/air premixed flames, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610626366272294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=217, issue=null, pageStart=314, pageEnd=220, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=59, authorNames=HAN X, WANG Z, HE Y, journalName=Combustion and Flame, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN X, WANG Z, HE Y, et al. The temperature dependence of the laminar burning velocity and superadiabatic flame temperature phenomenon for NH3/air flames[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2020, 217: 314-220., articleTitle=The temperature dependence of the laminar burning velocity and superadiabatic flame temperature phenomenon for NH3/air flames, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610626445964075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=363, issue=null, pageStart=187, pageEnd=196, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=60, authorNames=LIU Q, CHEN X, HUANG J, journalName=Journal of Hazardous Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Q, CHEN X, HUANG J, et al. The characteristics of flame propagation in ammonia/oxygen mixtures[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019, 363: 187-196., articleTitle=The characteristics of flame propagation in ammonia/oxygen mixtures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610626550821680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=2, pageStart=2163, pageEnd=2174, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=61, authorNames=SHRESTHA K P, LHUILLIER C, BARBOSA A A, journalName=Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHRESTHA K P, LHUILLIER C, BARBOSA A A, et al. An experimental and modeling study of ammonia with enriched oxygen content and ammonia/hydrogen laminar flame speed at elevated pressure and temperature[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2021, 38(2): 2163-2174., articleTitle=An experimental and modeling study of ammonia with enriched oxygen content and ammonia/hydrogen laminar flame speed at elevated pressure and temperature, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610626647290676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=93, issue=null, pageStart=2053, pageEnd=2068, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=62, authorNames=LI J, HUANG H, KOBAYASHI N, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI J, HUANG H, KOBAYASHI N, et al. Numerical study on effect of oxygen content in combustion air on ammonia combustion[J]. Energy, 2015, 93: 2053-2068., articleTitle=Numerical study on effect of oxygen content in combustion air on ammonia combustion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610626735371063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=279, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=63, authorNames=WANG D, JI C, WANG Z, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG D, JI C, WANG Z, et al. Measurement of oxy-ammonia laminar burning velocity at normal and elevated temperatures[J]. Fuel, 2020, 279: 118425., articleTitle=Measurement of oxy-ammonia laminar burning velocity at normal and elevated temperatures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610626915726139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=37, issue=1, pageStart=477, pageEnd=491, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=64, authorNames=YAO Q, LI R, WANG Y, journalName=Energy & Fuels, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAO Q, LI R, WANG Y, et al. Feasibility analysis of coupling hydrogen-derived fuel on a coal-fired boiler for power generation[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2022, 37(1): 477-491., articleTitle=Feasibility analysis of coupling hydrogen-derived fuel on a coal-fired boiler for power generation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610627012195133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=334, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=65, authorNames=CHEN L, WANG C, WANG W, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN L, WANG C, WANG W. Effect of ammonia co-firing on heat transfer, safety, and economy of coal-fired boilers[J]. Fuel, 2023, 334: 126649., articleTitle=Effect of ammonia co-firing on heat transfer, safety, and economy of coal-fired boilers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610627104469823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=61, issue=198, pageStart=304, pageEnd=308, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=66, authorNames=伊藤隆政, 張聚偉, 石原咲子, journalName=日本燃焼学会誌, refType=null, unstructuredReference=伊藤隆政, 張聚偉, 石原咲子, 等. 微粉炭/アンモニア混合燃焼技術の開発と数値解析を用いたボイラ性能評価[J]. 日本燃焼学会誌, 2019, 61(198): 304-308., articleTitle=微粉炭/アンモニア混合燃焼技術の開発と数値解析を用いたボイラ性能評価, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610627179967297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=61, issue=198, pageStart=304, pageEnd=308, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=67, authorNames=TAKASA I T O, ZHANG J W, ISHIHARA S, journalName=Journal of Combustion Society of Japan, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAKASA I T O, ZHANG J W, ISHIHARA S, et al. Development of mixed pulverized coal/ammonia combustion technology and evaluation of boiler performance using numerical analysis[J]. Journal of Combustion Society of Japan, 2019, 61(198): 304-308., articleTitle=Development of mixed pulverized coal/ammonia combustion technology and evaluation of boiler performance using numerical analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610627305796420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=277, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=68, authorNames=TAMURA M, GOTOU T, ISHII H, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAMURA M, GOTOU T, ISHII H, et al. Experimental investigation of ammonia combustion in a bench scale 1.2 MW-thermal pulverised coal firing furnace[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 277: 115580., articleTitle=Experimental investigation of ammonia combustion in a bench scale 1.2 MW-thermal pulverised coal firing furnace, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610627452597062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=86, issue=883, pageStart=19, pageEnd=00363-19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=69, authorNames=石井大樹, 大野恵美, 小崎貴弘, journalName=日本機械学会論文集, refType=null, unstructuredReference=石井大樹, 大野恵美, 小崎貴弘, 等. ガスNOx生成を抑制する微粉炭/アンモニア混焼技術の開発[J]. 日本機械学会論文集, 2020, 86(883): 19-00363-19., articleTitle=ガスNOx生成を抑制する微粉炭/アンモニア混焼技術の開発, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610627557454665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=86, issue=883, pageStart=19, pageEnd=00363-19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=70, authorNames=ISAI D, ONO E, OOZAKI T, journalName=Journal of the Japan Society of mechanical engineers, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ISAI D, ONO E, OOZAKI T, et al. Development of pulverized coal/ammonia co-firing technology to suppress NOx generation[J]. Journal of the Japan Society of mechanical engineers, 2020, 86(883): 19-00363-19., articleTitle=Development of pulverized coal/ammonia co-firing technology to suppress NOx generation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610627725226828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=254, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=71, authorNames=CARDOSO J S, SILVA V, EUSEBIO D, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CARDOSO J S, SILVA V, EUSEBIO D, et al. Numerical modelling of ammonia-coal co-firing in a pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor: Influence of ammonia addition for emissions control[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 254: 115226., articleTitle=Numerical modelling of ammonia-coal co-firing in a pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor: Influence of ammonia addition for emissions control, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610627821695822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=601, pageEnd=611, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=72, authorNames=YOSHIZAKI T, journalName=Test of the co-firing of ammonia and coal at Mizushima power station, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YOSHIZAKI T. Test of the co-firing of ammonia and coal at Mizushima power station[M]. CO2 Free Ammonia as an Energy Carrier: Japan’s sights. Springer. 2022: 601-611., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610627989467986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=48, issue=45, pageStart=17293, pageEnd=17310, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=73, authorNames=LYU Q, WANG R, DU Y, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LYU Q, WANG R, DU Y, et al. Numerical study on coal/ammonia co-firing in a 600 MW utility boiler[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(45): 17293-17310., articleTitle=Numerical study on coal/ammonia co-firing in a 600 MW utility boiler, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610628106908501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=29, issue=9, pageStart=127, pageEnd=133, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=74, authorNames=闫卫东, 秦世泰, 杨凯, journalName=洁净煤技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=闫卫东, 秦世泰, 杨凯, 等. 氨-煤在沉降炉中掺烧试验及氨的氧化动力学[J]. 洁净煤技术, 2023, 29(9): 127-133., articleTitle=氨-煤在沉降炉中掺烧试验及氨的氧化动力学, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610628182405977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=29, issue=9, pageStart=127, pageEnd=133, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=75, authorNames=YAN Weidong, QIN Shitai, YANG Kai, journalName=Clean Coal Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAN Weidong, QIN Shitai, YANG Kai, et al. Mixed combustion test of ammonia-coal in settling furnace and oxidation kinetics of ammonia[J]. Clean Coal Technology, 2023, 29(9) : 127-133., articleTitle=Mixed combustion test of ammonia-coal in settling furnace and oxidation kinetics of ammonia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236610628270486363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=53, issue=1, pageStart=6, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=76, authorNames=ITO S, UCHIDA M, SUDA T, journalName=Engineering, Environmental Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ITO S, UCHIDA M, SUDA T, et al. Development of ammonia gas turbine co-generation technology[J]. Engineering, Environmental Science, 2020, 53(1): 6., articleTitle=Development of ammonia gas turbine co-generation technology, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236610613934354578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610613959520404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610613934354578, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610613967909013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610613934354578, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049)]), AuthorCompany(id=1236610614211178653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610614215372959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610614211178653, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Xi’an Thermal Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236610614223761568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, companyId=1236610614211178653, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236610618170601908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flame propagation mechanism of ammonia/coal particle cloud co-combustion, figureFileSmall=qorUuSBaViKnJeduOYCh6A==, figureFileBig=l37F7hqAo6EXvI05OqrTyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610618434843071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=CN, label=图1, caption=氨、煤颗粒云共燃的火焰传播机制, figureFileSmall=qorUuSBaViKnJeduOYCh6A==, figureFileBig=l37F7hqAo6EXvI05OqrTyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610618560672200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Spherical flame images, figureFileSmall=sfpIsb/FJ+tbHonz0nD2eA==, figureFileBig=ahumI1RLg3chuvKjrf/Wrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610618627781069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=CN, label=图2, caption=球形火焰图片, figureFileSmall=sfpIsb/FJ+tbHonz0nD2eA==, figureFileBig=ahumI1RLg3chuvKjrf/Wrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610618724250066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Flame images, figureFileSmall=zq3fNvasdDmGbAY9usK0gA==, figureFileBig=x+qaAYqx3dvPIF6rjLLKRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610618845884887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=CN, label=图3, caption=火焰图像, figureFileSmall=zq3fNvasdDmGbAY9usK0gA==, figureFileBig=x+qaAYqx3dvPIF6rjLLKRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610618917188061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The OH and NH detected by LIF technology, figureFileSmall=tBQ5z6WTbI73vyie93Yw6A==, figureFileBig=GswctlrtFFUhCA3Q7vRuhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610619030434272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=CN, label=图4, caption=LIF技术检测OH、NH, figureFileSmall=tBQ5z6WTbI73vyie93Yw6A==, figureFileBig=GswctlrtFFUhCA3Q7vRuhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610619156263399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes of flame morphology with different ammonia blending ratios, figureFileSmall=RVQi2VFM4Z1j48GA9fR0+A==, figureFileBig=o+jeQzh+W6rO43h6uPhzPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610619282092525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同混氨比例下火焰形态变化, figureFileSmall=RVQi2VFM4Z1j48GA9fR0+A==, figureFileBig=o+jeQzh+W6rO43h6uPhzPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610619395338743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Amount of heat transfer in furnace with coal and ammonia co-firing, figureFileSmall=VbSQw6sDUEyOpimfqPXIWg==, figureFileBig=eu6iyJPQH8/3JP44pZgulg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610619491807737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=CN, label=图6, caption=煤、氨掺烧炉内传热量, figureFileSmall=VbSQw6sDUEyOpimfqPXIWg==, figureFileBig=eu6iyJPQH8/3JP44pZgulg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610619588276732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Relationship between the furnace outlet gas temperature and coupling mass fraction of hydrogen derived fuel, figureFileSmall=Ysk9bKhxKlRqME4NODOseA==, figureFileBig=SO/6TNRdr+YYN1IEbSdeyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236610619705717252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596127001276502, language=CN, label=图7, caption=炉膛出口烟气温度与氢基衍生燃料耦合质量分数关系, figureFileSmall=Ysk9bKhxKlRqME4NODOseA==, figureFileBig=SO/6TNRdr+YYN1IEbSdeyA==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1210938006006558725, delFlag=0, nameCn=热力发电, nameEn=Thermal Power Generation, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1002-3364, eissn=null, cn=61-1111/TM, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=YWgAUXbKXZzTw3c+kJbAIA==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Thermal Power Generation, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1766639718774, updatedTime=1766640759031, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=T, firstLetterEn=T, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=YWgAUXbKXZzTw3c+kJbAIA==, picEn=jfJjUlYAGfUZwuOMQZ6AHQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1210942369256575009, language=CN, name=热力发电, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1766640759052, updatedTime=1766640759052, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=1, submissionEditorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=3, submissionReviewUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=2, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1210942369315295266, language=EN, name=Thermal Power Generation, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1766640759066, updatedTime=1766640759066, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=1, submissionEditorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=3, submissionReviewUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=2, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1210938733613449225, websiteList=[Website(id=1210941118787744741, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1210938733613449225, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN, language=CN, createTime=1766640460918, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1766640511525, updateBy=18614031015, name=热力发电-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=热力发电, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1210944690380214659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1766641312451, updateTime=1766641312451, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690359243136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1766641312446, updateTime=1766641312446, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690401186182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641312456, updateTime=1766641312456, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690346660223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic?fileId=ToFA0Lu4b/CNocENDvNjHA==, createTime=1766641312443, updateTime=1766641312443, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690409574792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641312458, updateTime=1766641312458, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690371826050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic, createTime=1766641312449, updateTime=1766641312449, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690405380487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641312457, updateTime=1766641312457, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690367631745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1766641312448, updateTime=1766641312448, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690388603268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1766641312453, updateTime=1766641312453, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690392797573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1766641312454, updateTime=1766641312454, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1210941118926156777, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1210938733613449225, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN, language=EN, createTime=1766640460950, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1766640598724, updateBy=18614031015, name=热力发电-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Thermal Power Generation, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1210944709317489283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1766641316966, updateTime=1766641316966, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709296517760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1766641316961, updateTime=1766641316961, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709334266502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641316970, updateTime=1766641316970, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709288129151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic?fileId=ToFA0Lu4b/CNocENDvNjHA==, createTime=1766641316959, updateTime=1766641316959, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709346849416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641316973, updateTime=1766641316973, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709309100674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/file/pic, createTime=1766641316964, updateTime=1766641316964, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709338460807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641316971, updateTime=1766641316971, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709300712065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1766641316962, updateTime=1766641316962, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709321683588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1766641316967, updateTime=1766641316967, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709330072197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1766641316969, updateTime=1766641316969, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=热力发电, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Thermal Power Generation, journalPhotoCn=YWgAUXbKXZzTw3c+kJbAIA==, journalPhotoEn=jfJjUlYAGfUZwuOMQZ6AHQ==, journalFirstLetter=T, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202408217, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202408217, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/PDF/10.19666/j.rlfd.202408217, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/PDF/10.19666/j.rlfd.202408217, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
燃煤电站锅炉掺氨燃烧特性及对锅炉影响研究进展
收藏切换
PDF下载
李宇航 1 , 田舒嫚 1 , 张普选 1 , 晋中华 2 , 邓磊 1 , 车得福 1 , 王志超 2
热力发电 | 新型发电技术专题 2025,54(5): 13-24
收起
收藏切换
热力发电 | 新型发电技术专题 2025, 54(5): 13-24
燃煤电站锅炉掺氨燃烧特性及对锅炉影响研究进展
全屏
李宇航1 , 田舒嫚1, 张普选1, 晋中华2, 邓磊1 , 车得福1, 王志超2
作者信息
  • 1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 李宇航(1992),男,硕士,主要研究方向为电站锅炉低碳燃料掺烧技术,

通讯作者:

邓磊(1983),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为生物质热转化及生物质能利用,
Combustion characteristics of mixed ammonia in coal-fired utility boiler and its influence on boiler: a review
Yuhang LI1 , Shuman TIAN1, Puxuan ZHANG1, Zhonghua JIN2, Lei DENG1 , Defu CHE1, Zhichao WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408217
文章导航
收藏切换

综述了燃煤电站锅炉掺氨燃烧的燃烧特性及其对锅炉的影响,旨在为大规模应用氨作为燃煤替代燃料提供理论和实践依据。通过系统回顾现有文献,研究氨燃烧的基本特性、火焰传播特性、火焰形态及其对燃煤锅炉的影响,同时探讨了富氧燃烧、预热燃烧及氢气助燃等强化燃烧的方法。结果表明:氨煤混燃虽提高了酸露点但能够减缓受热面积灰、结渣、磨损和高温腐蚀等问题,氨的反应性较差可能导致炉膛损失增大,但采用增氧燃烧等策略可以减少这些损失;对于氨与小分子气体燃料的混合燃烧研究较多,但氨与煤等大分子固体碳氢燃料的混合燃烧行为研究较少;掺氨燃烧对锅炉传热、受热面安全及锅炉效率的影响显著,火焰温度降低、煤烟产生量减少、烟气组分变化会影响传热效果和受热面状态,需关注低温腐蚀和未燃尽氨的排放问题。掺氨燃烧是一种有效的低碳燃烧技术,但在大型火力发电锅炉中的应用还面临诸多挑战,需要进一步深入研究燃烧机理和实际应用效果,以优化燃烧设备和提高系统效率。

燃煤锅炉  /  氨燃料  /  燃烧特性  /  碳减排  /  掺氨燃烧

The combustion characteristics of coal-fired power plant boilers co-firing ammonia and its impact on the boilers are reviewed, aiming to provide theoretical and practical basis for large-scale application of ammonia as an alternative fuel to coal. By systematically reviewing existing literatures, the study examines the fundamental characteristics of ammonia combustion, flame propagation, flame morphology, and their effects on heat transfer, heat surface safety, boiler efficiency, and exergy efficiency of coal-fired boilers. The study also explores combustion enhancement methods such as oxygen-enriched combustion, preheated combustion, and hydrogen-assisted combustion. The results indicate that, co-firing ammonia can mitigate issues like ash deposition, slagging, wear, and high-temperature corrosion on heating surfaces, but it increases the acid dew point of flue gas, potentially exacerbating low-temperature corrosion. Co-firing ammonia increases the irreversibility of the combustion process, leading to higher furnace losses, although oxygen-enriched combustion can mitigate these losses. While there is substantial research on ammonia co-firing with small molecule gaseous fuels, there is limited study on its co-firing with large molecule solid hydrocarbons like coal. The effect of ammonia blending combustion on boiler heat transfer, heating surface safety, and boiler efficiency is significant. The decrease in flame temperature, reduction in flue gas soots, and changes in flue gas composition can affect heat transfer efficiency and heating surface conditions. Attention should be paid to low-temperature corrosion and unburned ammonia emissions. Ammonia blending combustion is an effective low-carbon combustion technology, but its application in large utility boilers still faces many challenges. It requires further in-depth research on combustion mechanisms and practical application effects to optimize combustion equipment and improve system efficiency.

coal-fired boiler  /  ammonia fuel  /  combustion characteristics  /  carbon emission reduction  /  ammonia co-firing
李宇航, 田舒嫚, 张普选, 晋中华, 邓磊, 车得福, 王志超. 燃煤电站锅炉掺氨燃烧特性及对锅炉影响研究进展. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (5) : 13 -24 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408217
Yuhang LI, Shuman TIAN, Puxuan ZHANG, Zhonghua JIN, Lei DENG, Defu CHE, Zhichao WANG. Combustion characteristics of mixed ammonia in coal-fired utility boiler and its influence on boiler: a review[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (5) : 13 -24 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408217
随着全球对碳中和目标的共识增强,减少温室气体排放的需求也日益加强。氨作为一种可直接燃烧的无碳燃料,不仅是有效的氢能载体,而且其应用领域正在不断扩展,特别是在燃气轮机和燃煤电厂等发电系统中的应用,随着研究成果的连续发布,其相关技术也在持续发展和进步。
在我国电力结构中,火力发电一直发挥着能源领域的压舱石作用,作为主要的工业碳排放源之一火力发电碳排占全国CO2总排放量的30%以上[1-2]。因此,围绕实现碳中和目标的愿景,创建切实可行的火力发电设备组合,推广新一代高效火电设备,逐步淘汰低效设备,努力实现火力发电的零碳转型是实现国家双碳目标的核心任务。当前,碳捕集利用与封存(carbon capture utilization and storage,CCUS)技术在国内外受到高度重视[3]。在燃煤电厂中实施碳捕集、利用与封存技术,属于尾端处理的一种,旨在从排放源头减少燃煤电厂的CO2排放量。为了提升燃煤烟气中CO2的含量和捕集效率,通常采用富氧燃烧技术[4-5]。而对于常规燃烧产生的烟气,其CO2含量相对较低,化学吸收法则被视为一种成熟且具有潜力的捕集技术[6-7]。然而,该技术具有成本高、技术复杂、煤种适应性低等问题。相比于从尾端处理,直接从源头上减少燃煤电厂CO2生成是比较经济且容易实现的途径之一[8-9]。然而,基于我国具体国情,形成一套完整的生物质燃料供给-消费产业链需要较长时间[10]。氢气在储存和运输方面存在的挑战严重限制了其在燃煤电厂掺氢燃烧中的工业应用。因此,短期内通过利用太阳能和风能等可再生能源生产具有存储和运输优势的零碳燃料,是减少燃煤电厂煤耗和源头碳排放的关键策略[11]
氨作为能源载体受到关注是因为燃烧时不产生CO2,是很好的零碳燃料,能够直接燃烧,类似于氢气(H2)。在理想的燃烧条件下,氨的燃烧产物仅为氮气和水,不产生CO2,因此具备显著的低碳特性[10,12-14]。使用氨作为燃料面临的主要挑战是其低反应性和较高的氮氧化物产生量[12,15-16]。与传统碳氢化合物燃料相比,氨的层流火焰燃烧速度较慢,火焰温度较低,且可燃性极限较低,这导致其低反应特性。同时,高氮氧化物产生是由于燃料型NOx的生成机制在相对较低温度下的反应速率高于传统的热力型NOx。此外,通过基于氨-空气和氨-氢-甲烷等混合燃料的层流和湍流燃烧实验结果,对现有的反应机理进行修改或改进,有助于提高高压环境下的点火延迟和氮氧化物组成的预测准确性。鉴于氨燃烧机理研究尚处于初期阶段,根据不同的燃烧条件对各种机理进行比较和验证变得尤为重要。本文针对燃煤锅炉掺氨燃烧存在的问题,从燃烧侧出发,综述了燃煤掺氨的燃烧机理、火焰特点及掺烧后对锅炉的影响,为后续燃煤电站锅炉大比例掺氨燃烧提供新思路。
燃煤电站氨煤混燃燃烧侧所存在的问题主要有两方面:一是氨的燃烧速度慢容易造成火焰不稳定;二是氨煤混燃必然会减少入炉煤量,这就使磨煤机只能在料位下限附近运行。因此,深入研究掺氨燃烧的火焰,寻找合理强化燃烧办法,对燃煤电站实现大规模掺氨燃烧具有指导意义。
对于氨煤混燃的燃烧机理,Meller等人[17]用3种混合分数火焰/进程变量(FPV)方法模拟煤颗粒在脱挥发、氢燃烧和氨燃烧过程中的转化,比较不同机理的一维逆流火焰,进行反应路径分析。研究表明,使用新的反应机理C129(C129为结合纯氨反应路径和CRECK机制所提出的包含完整燃料成分,考虑了挥发分氧化的详细机制),在一维反流火焰模拟中,C129机理与参考机理(纯氨氧化机理CNH3)在纯氨气燃烧时具有较好的一致性。
在燃烧方面,Nagatani与Ishi等人[18]在炉膛前壁布置有一个旋流式燃烧器的10 MW煤粉燃烧试验炉中发现,将喷氨管道设置在燃烧器中心时混氨燃烧的火焰从喷口处开始略微向下游偏移。为了将火焰位置调整回煤粉单独燃烧时的相同位置,需要通过调整燃烧器的参数,如旋流强度等[19]来实现。Nakatsuka等人[20-22]采用层流对冲式燃烧器,研究了煤-氨混合燃烧过程中单颗粒煤粉的燃烧特性,分析了混合燃烧对煤粉挥发分释放和碳烟形成的影响。在对冲燃烧器试验中,预混的氨气和空气将煤粉输送进入燃烧区域,煤粉随后在扩散火焰稳定的常压氨气火焰中燃烧。此外,通过采用激光诱导炽光法(LII)和激光诱导荧光法(PAH-LIF),直接观测了燃烧过程中单颗粒煤粉周围碳烟和多环芳烃(PAH)的空间分布情况。观测结果表明:氨与煤共同燃烧时,煤粉颗粒周围的挥发分分布范围扩大;由于煤衍生挥发性物质与氨燃烧的相互作用,煤粉颗粒出现旋转现象[23]
而对于颗粒群燃烧行为,Hadi等人[24]利用研制的专用共燃烧实验装置,对不同煤种在不同湍流强度下的共燃烧球形湍流火焰传播进行了实验研究,发现煤的燃料比对氨、煤颗粒混合共燃的火焰速度有影响。
烟煤火焰速度较高,这是因为烟煤释放的挥发物较多,导致火焰前沿和明亮火焰前沿之间的距离较短,从而使煤颗粒在预热区接收到更大的辐射热通量。而高燃料比的煤火焰速度较低,这是因为高燃料比煤颗粒中挥发物含量较低,挥发物释放速率较慢,导致烟煤前沿相对较远,由于负效应(煤颗粒在预热区的热沉效应)的压倒性作用,高燃料比煤的火焰速度较低。
煤中挥发分燃烧能够提升火焰传播速度,但煤粉的吸热会减缓火焰的传播速度[25]。Liu等人[26-27]研究了焦炭燃烧与气相燃烧的相互影响,发现气相组分的浓度和气相温度会影响焦炭的点火性能。据此分析,掺入氨后烟气中的氧气、水蒸气等组分的浓度以及烟气的温度都可能发生变化,这将对焦炭点火性能产生影响。Xia等人[25]使用普通沥青煤粉作为燃料与稀释的氧气混合,在共燃条件下,氨气和煤粉同时燃烧,通过调整氨气当量比,研究了不同共燃条件下火焰传播的特性,发现氨气、氧气、氮气当量比对火焰传播速度有着重要影响。
在氨煤混燃方面,文献[24]通过定容燃烧弹探究了不同当量比下氨煤混燃时湍流火焰的传播速度,并基于实验结果建立了混燃时的火焰传播机制(图1),发现氨、氧化剂混合物的当量比对氨、煤颗粒共燃的火焰速度有2个积极影响,即由于煤颗粒挥发性物质的添加而增加了局部当量比和预热区发光火焰对煤颗粒的辐射热通量,另一个负面影响是散热器效应,归因于预热区中煤颗粒的热容量。
此外,还有学者[25]将煤粉、氨共燃火焰按火焰传播方向分为3个区域,包括煤粉燃烧区、预热区和未燃烧混合区。反应前沿是煤粉燃烧区和预热区之间的边界。在氨含量较少的情况下,认为大部分氨在反应前沿的薄区域内完全燃烧。在富含氨的情况下,认为大部分氧气被与氨以及反应前沿中挥发性物质(煤热解所产生的挥发分)的反应所消耗。煤颗粒的脱挥发分和烟尘颗粒的形成在反应前沿后进行。在煤粉燃烧区,单个煤粒燃烧遵循加热、挥发性物质释放和燃烧、焦碳燃烧的顺序。
煤粉、氨共燃与纯氨燃烧的火焰传播速度存在差异,主要包括3种类型:1)预热区未燃烧煤颗粒的散热效应对混燃火焰传播速度有负面影响,这是因为在煤颗粒预热过程中,显热以及脱挥发分所需热量会被颗粒吸收;2)发光火焰对预热区未燃烧煤颗粒的强烈辐射对混燃火焰传播速度有正面影响,这种强辐射主要由发光火焰中的高温烟尘颗粒引起,而煤颗粒本身对辐射的贡献很小;3)通过添加挥发性物质增加预热区局部等效比,可对混燃火焰传播速度起到积极或消极的影响,具体取决于掺氨比。
根据以上研究,可以发现混燃中氨燃料对煤的点火行为及煤燃烧过程中挥发分的形成、分布和转化有显著影响。由于火焰在实际燃烧器内部形成湍流场,因此了解湍流燃烧特性非常重要。湍流形成的火焰在扭曲时会发生膨胀,此时,由于局部速度梯度不稳定,火焰可能会因为过大的应变率而熄灭。与层流研究相比,关于纯氨-空气燃烧湍流火焰的基础研究信息较少,需要进一步研究探索。
现役燃煤火电站要实现氨煤混烧,首先需要评估混烧时炉膛内部的反应变化,并根据评估结果研究出合理的混烧方法,因此对火焰形态和辐射特性的研究显得尤为重要。在燃烧室设计中,最重要的燃烧特性是层流火焰的燃烧速度。图2为球形火焰传播的实验结果[15, 28]
与氢燃烧火焰相似,燃烧速度最高的等比条件向富燃料条件倾斜,这是高温下氨解离的氢分子优先扩散的结果。一般来说,采用球形传播火焰测量燃烧速度时,要先测量火焰半径随时间的变化量,然后根据应变速率由火焰曲率的变化量推导出燃烧速度,再计算出未拉伸状态下的层流燃烧速度。在这种情况下,燃烧速率随应变速率变化的灵敏度一般表示为Markstein长度或Markstein数除以火焰区厚度,当Markstein数为负时,观察到的是不稳定的火焰,而正值时可以观察到稳定的火焰。然而,根据热扩散不稳定的程度,如果Markstein数是较小的正数,则可能发生燃烧不稳定。此外,Markstein数随着压力的增加而进一步减小,因此在相同的当量比下,有可能会加强由于热扩散不稳定引起的火焰不稳定。
实际燃烧过程中,火焰由于起皱或弯曲时膨胀可能在实际燃烧室内形成湍流场。此时,由于局部速度梯度不稳定,火焰可因应变速率过大而熄灭。Ichimura等人[29]在静室中通过控制风机转速对湍流条件下氨空气火焰稳定区域进行了研究(图3),发现根据湍流强度的增加,可以通过火焰应变率效应、热扩散不稳定性和Markstein数来确定湍流火焰稳定区域。
LIF技术是利用激光照射各种化学物质,激发其固有的易被激发的发射波长,然后测量该化学物质从激发态到降低能级时的发光强度,从而获得该物质的浓度和分布。在氨煤混烧试验中,使用LIF技术可以将OH和NH可视化,从而实现高温区域和氨反应区域的可视化。而通过片状激光光源可以获得火焰中心截面的OH及NH的二维分布。OH是燃烧反应生成的活性化学物质,多存在于燃烧后的高温区域;NH是氨的热分解或燃烧反应所产生的活性化学物质,多存在于氨反应区域。日本电力中央研究所利用LIF技术研究氨煤混烧时得到,燃烧器上方15 mm处的平均LIF信号强度的径向分布如图4所示(图中Case 1指纯煤燃烧,Case 2指纯氨气燃烧,Case 3指氨气和煤粉混合燃烧)[22]。氨煤混燃时(Case 3)在距中心约2.5 mm的位置出现了挥发分(PAHs)峰值,在距中心约4.0 mm的位置出现了NH峰值,在距中心约5.0 mm的位置出现了OH峰值。
与纯烧煤粉不同的是,在紧邻PAHs峰值的外侧没有出现OH峰值,由此可以推断:煤粉虽然释放了挥发分,但主气流中挥发分的燃烧反应并不活跃,这是由于投入氨后削减了主气流中的氧量。此外,NH峰值的外侧出现了OH峰值,其原因是氨的分解产物、煤的挥发分以及未燃烧的煤粉颗粒全部与周围空气发生反应并燃烧,即混烧氨后削减了主气流中的氧量,加之氨本身的燃烧效率又低于一般的碳氢燃料,因此导致主气流的燃烧效率变差,结果表现为火焰亮度和温度的降低。
Ma等人[30]使用光学诊断技术对混燃氨与粉煤燃烧中的煤着火和气相燃烧进行了研究,通过OH-PLIF技术(OH-PLIF是一种被广泛应用于表征煤和氨燃烧的激光诱导荧光技术),观察到了氨和煤粉共燃时的氢氧化物浓度分布,从而了解挥发物的燃烧过程,通过CH*(空气火焰中常见的化学发光物质)化学发光技术,定量测量了煤粉的点火时间和挥发物燃烧时间,发现随着NH3射入量的增加,火焰亮度和煤燃烧长度都减小,说明氨的添加对煤着火时间和挥发物燃烧时间有影响,同时也改变了煤燃烧的模式。
由上可知,氨煤混燃会影响火焰形态,其中共燃比(以煤粉发热量折算的热量比)可能对火焰形态有较大影响。Zhang等人[31]在8.5 MW燃烧实验炉中,研究了NH3与煤共燃的过程,发现当NH3共燃比例超过40%时,火焰形状从正常的旋涡火焰变为长而细的火焰,这是因为高速的NH3喷射完全穿透了火焰的内反应区。
从同一断面平均流速下,不同混氨比例(0~50%)直接拍摄到的代表性火焰照片(静止画面)如图5所示。可以看出,随着混氨比例的提高,火焰的整体亮度降低,最大亮度逐渐向火焰下游推移。当输入热量保持不变而改变混氨比例时,也呈现出相同的趋势。这说明主要燃烧反应区域会随着混氨比例的提高逐渐向下游推移,其原因在于提高混氨比例后,煤粉的供应量减少,氨气供应量增大,导致煤粉的着火性随固气比的降低而变差,主气流中的氧量随氨浓度的提高而降低,燃烧速度也随着燃烧效率较差的氨投入比例增大而降低[32]
综上,掺烧NH3后由挥发分和NH3组成的混合可燃气体总量增加,燃烧需要更多氧气,从而使火焰高度增加。同时,掺烧NH3也会影响火焰中碳氢组分向碳烟颗粒的转化[33],改变火焰的辐射特性和可视边界。煤燃烧时碳烟生成较多,导致火焰颜色明亮、形状细长、边界清晰;而高掺氨时火焰颜色暗黄,碳烟辐射减少,火焰呈短粗形状,比煤单独燃烧时的火焰高度低;低掺氨时,火焰变得更加明亮,长度增加,表明该工况下碳烟生成与分布行为可能发生了改变,值得进一步分析。
辐射换热是锅炉炉膛内的主要热交换路径,CO2、H2O、飞灰和碳烟颗粒物等物质,在高温下形成典型的发光火焰,对炉膛内的辐射换热有巨大的影响。Zhu等人[34]使用热浓迁移采样系统对火焰中的烟尘进行采样,并通过透射电子显微镜对烟尘样品进行表征,发现氨共燃可以影响烟尘的形成和演化过程,包括烟尘的数量密度、体积分数、主要烟尘颗粒的平均尺寸和分形结构等。此外,当氨共燃时,空气进给量、烟气总排放量和烟气中CO2含量也有所降低[35]。同时,由于NH3的H含量比煤高,燃烧后产生更多的H2O,排放率和烟气中H2O的含量都在增加。烟气温度升高,也会导致体积流量增大[36]。综上所述,掺烧NH3会影响煤的热解、挥发分释放及其着火过程,以及挥发分火焰的形态和演变特征。由于NH3在煤样着火之前即已燃烧,促进了煤的热解和挥发分的释放,从而使火焰着火的起始时刻提前,并延长了挥发分释放和火焰稳定的时间。
根据上述研究可知,与甲烷等烃类燃料相比氨的燃烧性较差,热值低,且掺烧氨气后产生烟气的比热容高,这导致绝热火焰温度低,进而影响炉内燃烧,因此要想实现燃煤电站大规模掺氨必须合理强化燃烧。
氢气是一种具有很高燃烧速度和低污染物排放的清洁燃料,将其与氨气掺烧可以很好地改善燃烧特性。为此Kumar等人[37]通过实验和建模研究了H2-NH3-air混合物在层流预混射流火焰中的化学动力学机制,使用3种反应机制(Tian et al.,Konnov和GRI-Mech3.0)来预测层流火焰速度,对后面研究强化燃烧办法具有重要意义。
1)加氢可以提高燃烧速度。Ichikawa等人[38]研究了氨气、氢气、空气预混火焰在高压条件下的层流燃烧速度和Markstein长度,发现氨气、氢气、空气预混火焰的无拉伸层流燃烧速度随着氢气比例的增加而非线性增加,Markstein长度随氢气比例的增加呈非单调变化,无拉伸层流燃烧速度和马克斯坦长度随初始混合气压力的增加而减小。Lhuillier等人[39]则是研究了温度对氨气、氢气、空气混合物燃烧速度的影响,结果表明,随着温度的升高,燃烧速度增加,并且在大多数情况下,NH3-空气和NH3-氢气-空气的燃烧速度与温度呈指数关系。比较Li等人[40]使用Bunsen方法测量的燃烧速度与Lee等人[41]的测量和预测结果,发现氢气-NH3-空气的燃烧速度随着燃料氢气浓度的增加而增加,其测量结果与Lee等人[20]的结果以及基于Miller和Bowman以及Lindstedt等人[17]的预测值相吻合。以上研究都说明加氢可以通过增大层流燃烧速度强化燃烧,并且强化程度与温度、压力等有关,对于提高氨气的燃烧强度具有重要意义,为氨气作为氢能源载体和无碳燃料的应用提供了理论和实验基础。Choi等人[42]通过对非预混氨气、空气火焰的研究,发现加入氢气可以扩大可燃范围。此外,研究还观察到了不同氢气替代程度和应变率对火焰结构和熄灭极限的影响。
2)通过加氢稳焰的方式,可以让氨实现稳定燃烧。香川大学[43]使用3层套管燃烧器结合非稳态RANS模型的CHEN模型对氨气、氢气和可变高速空气流混燃展开实验和模拟,发现通过向同轴扩散火焰的中心射流和周围气流之间增加另一个高速空气流,可以向火焰周围施加强剪切作用。受剪切作用的影响,火焰外部得以向燃烧器中心供给高浓度的OH、H,从而使难燃的氨维持了稳定燃烧
Ku等人[44]研究了扩散球形预混甲烷-氨、空气火焰的燃烧特性,测量了层流燃烧速度、Markstein数和结构。Okafor等人[45]通过实验测量和化学动力学模拟相结合的方法,研究NH3-空气和CH4-NH3-空气火焰的燃烧特性。Liu等人[46]使用数字粒子图像测速技术(digital particle image velocimetry,DPIV)测量了火焰中心线上的轴向速度分布,并通过计算得到了层流火焰速度,发现NH3的加入可以提高混合物的层流火焰速度,并且对火焰速度的影响与当量比有关。在不同的当量比和氨气浓度下,燃烧速度和Markstein长度都有所变化,并且氨气燃烧产生的氮氧化物浓度低于甲烷燃烧产生的氮氧化物浓度,甲烷-氨气、空气预混火焰比纯甲烷、空气预混火焰更厚且传播速度更慢,同时减少了CO2的排放[47]
此外,Valera-Medina、Han等人[47-49]还研究了NH3、CO、空气的空气预混火焰层流燃烧速度和点火延迟时间,发现加入CO进行混燃也可以提高氨燃烧的层流燃烧速度,除加燃烧性能好的燃料进行助燃外,富氧燃烧以及氨预热也可以强化氨的燃烧。Han等人[50]在火焰结构分析中发现,在富氨条件下,氨、空气火焰的温度超过了平衡温度,同时观察到了氨转化为氢气的现象;得到在富氨条件下氨转化为氢气的反应途径,并且发现了一些反应对氢气和氢氧自由基的生成有重要影响。Liu等人[51]主要研究了氨气、氧气混合物的火焰传播和层流火焰速度,研究结果表明,当氨气、氧气混合物的初始压力和当量比在一定范围内变化时,火焰传播和层流火焰速度也会相应变化。Shrestha等人[52]研究了富氧条件下氨气在不同压力和温度下的层流火焰速度数据,实验结果表明,增加氧气含量或使用氢气作为燃料混合物可以提高氨气的层流火焰速度。Li等人[53]研究了氧气体积分数对氨燃烧的影响,结果表明,富氧燃烧对氨的层流燃烧速度和绝热火焰温度都有积极影响,氧气体积分数为30%时,氨的最大层流燃烧速度为38.6 cm/s,约为氧气体积分数为21%时的2.6倍。Wang等人[54]研究氨气在富氧条件下的燃烧特性发现,NH3氧化反应的燃烧特性受到氧分数和当量比的影响,随着氧分数的增加,最大低速燃烧速度(LBV)增加,但增加速度在富氧一侧比贫氧一侧更快,当量比的增加导致最大LBV从接近化学计量比的位置向贫氧一侧移动,而氨预热可以增强火焰吹熄极限,使得火焰稳定性提高,火焰传播速度增大。
氨在锅炉燃烧器里的停留时间是在燃气轮机里的10倍,因此未燃尽氨残留的可能性极低,加之煤炭中原本含有氮,燃煤锅炉对控制NOx生成有成熟的技术,所以能够相对容易地控制氨燃烧所产生的NOx。因此,掺氨燃烧后对燃煤锅炉内的传热、受热面安全及锅炉效率的影响显得尤为重要。
在混氨燃烧过程中,随着火焰温度降低,煤烟产量减少,火焰亮度也会降低。同时,由于燃烧气体组分由CO2转换成H2O,因此辐射传热相关参数可能会发生变化。此外,火焰温度下降可能增加飞灰可燃物的含量,同时烟气量和烟气成分的变化也能够影响对流传热的相关参数。
Zhang等人[31]利用8.5 MW燃烧装置,研究NH3与煤共燃过程发现,当NH3共燃比例小于60%时,由于颗粒辐射的减少,增加NH3共燃比例会导致炉壁上吸收的热量减少,当NH3共燃比例从60%增加到80%时,尽管辐射热减少,但由于对流热的增加,墙壁上吸收的总热量增加(图6)。
Yao等人[55]针对某电厂300 MW等级燃煤机组,基于能量守恒定律,通过锅炉热力校核计算分析了机组在不同工况下,NH3掺烧比例在20%~100%时对燃煤机组的影响。结果表明:大比例掺烧NH3后理论燃烧温度呈线性下降,省煤器出口烟温略有降低,排烟温度上升,虽然掺烧NH3后烟气量并未显著增加,但由于烟气温度升高,体积流量增大,增加了对流受热面的换热量。
总体而言,燃煤锅炉掺氨燃烧后,炉膛内的辐射传热量呈现出下降趋势,而尾部受热面的对流传热量则有所增加。
燃煤中含有灰分、水分和硫分等组分。现实电站锅炉中,煤燃烧产生的飞灰附着在炉壁,会导致吸热量略有降低。而混氨燃烧时,由于煤的使用量减少,推测由飞灰引起的吸热量降低问题将有所减轻。但烟气量及烟气组分发生变化,对锅炉受热面可能产生其他影响。
Chen等人[56]研究了燃煤电厂600 MW机组锅炉的热力学计算模型,并考虑了锅炉炉膛、主要加热器、辅助加热器和空气预热器的传热,还分析了NH3共燃对锅炉的影响,发现掺氨燃烧会让炉膛热负荷显著降低。Yao等人[55]分析了将氢衍生燃料(NH3、CH3OH或CH3OCH3)与煤炭耦合燃烧对锅炉热力学参数的影响,发现锅炉热力学参数的变化取决于氢衍生燃料的性质和耦合质量分数,耦合后,炉膛出口烟气温度发生变化,导致水冷壁和对流加热表面的辐射和对流热分布发生变化,耦合H2或NH3时,炉膛出口烟气温度下降。
炉膛出口烟气温度反映了燃料燃烧后放热在炉内被吸收的程度,除受入炉总热量、炉膛内受热面布置、燃烧产物辐射特性影响外,还与火焰中心(燃烧器摆动角度)相关。炉膛出口烟气温度与氢基衍生燃料耦合质量分数关系如图7所示[55]。由图7可知,耦合不同燃料的炉膛出口烟气温度变化趋势差异较大,这与烟气特性和燃烧器角度变化有关,掺氨燃烧后,炉膛出口烟气温度会有所降低,由于NH3燃烧后的产物均为气态产物,对灰熔融温度的影响较小,因此受热面的高温黏结灰和结渣现象有减轻趋势。
此外,烟气酸露点主要受燃料中的硫分和烟气中水蒸气分压影响。有研究表明,掺氨20%燃烧后,H2O质量分数由燃煤基础工况下的8.0%增加到12.8%,增幅为60.0%,这是由于NH3相对于煤具有更高含量的H。Yao等人[55]发现掺氨燃烧后由于烟气中水蒸气分压增加会造成水露点升高,但原煤比例的降低会减少烟气中的硫分和灰分。随着混氨比例的提高,烟气中SO2和灰分的含量逐渐降低,水蒸气含量逐渐增加,二氧化硫下降减轻了脱硫设备的负担。虽然硫酸的露点会随烟气中SO3浓度的下降而降低,但如果水蒸气含量升高,酸露点反过来也会跟着提高,变得更容易凝结,从而引发硫酸腐蚀,影响燃煤机组尾部烟道中低温烟气余热回收设备的安全性。因此,掺氨改造后需重点关注尾部烟道和尾部换热器的低温腐蚀问题。
氨燃料燃烧不合理也可能产生未燃尽NH3,Tamura等人[57-58]在1.2 MW燃烧试验炉中进行了35%掺氨比,煤粉供应量为65 kg/h,燃烧器与侧壁喷射之间的过量空气比为1.29的氨、煤混燃试验,发现在富氧燃烧的条件下几乎不含未燃尽NH3,但试验中检测到有少量N2O存在,掺氨燃烧中较低的燃烧温度可能导致N2O排放恶化。Ishi等人[18,59]在10 MW试验炉中观察到氨、煤混燃时,N2O的生成质量分数(6×10–6~10×10–6)比煤单独燃烧时高出1×10–6~5×10–6
目前,研究表明氨、煤混燃试验中未燃尽氨含量较低,因此并未受到学者们的广泛关注,但模拟显示,在高掺氨比情况下,未燃尽的NH3含量会随着掺混比的增加而持续上升。未燃尽氨在烟道中可能与水分、二氧化硫等物质反应,生成硫酸铵等腐蚀性物质。这些物质可能附着在锅炉尾部烟道和余热回收设备上,导致设备腐蚀,缩短设备使用寿命,并且在安装有选择性催化还原(SCR)装置的锅炉中,未燃尽的氨气可能会导致SCR催化剂中毒,降低其脱硝效率,影响污染物控制效果。因此,对燃煤电站锅炉大比例掺氨燃烧的氨逃逸问题仍需进一步研究。
燃煤锅炉掺氨后由于辐射传热减弱,炉膛吸热量会下降,但是再热器和过热器吸热量却会增大,且波动幅度与氨的混配比例成正比[60-61]。另外,烟气性质的波动可能会导致锅炉效率和㶲效率发生变化。
在锅炉效率方面,有学者发现掺氨燃烧后,燃煤机组主要参数变化与氨的燃料特性有关,氨的热值较低掺氨燃烧后会导致排烟温度上升,锅炉热效率下降,烟气质量流量增大,由于烟气比焓增加会导致排烟热损失增大,所以掺烧NH3后的锅炉热效率均随掺烧比例的增大而降低[55]
在㶲效率方面,Xu等人[35]以一台商业化的600 MW燃煤机组作为研究对象,使用Aspen Plus商业软件进行模拟分析,发现与燃煤基本工况相比,随着氨共烧比的增加,氨共烧工况下炉膛内的㶲损失不断增加,而各换热器和风机的㶲损失不断减少,炉内㶲损失的增加主要是由于进入炉内燃料的㶲增加而出炉产物的㶲减少,这进一步表明氨燃烧过程的不可逆损失大于煤。
而Lyu等人[62]研究显示,掺氨燃烧后,系统㶲效率有所下降,然而,增氧燃烧能够改善炉内燃烧的不可逆性,从而提高系统的㶲效率,相比之下,深度空气分级对系统的热经济性具有不利影响。但总体而言,将增氧燃烧与深度空气分级技术相结合,可以使氨煤掺烧锅炉系统的㶲效率略有提升。
综上所述,随着混氨比例的提高,锅炉效率可能会下降。过去燃油锅炉将燃料替换成燃气时,为了提高热效率,曾经采取过削减过热器受热面积的改造方案,混氨燃烧时其实也可以采取类似的方法。此外,通过调整锅炉的燃烧,优化各燃烧参数,也可以提高锅炉效率[63]
在燃煤锅炉里,燃料燃烧所需的大部分空气是靠送风机经再生式空气预热器供应到炉内,再生式空气预热器利用锅炉尾部的高温烟气的热量来加热燃烧所需空气,以此促进燃烧,同时通过回收锅炉余热,维持锅炉热效率。从再生式空气预热器出来的燃烧用空气被分流成2部分:一部分供给燃烧器,另一部分从炉膛上方供到炉内。这是为了在燃烧器周围营造缺氧状态,形成还原气氛,导致燃烧过程中释放出的氮因氧化而转换成NOx的比例下降,这种燃烧方法被称作二段燃烧法。剩余的燃烧用空气经由一次风机供给磨煤机,主要负责把磨碎的煤粉送给燃烧器,同时,由于输送过程中煤粉里的水分转移到空气里,所以它也起到烘干煤的作用,一部分一次风经旁路管道送入空气预热器,加热到适宜干燥磨煤机里煤的温度。炉膛内燃烧产生的烟气将被引风机抽出,然后经过脱硝、集尘、脱硫等环保设备处理后最终排放到大气。
日本IHI公司对比研究了1 000 MW机组锅炉纯煤燃烧时与20%混氨燃烧时的燃烧用空气量、烟气量[64],发现混氨燃烧时所需的空气量及燃烧后从锅炉排放的烟气量都略高于纯煤燃烧,因此需要关注纯煤燃烧时的通风排烟系统是否能够直接用于混氨燃烧。在1 000 MW锅炉20%混氨燃烧中,由于氨替代了部分燃料用煤,所以输煤所需的一次风量相应减少,因此无需改造一次风机。由于一次风机减少的流量要改为由送风机供给,所以送风机承担的流量较纯煤燃烧相比有增大趋势,因此,需要根据设备型号参数判断是否需要改造。
而文献[64]的物料平衡研究结果显示,当20%混氨燃烧时,引风机的流量较纯煤燃烧时相比会增大。因此,引风机与送风机一样,需要根据设备型号参数判断是否需要改造。此外,当20%混氨燃烧时,由于煤的投入量减少,磨煤机的运行负荷也随之降低,并且混氨以后,磨煤机内需要干燥的煤量减少,磨煤机入口空气所要求的温度也随之降低。这就导致纯煤燃烧时所回收的热量留在烟气里,造成烟气温度升高。因此,对磨煤机的改造需要视磨煤机正常运行的最低负荷而定。
综上所述,在进行混氨燃烧改造时,风烟系统需要做出的改动较小,而对于燃煤电站锅炉大比例掺氨燃烧来说,对氨气的消耗量很大,这就需要为氨煤混燃锅炉配备相应的接收、储存、蒸发等供氨设备。此外,由于氨具有毒性不能排入大气所以还需布置氨清洗系统。
本文针对燃煤锅炉掺氨燃烧,总结了氨燃烧与火焰传播特性、火焰形态及氨燃烧增强策略,综述了掺氨燃烧对燃煤锅炉传热、受热面安全、锅炉效率及㶲效率的影响,得出如下结论。
1)氨在储存和运输方面具有一定的优势,但其点火和稳定燃烧特性在气体燃料中并不显著。在基础实验领域,已经研究了层流和湍流条件下的燃烧速度和点火特性。通过用甲烷和氢气等其他燃料与氨混燃、预热入口气体、提高氧气浓度等手段可以增强氨混燃空气火焰的弱可燃性。然而,在实际锅炉中注入额外的燃料气体很困难,需要配备一系列气体供应设施、管道、控制和安全系统。此外,在氨、煤混合燃烧的研究中,大多数关注点集中于兆瓦级燃烧装置,而对煤粉的点火延迟、点火机制、挥发分燃烧过程以及焦炭燃烧特性等方面的深入理解仍然不足。
2)混氨燃烧时,烟气中灰分含量的下降可能会使问题有所減少,但如果硫酸在空气预热器和烟气-烟气加热器等热交换器表面凝结,灰也容易附着堆积,所以也需要像警惕腐蚀一样警惕混燃对积灰产生的影响。另外,当水蒸气含量和SO3含量变动时,它们的吸附特性可能会使飞灰比电阻产生波动,从而大幅改变电除尘装置的性能,因此也需要关注混氨燃烧给除尘性能带来的影响。
3)氨、煤混燃是一种新型的燃烧技术,可以有效实现燃煤电站低碳化燃烧,目前相关技术在大型火力发电锅炉中应用的研究较少。实现燃煤锅炉大比例掺氨气在接收、储存、供应设备方面面临的主要问题是:大量接收氨时的接收方法、储存供应设备场地、设备的材料适用性、与储存方式相对应的安全对策的制定落实;在燃烧设备方面,需要能够抑制NOx和可燃物排放的燃烧方法;在环保设备方面,需要排放标准达标、酸露点和积灰的防止措施;在设备整体方面,需要设备热效率的确保、相关法律要求的应对、安全对策的制定落实等。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
中华人民共和国统计局. 中国统计年鉴[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2020: 1.
Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China. China Statistical Yearbook[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2020: 1.
[2]
王巍. 电站燃煤转换技术[J]. 江苏电力情报, 1993(1): 24-25.
WANG Wei. Coal conversion technology of power station[J]. Jiangsu Electric Power Intelligence, 1993(1): 24-25.
[3]
ZHANG X, LI Y, MA Q, et al. Development of carbon capture, utilization and storage technology in China[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2021, 23(6): 70-80.
[4]
LEI M, ZHANG Y, HONG D, et al. Characterization of nitrogen and sulfur migration during pressurized coal pyrolysis and oxy-fuel combustion[J]. Fuel, 2022, 317: 123484.
[5]
ZHANG Z, LI X, LUO C, et al. Investigation on the thermodynamic calculation of a 35 MWth oxy-fuel combustion coal-fired boiler[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2018, 71: 36-45.
[6]
NICOTERA I, POLICICCHIO A, CONTE G, et al. Quaternized polyepichloro-hydrin-based membrane as high-selective CO2 sorbent for cost-effective carbon capture[J]. Journal of CO2 Utilization, 2022, 63: 102135.
[7]
FURCAS F E, PRAGOT W, CHACARTEGUI R, et al. Sodium carbonate-based post combustion carbon capture utilising trona as main sorbent feed stock[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2020, 208: 112484.
[8]
PICCIANO P, AGUILAR F X, BURTRAW D, et al. Environmental and socio-economic implications of woody biomass co-firing at coal-fired power plants[J]. Resource and Energy Economics, 2022, 68: 101296.
[9]
LIU Q, ZHONG W, YU A, et al. Co-firing of coal and biomass under pressurized oxy-fuel combustion mode: experimental test in a 10 kWth fluidized bed[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 431: 133457.
[10]
SUN R, LIU T, CHEN X, et al. A biomass-coal co-firing based bi-level optimal approach for carbon emission reduction in China[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 278: 123318.
[11]
王志超, 方亮, 贾子秀, 等. 不同比例氨与煤混燃试验研究[J]. 热力发电, 2023, 52(7): 41-47.
WANG Zhichao, FANG Liang, JIA Zixiu, et al. Experimental study on mixed combustion of ammonia and coal with different proportions[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023, 52(7): 41-47.
[12]
VALERA-MEDINA A, XIAO H, OWEN-JONES M, et al. Ammonia for power[J]. Progress in Energy and combustion science, 2018, 69: 63-102.
[13]
SHIH C F, ZHANG T, LI J, et al. Powering the future with liquid sunshine[J]. Joule, 2018, 2(10): 1925-1949.
[14]
SERVICE R F. Liquid sunshine[J]. Science, 2018, 361(6398): 120-123.
[15]
KOBAYASHI H, HAYAKAWA A, SOMARATHNE K K A, et al. Science and technology of ammonia combustion[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2019, 37(1): 109-133.
[16]
ERDEMIR D, DINCER I. A perspective on the use of ammonia as a clean fuel: challenges and solutions[Z]. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chichester, U.K. 2021: 4827-4834
[17]
MELLER D, ENGELMANN L, WOLLNY P, et al. Evaluation of ammonia co-firing in the CRIEPI coal jet flame using a three mixture fraction FPV-LES[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2023, 39(3): 3615-3624.
[18]
NAGATANI G, ISHI H, ITO T, et al. Development of co-firing method of pulverized coal and ammonia to reduce greenhouse gas emissions[J]. IHI Engineering Review, 2020, 53(1): 1-10.
[19]
徐静颖, 朱鸿玮, 徐义书. 燃煤电站锅炉氨燃烧研究进展及展望[J]. 华中科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2022, 50(7): 55-65.
XU Jingying, ZHU Hongwei, XU Yishu. Research progress and prospect of ammonia combustion in coal-fired power station boilers[J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2022, 50(7): 55-65.
[20]
LEE H, WOO Y, LEE M J. The needs for R& D of ammonia combustion technology for carbon neutrality: Part Ⅱ R & D trends and technical feasibility analysis[J]. Journal of The Korean Society Combustion, 2021, 26(1): 84-106.
[21]
NAKATSUKA N, FUKUI J, TAINAKA K, et al. Detailed observation of coal-ammonia co-combustion processes[C]//Proceedings of the 2017 AIChE Annual Meeting, F, 2017.
[22]
福井淳平, 中塚記章, 泰中一樹, 等. LIF計測を用いた層流対向流バーナにおける微粉炭燃焼過程に対するアンモニア混焼の影響評価[C]//関西支部講演会講演論文集201893, F, 2018. 一般社団法人日本機械学会.
FUKUI J, NAKATSUKA K, TAINAKA K, et al. Effect of ammonia co-firing on pulverized coal combustion process in laminar counterflow burner using LIF measurement[C]//Proceedings of the Kansai Section Proceedings 201893, F, 2018. Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers.
[23]
吴梓秋, 黄骞, 马鹏, 等. 氨煤混燃过程中单颗粒煤粉着火特性[J]. Clean Coal Technology, 2023, 29(10): 108-115.
WU Ziqiu, HUANG Qian, MA Peng, et al. Ignition characteristics of single particle pulverized coal during ammonia-coal mixed combustion[J]. Clean Coal Technology, 2023, 29(10) : 108-115.
[24]
HADI K, ICHIMURA R, HASHIMOTO G, et al. Effect of fuel ratio of coal on the turbulent flame speed of ammonia/coal particle cloud co-combustion at atmospheric pressure[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2021, 38(3): 4131-4139.
[25]
XIA Y, HADI K, HASHIMOTO G, et al. Effect of ammonia/oxygen/nitrogen equivalence ratio on spherical turbulent flame propagation of pulverized coal/ammonia co-combustion[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2021, 38(3): 4043-4052.
[26]
LIU X, LIU Y, WANG B, et al. Experimental study on ignition delay and reaction characteristics of Zhundong coal particles in O2/CO2/H2O atmosphere[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2020, 34(6): 7465-7476.
[27]
LIU X, LIU Y, LV Q, et al. Experimental and kinetics analyses of a typical Zhundong coal reaction in O2/CO2/H2O atmosphere[J]. Fuel, 2022, 312: 122969.
[28]
HAYAKAWA A, GOTO T, MIMOTO R, et al. Laminar burning velocity and Markstein length of ammonia/air premixed flames at various pressures[J]. Fuel, 2015, 159: 98-106.
[29]
ICHIMURA R, HADI K, HASHIMOTO N, et al. Extinction limits of an ammonia/air flame propagating in a turbulent field[J]. Fuel, 2019, 246: 178-186.
[30]
MA P, HUANG Q, WU Z, et al. Optical diagnostics on coal ignition and gas-phase combustion in co-firing ammonia with pulverized coal on a two-stage flat flame burner[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2023, 39(3): 3457-3466.
[31]
ZHANG J, ITO T, ISHII H, et al. Numerical investigation on ammonia co-firing in a pulverized coal combustion facility: effect of ammonia co-firing ratio[J]. Fuel, 2020, 267: 117166.
[32]
加納隆貴, 多田侑司, 北野貴寛, 等. 燃焼試験炉におけるアンモニアの燃焼特性に関する研究[C]//関西支部講演会講演論文集201994, F, 2019. 一般社団法人日本機械学会.
KANO T, TADA Y, KITANO T, et al. Combustion characteristics of ammonia in combustion test furnaces[C]//Proceedings of the Kansai Section Proceedings 201994, F, 2019. Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers.
[33]
朱京冀, 徐义书, 徐静颖, 等. 掺烧氨燃料对煤挥发分火焰特性及颗粒物生成的影响[J]. 发电技术, 2022, 43(6): 908.
ZHU Jingji, XU Yishu, XU Jingying, et al. Effect of mixed combustion of ammonia fuel on flame characteristics and particulate matter formation of coal volatiles[J]. Power Generation Technology, 2022, 43(6): 908.
[34]
ZHU J, LIU X, XU Y, et al. Probing into volatile combustion flame and particulate formation behavior during the coal and ammonia co-firing process[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2022, 36(16): 9347-9356.
[35]
XU Y, WANG H, LIU X, et al. Mitigating CO2 emission in pulverized coal-fired power plant via co-firing ammonia: a simulation study of flue gas streams and exergy efficiency[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 256: 115328.
[36]
王一坤, 邓磊, 王涛, 等. 大比例掺烧NH3对燃煤机组影响分析[J]. 洁净煤技术, 2022, 28(3): 185-192.
WANG Yikun, DENG Lei, WANG Tao, et al. Analysis of the influence of large proportion of mixed combustion of NH3 on coal-fired units[J]. Clean Coal Technology, 2022, 28(3): 185-192.
[37]
KUMAR P, MEYER T R. Experimental and modeling study of chemical-kinetics mechanisms for H2-NH3-air mixtures in laminar premixed jet flames[J]. Fuel, 2013, 108: 166-176.
[38]
ICHIKAWA A, HAYAKAWA A, KITAGAWA Y, et al. Laminar burning velocity and Markstein length of ammonia/hydrogen/air premixed flames at elevated pressures[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(30): 9570-9578.
[39]
LHUILLIER C, BREQUIGNY P, LAMOUREUX N, et al. Experimental investigation on laminar burning velocities of ammonia/hydrogen/air mixtures at elevated temperatures[J]. Fuel, 2020, 263: 116653.
[40]
LI J, HUANG H, KOBAYASHI N, et al. Study on using hydrogen and ammonia as fuels: combustion characteristics and NOx formation[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2014, 38(9): 1214-1223.
[41]
LEE J, LEE S, KWON O. Effects of ammonia substitution on hydrogen/air flame propagation and emissions[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(20): 11332-11341.
[42]
CHOI S, LEE S, KWON O C. Extinction limits and structure of counterflow nonpremixed hydrogen-doped ammonia/air flames at elevated temperatures[J]. Energy, 2015, 85: 503-510.
[43]
木本政義, 山本晃, 小沢靖, 等. 微粉炭ボイラに適用可能なアンモニア混焼技術[J]. 日本燃焼学会誌, 2019, 61(198): 299-303.
KIMOTO M, YAMAMOTO S, OZAWA S, et al. An ammonia co-firing technology for pulverized coal boilers[J]. Journal of Combustion Society of Japan, 2019, 61(198): 299-303.
[44]
KU J, AHN Y, KIM H, et al. Propagation and emissions of premixed methane-ammonia/air flames[J]. Energy, 2020, 201: 117632.
[45]
OKAFOR E C, NAITO Y, COLSON S, et al. Measurement and modelling of the laminar burning velocity of methane-ammonia-air flames at high pressures using a reduced reaction mechanism[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2019, 204: 162-175.
[46]
LIU S, ZOU C, SONG Y, et al. Experimental and numerical study of laminar flame speeds of CH4/NH3 mixtures under oxy-fuel combustion[J]. Energy, 2019, 175: 250-258.
[47]
VALERA-MEDINA A, AMER-HATEM F, AZAD A K, et al. Review on ammonia as a potential fuel: from synthesis to economics[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2021, 35(9): 6964-7029.
[48]
HAN X, WANG Z, COSTA M, et al. Experimental and kinetic modeling study of laminar burning velocities of NH3/air, NH3/H2/air, NH3/CO/air and NH3/CH4/air premixed flames[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2019, 206: 214-226.
[49]
HAN X, WANG Z, HE Y, et al. Experimental and kinetic modeling study of laminar burning velocities of NH3/syngas/air premixed flames[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2020, 213: 1-13.
[50]
HAN X, WANG Z, HE Y, et al. The temperature dependence of the laminar burning velocity and superadiabatic flame temperature phenomenon for NH3/air flames[J]. Combustion and Flame, 2020, 217: 314-220.
[51]
LIU Q, CHEN X, HUANG J, et al. The characteristics of flame propagation in ammonia/oxygen mixtures[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019, 363: 187-196.
[52]
SHRESTHA K P, LHUILLIER C, BARBOSA A A, et al. An experimental and modeling study of ammonia with enriched oxygen content and ammonia/hydrogen laminar flame speed at elevated pressure and temperature[J]. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2021, 38(2): 2163-2174.
[53]
LI J, HUANG H, KOBAYASHI N, et al. Numerical study on effect of oxygen content in combustion air on ammonia combustion[J]. Energy, 2015, 93: 2053-2068.
[54]
WANG D, JI C, WANG Z, et al. Measurement of oxy-ammonia laminar burning velocity at normal and elevated temperatures[J]. Fuel, 2020, 279: 118425.
[55]
YAO Q, LI R, WANG Y, et al. Feasibility analysis of coupling hydrogen-derived fuel on a coal-fired boiler for power generation[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2022, 37(1): 477-491.
[56]
CHEN L, WANG C, WANG W. Effect of ammonia co-firing on heat transfer, safety, and economy of coal-fired boilers[J]. Fuel, 2023, 334: 126649.
[57]
伊藤隆政, 張聚偉, 石原咲子, 等. 微粉炭/アンモニア混合燃焼技術の開発と数値解析を用いたボイラ性能評価[J]. 日本燃焼学会誌, 2019, 61(198): 304-308.
TAKASA I T O, ZHANG J W, ISHIHARA S, et al. Development of mixed pulverized coal/ammonia combustion technology and evaluation of boiler performance using numerical analysis[J]. Journal of Combustion Society of Japan, 2019, 61(198): 304-308.
[58]
TAMURA M, GOTOU T, ISHII H, et al. Experimental investigation of ammonia combustion in a bench scale 1.2 MW-thermal pulverised coal firing furnace[J]. Applied Energy, 2020, 277: 115580.
[59]
石井大樹, 大野恵美, 小崎貴弘, 等. ガスNOx生成を抑制する微粉炭/アンモニア混焼技術の開発[J]. 日本機械学会論文集, 2020, 86(883): 19-00363-19.
ISAI D, ONO E, OOZAKI T, et al. Development of pulverized coal/ammonia co-firing technology to suppress NOx generation[J]. Journal of the Japan Society of mechanical engineers, 2020, 86(883): 19-00363-19.
[60]
CARDOSO J S, SILVA V, EUSEBIO D, et al. Numerical modelling of ammonia-coal co-firing in a pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor: Influence of ammonia addition for emissions control[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 254: 115226.
[61]
YOSHIZAKI T. Test of the co-firing of ammonia and coal at Mizushima power station[M]. CO2 Free Ammonia as an Energy Carrier: Japan’s sights. Springer. 2022: 601-611.
[62]
LYU Q, WANG R, DU Y, et al. Numerical study on coal/ammonia co-firing in a 600 MW utility boiler[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(45): 17293-17310.
[63]
闫卫东, 秦世泰, 杨凯, 等. 氨-煤在沉降炉中掺烧试验及氨的氧化动力学[J]. 洁净煤技术, 2023, 29(9): 127-133.
YAN Weidong, QIN Shitai, YANG Kai, et al. Mixed combustion test of ammonia-coal in settling furnace and oxidation kinetics of ammonia[J]. Clean Coal Technology, 2023, 29(9) : 127-133.
[64]
ITO S, UCHIDA M, SUDA T, et al. Development of ammonia gas turbine co-generation technology[J]. Engineering, Environmental Science, 2020, 53(1): 6.
2025年第54卷第5期
PDF下载
154
70
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408217
  • 接收时间:2024-08-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-08-12
基金
作者信息
    1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

邓磊(1983),男,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为生物质热转化及生物质能利用,
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202408217
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏