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Photovoltaic power generation makes full use of the advantages of solar energy, which is green, clean, widely distributed, and abundantly available. However, the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) modules often decreases as the operating temperature increases, severely affecting system performance. To address this issue, this paper experimentally investigates the cooling effect of phase change materials (PCM) with Y-shaped fins on PV cells. The study focuses on analyzing the effect of structural parameters such as the branching angle, position length, and length ratio of the Y-shaped fins on the system’s thermoelectric performance. The results show that, comparing with the system without fins, the system with Y-shaped fins has an average increase of 0.37% in photoelectric conversion efficiency, and the average melting rate of paraffin increased by 21.52%. The position length has the greatest impact on the melting rate. When the branching angle is 60°, the length ratio is 2, and the position length is 0, the Y-shaped fin can achieve the best temperature uniformity inside the cavity. By coupling Y-shaped fins with PCMs for PV cell cooling, this research aims to address practical application challenges such as uneven melting, internal temperature stratification, excessive local temperatures, and hotspots caused by the poor thermal conductivity of PCMs.

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光伏发电充分利用了太阳能绿色清洁、分布广泛、储备丰富的优势,但光伏组件的发电效率往往因工作温度升高而下降,严重影响系统性能。针对这一问题,通过实验研究了基于Y形翅片的相变材料对光伏电池的冷却效果,重点分析了Y形翅片的分杈角、位置长度和长度比等结构参数对系统热电性能的影响。研究结果表明:与无翅片系统相比,带有Y形翅片的系统平均光电转换效率提高了0.37%,同时石蜡的平均熔化速率增加了21.52%;位置长度对熔化速率的影响最大;分杈角为60°、长度比为2、位置长度为0时,Y形翅片能够使腔体内温度均匀性达到最佳。光伏电池通过耦合Y形翅片和相变材料进行散热,有望解决相变材料热导性差导致的熔化不均、内部温度分层、局部温度过高以及热斑等实际应用中的问题。

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付康丽(1986),女,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为太阳能热电联产技术,
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郭伟(1989),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为微电网优化运行与控制、柔性储能技术,

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郭伟(1989),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为微电网优化运行与控制、柔性储能技术,

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郭伟(1989),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为微电网优化运行与控制、柔性储能技术,

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Thermophysical parameters of materials for photovoltaic cells

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导热系数/(W·(m·K)–1)密度/(kg·m–3)比热容/(J·(kg·K)–1)熔化潜热/(J·kg–1)熔点/K
EVA0.2309 602 090
多晶硅(PV)148.0002 330677
铝(Al)202.4002 719871
固态石蜡(RT-25)0.1828901 800181 000299.6
液态石蜡(RT-25)0.1828452 400
), ArticleFig(id=1236610628501164402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236596125659099208, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

光伏电池的材料热物性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–1)密度/(kg·m–3)比热容/(J·(kg·K)–1)熔化潜热/(J·kg–1)熔点/K
EVA0.2309 602 090
多晶硅(PV)148.0002 330677
铝(Al)202.4002 719871
固态石蜡(RT-25)0.1828901 800181 000299.6
液态石蜡(RT-25)0.1828452 400
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基于Y形翅片的相变材料冷却光伏电池的实验及理论研究
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郭伟 1 , 贺春光 1 , 韩伟 2 , 付康丽 2 , 张顺奇 2 , 姚明宇 2 , 安佳坤 1
热力发电 | 新型发电技术专题 2025,54(5): 54-63
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热力发电 | 新型发电技术专题 2025, 54(5): 54-63
基于Y形翅片的相变材料冷却光伏电池的实验及理论研究
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郭伟1 , 贺春光1, 韩伟2, 付康丽2 , 张顺奇2, 姚明宇2, 安佳坤1
作者信息
  • 1.国网河北省电力有限公司经济技术研究院,河北 石家庄 050000
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 郭伟(1989),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为微电网优化运行与控制、柔性储能技术,

通讯作者:

付康丽(1986),女,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为太阳能热电联产技术,
Experimental and theoretical study on photovoltaic cells cooling using phase change materials based on Y-shaped fins
Wei GUO1 , Chunguang HE1, Wei HAN2, Kangli FU2 , Shunqi ZHANG2, Mingyu YAO2, Jiakun AN1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Grid Hebei Economic and Technological Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410216
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光伏发电充分利用了太阳能绿色清洁、分布广泛、储备丰富的优势,但光伏组件的发电效率往往因工作温度升高而下降,严重影响系统性能。针对这一问题,通过实验研究了基于Y形翅片的相变材料对光伏电池的冷却效果,重点分析了Y形翅片的分杈角、位置长度和长度比等结构参数对系统热电性能的影响。研究结果表明:与无翅片系统相比,带有Y形翅片的系统平均光电转换效率提高了0.37%,同时石蜡的平均熔化速率增加了21.52%;位置长度对熔化速率的影响最大;分杈角为60°、长度比为2、位置长度为0时,Y形翅片能够使腔体内温度均匀性达到最佳。光伏电池通过耦合Y形翅片和相变材料进行散热,有望解决相变材料热导性差导致的熔化不均、内部温度分层、局部温度过高以及热斑等实际应用中的问题。

光伏发电  /  相变材料  /  Y形翅片  /  温度均匀性

Photovoltaic power generation makes full use of the advantages of solar energy, which is green, clean, widely distributed, and abundantly available. However, the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) modules often decreases as the operating temperature increases, severely affecting system performance. To address this issue, this paper experimentally investigates the cooling effect of phase change materials (PCM) with Y-shaped fins on PV cells. The study focuses on analyzing the effect of structural parameters such as the branching angle, position length, and length ratio of the Y-shaped fins on the system’s thermoelectric performance. The results show that, comparing with the system without fins, the system with Y-shaped fins has an average increase of 0.37% in photoelectric conversion efficiency, and the average melting rate of paraffin increased by 21.52%. The position length has the greatest impact on the melting rate. When the branching angle is 60°, the length ratio is 2, and the position length is 0, the Y-shaped fin can achieve the best temperature uniformity inside the cavity. By coupling Y-shaped fins with PCMs for PV cell cooling, this research aims to address practical application challenges such as uneven melting, internal temperature stratification, excessive local temperatures, and hotspots caused by the poor thermal conductivity of PCMs.

photovoltaic power generation  /  phase change material  /  Y-shaped fin  /  temperature uniformity
郭伟, 贺春光, 韩伟, 付康丽, 张顺奇, 姚明宇, 安佳坤. 基于Y形翅片的相变材料冷却光伏电池的实验及理论研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (5) : 54 -63 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410216
Wei GUO, Chunguang HE, Wei HAN, Kangli FU, Shunqi ZHANG, Mingyu YAO, Jiakun AN. Experimental and theoretical study on photovoltaic cells cooling using phase change materials based on Y-shaped fins[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (5) : 54 -63 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410216
当前国际主流的太阳能利用方式主要分为光伏、光热以及光伏光热结合3种。其中,光伏发电是一种通过半导体的光生伏打效应,将光能直接转化为电能的技术。光伏发电具有安装便捷、环保无污染、安全可靠等优点,因此成为最普遍的太阳能利用方式。目前市场上应用最广泛的光伏电池是单晶硅和多晶硅电池,二者在国内光伏市场的占有率超过95%[1]。尽管现阶段最先进的薄膜硅光伏电池对太阳辐射的吸收率已达到65%,但只有一部分能量能够转化为电能[2],剩余的大部分能量则以热量形式存留。这导致光伏电池在阳光照射下温度不断升高,进而影响其光电转化效率[3-4],并缩短组件的使用寿命[5-7]。在极端气候条件下,光伏电池表面的温度甚至可以达到85 ℃[8]。通常情况下,晶体光伏电池的温度每升高1 ℃,光电转化效率大约会下降0.4%~0.5%。Sharma等人[9]通过实验研究发现,单晶硅光伏组件的温度每升高1 ℃,其输出功率下降约0.65%,填充系数降低0.2%,而光电转化效率则降低0.08%。韩林岑等[10]进一步指出,温度升高不仅会降低光伏电池的光电转换效率和输出功率,长期高温还会破坏组件的内部结构,导致热斑等问题的出现。Y形翅片和相变材料(PCM)一起工作时,翅片快速带走热量,并将一部分热量传导到相变材料。当相变材料开始吸收和存储热量时,减缓了热斑的形成速度。Y形翅片在初期加速了热量的传导,迅速降低了局部的温度;与此同时,PCM起到热缓冲的作用,将过剩的热量存储起来,防止温度过高。相变材料的熔化和凝固过程可以在局部区域产生均匀的温度分布,防止热斑的形成。PCM通过相态变化实现了能量的稳定吸收和释放。在相变过程中,材料温度保持恒定,能将电池板的热量以潜热形式储存并转移,从而有效降低温度并提升系统能量利用效率。
值得注意的是,目前大部分相变材料的热导性较差,导热接触面积较小,故在实际应用中存在熔化不均[11]、内部温度分层[12]、局部温度过高以及热斑[13]等问题。这些问题在一定程度上限制了相变材料的冷却效果和系统性能的提升,需要进一步的优化与改进。针对相变材料热导性差的问题,相关学者通过设计新型翅片结构来增大传热面积,并利用传热过程中由面到线的多维趋势,有效提升了系统的换热效率,这与光伏相变系统的特性需求高度契合。因此,学者们借助分形理论对传统翅片结构进行了改进,开发了阶梯式翅片[14]、L形翅片[15]、V形翅片[16]和箭头形翅片[17]等新型结构,并将其应用于光伏相变蓄热系统中。研究表明,翅片能够显著增强相变材料在熔融过程中的导热性能,同时提高蓄热传热单元的温度均匀性。因此,本文对比了有无Y形翅片的PV/PCM系统,探讨了Y形翅片对相变材料熔化过程、温度均匀性以及流动特性的影响及其机理。此外,研究还针对固定环境参数条件,分析了翅片的长度比、分杈位置长度、分杈角等结构参数对系统热电性能的影响。
含有相变材料的冷却光伏电池系统的示意如图1所示[18]
现实中的光伏电池板通常由多层材料构成,本文对这些多层结构进行了简化,建立了光伏电池的模型,具体如图2所示。该模型由玻璃层与多晶硅层(总厚度为5 mm)和乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)材料层(厚度0.2 mm)组成,所采用的相变材料为石蜡,具有较大的相变潜热和宽泛的相变温度调节范围。石蜡的相变温度通常在20~70 ℃,这一温度范围适用于许多应用场景,如电子设备、建筑节能、太阳能系统等。石蜡的潜热值较高,在相变过程中,可以吸收或释放大量的热量,从而有效缓解温度波动,尤其适用于需要长时间热管理的场合。石蜡在多次熔化和凝固循环中表现出较高的化学稳定性,且具有低密度、安全无毒和价格相对低廉的特点。材料具体的热物性参数见表1[18]
为提高相变材料的导热系数,在光伏电池背部通过EVA材料粘贴了一层厚度为2 mm的铝制密封腔。该密封腔为中空结构,外部尺寸为高度75 mm、长度60 mm、宽度46 mm,壁厚为2 mm,且高度和长度与光伏电池尺寸相匹配。腔体内设有双层相变材料,每层厚度均为20 mm。为贴近实际应用,光伏电池的倾角还考虑了当地的纬度和太阳高度角。以陕西西安为例,利用PVsyst软件对不同倾角的光伏电池年均太阳能辐射量进行模拟,结果显示,当倾角θ为26°时,全年太阳能辐射量达到最大。因此对于西安地区,光伏电池的最佳固定倾角θ为26°。
本文采用的Y形翅片设计基于自然界中树枝竞争生长的原理[19]。其主要原理是,种子发芽后,主干在生长过程中分枝,并不断向光生长,产生新的分叉。将这一原理应用于系统中优化铝制Y形翅片,其主要受以下3个因素的影响:Y形翅片的长度比r、翅片的位置长度s以及分叉角φ,这些参数共同决定了Y形树状结构的形态[20]。本文对这些参数的具体定义为:翅片主枝长度S0与分叉翅片长度S1的长度比r定义为式(1);翅片主枝分叉的位置长度s定义为分叉翅片至翅片主枝底端的距离;分叉后的2个镜面翅片之间的夹角定义为分叉角φ
r=S0S1
Y形翅片的具体设计参数如图2所示。其中,主枝翅片的宽度d0为1 mm,分支翅片的宽度d1为0.5 mm。由于相变腔中的Y形翅片上下左右位置固定,仅标注了左上方的位置参数。翅片的长度比r、分叉位置长度s和分叉角φ为变量,本文将进一步探讨这些参数对系统热电性能的影响。
较大的位置长度可以延长热量传导到分杈点的时间,尤其在分杈角较大时,热量需要通过更长的路径到达分支翅片;如果位置长度较短,热量传递会更快且集中,分杈角可以适当增大以增强散热面积。较大的位置长度配合较大的长度比可以有效增加散热面积,但也会引入机械强度问题。过长的翅片在使用过程中可能产生振动和弯曲,降低整体散热效率。通过优化长度比和位置长度,可以在热传导效率和结构稳定性之间找到最佳平衡点。
在密封腔内设计了2排翅片:第1排翅片与光伏电池直接接触,起到初级散热作用;第2排翅片的设计进一步增加了热量传递路径,可以使热量从第1排翅片传递到第2排翅片。这样,第2排翅片起到了“中继”作用,帮助热量从第1排翅片处继续向外传递,从而增强整体系统的热传导效率。通过增加第2排翅片,热量可以在更大面积上进行扩散,减少局部热量的积聚。这种设计可以进一步均匀化系统中的温度分布,减少由于局部过热而引起的光伏电池性能下降。第2排翅片可以引导密封腔内的冷却介质(如空气或液体)在2排翅片之间流动,进一步促进热量的对流散热。这特别有助于提高高热负荷下腔体内部的散热效率。
搭建的实验测试系统如图3所示,系统分为模拟光源系统、光伏相变系统和温度测控系统3个部分。在模拟光源系统中,为模拟太阳光,实验采用氙气灯作为光源。光源的位置、角度和光强均可灵活调整,确保辐照面积内光线的均匀性和稳定性。
图4对比了氙灯光谱和太阳光谱。由图4可以看到,实验使用的5A级氙气灯发出的光谱与太阳光非常接近,光谱涵盖紫外线、可见光和近红外光,尤其是可见光段几乎涵盖了太阳光的大部分光谱。通过调节氙灯的电压和气压,可以发出接近太阳光的光谱。模拟光源的有效辐照面积为10 cm×10 cm,氙灯的不均匀度和不稳定度均小于5%。使用时将太阳辐照监测仪安装在光源投射平台,对氙气灯的高度和角度控制旋钮进行动态调整,使辐射热流密度达到1 000 W/m2
在光伏相变系统中,光伏电池、容纳石蜡相变材料的密封腔以及Y形翅片的结构和尺寸已在第1.1节和第1.2节详细说明。为了创造绝热环境,整个密封腔外部被保温玻璃棉覆盖。
在温度测控系统中,主要使用K型热电偶来测量单晶硅光伏电池板和密封腔内相变材料的温度。测量方法为多点测量:1)在测量单晶硅光伏电池板温度时,将K型热电偶分别放置在光伏电池的中心位置(距上端37.5 mm,距右端30 cm)、光伏电池上下两端的中心位置(距右端30 cm)、光伏电池左右两端的中心位置(距上端37.5 mm)3个关键位置;2)在测量密封腔内相变材料的温度时,热电偶的具体分布如图5所示。为降低实验误差,所有热电偶在使用前均经过标准温度计进行校准。实验过程中,热电偶连接至数据采集仪,由此仪器收集所有温度测量数据。根据每一个测量点的温度计算其平均温度,并将温度均匀因子定义为不同测量点所测温度的标准差,计算公式如下:
σ=(T¯T1)2+(T¯T2)2+(T¯T3)2++(T¯Tn)2n
式中:T¯为平均温度;T1、T2、T3……Tn为密封腔中的相变材料不同位置监测点的温度;n为相变材料中设置的监测点数量;σ为温度均匀因子。
相变材料的熔化和流动特性会显著影响系统的热管理性能。由于其导热系数较低,从而引发熔化速度慢、温度不均匀甚至局部过热等问题。近年来,学者们将Y形翅片理论与热管理系统相结合,优化了系统的传热性能,加快了相变材料的熔化速度。为了进一步明确Y形翅片的作用,本文对比了安装和未安装Y形翅片的系统,比较了相变材料的熔化和流动特性,并探究了温度分布规律。2种不同的PV/PCM系统如图6所示,图7展示了有无Y形翅片光伏电池温度和效率随时间的变化情况。
图7可以看出,在Y形翅片的作用下,电池的工作温度变化显著。整个PV/PCM系统中,电池温度随时间的变化过程可分为以下4个阶段。
1)在AB段中,光伏电池的初始温度为20 ℃,相变材料石蜡保持固态。在该阶段,系统主要通过热传导进行能量传递。由于固态石蜡的导热系数低,光伏组件的工作温度迅速上升。此外,热量以显热形式传递至电池板和翅片,与无翅片系统相比,带翅片的系统能有效降低前板温度。
2)在BC段中,当光伏电池温度升至相变材料的熔点后,相变材料开始吸热熔化。此时,紧贴光伏电池一侧的铝腔壁面上的相变材料最先熔化,形成薄液膜。由于相变材料的熔化量较少,无法在腔体内形成有效流动,因此热量主要通过热传导传递,自然对流的作用可以忽略。该阶段的一部分能量用于加热光伏电池和相变材料,另一部分则被相变材料以潜热形式吸收,导致电池温度上升速度减缓。
3)在CD段,石蜡正处于融化阶段,由于融化潜热的存在,大量热量被优先用于相变过程,而非直接用于提升温度。因此,在这一过程中,光伏电池的温度上升速度显著放缓,直到相变结束后光伏电池的温度温度才会继续上升。
4)在DE段中,此时大部分相变材料已完全熔化,电池与液态相变材料之间的换热能力降低,吸收潜热的效果也减弱。在辐射能量保持不变的情况下,为了维持系统的能量平衡,根据能量守恒定律,系统需要进一步自身温度来增加散热量。因此,该阶段相变材料的熔化速度减慢,但光伏电池温度上升的速度再次加快。
在定温阶段,相变材料吸收热量并发生熔化,导致电池温度的增长较为缓慢。在这一阶段,电池温度相对较低,与外界的热交换量较少,相变材料在此过程中储存了大量热能。由图7可以看出,有翅片和无翅片系统的温度变化曲线存在明显差异,其中有翅片系统的定温阶段比无翅片系统缩短了35.7 min。系统整体发电效率可按如下公式计算:
ηel=ηel,ref[1βref(tPV25)]
式中:ηel为光伏组件输出效率;ηel,ref为标准工作温度下光伏组件输出效率;βref为温度系数,K-1,多晶硅的温度系数为0.004;tPV为光伏组件温度,K。
根据图7的电池效率曲线可以看到,2种模型的发电效率均随时间呈现出先快速下降、再保持恒定,最后持续下降的趋势,但两者在效率拐点的出现时间有所不同。由于光伏电池的发电效率与电池温度密切相关,无翅片系统的温度上升较慢,因此拐点出现较晚;而带有Y形翅片的系统由于温度更加均匀,整体温度始终低于无翅片系统,使得平均发电效率提高了0.37%。
将不同位置热电偶的温度均方差定义为温度均匀因子。图8显示了温度均匀因子随时间的变化。
从吸热熔化的初始阶段到完全熔化升温的全过程,Y形翅片系统的温度均匀性始终优于无翅片的PV/PCM系统。在传热初期,2个系统的温度均匀因子均上升,但Y形翅片系统显著低于无翅片结构。50 min时,Y形翅片系统的均匀因子为0.230,无翅片系统为0.724;75 min时,分别为0.936和2.697。Y形翅片通过增强导热性,加速相变材料熔化,使温度上升更快,因此温度均匀因子较低。随着熔化过程推进,腔体内石蜡逐渐完全熔化,温度均匀因子下降。Y形翅片通过增大传热面积和增强自然对流的扰动,系统温度分布更均匀,表现出良好的均温能力。因此,翅片不仅提高了熔化效率,还增强了系统内部的温度均匀性,有助于蓄热储存和PV/PCM系统的热管理优化。
研究相变材料的熔化特性可以通过观察固液交界面的变化。图9展示了未添加与添加Y形翅片系统的熔化过程云图。观察云图发现,添加Y形翅片的系统在相同时间内液相比例上升更快,表明Y形翅片加速了相变材料的熔化,提升了系统的传热效率。
2个系统均从上侧恒定光照的入射壁面开始熔化,但无翅片系统主要依赖铝制密封腔壁面传热,而Y形翅片系统的固液交界面因翅片导热作用呈现波浪状,并在重力作用下向下移动。50 min前,熔化过程主要由热流壁面和翅片导热主导。随着时间推移,腔体内石蜡液体增多,浮力作用使液体向上汇集,形成对流,固液交界面呈现由左向右、由上向下的变化。
Y形翅片提升了光伏背板的热传递效率,加速了相变材料的熔化,增强了腔内自然对流和对流扰动。150 min时,装有翅片的系统几乎完全熔化,而无翅片系统仍有固态石蜡。无论是否有翅片,系统上下腔体的熔化几乎同时开始,但熔化速度不同,主要由于铝制壁面高导热性和上方腔体靠近光伏背板,接受更多热量。
翅片系统的瞬时液体面积比例大于无翅片系统,表明Y形设计增大了相变材料与热源的接触面积,减少了热阻,同时铝制材料优良的导热性能有效改善了相变材料导热性能不足的问题。
范宗良等[21]研究了带有Y形翅片的相变蓄热器熔化过程,发现使用平直翅片管相比光管能够将相变材料的熔化时间减少28.7%;此外,使用Y形翅片管相比平直翅片管熔化时间进一步减少了21.4%。在本文光伏组件冷却过程的研究中,与无翅片系统相比,带有Y形翅片的相变材料平均熔化速率提高了21.52%,表现出相似的改进趋势。这表明Y形翅片确实能显著缩短相变材料的熔化时间。
本节主要探究不同Y形翅片分杈角对系统性能的影响。Y形翅片的分杈位置长度为10 mm,长度比为2,选择了5种不同分杈角的PV/PCM系统进行实验,密封腔示意如图10所示。
图11展示了系统使用不同分杈角的Y形翅片时,光伏电池温度随时间的变化趋势。可以看出,安装Y形翅片系统的平均熔化周期比未安装翅片的系统缩短了23.72 min。而在0~160 min,安装翅片的系统光伏电池的工作温度明显降低,展现出更佳的温控能力。值得注意的是,随着分杈角φ每增加60°,定温阶段的电池平均温度仅略有升高。此外,随着相变材料完全熔化,各系统的电池温度上升速度逐渐加快。
温度均匀因子反映了密封腔内温度的均匀程度,因子越大,表示系统内各点的温度差越大,温度分布越不均匀,同时也表明热量通过翅片在密封腔内的传递速度较慢,不利于整体性能的提升。图12显示了不同分杈角度的Y形翅片下,腔体温度均匀因子随时间的变化趋势。可以看出,各组温度均匀因子在初始阶段随时间增加而上升,达到峰值后再下降。当翅片分杈角为60°时,温度均匀因子在整个阶段均处于最低值。尽管Y形翅片可以扩大相变材料的导热面积并强化熔化过程中的自然对流,但分杈角的增加会在局部形成密闭空间,阻碍整体对流扰动,导致熔化过程受阻,温度均匀因子上升。
此外,在石蜡的整个熔化周期内,安装翅片系统的温度均匀因子明显低于无翅片系统。从图12中还可以看到,分杈角度为60°和120°的系统在石蜡熔化初始阶段温度均匀因子上升较快。这是因为这2种翅片更靠近第1个测温点,其所在区域石蜡率先熔化并温度上升,从而导致均匀因子较早出现上升趋势。随着分杈角的增加,腔体内的温度均匀因子也逐渐增大。在100 min时,分杈角为300°的Y形翅片系统的温度均匀因子比120°和60°的分别增加了13.5%和28.5%。
另外,图12中还显示了在分杈角300°和240°时石蜡的熔化过程中出现了2个波峰,分别在120 min和160 min左右。这是因为在初始熔化阶段,热量主要以导热方式传递,仅通过翅片尖端传导至周围区域的石蜡;而在中后期,传热主要依靠对流。然而,较大的分杈角阻碍了腔体顶部积聚的热量参与整体对流,延缓了剩余固体石蜡的熔化。综上所述,减小分杈角能够避免“延迟熔化”,从而提高腔体内的温度均匀性。
图13展示了不同分杈角度的Y形翅片对腔体内相变材料熔化周期的影响。由图13可以看出:分杈角越小,材料的相变速度越快,对应的熔化周期也随之缩短;在相同相变材料体积下,分杈角为60°的翅片熔化时间最短,相较于分杈角为300°的翅片系统节约了14 min,熔化速度提高了9.72%。综上所述,分杈角为60°的翅片显著提升了系统内的导热效率和对流效应,系统中石蜡的平均熔化速度最快。
在2.2节中,研究了不同分杈角度的Y形翅片系统,分析结果表明,减小分杈角有助于加速系统的熔化并提高整体的温度均匀性。在此基础上,本节将进一步探讨不同Y形翅片分杈位置长度对系统性能的影响。实验中,Y形翅片的长度比为2,分杈角度为60°,选取了5种不同分杈位置长度的Y形翅片PV/PCM系统进行研究,实验装置如图14所示。
图15展示了系统使用不同分杈位置长度的Y形翅片时,光伏电池温度随时间的变化趋势。可以看出,分杈位置长度对定温阶段的电池温度影响较小,但随着位置长度的减小,熔化速度加快,定温周期缩短,导致后期升温阶段温度上升速度加快。在160 min时,Y形翅片位置长度为8 mm系统的电池温度为31.58 ℃,而0 mm系统的电池温度为32.84 ℃。相比无翅片的光伏系统,Y形翅片的存在不仅缩短了系统的熔化周期,还强化了系统的热调节特性。在50 min和100 min时,光伏电池的温度平均降低了3.87 ℃和4.78 ℃。定温阶段的电池温度也明显下降,从34.55 ℃降低到30.45 ℃,降幅约为11.87%。
图16展示了系统使用不同分杈位置长度的Y形翅片时,腔体温度均匀因子随时间的变化趋势。可以看到,各组温度均匀因子在初始阶段随时间增加,逐渐达到峰值后再下降。Y形翅片位置长度为8 mm的系统与0 mm系统的最大温度均匀因子相差明显,前者仅为2.98,而后者为2.17。这表明,减小Y形翅片的分杈位置长度能够降低腔体内的温度均匀因子。其原因在于,较短的位置长度可以更快地将热源侧的热量传导至石蜡,并迅速过渡到中后期的自然对流阶段,这不仅有助于腔体内部温度的均匀分布,还能够对剩余固态石蜡产生冲击,从而加快熔化进程。综上所述,若仅考虑温度的均匀分布,最佳的分杈位置长度应为0 mm。
图17展示了不同分杈位置长度的Y形翅片对腔体内相变材料熔化周期的影响。可以看出,随着Y形翅片分杈位置长度的增大,系统内的熔化速度逐渐减缓,石蜡的熔化周期也相应变长。分杈位置长度为8 mm的系统,其平均熔化速度相比分杈位置长度为0 mm的系统减慢了6.14%。系统熔化周期的变化表明,分杈位置长度的增加会延缓相变材料的熔化速度。观察图17同时可以发现,分杈位置长度为8、6、4、2、0 mm的Y形翅片系统,其相变材料的熔化周期分别为142、140、138、135、133 min。由此可见,当Y形翅片的位置长度越小、越靠近电池侧时,系统内相变材料的熔化速度越快,熔化周期也越短,从而加速了整体熔化进程。
本节将进一步探讨不同Y形翅片长度比对系统性能的影响。实验中,Y形翅片的分杈角为60°,选取了5种不同Y形翅片长度比的PV/PCM系统进行研究,实验装置如图18所示。
图19展示了不同长度比的Y形翅片对光伏电池温度随时间变化的影响。可以看出:Y形翅片的长度比对相变材料的熔化速率有显著影响;随着长度比的增大,材料的熔化速率减小,熔化周期从166 min(r=0)缩短到153 min(r=1.14)。在长度比r为0~2时,缩小Y形翅片的长度比可以使电池定温阶段的周期缩短。虽然不同长度比的系统之间温差较小,但会加快后期升温阶段的速度。在160 min时,不同长度比的电池之间温差最大值为1.68 ℃,这表明翅片长度比的增大会导致熔化周期末段温度上升速度加快。
图20展示了不同长度比的Y形翅片对腔体温度均匀因子随时间的变化趋势。可以看到,Y形翅片长度比的减小会使系统内的温度均匀因子增大。长度比为1.14的系统温度均匀因子峰值为2.71,长度比为0.67的系统峰值为2.89,长度比为0.36的系统峰值为3.02,而长度比为0的系统峰值则达到3.44。这表明,系统内相变材料的温度均匀因子随着长度比的减小而增大。值得注意的是,在25 min时,长度比为0和0.15的系统温度均匀因子超过了无翅片系统。这是因为在初始阶段,系统内翅片的直接热传导是相变材料熔化的主要方式。然而,随着熔化进程的推进,浮力驱动已经熔化的液态相变材料形成自然对流,但长度比较小的翅片会形成近乎封闭的区域,阻碍热量进一步扩散,妨碍腔体内的自然对流。随着传热方式逐渐过渡到以对流为主,不同翅片系统间的熔化进程差距越来越大,这无形中增大了温度均匀因子,同时也延缓了熔化速度。
图21展示了不同长度比的Y形翅片对腔体内相变材料熔化周期的影响。可以看出,翅片长度比对相变材料的熔化速率有明显影响。例如,长度比为0和0.15的翅片,其平均熔化速率比长度比为1.14的翅片分别减慢了7.4%和5.3%,熔化周期则分别延长了14 min和9 min。相比无翅片系统,Y形翅片不仅缩短了23 min的熔化周期,还使熔化速率提高了14.6%。由此可见,随着Y形翅片长度比的减小,石蜡的熔化速度会逐渐减慢。综上所述,当长度比为1.14时,Y形翅片能够加速系统内相变材料的熔化速度,有效促进蓄热系统内的热量传递。
本文通过实验研究了Y形翅片的结构参数(包括分杈角、位置长度和翅片长度比)对PV/PCM系统性能的影响,重点探讨了Y形翅片在相变材料熔化过程、温度均匀性以及流动特性方面的作用及其机理。具体结论如下:
1)与无翅片系统相比,带有Y形翅片的系统平均光电转换效率提高了0.37%,同时石蜡的平均熔化速率增加了21.52%,熔化周期缩短了31 min。
2)在Y形翅片结构中,无论是分杈角、位置长度的减小,还是长度比的增大,都会提升腔体中石蜡的熔化速率,从而缩短整体的熔化周期。其中,位置长度对熔化速率的影响最大,位置长度为0 mm的Y形翅片结构使石蜡的熔化速率提高了31.7%。
3)在保持翅片总体积不变的前提下,调整翅片的结构参数。结果表明,当分杈角为60°、长度比为2,位置长度为0 mm时,Y形翅片能够使腔体内温度均匀性达到最佳,并有效避免二次熔化阶段的出现。
  • 国网河北省电力有限公司科技项目(SGHEJY00GHJS2310068)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410216
  • 接收时间:2024-10-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-08
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Science and Technology Project of State Grid Hebei Electric Power Company(SGHEJY00GHJS2310068)
国网河北省电力有限公司科技项目(SGHEJY00GHJS2310068)
作者信息
    1.国网河北省电力有限公司经济技术研究院,河北 石家庄 050000
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

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付康丽(1986),女,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为太阳能热电联产技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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