Article(id=1236372359645549379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202505086, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747238400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772703741226, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772703741226, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772703741226, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772703741226, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236372356109751006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772703740384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772788131769, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=142, endPage=151, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236372360333415286, articleId=1236372359645549379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of coal-ammonia co-combustion schemes at low load in a 300 MW tangentially-fired boiler, columnId=1236372358878000047, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Carbon neutral fuel coupled combustion and emission control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A simulation study on a 300 MW tangentially-fired boiler with 20% ammonia doping at 60% load was carried out to analyze the combustion process of ammonia doping in pulverized coal boiler, and to seek for the best coal-ammonia co-combustion scheme to ensure the optimal combustion efficiency and the lowest pollutant emission. By adjusting the position of ammonia burners and the ratio of the separated over fire air, the temperature field of the flue gas in the furnace, the molar fraction distribution of the combustion components, as well as the combustion characteristics and the NOx emission level at the furnace outlet were systematically analyzed using numerical simulation. The comprehensive analysis shows that, the best coal-ammonia co-combustion solution is to place the ammonia burner on top layer (tertiary air) and the CD layer (secondary air) when the ratio of the separated over fire air is 33.5%. This scheme ensures the combustion efficiency and stability while controlling the NOx emission level comparable to that of the pure coal-fired condition, which provides a new way of thinking for large-scale coal-fired power plants to realize clean and efficient combustion.

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对某300 MW四角切圆锅炉60%负荷工况掺烧20%氨气进行模拟研究,分析煤粉锅炉掺氨燃烧过程,寻求最佳的煤氨共燃方案以保证最优燃烧效率以及最低的污染物排放。采用数值模拟方法,通过调整氨气燃烧器的位置和燃尽风比例,系统分析了炉内烟气温度场、燃烧组分摩尔分数分布、燃烧特性以及炉膛出口NOx排放水平。综合分析表明,在燃尽风比例为33.5%时,将氨气燃烧器布置在顶层三次风与CD层二次风的位置为最佳煤氨共燃方案。该方案在保证燃烧效率与稳定性的同时,可将NOx排放水平控制在与纯燃煤工况相当的NOx排放水平,这为大型燃煤电厂实现清洁高效燃烧提供了新的思路。

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韩志江(1984)男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧数值仿真,
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白晨曦(1996)女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧数值仿真,

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白晨曦(1996)女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧数值仿真,

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白晨曦(1996)女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧数值仿真,

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language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=数值模拟)], refs=[Reference(id=1236372371939054169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=8, pageStart=20, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=丁先, 李汪繁, 马达夫, journalName=热力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=丁先, 李汪繁, 马达夫. 燃煤机组耦合氨燃料燃烧特性及经济性探讨[J]. 热力发电, 2022, 51(8): 20-28., articleTitle=燃煤机组耦合氨燃料燃烧特性及经济性探讨, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236372372014551646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=8, pageStart=20, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=DING Xian, LI Wangfan, MA Dafu, journalName=Thermal Power Generation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DING Xian, LI Wangfan, MA Dafu. 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Combustion and NO formation characteristics of pulverized coal co-firing with ammonia in a deep-air staging condition[J]. Clean Coal Technology, 2022, 28(3): 201-214., articleTitle=Combustion and NO formation characteristics of pulverized coal co-firing with ammonia in a deep-air staging condition, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236372375256748759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=370, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=35, authorNames=WANG Y, HE Y, WENG W, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Y, HE Y, WENG W, et al. Numerical simulation of ammonia combustion with coal in a 135 MW tangentially fired boiler[J]. Fuel, 2024, 370: 131831., articleTitle=Numerical simulation of ammonia combustion with coal in a 135 MW tangentially fired boiler, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236372375340634842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=114, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=36, authorNames=WANG X, FAN W, CHEN J, journalName=Journal of the Energy Institute, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG X, FAN W, CHEN J, et al. Experimental study and kinetic analysis of NO emission characteristics inammonia/coal co-firing process with different ammonia iniection methods[J]. Journal of the Energy Institute, 2024, 114: 101609., articleTitle=Experimental study and kinetic analysis of NO emission characteristics inammonia/coal co-firing process with different ammonia iniection methods, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236372371716756048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, awardId=2023YFB4005700, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFB4005700), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236372371809030740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, awardId=2023YFB4005700, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4005700), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236372364682907857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236372364695490771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, companyId=1236372364682907857, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shanghai Boiler Works Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200245, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236372364699685077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, companyId=1236372364682907857, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海锅炉厂有限公司,上海 200245)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236372367539229060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The boiler structure and burner arrangement for coal-fired condition, figureFileSmall=+cFgcBElBew/uSW+M2uUSw==, figureFileBig=0nwxoCxCapI+67otqt9ndg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372367623115145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, 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figureFileBig=oeM35OaqTLYsL52WuswhZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372370261332477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同燃尽风下沿炉膛高度方向的截面平均温度, figureFileSmall=DbKNDpG6z6EADD9ZN7OGaA==, figureFileBig=oeM35OaqTLYsL52WuswhZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372370366190084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Distributions of O2 mole fraction in the furnace with different OFA rates, figureFileSmall=dBx/zyA5RNs3cScIT4obYg==, figureFileBig=aLY3rIxNTUN/rblgh/bJ2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372370500407823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同燃尽风比例下的O2分布云图, figureFileSmall=dBx/zyA5RNs3cScIT4obYg==, figureFileBig=aLY3rIxNTUN/rblgh/bJ2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372370601071125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Distributions of CO mole fraction in the furnace with different OFA rates, figureFileSmall=Q6EvVodesk3YSL+A2I/ngQ==, figureFileBig=splP/5hH4kDZxs6J2lL1gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372370672374300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同燃尽风比例下的CO分布云图, figureFileSmall=Q6EvVodesk3YSL+A2I/ngQ==, figureFileBig=splP/5hH4kDZxs6J2lL1gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372370747871774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Distributions of the O2 and CO mole fractions in the furnace with different OFA rates, figureFileSmall=WBoV0G5hBK1AiZqtX8RmdA==, figureFileBig=3/Ys0OGime8g9EXhgIW55Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372370840146468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同燃尽风比例下的O2及CO分布, figureFileSmall=WBoV0G5hBK1AiZqtX8RmdA==, figureFileBig=3/Ys0OGime8g9EXhgIW55Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372370961781290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=The NOx mole fractions at furnace outlet with different OFA rates, figureFileSmall=Wkcmzcv+VsdRfIA3WhiKmQ==, figureFileBig=ZvM9XY1Vt9LiP89CWBVJ9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372371062444595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同燃尽风比例下炉膛出口NOx摩尔分数, figureFileSmall=Wkcmzcv+VsdRfIA3WhiKmQ==, figureFileBig=ZvM9XY1Vt9LiP89CWBVJ9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372371158913588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Proximate and ultimate analysis of the coal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计煤种
war(C)/%47.63
war(H)/%3.20
war(O)/%10.16
war(N)/%0.74
war(S)/%0.47
war(M)/%11.14
war(A)/%26.69
war(V)/%23.29
Qnet,ar/(kJ·kg–1)19 130
), ArticleFig(id=1236372371251188281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

煤质的工业分析和元素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计煤种
war(C)/%47.63
war(H)/%3.20
war(O)/%10.16
war(N)/%0.74
war(S)/%0.47
war(M)/%11.14
war(A)/%26.69
war(V)/%23.29
Qnet,ar/(kJ·kg–1)19 130
), ArticleFig(id=1236372371343462974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The ammonia-coal cofiring schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案上层氨气燃烧器位置下层氨气燃烧器位置煤粉投运层燃尽风比例/%
1上层三次风CD二次风B层、C层20.0
2上层三次风下层三次风B层、C层20.0
3上层三次风C层一次风B层、C层20.0
4上层三次风C层一次风B层、D层20.0
5上层三次风CD二次风B层、C层25.0
6上层三次风CD二次风B层、C层30.0
7上层三次风CD二次风B层、C层33.5
), ArticleFig(id=1236372371418960451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

煤氨共燃方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案上层氨气燃烧器位置下层氨气燃烧器位置煤粉投运层燃尽风比例/%
1上层三次风CD二次风B层、C层20.0
2上层三次风下层三次风B层、C层20.0
3上层三次风C层一次风B层、C层20.0
4上层三次风C层一次风B层、D层20.0
5上层三次风CD二次风B层、C层25.0
6上层三次风CD二次风B层、C层30.0
7上层三次风CD二次风B层、C层33.5
), ArticleFig(id=1236372371490263621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The coal-ammonia cocombustion reactions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应式
R1Vol +1.407 56O2 =1.336 68CO +1.990 36H2O + H2O + 0.028 18N2 + 0.0148 7SO2
R2CO + 0.5O2 = CO2
R3C<s> + 0.5O2 = CO
R4C<s> + O2 = CO2
R5C <s>+ H2O = CO + H2
R6C <s>+ CO2 = 2CO
R7NH3 = 0.5N2 + 1.5H2
R8NH3 + O2 = NO + H2O + 0.5H2
R9NH3 + NO = N2 + H2O + 0.5H2
R10H2 + 0.5O2 = H2O
), ArticleFig(id=1236372371557372486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359645549379, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

煤粉和氨气燃烧反应式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应式
R1Vol +1.407 56O2 =1.336 68CO +1.990 36H2O + H2O + 0.028 18N2 + 0.0148 7SO2
R2CO + 0.5O2 = CO2
R3C<s> + 0.5O2 = CO
R4C<s> + O2 = CO2
R5C <s>+ H2O = CO + H2
R6C <s>+ CO2 = 2CO
R7NH3 = 0.5N2 + 1.5H2
R8NH3 + O2 = NO + H2O + 0.5H2
R9NH3 + NO = N2 + H2O + 0.5H2
R10H2 + 0.5O2 = H2O
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300 MW四角切圆锅炉低负荷下煤氨共燃方案数值模拟
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白晨曦 , 宋佳星 , 韩志江 , 李月华 , 张翔
热力发电 | 碳中性燃料耦合燃烧与排放控制 2025,54(8): 142-151
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热力发电 | 碳中性燃料耦合燃烧与排放控制 2025, 54(8): 142-151
300 MW四角切圆锅炉低负荷下煤氨共燃方案数值模拟
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白晨曦 , 宋佳星, 韩志江 , 李月华, 张翔
作者信息
  • 上海锅炉厂有限公司,上海 200245
  • 白晨曦(1996)女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧数值仿真,

通讯作者:

韩志江(1984)男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧数值仿真,
Numerical simulation of coal-ammonia co-combustion schemes at low load in a 300 MW tangentially-fired boiler
Chenxi BAI , Jiaxing SONG, Zhijiang HAN , Yuehua LI, Xiang ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Shanghai Boiler Works Co, Ltd, Shanghai 200245, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505086
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对某300 MW四角切圆锅炉60%负荷工况掺烧20%氨气进行模拟研究,分析煤粉锅炉掺氨燃烧过程,寻求最佳的煤氨共燃方案以保证最优燃烧效率以及最低的污染物排放。采用数值模拟方法,通过调整氨气燃烧器的位置和燃尽风比例,系统分析了炉内烟气温度场、燃烧组分摩尔分数分布、燃烧特性以及炉膛出口NOx排放水平。综合分析表明,在燃尽风比例为33.5%时,将氨气燃烧器布置在顶层三次风与CD层二次风的位置为最佳煤氨共燃方案。该方案在保证燃烧效率与稳定性的同时,可将NOx排放水平控制在与纯燃煤工况相当的NOx排放水平,这为大型燃煤电厂实现清洁高效燃烧提供了新的思路。

氨燃烧  /  煤粉燃烧  /  四角切圆锅炉  /  NOx排放  /  数值模拟

A simulation study on a 300 MW tangentially-fired boiler with 20% ammonia doping at 60% load was carried out to analyze the combustion process of ammonia doping in pulverized coal boiler, and to seek for the best coal-ammonia co-combustion scheme to ensure the optimal combustion efficiency and the lowest pollutant emission. By adjusting the position of ammonia burners and the ratio of the separated over fire air, the temperature field of the flue gas in the furnace, the molar fraction distribution of the combustion components, as well as the combustion characteristics and the NOx emission level at the furnace outlet were systematically analyzed using numerical simulation. The comprehensive analysis shows that, the best coal-ammonia co-combustion solution is to place the ammonia burner on top layer (tertiary air) and the CD layer (secondary air) when the ratio of the separated over fire air is 33.5%. This scheme ensures the combustion efficiency and stability while controlling the NOx emission level comparable to that of the pure coal-fired condition, which provides a new way of thinking for large-scale coal-fired power plants to realize clean and efficient combustion.

ammonia co-firing  /  pulverized coal combustion  /  tangentially-firing boiler  /  NOx emission  /  numerical simulation
白晨曦, 宋佳星, 韩志江, 李月华, 张翔. 300 MW四角切圆锅炉低负荷下煤氨共燃方案数值模拟. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (8) : 142 -151 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505086
Chenxi BAI, Jiaxing SONG, Zhijiang HAN, Yuehua LI, Xiang ZHANG. Numerical simulation of coal-ammonia co-combustion schemes at low load in a 300 MW tangentially-fired boiler[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (8) : 142 -151 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505086
为应对燃煤发电的碳排放问题,一种可行的策略是从燃料供给侧引入清洁能源,通过在锅炉中部分燃用低碳零碳燃料达到减碳零碳的目的。氨气作为一种零碳燃料,不仅含有高热值的氢元素,而且相比于氢气,具有更低的储存成本和更高的运输安全性。此外,将氨气与传统煤炭混合燃烧,无需对现有燃煤电厂进行大规模改造。基于以上优势,煤氨混合燃烧技术被视为当前降低燃煤电厂碳排放的一种有效技术途径。
丁先等[1]对330 MW机组煤氨混燃进行热力性能计算校核,结果表明煤氨混燃的CO2排放较燃煤机组下降约20%,锅炉热效率变化不明显,此外其经济性较碳捕集与封存更具有优势。
然而,氨的高氮特性也带来了NOx的高排放风险。为实现我国“双碳”战略目标[2-4],在考虑采用煤氨共燃技术时,须对燃烧过程进行探究,避免潜在的NOx排放问题。目前,已有学者对此进行试验研究[5-16]。Tamura等人[17]在1.2 MW卧式炉中研究了在不同喷氨位置下NOx排放量随氨气掺混比例的变化,将氨气喷口布置于煤粉燃烧器中心时,氨气掺混比例对NOx排放的影响较小;将氨气喷口布置于炉侧墙时氨气掺混比例的增加将导致NOx排放量增加。牛涛等[18]在40 MW燃煤锅炉试验台上进行了掺氨比(热值比,下同)0~25%的煤氨混燃试验,研究发现,在20%燃尽风率下锅炉主燃烧区充满还原性气氛,将掺氨比提高至25%可以使NOx的排放情况优于纯燃煤锅炉。文献[19]在156 MW燃煤锅炉上实现小比例(0.6%~0.8%)掺氨燃烧全尺寸试验。
数值模拟方法可预测燃煤锅炉掺氨燃烧带来的影响,王耿辉等[20]通过数值模拟的方法对一维实验炉开展不同挥发分含量的煤种在不同掺氨比下NOx排放规律的研究,发现采用挥发分含量高的煤种有利于降低NOx排放,同时在较高的掺氨比下未燃烧氨气会受到燃尽风影响使NOx排放增加。Zhang等人[21]通过数值模拟的方法,对8.5 MW单旋流燃烧器煤粉燃烧设备在掺烧比0~80%混合燃烧时的炉内流场、传热、火焰形态、未燃尽碳和NOx排放等进行了研究,掺氨比10%时,NOx排放增加,掺氨比40%时,高速氨气气流会造成火焰形状变化,出口燃尽氨增加。Yamamoto等人[22]研究了2种喷氨位置(煤粉燃烧器中心、炉膛侧墙)对NOx排放的影响,结果表明,当掺氨比为20%时NOx排放量取决于氨气喷入位置,在距离煤粉燃烧器0.6 m和1.0 m的炉膛侧墙喷入,可以有效改善燃烧性能。马仑等[23]通过数值模拟的方法在20 kW沉降炉研究了煤粉燃尽特性及NOx排放规律,研究发现,提高掺氨比可以扩大炉膛低氧范围,增加还原性气氛,有效抑制NOx生成,最佳掺氨比为20%,且氨气喷口越靠近煤粉燃烧火焰区,越有利于降低NOx排放。多项研究表明:20%的氨气掺混比在煤氨混燃中表现最优,且经适度改造即可使现有燃烧器稳定燃烧,无需大规模更换核心设备。同时,选择适当的氨气喷入位置,可有效地将氨气与烟气中的NOx反应,从而降低NOx排放水平[22-25]
目前,针对锅炉低负荷工况掺氨燃烧以及燃尽风对锅炉掺氨燃烧影响的研究较少。因此,本文采用数值模拟方法对某300 MW四角切圆锅炉60% BMCR负荷工况,研究掺氨比为20%氨气燃烧器布置位置、燃尽风比例对炉膛内燃烧特性及NOx排放水平的影响。本文旨在优化煤氨混方案,在降低碳排放的同时,有效控制NOx的排放,实现燃煤发电的环境友好转型。
本文研究对象为某300 MW四角切圆锅炉,以锅炉60%负荷燃煤工况为基准进行仿真数值计算,图1为锅炉结构及燃煤工况燃烧器布置。炉膛共有4层煤粉喷嘴,煤粉喷嘴四周布置周界风,8层二次风喷嘴(包括3层燃尽(SOFA)风在内)以及2层三次风喷嘴。在锅炉负荷180 MW时,投入运行的煤粉燃烧器为A层的1号、3号燃烧器以及B层、C层燃烧器,同时投入三次风;并关闭CD层二次风。此外,为保证锅炉炉膛顶部换热模拟的准确性,炉膛顶部换热器结构采用二维建模的方式将换热器结构布置到炉膛顶部相应位置。
整个锅炉炉膛采用结构化网格,并将燃烧器喷嘴和主燃烧区进行局部加密,炉膛整体网格如图2所示。为了确保模拟结果的准确性并消除网格大小可能带来偏差,对网格数为76万、136万、227万和296万的模型进行模拟计算(图3)。通过对比炉内不同高度截面的平均温度和氧气含量,发现当网格数超过227万时,炉内温度和组分分布偏差较小。因此,本文选择227万的网格数进行模拟研究。
本文方案的设计初衷源于氨燃料的固有特性与锅炉运行的协同挑战。在着火方面,氨气火焰传播速度慢、点火温度高,为此,将氨气喷口布置于顶层三次风、CD层一次风以及C层一次风区域。这是因为该位置邻近高温烟气核心区,湍流强度大,可加速氨气热解并促进着火,同时通过集中投运B、C层煤粉或者B、D层维持主燃区温度水平。在NOx协同控制方面,氨掺烧会引入额外氮源,增加NOx生成风险,因此通过空气分级还原和氨基原位还原双重机制抑制NOx排放。空气分级还原是通过调节燃尽风比例控制主燃区处于欠氧状态,抑制燃料氮转化并促进CO/HCN等中间产物还原已生成NOx;氨基原位还原指喷入还原区的氨气分解产生活性氨基自由基,在高温区与NOx发生选择性非催化还原反应,CD层二次风位置可最大化此效应。在燃尽效率优化方面,燃尽风比例需在还原强度与燃尽需求间平衡。过低比例导致未燃氨及CO增加,过高比例则会削弱还原效果。最高33.5%的燃尽风比例可确保燃尽区充足氧量,同时利用顶层三次风喷氨位置延长还原反应路径,实现残氨深度氧化。综上,本文方案通过耦合高温稳燃、空气分级与氨基还原机制,在保障燃烧效率的前提下,将掺氨比20%工况的NOx排放控制在较低水平。
在锅炉负荷180 MW时,设计煤种燃煤量为96.9 t/h,煤质的工业分析和元素分析见表1。在氨气掺混比例为20%时,研究氨气燃烧器布置位置、燃尽风比例对锅炉燃烧的影响,共设置7种煤氨共燃方案,具体见表2
方案1—方案4用于研究氨气燃烧器位置对锅炉燃烧的影响,方案1、方案5—方案7用于研究燃尽风比例对锅炉燃烧的影响。图4为不同煤氨共燃方案下的燃烧器布置示意。
模拟采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型模拟气相湍流输运,气相燃烧反应采用有限速率/涡耗散模型,辐射传热过程采用DO模型,烟气辐射吸收系数的计算采用灰气体加权和模型(WSGG)模型,煤粉颗粒的运动采用随机轨道模型进行模拟。煤粉热解采用二相竞争反应模型,其中第一步反应指前因子设定为2.0×105 s–1,活化能为1.046×108 J/(kg·mol),产率为0.3;第二步反应指前因子设定为1.3×107 s–1,活化能为1.674×108 J/(kg·mol),产率为1.0。焦炭燃烧则采用表面反应模型。
煤燃烧过程考虑了深度空气分级条件下的焦炭表面反应机理,氨燃烧根据马仑等[23]的研究结果,采用7步简化反应机理,煤氨混烧化学反应机理见表3
在锅炉煤氨燃烧数值模拟计算过程中,根据在300 MW锅炉60%BMCR负荷下输入锅炉的热量,计算出氨气掺混比例为20.0%下的燃煤量为77 t/h,氨气流量为20 t/h。
氨气掺混比例定义为氨气燃料热量占锅炉输入热量的百分比。
ωNH3=mNH3×QNH3Qr
式中:ωNH3为氨气掺混比例,%;mNH3为NH3的质量流量,kg/s;QNH3氨气的低位发热量,kJ/kg;Qr为锅炉输入热量,kJ/kg。
一次风、二次风及三次风入口均采用速度入口边界条件,根据炉膛实际运行参数设定。锅炉一次风及三次风温度为70 ℃,一次风及三次风速度为23 m/s,二次风温度300 ℃,二次风速度为48 m/s,其中三次风反切10°,AB层二次风偏转20°。
炉膛及换热器的壁面温度根据热力计算得出的换热器内部汽水介质温度来进行设置,辐射系数采用0.8。
图5为不同氨气燃烧器位置下煤氨的炉膛温度分布云图。由图5可见,与燃煤相比,氨气的喷入会造成局部温度变化。掺氨燃烧后,氨气与煤粉竞争氧气,煤粉的燃尽速率下降,造成主燃烧区煤粉燃烧不充分以及未燃煤粉量的增加,主燃区火焰温度降低,燃尽区火焰温度升高。
由于掺氨位置的不同,温度分布存在局部差异。与方案1、方案3相比,方案2炉膛下部燃料更加集中,掺氨层高度更低,逐级对后续燃烧产生的影响更大,因此方案2的炉膛中心低温区范围更广;同时方案2分布于炉膛两侧的高温区最低点位置升高,炉膛下部燃烧器区域的高温区面积减少。
方案3与方案4的煤粉投运层不同,方案3投入的煤粉层为B层、C层和三次风,方案4投入的煤粉层为B层、D层和三次风。方案4的煤粉以更加均匀的方式投入炉膛,而其主燃区中下部煤粉量低于方案3,因此方案4主燃区下方火焰温度略低于方案3;同时主燃区未燃烧煤粉的减少导致在燃尽区延迟燃烧的煤粉量降低,因此方案4燃尽区火焰温度低于方案3。
图6为不同氨气燃烧器位置下沿炉膛高度方向的截面平均温度分布以及掺氨层的局部放大图。由图6可见,在主燃区,由于燃料的燃烧以及一、二次风及时的补充,截面平均温度出现波动且逐渐升高。掺氨燃烧会影响炉膛温度,不同氨气燃烧器位置下的炉膛温度较燃煤工况整体下降。不用方案间的主要区别在于下层氨气燃烧器的位置,相应方案在下层氨气燃烧器截面处的平均温度均处于较低的温度水平,而上层氨气燃烧器截面处的平均温度无明显规律。其中在方案2的下层掺氨截面处方案2的平均温度最低,由于方案2的下层氨气燃烧器中心截面高度最低,对后续燃烧产生的影响更大,因此在其他方案的下层氨气燃烧器中心截面方案2仍保持较低的平均温度;对于方案3与方案4,上述分析表明方案4主燃区下方火焰温度略低,而对于掺氨层局部位置而言,由于方案3的氨气从一次风注入,氨气与煤粉发生抢氧反应,造成方案3的下层掺氨层的燃料燃烧不充分,因此方案4在下层氨气燃烧器中心截面的平均温度较方案3略高。随后,方案3下层氨气燃烧器附近的燃料随气流旋转向上运动,与氧气充分接触后温度升高,使其火焰温度略高于方案4。
图7为不同氨气燃烧器位置下炉膛氧气分布云图。由图7可见,燃煤工况与掺氨工况的氧气分布存在较大差异,在主燃区中下方燃煤工况的氧气摩尔分数较掺氨工况低,而在燃尽区上方燃煤工况的氧气摩尔分数较掺氨工况高。产生这种现象的原因是:氨气与煤粉竞争氧气,造成主燃烧区煤粉燃烧不充分以及未燃煤粉量的增加。此外,相比于燃煤工况,掺氨燃烧工况的炉膛出口氧气摩尔分数较低,不同氨气燃烧器位置下的出口氧气摩尔分数均保持在3%左右,燃煤工况与方案1—方案4对应的炉膛出口处氧气摩尔分数分别为3.83%、2.75%、2.78%、2.72%、3.18%。这是因为在保持锅炉的燃料总热值不变的情况下,煤粉与氨气的过量空气系数相同,所用煤种的理论空气量小于氨气的理论空气量,因此掺氨燃烧所需要的总风量减少,导致掺氨燃烧后炉膛出口氧气摩尔分数降低。
图8为不同氨气燃烧器位置下沿炉膛高度方向的氧气分布以及掺氨层的局部放大图。
图8可见,由于采用空气分级技术,随一次风及二次风送入炉内的氧量发生剧烈的燃烧反应被很快消耗,主燃区氧气摩尔分数明显下降。随着燃尽风送入炉膛,氧气摩尔分数进一步上升,而后与炉膛内未燃尽的燃料继续反应,氧气摩尔分数将持续下降。掺氨会推迟炉内燃料的燃烧进度,使得氧气的消耗减缓,因此在主燃区燃煤工况的氧气摩尔分数较掺氨工况低;掺氨工况增加的未燃尽燃料将增加燃尽区的氧气消耗,因此在燃尽区上方燃煤工况的氧气摩尔分数较掺氨工况高。而在不同氨气燃烧器位置下,相应方案在下层氨气燃烧器截面处的氧气摩尔分数相比于其他掺烧方案均为最小值,这是由于掺氨层燃料增加,导致氧气的消耗量增加。
图9为不同氨气燃烧器位置下沿炉膛高度方向的CO分布以及掺氨层的局部放大图。CO摩尔分数可作为衡量煤粉燃烧充分程度的关键指标,由图9可见:由于主燃区的缺氧条件使得喷入炉膛内的煤粉燃烧不充分,因而CO主要分布在主燃烧区域;燃煤工况的CO摩尔分数偏低,说明燃煤工况较掺氨工况的煤粉燃烧更加充分;同时可以发现在各不同氨气燃烧器位置下,相应方案在下层氨气燃烧器截面处掺氨层截面位置的CO摩尔分数相比于其他掺烧方案均为最大值。其中,方案4在主燃区存在CO摩尔分数急剧降低又升高的现象,这主要是由于方案4与其他掺氨燃烧方案的煤粉给粉策略上存在差异,该方案关闭C层磨煤机以停止C层煤粉投送,同时开启D层磨煤机来实现D层煤粉投送,因此方案4下层掺氨层的煤粉量极少,对其周围煤粉燃烧的影响较小。
图10为不同氨气燃烧器位置下炉膛出口NOx摩尔分数。由图10可见,掺氨燃烧会导致炉膛出口NOx摩尔分数升高。NOx摩尔分数受炉膛内多种因素的综合影响,其中O2、NH3、CO以及H2等组分分布存在差异。这些组分会共同决定在氨气参与反应过程中,究竟是NOx生成反应路径占据主导地位,还是NOx还原反应路径更具优势。由图6可知,方案1与方案2的氧气摩尔分数较方案3与方案4的氧气摩尔分数低,因而方案1与方案2的炉膛出口NOx摩尔分数较方案3与方案4的低;同时由图7可知,方案1的CO摩尔分数较方案2的CO摩尔分数低,如上文所述,CO摩尔分数可反映出燃烧充分程度,CO摩尔分数低意味着煤粉燃烧更加充分,因此方案1中煤粉对氧气的消耗导致局部存在未燃烧的NH3,这部分NH3还原部分已经生成的NOx,因而在不同氨气燃烧器位置中方案1炉膛出口NOx含量最低。
此外,氨的燃烧会发生热解反应,氨分解生成的氢气在乏氧环境中会持续存在。在方案4掺氨层仅送入氨气,其分解生成的氢气与氧气接触程度较低,因此方案4中氢气摩尔分数较方案3高,虽然方案4主燃区CO摩尔分数骤减,但同时受到氢气的影响,因而其炉膛出口NOx摩尔分数较方案3低。
相较于燃煤工况,4种氨气燃烧器位置下的炉膛出口NOx含量均呈现出过高的水平。基于此,考虑在方案1的氨气燃烧器位置上,将燃尽风率提高,旨在降低主燃区温度以及增强主燃区的还原性气氛,进而实现炉膛出口NOx含量的降低。
图11为不同燃尽风比例下炉膛温度分布云图。由图11可见,在炉内燃料量相同的情况下,燃尽风比例的增加导致锅炉主燃区温度整体降低。产生这种现象的原因是:随着燃尽风比例的提高,主燃区风量随之减少,导致主燃区的燃料处于更加乏氧的状态,煤粉燃烧充分程度降低,其燃尽速率降低,进而降低煤粉燃烧释放的热量。炉膛主燃区温度的降低,将对抑制热力型NOx的生成有益。
图12为不同燃尽风下沿炉膛高度方向的截面平均温度。由图12可见:随着燃尽风比例的改变,主燃区底层燃烧器区域温度的变化最为显著,主燃区中、上层燃烧器区域温度的变化幅度减小;而在燃尽区,不同燃尽风下的温度几乎无明显变化。产生这种现象的原因是:提高燃尽风比例需相应削减最下层燃烧器的风量供给,这直接导致了底层区域燃烧强度的显著变化,进而造成该区域温度的明显波动。尽管主燃区中、上层燃烧器的风量保持不变,但仍受主燃区下方燃烧情况的影响,使其温度小幅度下降;在燃尽区,虽然燃尽区风量有所增加,但其燃料均逐渐燃尽,因此温度变化并不显著。
图13为不同燃尽风下的氧气分布云图。由图13可见,不同燃尽风的氧气摩尔分数变化主要体现在炉膛底部及燃尽区,这是由于燃尽风率的增加是通过减少AA/AB层二次风风量来实现的。将燃尽风率提高后,炉膛主燃区底部氧气摩尔分数明显偏低,这也解释了上述炉膛温度明显降低的原因。随着燃尽风比例的提高,主燃区的乏氧气氛会相应增强,不仅延迟了煤的燃尽,同样也延迟氨气的燃尽,并对NOx的生成与还原造成影响。具体而言,在乏氧燃烧的环境条件下,氨气发生氧化反应生成NOx的过程会受到抑制,同时处于乏氧燃烧状态时未燃的氨气能够发挥还原特性,还原已生成的NOx
图14为不同燃尽风比例下的CO分布云图。
图14可见,CO主要分布在主燃烧区域,燃尽风的通入为主燃区生成的CO提供了继续燃烧所需的充足空气,促使其在燃尽区内充分燃尽。随着燃尽风比例的提高,主燃区风量相应减少,导致该区域处于贫氧燃烧状态。这使得主燃区的煤粉燃烧充分性降低,进而导致CO的生成量增加,分布范围扩大,且高含量区域面积增大,因此其还原型气氛增强,从而有利于促进NOx的还原反应。
图15为不同燃尽风比例下沿炉膛高度方向的氧气及CO分布。由图15可见,其不同燃尽风比例氧气及CO摩尔分数的变化幅度趋势与炉膛温度的变化幅度趋势一致。随着燃尽风比例增加,主燃区风量减少,主燃区氧气摩尔分数降低,煤粉在乏氧环境下燃烧导致CO摩尔分数升高;当燃尽风送入炉膛后,未燃尽燃料在此发生滞后反应,CO摩尔分数迅速下降。
图16为不同燃尽风比例下炉膛出口NOx摩尔分数。
图16可见,随着燃尽风比例增加,NOx摩尔分数逐渐降低。燃尽风的变化将深化空气分级燃烧效果,如前文所述,随着燃尽风比例增加,主燃区温度整体降低,并增强了乏氧气氛以及还原型气氛,有效抑制了NOx的生成,同时促进NOx的还原反应,最终炉膛出口NOx摩尔分数显著降低。当燃尽风比例从20.0%增加到25.0%时,炉膛出口NOx摩尔分数降低约16.50%;燃尽风比例从25.0%增加到30.0%时,炉膛出口NOx摩尔分数降低约14.00%;燃尽风比例从30.0%增加到33.5%时,炉膛出口NOx摩尔分数降低约50.82%。燃煤工况的炉膛出口NOx摩尔分数为142.96×10–6,燃尽风比例为33.5%时掺氨燃烧工况的炉膛出口NOx摩尔分数为150.96×10–6,因此,在掺氨燃烧工况,通过把燃尽风率提高至33.5%,可以将NOx排放水平控制在与纯燃煤工况相当水平。
本文采用数值模拟方法,系统研究了氨气燃烧器位置以及燃尽风比例对炉膛内燃烧特性及NOx排放水平的影响。通过模拟分析得到以下结论。
1)掺氨燃烧器布置位置的不同,导致O2、NH3、CO以及H2等组分在炉内的分布存在差异,这些因素会共同决定在氨气参与的反应过程中,是NOx生成反应路径占据主导地位,还是NOx还原反应路径更具优势。为减少NOx排放,最终将氨气燃烧器布置在顶层三次风与CD层二次风的位置为最佳掺氨方案。
2)在最佳掺氨方案的基础上提高燃尽风率,可降低炉膛温度、扩大主燃区CO分布范围,对抑制热力型NOx的生成有益,同时较强的还原型气氛有助于促进NOx的还原反应。当燃尽风率提高至33.5%时,可将掺氨燃烧NOx排放水平控制在与纯燃煤工况相当水平。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4005700)
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2025年第54卷第8期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505086
  • 接收时间:2025-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-15
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFB4005700)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4005700)
作者信息
    上海锅炉厂有限公司,上海 200245

通讯作者:

韩志江(1984)男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧数值仿真,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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