Article(id=1236372361763680271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202505090, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747756800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772703741732, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772703741732, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772703741732, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772703741732, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236372356109751006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772703740384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772788131769, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236372362120196130, articleId=1236372361763680271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Optimal dispatch of integrated energy system considering joint operation of hydrogen-doped gas units and ammonia-doped coal-fired units, columnId=1236372357200270054, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Multi-energy collaborative optimization of green hydrogen and green ammonia, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the difficulties in renewable energy consumption and the demand for low-carbon development in the integrated energy system, an optimal scheduling method considering the joint operation of hydrogen-doped gas-fired units with hydrogen-doped and ammonia-doped coal-fired units is proposed. Firstly, to account for the uncertainty and correlation of wind and solar power outputs, a joint wind-solar output modeling approach based on the Frank Copula function is adopted. Typical wind-solar scenarios are generated through marginal distribution fitting using kernel density estimation, Monte Carlo sampling, and K-means clustering, thereby enhancing the robustness of the scheduling model. Meanwhile, energy conversion models for power-to-hydrogen and hydrogen-to-ammonia processes are developed to enable the efficient transformation of renewable energy into hydrogen and ammonia. Secondly, the refined operation model of hydrogen-doped combustion of gas-fired units and ammonia-doped combustion of coal-fired units is constructed in response to the demand for low-carbon transformation of conventional fossil energy units, so as to optimize the synergistic utilization of hydrogen and ammonia fuels in the power generation process. Then, the optimal dispatching model is constructed by combining with the laddering-type carbon trading mechanism with the goal of minimizing the total operation cost of the system, which is to minimize the total cost of the system. Moreover, the optimal scheduling model is constructed with the objective of minimizing the total operating cost of the system in combination with the stepped carbon trading mechanism and solved by the CPLEX solver. Finally, different scenarios are set up and comparative analysis are carried out. The results indicate that, the introduction of hydrogen-to-ammonia conversion, building upon hydrogen energy utilization, significantly mitigates wind and solar power curtailment within the system. The combined operation of hydrogen-doped gas-fired unit and ammonia-doped coal-fired unit leads to concurrent reductions in both total operational costs and carbon emissions. The study provides a reference for the development of decarbonization of integrated energy systems.

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针对综合能源系统中可再生能源消纳难题与低碳化发展需求,提出一种考虑燃气机组掺氢与燃煤机组掺氨联合运行的优化调度方法。首先,充分考虑风电与光伏出力的不确定性及其相关性,采用基于Frank Copula函数的风光联合出力建模方法,通过边缘分布拟合、蒙特卡洛采样与K-means聚类等步骤生成典型风光联合出力场景,用于提升调度模型的鲁棒性;同时,构建电制氢与氢转氨的能量转化模型,实现可再生能源向氢、氨能源的高效转化;其次,针对传统化石能源机组的低碳改造需求,建立燃气机组掺氢燃烧和燃煤机组掺氨燃烧的精细化运行模型,优化氢氨燃料在发电环节的协同利用方式;然后,结合阶梯型碳交易机制,以系统总运行成本最小为目标构建优化调度模型,并采用CPLEX求解器进行求解;最后,设置不同场景并进行对比分析。结果表明,在氢能利用基础上进一步考虑氢转氨,减少了系统的弃风弃光现象;掺氢燃气机组与掺氨燃煤机组联合运行使系统总运行成本和碳排放量均得到减少。该研究可为综合能源系统的低碳化发展提供参考。

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乐佳辉(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为综合能源系统优化调度,

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372361763680271, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of each device

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型容量/MW转换效率爬坡功率/MW
GT3500.40150
GB800.9225
EB400.9010
EL1200.8560
MR1350.7060
), ArticleFig(id=1236372370076791277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372361763680271, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各设备参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型容量/MW转换效率爬坡功率/MW
GT3500.40150
GB800.9225
EB400.9010
EL1200.8560
MR1350.7060
), ArticleFig(id=1236372370198426093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372361763680271, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The scheduling results of each scenario

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景总成本煤耗成本启停成本购气成本碳交易成本
1519.6239.6530.00420.7629.21
2464.4937.4330.00376.9020.16
3447.6532.910395.9818.76
), ArticleFig(id=1236372370299089392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372361763680271, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各场景调度结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景总成本煤耗成本启停成本购气成本碳交易成本
1519.6239.6530.00420.7629.21
2464.4937.4330.00376.9020.16
3447.6532.910395.9818.76
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考虑掺氢燃气机组与掺氨燃煤机组联合运行的综合能源系统优化调度
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乐佳辉 1 , 冯翼晗 2 , 田毅 1
热力发电 | 绿氢绿氨多能协同优化 2025,54(8): 61-71
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热力发电 | 绿氢绿氨多能协同优化 2025, 54(8): 61-71
考虑掺氢燃气机组与掺氨燃煤机组联合运行的综合能源系统优化调度
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乐佳辉1 , 冯翼晗2, 田毅1
作者信息
  • 1.上海电力大学电气工程学院,上海 200090
  • 2.国网上海市电力公司市南供电公司,上海 200030
  • 乐佳辉(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为综合能源系统优化调度,

Optimal dispatch of integrated energy system considering joint operation of hydrogen-doped gas units and ammonia-doped coal-fired units
Jiahui LE1 , Yihan FENG2, Yi TIAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
  • 2.State Grid Shanghai Electric Power Company, Shinan Power Supply Company, Shanghai 200030, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505090
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针对综合能源系统中可再生能源消纳难题与低碳化发展需求,提出一种考虑燃气机组掺氢与燃煤机组掺氨联合运行的优化调度方法。首先,充分考虑风电与光伏出力的不确定性及其相关性,采用基于Frank Copula函数的风光联合出力建模方法,通过边缘分布拟合、蒙特卡洛采样与K-means聚类等步骤生成典型风光联合出力场景,用于提升调度模型的鲁棒性;同时,构建电制氢与氢转氨的能量转化模型,实现可再生能源向氢、氨能源的高效转化;其次,针对传统化石能源机组的低碳改造需求,建立燃气机组掺氢燃烧和燃煤机组掺氨燃烧的精细化运行模型,优化氢氨燃料在发电环节的协同利用方式;然后,结合阶梯型碳交易机制,以系统总运行成本最小为目标构建优化调度模型,并采用CPLEX求解器进行求解;最后,设置不同场景并进行对比分析。结果表明,在氢能利用基础上进一步考虑氢转氨,减少了系统的弃风弃光现象;掺氢燃气机组与掺氨燃煤机组联合运行使系统总运行成本和碳排放量均得到减少。该研究可为综合能源系统的低碳化发展提供参考。

综合能源系统  /  风光联合出力  /  氢转氨  /  氢氨燃料  /  低碳化发展

Aiming at the difficulties in renewable energy consumption and the demand for low-carbon development in the integrated energy system, an optimal scheduling method considering the joint operation of hydrogen-doped gas-fired units with hydrogen-doped and ammonia-doped coal-fired units is proposed. Firstly, to account for the uncertainty and correlation of wind and solar power outputs, a joint wind-solar output modeling approach based on the Frank Copula function is adopted. Typical wind-solar scenarios are generated through marginal distribution fitting using kernel density estimation, Monte Carlo sampling, and K-means clustering, thereby enhancing the robustness of the scheduling model. Meanwhile, energy conversion models for power-to-hydrogen and hydrogen-to-ammonia processes are developed to enable the efficient transformation of renewable energy into hydrogen and ammonia. Secondly, the refined operation model of hydrogen-doped combustion of gas-fired units and ammonia-doped combustion of coal-fired units is constructed in response to the demand for low-carbon transformation of conventional fossil energy units, so as to optimize the synergistic utilization of hydrogen and ammonia fuels in the power generation process. Then, the optimal dispatching model is constructed by combining with the laddering-type carbon trading mechanism with the goal of minimizing the total operation cost of the system, which is to minimize the total cost of the system. Moreover, the optimal scheduling model is constructed with the objective of minimizing the total operating cost of the system in combination with the stepped carbon trading mechanism and solved by the CPLEX solver. Finally, different scenarios are set up and comparative analysis are carried out. The results indicate that, the introduction of hydrogen-to-ammonia conversion, building upon hydrogen energy utilization, significantly mitigates wind and solar power curtailment within the system. The combined operation of hydrogen-doped gas-fired unit and ammonia-doped coal-fired unit leads to concurrent reductions in both total operational costs and carbon emissions. The study provides a reference for the development of decarbonization of integrated energy systems.

integrated energy system  /  joint wind-solar output  /  hydrogen-to-ammonia  /  hydrogen and ammonia fuels  /  development of decarbonization
乐佳辉, 冯翼晗, 田毅. 考虑掺氢燃气机组与掺氨燃煤机组联合运行的综合能源系统优化调度. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (8) : 61 -71 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505090
Jiahui LE, Yihan FENG, Yi TIAN. Optimal dispatch of integrated energy system considering joint operation of hydrogen-doped gas units and ammonia-doped coal-fired units[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (8) : 61 -71 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505090
根据国际能源署发布的2024年全球碳排放评估报告,全球与能源活动相关的CO2排放量在2024年达到37.8 Gt的历史峰值,天然气与煤炭是碳排放增长的主要驱动因素,两者共同构成碳排放增长量的90%[1]。为了防止气候危机进一步加剧,各国亟需构建“可再生能源主导+传统能源低碳化”的新型能源体系。中国“双碳”战略目标明确要求,到2030年非化石能源消费占比达到25%,这对能源系统灵活性提出了更高要求[2]
综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)作为碳排放的主要来源之一,通过促进多能协同利用和可再生能源消纳,已被广泛认为是实现碳排放削减的关键技术路径[3]。IES通过整合不同能源的优势,实现多能协同互补与梯级利用,进而显著提升能源综合利用效率[4-5]。同时,针对可再生能源出力的不确定性和间歇性,文献[6]采用多元标准正态分布对风电场出力进行建模,分析了风电功率随时间变化的动态相关性。文献[7]提出一种基于预测偏差的光伏出力场景生成方法,通过建立光伏预测出力与实际出力的误差分布模型,并采用模糊C均值聚类算法生成典型场景及其发生概率,从而分析光伏出力的不确定性特征。文献[8]提出基于K-means聚类的场景缩减方法,通过对海量原始场景进行聚类分析,提取具有代表性的典型场景集,在保证新能源不确定性特征的前提下显著降低计算复杂度。工程实践表明,区域内的风电与光伏出力往往呈现显著的互补特性,这种耦合关系在场景生成过程中不容忽视。上述研究大多将风电与光伏出力的场景分析割裂处理,不够贴合实际。因此,在构建风光联合出力场景时,亟需建立能够同时表征二者相关性及互补特性的分析方法。
随着可再生能源的大规模接入,IES面临着严重的弃能问题,因此众多学者围绕优化配置、改进调度策略、分析需求侧响应机制等方面展开深入研究。文献[9]通过加入电转气装置,增强了IES对可再生能源的消纳能力。文献[10]提出了一种基于双层优化架构的风光水储多能互补系统调度策略,结合抽水蓄能和储能电站的调节特性,在保证供电可靠性的同时显著提升了可再生能源消纳水平。文献[11]系统分析了IES的耦合特性与设备建模方法,为解决多能流协同优化提供了理论基础。文献[12]通过价格补偿机制来引导用户调节电、热负荷,协调IES中的灵活需求响应和可再生能源的不确定性,为多能协同调度提供了需求侧灵活资源利用的新思路。文献[13]提出了一种融合需求侧响应和电动汽车有序调度的IES随机优化方法,通过负荷分类建模和多场景分析有效平抑了风光出力波动。尽管以上技术手段提升了IES的可再生能源消纳能力,但仍存在以下局限性:电转气路径单一、灵活性差;多能互补依赖地域资源条件,在资源匮乏区域不易充分发挥其多能协同优势;需求响应由于用户参与度有限,难以有效应对高比例可再生能源的波动。因此,有必要构建更具柔性和可扩展性的能源转换与消纳路径,进一步提升IES的消纳能力。
近年来,氢能凭借其高能量密度与零碳特性已成为IES的理想燃料[14-17]。文献[18]将传统电转气过程进行了细化,将其分为电解水制氢和氢转天然气2个阶段,通过算例验证该方法能够发挥氢能的高能效优势,并减少能量的梯级损耗。文献[19]提出了一种氢能多元利用体系,其涵盖氢转天然气、天然气掺氢以及氢能存储,提高了氢能在IES中的利用效率,促进了IES的低碳经济运行。文献[20]在氢能多元利用模型的基础上,考虑了电解槽和甲烷反应器的热回收机制,有效提升了氢能应用过程中的能量转换效率。然而,上述研究多聚焦氢能单一利用,未将氨能纳入整体调度体系。此外,氢能利用主要集中于燃气机组,忽视了占我国发电主体地位的燃煤机组的脱碳需求。
相比氢能,氨能在燃煤机组脱碳方面具有独特优势,因此氨能在IES中的应用日益广泛。文献[21]通过对4种主要电化工技术的比较分析,认为电转氨技术在环保和市场价值方面具有重要意义,是未来电化工技术的重要发展方向之一。文献[22]建立了电转氨与燃煤机组掺氨的耦合模型,证实了该模型能够提高系统的风光利用率。文献[23]在采用电转氨技术的基础上,同时考虑了液氨转化为纯氨的吸热环节,通过热量回收实现了氨能的全过程利用,并验证了不同风能渗透率下的系统调度效果。文献[24]在火电机组掺氨的框架内,补充了火电机组的富氧燃烧过程,将电制氢过程的副产物氧气输入火电机组,实现系统产品的充分利用。然而,以上的氨能研究均孤立于氢能供应链,未考虑电制氢-氢转氨的联动,缺乏对氢氨协同潜力的深入挖掘。
基于以上分析,本文提出一种考虑掺氢燃气机组与掺氨燃煤机组联合运行的优化调度方法。首先,为准确刻画可再生能源出力特性,采用基于Frank Copula函数的风光联合出力建模方法形成风光联合出力典型场景;其次,建立氢氨利用模型以发挥氢氨的用能潜力和低碳优势。在此基础上,建立以总运行成本最小为优化目标的IES调度模型,并在目标函数中引入基于阶梯定价的碳交易成本。结果表明本文所提模型可以有效降低系统总运行成本和碳排放量。
本文构建的氢氨协同综合能源系统运行框架如图1所示。由图1可见,供应侧主要包括风电、光伏、燃煤机组、燃气轮机(gas turbine,GT)、燃气锅炉(gas boiler,GB)、气网、电解槽(electrolyzer,EL)、甲烷反应器(methane reactor,MR)、制氨工厂以及储能设备;需求侧包括电负荷、热负荷以及气负荷。EL利用风光出力制取氢能,氢能通过3条路径实现多元利用:1)一部分输送至MR合成天然气;2)一部分供给GT和GB进行天然气掺氢燃烧;3)剩余部分用于制氨工厂合成氨。所合成的氨用于燃煤机组掺烧,实现了可再生能源到零碳燃料的全链条转化。储能系统通过充放电策略增强了系统的灵活运行能力,有效平衡可再生能源出力波动与负荷需求。
在IES调度优化中,风电与光伏出力的不确定性及其相关性对系统运行具有重要影响。为准确刻画风光出力的不确定性特性与相关性,本文采用基于Copula函数的风光联合出力场景生成与削减方法。具体步骤如下。
首先,利用核密度估计方法对历史风电和光伏出力数据分别进行边缘分布函数拟合,避免了对风光出力分布类型的先验假设,更好地保留了数据的原始特征。其一般表达式为:
f(x)=1nhi=1nK(xxih)
式中:f(x)为所估计的概率密度函数;n为样本数量;h为平滑带宽参数;xi为样本数据;K(·)为核函数。
风电与光伏出力存在一定相关性,需构建其联合分布模型以准确描述二者间的统计依赖性。本文采用Frank Copula函数对风电与光伏出力的联合分布进行建模。Frank Copula函数能够有效刻画正负相关性,其联合分布函数表达式为:
C(u,v;α)=1αln(1+(eαu1)(eαv1)eα1)
式中:uv分别为风电和光伏的边缘分布变量;α为Copula函数的依赖参数,用于刻画二者的相关性强弱。
在Copula模型拟合完成后,利用蒙特卡洛随机采样方法从已建模的联合分布中生成大量风光联合出力场景。通过Copula空间采样获得的联合伪样本(U, V)经边缘分布逆变换映射回实际出力空间,具体逆变换过程采用样条插值法完成:
x=FX1(u),y=FY1(v)
式中:FX(·)与FY(·)分别为风电与光伏出力的边缘逆变换函数。
为降低后续优化模型计算复杂度,需对原始大规模场景集进行场景削减。本文采用基于K-means聚类算法的场景削减方法,将原始场景划分为有限数量的典型场景。设定最终场景数为K,各典型场景的概率通过聚类簇中样本数量占比计算得到,计算公式为:
pk=nkN,k=1,2,,K
式中:nk为第k个聚类簇内样本数量;N为总样本数量;pk为对应典型场景的发生概率。
经上述步骤,可获得充分反映风光联合不确定性与相关性的少量典型出力场景,供后续系统优化调度模型调用。
本文将传统电转气解耦为电制氢与甲烷化2个独立环节,使得氢气可作为独立的能源载体进行存储与调度[25]。作为系统中唯一的产氢单元,EL产生的氢气可表示为:
{PEL,out(t)=ηELPEL,in(t)mEL,H2(t)=φq2ePEL,out(t)/LH2
式中:PEL,out(t)为EL在时段t内的输出电量;PEL,in(t)为EL在时段t内的输入电量;ηEL为EL的能量转换效率;φq2e为每千瓦时电能转换的热能;mEL,H2(t)为时段t内EL生成氢的质量;LH2为氢的热值。
一部分氢气在MR中发生甲烷化反应,以补给天然气供给,MR中产生的天然气可表示为:
{mMR,g(t)LCH4=ηMRmMR,H2(t)LH2GMR(t)=mMR,g(t)/ρCH4
式中:mMR,g(t)为MR在时段t内产生的天然气质量;LCH4为天然气的热值;ηMR为MR的能量转换效率;mMR,H2(t)为MR在时段t内的输入氢功率;GMR(t)为MR在时段t内产生的天然气体积;ρCH4为天然气的密度。
一部分氢气被输入GT和GB中进行天然气掺氢燃烧,研究表明,当掺氢比(热值比,下同)低于20%时,燃气机组可以实现安全稳定地运行[26],因此本文将燃气机组最大运行掺氢比设定为20%。GT和GB的掺氢运行模型可表示为:
{PGT(t)=(GGT(t)+mGT,H2(t)/ρH2)ηGT,PHGT(t)=(GGT(t)+mGT,H2(t)/ρH2)ηGT,HrGT,H2(t)=mGT,H2(t)/ρH2LH2GGTLCH4+mGT,H2/ρH2LH20rGT,H2(t)20%
式中:ηGT,PηGT,H分别为GT的电效率和热效率;PGT(t)和HGT(t)分别为GT在时段t内的电功率和热功率;ρH2为氢气密度;GGT(t)为GT在时段t内的气体消耗量;mGT,H2(t)为GT在时段t内的氢气消耗质量;rGT,H2(t)为GT在时段t内的氢气混合比。
{HGB(t)=(GGB(t)+mGB,H2(t)/ρH2)ηGBGB,H2(t)=mGB,H2/ρH2LH2GGBLCH4+mGB,H2/ρH2LH20rGB,H2(t)20%
式中:ηGB为燃气锅炉的热效率;HGB(t)为GB在时段t内的产热功率;GGB(t)为GB在时段t内消耗的天然气功率;mGB,H2(t)为GB在时段t内消耗的氢气质量;rGB,H2(t)为GB在时段t内的掺氢比。
本文将风光制氢与氢转氨工艺耦合,将氨能作为氢能的载体,以此来提升系统的氢能利用效率与新能源消纳率。
氢被输入制氨工厂中进行氨合成,其合成氨的质量以及制氨能耗可表示为:
{mNH3(t)=ηS2MNH33MH2mH2,NH3(t)PH2A(t)=mNH3(t)wH2A
式中:mNH3(t)为制氨工厂在时段t内制取的氨气质量;ηS为制氨效率;MNH3MH2分别为氨气和氢气的摩尔质量;mH2,NH3为时段t内输入制氨工厂中的氢气质量;PH2A(t)为制氨工厂在时段t内所消耗的电能;wH2A为制氨工厂制取氨气的单位能耗。
由于氢转氨过程是放热反应,可以将这部分热量投入热网中,其提供的热功率为:
HNH3(t)=ηNH3,HqNH3mNH3(t)
式中:HNH3(t)为该过程在时段t内向系统提供的热功率;ηNH3,H为氢转氨过程的余热利用系数;qNH3为合成单位质量的氨的反应焓变。
氨作为零碳燃料,将其掺入燃煤机组可有效降低碳排放,燃煤机组掺氨运行模型可表示为:
{mcoal(t)=a1PCFPP2(t)+b1PCFPP(t)+c1                  mNH3(t)QNH3/QcoalrCFPP,NH3(t)=mNH3(t)LNH3/(mcoal(t)Lcoal+                         mNH3(t)LNH3)0rCFPP,NH3(t)20%
式中:a1b1c1分别为燃煤机组的耗量特性系数;PCFPP(t)为燃煤机组在时段t内的输出功率;LNH3Lcoal分别为氨和煤的热值;mcoal(t)为燃煤机组在时段t内的燃煤消耗量;rCFPP,NH3(t)为燃煤机组在时段t内的掺氨比。
本文以总运行成本最小化为目标,其合理性在于:1)阶梯碳价机制可将碳排放转化为内生成本[27];2)本设计需要兼顾实际调度需求与计算效率,相较多目标优化,单一成本目标优化的计算效率显著提升且经济性偏差在可接受的范围内。总运行成本F由煤耗成本Fcoal、启停成本Fth、购气成本Fbuy以及碳交易成本FCO2组成,其模型可表示为:
F=min(Fcoal+Fth+Fbuy+FCO2)
每个部分的具体表达式如下。
Fcoal=t=1T(ccoalmcoal(t))
式中:ccoal为燃煤单价。
Fth=St=2l(uth,t(1uth,t-1)+uth,t-1(1uth,t))
式中:S为燃煤机组的启停成本系数;uth,t为燃煤机组的启停变量。
Fbuy=t=1T(cbuyGbuy(t))
式中:cbuy为天然气单价;Gbuy(t)为时段t内的外购天然气体积。
CIES(t)=CIES,a(t)CIES(t)
式中:CIES(t)、CIES,a(t)以及CIES(t)分别为IES的碳交易量、实际碳排放量以及碳排放权配额。
本文采用阶梯式碳交易机制对IES碳排放进行约束,该机制将碳交易量划分为若干连续区间,并设置相应的区间阈值[28]。碳交易量每突破1个区间阈值,单位碳价就会按照预设增长率上升:
{fCO2(t)={λCIES(t)CIES(t)lλ(1+α)(CIES(t)l)+λllCIES(t)2lλ(1+2α)(CIES(t)2l)+λ(2+α)l2lCIES(t)3lλ(1+3α)(CIES(t)3l)+λ(3+3α)l3lCIES(t)4lλ(1+4α)(CIES(t)4l)+λ(4+6α)lCIES(t)4lFCO2=t=1T(fCO2(t))
式中:fCO2(t)为时段t的碳交易成本;λ为基准碳价;l为单位区间长度;α为价格增长率;FCO2为碳交易总成本。
本文通过多能耦合实现电能、热能、天然气及氢能之间的优化调度,其功率平衡如下:
{PWT(t)+PPV(t)+PGT(t)+PCFPP(t)+PES,dis(t)=    PEL,in(t)+PH2A(t)+PL(t)+PES,cha(t)HGT(t)+HGB(t)+HNH3(t)+HEB(t)+HHS,dis(t)=    HL(t)+HHS,cha(t)Gbuy(t)+GMR(t)=GGT(t)+GGB(t)+GL(t)mEL,H2(t)+mHS,dis(t)=mMR,H2(t)+mHS,cha(t)+                     mH2,NH3(t)+mGT,H2(t)+mGB,H2(t)
式中:PWT(t)和PPV(t)为时段t的风光利用功率;PL(t)、HL(t)和GL(t)分别为时段t的电负荷、热负荷和气负荷需求。
{Ppre,wt(t)=PWT(t)+Pcur,wt(t)Ppre,pv(t)=PPV(t)+Pcur,pv(t)0PWT(t)Ppre,wt(t)0PPV(t)Ppre,pv(t)
式中:Ppre,wt(t)和Ppre,pv(t)分别为时段t内的风、光预测功率;Pcur,wt(t)和Pcur,pv(t)分别为时段t内的弃风、弃光功率。
本文通过各种能量转换设备实现不同能源之间的协同转换,所用的能量设备需满足对应的容量约束以及爬坡约束:
{n={EL,MR,EB,GT,GB}0Pn(t)Pn,maxΔPn,minPn(t+1)Pn(t)ΔPn,max
式中:Pn(t)为设备n的输入功率;Pn,max为设备n的最大输入功率;ΔPn,min和ΔPn,max分别为设备n的爬坡最小和最大约束。
本文所建立的优化调度模型属于混合整数非线性规划问题,为提升求解效率,采用文献[29]提出的线性化方法将其转化为混合整数线性规划模型,并基于MATLAB平台,利用YALMIP工具箱调用CPLEX求解器进行高效求解。
本文选择上海某园区IES作为研究对象,以T=24 h为1个调度周期对系统进行仿真分析,时间步长为1 h,各设备参数见表1,各负荷需求以及预测风光出力如图2所示。碳交易基价为215元/t,增长率为0.5,天然气价格为3.5元/m3
为验证所提模型的有效性,本文设置3个场景进行对比分析。
场景1 考虑传统电转气的IES,不考虑中间产物氢气的利用。
场景2 在IES中考虑电转气的细化,将中间产物氢气进行多元利用。
场景3 在场景2基础上进一步考虑氢制氨和燃煤机组掺氨,实现掺氢燃气机组和掺氨燃煤机组的联合优化。
根据历史风电与光伏出力数据,本文利用Copula函数构建风光联合分布模型,并结合核密度估计与蒙特卡洛采样方法,生成500种考虑相关性的风光联合出力场景。所生成的风光联合出力场景如图3所示。
为降低系统优化计算的复杂度,本文基于K-means聚类算法对原始风光场景进行削减,最终保留5种具有代表性的典型风光联合出力场景。所选典型场景较好地覆盖了原始场景的概率分布特征。削减后的5种典型风光出力场景如图4所示。典型风光出力场景1至场景5的出现概率依次为22.4%、19.6%、21.2%、16.8%、20.0%。
通过引入风光联合出力场景及其概率信息,更加真实地反映了新能源波动性的实际特征,为后续IES的优化调度提供了更加可信的输入依据,有效提升了系统对可再生能源不确定性的适应能力。基于5种新能源出力的典型场景及其概率,利用概率累加构造综合场景,用于后续优化调度。
各场景调度结果见表2。由表2可知:场景2的总成本比场景1减少了55.13万元,主要得益于购气成本的下降,这体现了氢能的经济优化作用;场景3的总成本较场景2减少了16.84万元,主要得益于煤耗、启停和碳交易成本的下降,验证了氢氨协同的增效潜力。
场景2和场景3在调度周期内的CO2功率平衡如图5所示。
图5可见,与场景2相比,场景3各设备单元的总体碳排放量减少了57.59 t,尤其是煤电碳排放,09:00—16:00时段的煤电碳排放得到显著减少。这主要得益于燃煤掺氨燃烧降低了燃煤机组的碳排放减少。
各场景在调度周期内的弃风弃光功率对比如图6所示。由图6a)可见,场景1在01:00—08:00时段存在大量弃风现象,弃风功率最高峰值超过250 MW,表明该场景在风电出力高峰期存在严重的消纳瓶颈。场景2通过氢气多元利用手段显著缓解了这一问题,场景3在此基础上引入氨能协同路径后,进一步削减了高峰时段弃风功率,并且在09:00—24:00时段没有弃风现象,风电被完全消纳。由图6b)可见,场景1和场景2均在09:00出现明显弃光峰值,分别达到约10 MW与15 MW,相比之下,场景3在对应时段表现出更强的光伏消纳能力,弃光功率始终保持在较低水平,大多数时段没有弃光现象。综上可得,氢-氨协同路径的引入显著增强了系统对风电与光伏的综合消纳能力,提升了系统运行的灵活性。
场景3的调度情况和氢能供需平衡如图7图8所示。各场景燃煤机组出力对比如图9所示。由图5可见,风电和光伏是整个系统的主要电力来源,这大大减少了系统对化石燃料发电的需求。气网主要由外购天然气供应,而氢甲烷化所产生的天然气作为补充气源,缓解了系统对化石能源的依赖。
图8为氢能供需平衡。由图8可见,电解槽大部分时间处于满发状态,产生了大量氢气以供系统进行利用。其利用形式包括甲烷化耗氢、燃气机组耗氢、合成氨耗氢以及氢气存储,氢能多元利用形式提高了系统氢能的利用率,并优化了能源结构。
图9为各场景燃煤机组出力对比。
图9可见,在场景1和场景2中,燃煤机组的出力波动较大且启停2次,相比之下,场景3中燃煤机组出力较为平稳,除了10:00—12:00时段出力有上升外,其余时段均保持在最小技术出力,避免了频繁启停带来的启停成本。这一结果表明,燃煤掺氨燃烧能够有效提升燃煤机组的运行稳定性,减少启停成本。
场景3在调度周期内的制氨质量以及产热如图10所示。从图10可知,系统在调度周期内有24.96 t合成氨,氨合成过程的余热可用于热网供热,总计回收余热34.04 MW,从而减少了系统对GB、EB等传统供热方式的依赖。该结果表明,合成氨不仅能实现煤电的绿色替代,还能够通过余热回收提升系统整体能效。
本文提出的氢氨协同利用方案为IES的优化调度提供了新思路,通过引入新能源出力不确定性分析使IES调度更贴合实际情况,主要得出结论如下。
1)通过EL、MR及制氨设备的协同运行,替代传统电转气单一能源转化模式,拓展了氢能在燃料替代与化工合成领域的多元应用。
2)当风电过剩时,氢转氨的引入能进一步消纳可再生能源,减少弃风弃光现象。此外,氢转氨过程的余热可代替传统供热设备进行供热,这表明氢转氨技术的引入不仅拓宽了可再生能源消纳路径,还进一步提升了系统整体能效。
3)燃煤机组掺氨燃烧不仅替代了部分燃煤消耗,还改善了机组运行特性,这凸显了燃煤掺氨在优化机组出力与低碳转型中的双重价值。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505090
  • 接收时间:2025-05-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-21
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    1.上海电力大学电气工程学院,上海 200090
    2.国网上海市电力公司市南供电公司,上海 200030
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