Article(id=1236372359519720254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202505081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747756800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772703741197, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772703741197, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772703741197, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772703741197, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236372356109751006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772703740384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772788131769, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236372359913984850, articleId=1236372359519720254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research progress on zero-carbon fuel blending combustion technology of coal-fired circulating fluidized bed, columnId=1236372356864725728, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Technical research progress of green ammonia co-firing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Co-firing zero-carbon fuels in coal-fired power plants is one of the important paths to realize low-carbon emissions in power industry, and the common zero-carbon fuels blended at present are biomass, ammonia, and hydrogen, etc. The researches on co-firing zero-carbon fuels in coal-fired circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers are discussed, the technical principles and advantages of the technology are analyzed, and the future technical challenges and development trends of the technology are discussed, by combining the characteristics of biomass, ammonia and hydrogen fuels with the progress of the research on blending, to provide theoretical and technical support for the realization of low-carbon emissions from coal-fired boilers. Based on the fluidized combustion characteristics of CFB boilers, the basic fuel characteristics, combustion characteristics and pollutants emission characteristics of the three zero-carbon fuels after blending, problems and future development directions are analyzed. Although there are certain limitations and technical challenges in the co-firing of all three zero-carbon fuels, the optimization of the combustion process and the control of pollutant emissions can be realized through the organization of the gas-solid flow field, the deep grading of fuel or air, and the coupling of other technologies. Co-firing zero-carbon fuels in coal-fired CFB boilers is a feasible route for carbon emission reduction, which helps to develop a new generation of flexible low-carbon coal-fired power generation technologies in CFB boilers, and provides technical support for the promotion of low-carbon transformation of the energy structure in achieving “dual-carbon” target.

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燃煤电厂掺烧零碳燃料是实现电力行业低碳排放的重要路径之一,目前常见的掺烧零碳燃料有生物质、氨气与氢气等。针对燃煤循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉掺烧零碳燃料的相关研究展开论述,通过分析CFB锅炉掺烧零碳燃料的技术原理和优势,结合生物质、氨、氢燃料特性和掺烧研究进展,探讨CFB锅炉掺烧零碳燃料技术未来的技术挑战和发展趋势,为实现燃煤锅炉低碳排放提供理论和技术支持。基于CFB锅炉的流态化燃烧特性,分析了3种零碳燃料的基本燃料特性、掺烧后燃烧特性及排放特性、存在问题以及未来发展方向。尽管3种零碳燃料掺烧时均存在一定的局限性与技术挑战,但通过气-固流场组织、燃料或空气深度分级、耦合其他技术对燃烧过程进行优化和污染物排放控制,燃煤CFB锅炉掺烧零碳燃料将是一条可行的碳减排路线。这将有助于开发新一代CFB锅炉灵活低碳燃煤发电技术,为“双碳”目标下促进能源结构低碳转型提供技术支撑。

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宋国良(1975),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为循环流化床锅炉深度灵活调峰技术,
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谭睿泽(2001),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为循环流化床零碳燃料掺烧技术,

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Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 2025, 59(3): 99-109., articleTitle=Optimization of combustion stability at ultra-low loads for 350 MW wall tangentially fired boiler, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236372371418960450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359519720254, awardId=XDA29010100, language=EN, fundingSource=Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science(XDA29010100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236372371490263622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359519720254, awardId=XDA29010100, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院战略性先导科技专项课题(XDA29010100), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236372364791959775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359519720254, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236372364800348383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, 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figureFileBig=7wOWj/fHMomblr6z17EJbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372370294886912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359519720254, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Proximate and ultimate analysis of the commonly used biomass and coals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃料元素分析wad/%工业分析wad/%灰熔融温度/℃
CHONSFCVMADTSTFT
玉米秸秆33.84.927.50.90.110.157.17.625.31 0921 1171 131
稻壳39.55.642.70.70.119.569.28.43.01 5101 5421 589
松木屑45.65.938.50.10.212.977.47.22.51 0721 1511 165
烟煤68.22.94.21.51.661.516.81.819.91 3751 3901 415
褐煤46.67.513.31.41.533.736.512.717.11 2381 3311 343
), ArticleFig(id=1236372370403938824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359519720254, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常用生物质与煤燃料元素分析及工业分析对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃料元素分析wad/%工业分析wad/%灰熔融温度/℃
CHONSFCVMADTSTFT
玉米秸秆33.84.927.50.90.110.157.17.625.31 0921 1171 131
稻壳39.55.642.70.70.119.569.28.43.01 5101 5421 589
松木屑45.65.938.50.10.212.977.47.22.51 0721 1511 165
烟煤68.22.94.21.51.661.516.81.819.91 3751 3901 415
褐煤46.67.513.31.41.533.736.512.717.11 2381 3311 343
), ArticleFig(id=1236372370554933778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359519720254, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of biomass co-firing technologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺烧形式掺烧比例/%生物质燃料要求适合炉型投资成本主要电厂及锅炉规模
直接掺烧0~20热值高,可磨性好CFB锅炉、煤粉炉白马电厂;600 MW CFB
间接掺烧0~10挥发分高CFB锅炉、气流床、固定床荆门热电厂;8 t/h CFB[33]
并联掺烧0~100品质要求低煤粉炉、CFB锅炉实际应用较少
), ArticleFig(id=1236372370655597080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359519720254, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

生物质掺烧技术对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
掺烧形式掺烧比例/%生物质燃料要求适合炉型投资成本主要电厂及锅炉规模
直接掺烧0~20热值高,可磨性好CFB锅炉、煤粉炉白马电厂;600 MW CFB
间接掺烧0~10挥发分高CFB锅炉、气流床、固定床荆门热电厂;8 t/h CFB[33]
并联掺烧0~100品质要求低煤粉炉、CFB锅炉实际应用较少
), ArticleFig(id=1236372370756260385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359519720254, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Combustion characteristics of main gaseous fuels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目H2NH3CH4CO
密度/(kg·m–3)0.0890.7710.7171.250
常温液化压力/MPa70.001.0325.007.39
常温液化温度/℃–253.0–33.4–161.0–191.5
低位热值/(MJ·kg–1)120.016.850.010.1
最大层流火焰传播速度/(m·s–1)3.510.070.380.42
最低着火温度/℃520651586630
最低着火能/MJ0.0118.0000.2800.260
绝热火焰温度/℃2 1101 8001 9501 300
燃烧爆炸极限/%4~7515~285~1513~80
), ArticleFig(id=1236372370861117987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359519720254, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

主要气体燃料燃烧特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目H2NH3CH4CO
密度/(kg·m–3)0.0890.7710.7171.250
常温液化压力/MPa70.001.0325.007.39
常温液化温度/℃–253.0–33.4–161.0–191.5
低位热值/(MJ·kg–1)120.016.850.010.1
最大层流火焰传播速度/(m·s–1)3.510.070.380.42
最低着火温度/℃520651586630
最低着火能/MJ0.0118.0000.2800.260
绝热火焰温度/℃2 1101 8001 9501 300
燃烧爆炸极限/%4~7515~285~1513~80
), ArticleFig(id=1236372370953392680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359519720254, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Research summary for ammonia blending technologies for coal-fired boilers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
装置作者第一研究机构掺烧位置掺烧比例/%实验规模固体燃料主要研究结论
CFBDai等人[59]西安交通大学1、30~100模拟烟煤空气分级、NH3燃料分级技术对NOx与N2O的排放有重要影响
Li等人[60]浙江大学2、30~30100 kW烟煤研究密相区、稀相区掺氨对炉内温度分布、污染物排放及燃尽情况的影响
Kim等人[61]韩国能源研究院1、20~25.4中试规模次烟煤在风室内将NH3与预热空气混合后可减少NO、CO、CO2的排放
Kim W D等[62]韩国延世大学10~2050 kW次烟煤随着掺烧比例提高,CO2、SO2减少;H2O、NO、N2O增加
Kim S等[63]韩国生产
技术研究院
10~30550 MW
模型计算
低品位煤掺氨后,CFB锅炉与PC炉燃烧效率均降低,其中CFB锅炉降低程度较PC低
鼓泡流化床Li等人[64]东南大学1、2、30~100实验室规模烟煤布风室掺烧的NH3逃逸量最低;联合分级可实现氨的高效转化和清洁燃烧
Jeon等人[65]韩国机械与
材料研究所
20~305 kW褐煤燃煤流化床掺氨后NO、CO与N2O存在关联并开展SCR/SNCR研究
Cardoso等人[66]葡萄牙里斯本大学20~80模拟/实验烟煤掺氨比例在10%以下时与纯烧煤无异,20%比例下综合效果最佳
Lee等人[67]韩国机械与
材料研究所
2、30~405 kW烟煤证实强化燃烧与空气分级对氨煤掺烧过程中NO、N2O减排具有积极作用
煤粉炉韦耿等[9]东方电气集团0~20小试规模烟煤对掺氨进行了经济性分析,研究了燃尽风率对NOx与CO2排放的影响
牛涛等[68]烟台龙源股份有限公司0~2540 MW中试烟煤经空气分级燃烧和运行氧量优化后,NOx与NH3均保持较低水平
), ArticleFig(id=1236372371058250289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359519720254, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

燃煤锅炉掺氨技术研究汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
装置作者第一研究机构掺烧位置掺烧比例/%实验规模固体燃料主要研究结论
CFBDai等人[59]西安交通大学1、30~100模拟烟煤空气分级、NH3燃料分级技术对NOx与N2O的排放有重要影响
Li等人[60]浙江大学2、30~30100 kW烟煤研究密相区、稀相区掺氨对炉内温度分布、污染物排放及燃尽情况的影响
Kim等人[61]韩国能源研究院1、20~25.4中试规模次烟煤在风室内将NH3与预热空气混合后可减少NO、CO、CO2的排放
Kim W D等[62]韩国延世大学10~2050 kW次烟煤随着掺烧比例提高,CO2、SO2减少;H2O、NO、N2O增加
Kim S等[63]韩国生产
技术研究院
10~30550 MW
模型计算
低品位煤掺氨后,CFB锅炉与PC炉燃烧效率均降低,其中CFB锅炉降低程度较PC低
鼓泡流化床Li等人[64]东南大学1、2、30~100实验室规模烟煤布风室掺烧的NH3逃逸量最低;联合分级可实现氨的高效转化和清洁燃烧
Jeon等人[65]韩国机械与
材料研究所
20~305 kW褐煤燃煤流化床掺氨后NO、CO与N2O存在关联并开展SCR/SNCR研究
Cardoso等人[66]葡萄牙里斯本大学20~80模拟/实验烟煤掺氨比例在10%以下时与纯烧煤无异,20%比例下综合效果最佳
Lee等人[67]韩国机械与
材料研究所
2、30~405 kW烟煤证实强化燃烧与空气分级对氨煤掺烧过程中NO、N2O减排具有积极作用
煤粉炉韦耿等[9]东方电气集团0~20小试规模烟煤对掺氨进行了经济性分析,研究了燃尽风率对NOx与CO2排放的影响
牛涛等[68]烟台龙源股份有限公司0~2540 MW中试烟煤经空气分级燃烧和运行氧量优化后,NOx与NH3均保持较低水平
), ArticleFig(id=1236372371167302198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359519720254, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The main chemical reactions of NH3 in CFB boilers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应类型反应方程式
脱氢反应[70]NH3+OHNH2+H2O
NH2+OHNH+H2O
NH2+H+ONH+H2O
热解[71]NH3N2+H2
氧化[71]NH3+O2NO+H2O+H2
还原[71]NH3+NON2+H2O+H2
异相催化[72]NH3+O2NO+N2+H2O
NH3+NO+O2N2+H2O
), ArticleFig(id=1236372371255382586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372359519720254, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

NH3在CFB锅炉内主要化学反应

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
反应类型反应方程式
脱氢反应[70]NH3+OHNH2+H2O
NH2+OHNH+H2O
NH2+H+ONH+H2O
热解[71]NH3N2+H2
氧化[71]NH3+O2NO+H2O+H2
还原[71]NH3+NON2+H2O+H2
异相催化[72]NH3+O2NO+N2+H2O
NH3+NO+O2N2+H2O
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谭睿泽 1, 2 , 宋国良 1, 2 , 宋维健 1 , 徐一 1
热力发电 | 绿氨掺烧技术研究进展 2025,54(8): 27-41
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热力发电 | 绿氨掺烧技术研究进展 2025, 54(8): 27-41
燃煤循环流化床零碳燃料掺烧技术研究进展
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谭睿泽1, 2 , 宋国良1, 2 , 宋维健1, 徐一1
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院工程热物理研究所煤炭高效低碳利用全国重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 2.中国科学院大学工程科学学院,北京 100049
  • 谭睿泽(2001),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为循环流化床零碳燃料掺烧技术,

通讯作者:

宋国良(1975),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为循环流化床锅炉深度灵活调峰技术,
Research progress on zero-carbon fuel blending combustion technology of coal-fired circulating fluidized bed
Ruize TAN1, 2 , Guoliang SONG1, 2 , Weijian SONG1, Yi XU1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 2.School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505081
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燃煤电厂掺烧零碳燃料是实现电力行业低碳排放的重要路径之一,目前常见的掺烧零碳燃料有生物质、氨气与氢气等。针对燃煤循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉掺烧零碳燃料的相关研究展开论述,通过分析CFB锅炉掺烧零碳燃料的技术原理和优势,结合生物质、氨、氢燃料特性和掺烧研究进展,探讨CFB锅炉掺烧零碳燃料技术未来的技术挑战和发展趋势,为实现燃煤锅炉低碳排放提供理论和技术支持。基于CFB锅炉的流态化燃烧特性,分析了3种零碳燃料的基本燃料特性、掺烧后燃烧特性及排放特性、存在问题以及未来发展方向。尽管3种零碳燃料掺烧时均存在一定的局限性与技术挑战,但通过气-固流场组织、燃料或空气深度分级、耦合其他技术对燃烧过程进行优化和污染物排放控制,燃煤CFB锅炉掺烧零碳燃料将是一条可行的碳减排路线。这将有助于开发新一代CFB锅炉灵活低碳燃煤发电技术,为“双碳”目标下促进能源结构低碳转型提供技术支撑。

循环流化床  /  零碳燃料掺烧  /  生物质燃料  /  氨燃料  /  氢燃料

Co-firing zero-carbon fuels in coal-fired power plants is one of the important paths to realize low-carbon emissions in power industry, and the common zero-carbon fuels blended at present are biomass, ammonia, and hydrogen, etc. The researches on co-firing zero-carbon fuels in coal-fired circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers are discussed, the technical principles and advantages of the technology are analyzed, and the future technical challenges and development trends of the technology are discussed, by combining the characteristics of biomass, ammonia and hydrogen fuels with the progress of the research on blending, to provide theoretical and technical support for the realization of low-carbon emissions from coal-fired boilers. Based on the fluidized combustion characteristics of CFB boilers, the basic fuel characteristics, combustion characteristics and pollutants emission characteristics of the three zero-carbon fuels after blending, problems and future development directions are analyzed. Although there are certain limitations and technical challenges in the co-firing of all three zero-carbon fuels, the optimization of the combustion process and the control of pollutant emissions can be realized through the organization of the gas-solid flow field, the deep grading of fuel or air, and the coupling of other technologies. Co-firing zero-carbon fuels in coal-fired CFB boilers is a feasible route for carbon emission reduction, which helps to develop a new generation of flexible low-carbon coal-fired power generation technologies in CFB boilers, and provides technical support for the promotion of low-carbon transformation of the energy structure in achieving “dual-carbon” target.

circulating fluidized bed  /  zero-carbon fuel co-combustion  /  biomass fuel  /  ammonia fuel  /  hydrogen fuel
谭睿泽, 宋国良, 宋维健, 徐一. 燃煤循环流化床零碳燃料掺烧技术研究进展. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (8) : 27 -41 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505081
Ruize TAN, Guoliang SONG, Weijian SONG, Yi XU. Research progress on zero-carbon fuel blending combustion technology of coal-fired circulating fluidized bed[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (8) : 27 -41 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505081
我国是世界上最大的煤生产国和消费国,2023年我国原煤产量47.1亿吨,同比增长3.4%,煤消耗量占能源消费总量的55.3%[1];近年来我国能源消费结构中煤炭始终占据主体地位,煤燃烧成为我国CO2排放的重要来源。以2023年数据为例,全国火电装机容量13.9亿千瓦,占总装机容量的47.62%,其中新增火电装机5 793万千瓦[2],增速虽有所放缓,但火电仍是我国能源主力军和稳定器。随着“双碳”战略目标提出,锅炉燃烧侧的碳减排受到广泛关注和研究[3],零碳燃料替代部分煤进行燃烧是目前国内外相关领域的研究重点[4-6]。2024年6月,国家发展和改革委员会、国家能源局联合印发的《煤电低碳化改造建设行动方案(2024—2027年)》(以下简称《行动方案》)中明确要求“加大节能降碳工作力度,统筹推进存量煤电机组低碳化改造和新上煤电机组低碳化建设”,提出了煤电机组耦合生物质发电、掺烧绿氨发电以及碳捕集利用与封存3种改造方式[7]。而常见的零碳燃料主要有生物质[8]、氨气[9]与氢气[10],其燃烧特性与排放特性是目前的研究热点。
目前,生物质电厂中燃料成本占比较高,安徽省某农林生物质发电企业的度电燃料成本为0.497元/(kW·h),占总成本的68%[11],减少运输费用和确保稳定供应是降低生物质燃料成本的重要举措[12]。绿氨、绿氢燃料成本则主要受电价影响。在原料成本占70%,其余成本占30%的假设条件下,当电价为0.30元/(kW·h)时,对应的绿氢价格为1.69元/m3,合成绿氨价格为5 070元/t;当电价降至0.20元/(kW·h)时,对应绿氢价格为1.21元/m3,合成绿氨价格为3 630元/t[13]。而全周期的经济成本往往是电厂改造中最重要的评估指标之一,该过程需考虑碳减排收益。因此,有必要将煤电机组掺烧生物质、氨、氢与碳捕集等技术进行碳足迹分析和经济性对比。杨阳等[14]对《行动方案》中主要的低碳化改造技术路径进行了全周期全链条分析,其中度电排放强度、全周期CO2减排率、平准化度电成本(levelized cost of electricity,ηLCOE)等指标可较为完整地描述该技术在低碳化改造背景下的经济、环境效益,平准化度电成本指通过对项目生命周期成本和发电量进行平准化计算的度电成本,反映的是该技术路径在全生命周期内生产度电的成本与经济性,其计算公式为:
ηLCOE=i=0nCt+O&Mt(1+r)ti=0nEt(1+r)t
式中:Ct为第t年的投资;O&Mt为第t年项目运行与维护产生的成本;Et为第t年项目发电量;n为项目周期;r为加权平均资本成本。
图1为常见减排技术路线的经济环境效益综合对比[14]。由图1可见,生物质、绿氨发电技术路径存在明显共性。与碳捕集技术相比,生物质、绿氨在全周期碳减排方面作用明显,在纯烧状态下分别碳减排率分别达到了90%和91%。其中,生物质的平准化度电成本仅为0.72元/(kW·h),这说明已具有较高的工程经验及应用潜力。而绿氨发电技术由于绿氢成本较高和技术成熟度较低,导致平准化度电成本明显高于生物质发电与碳捕集技术,但随着可再生能源和电解水制氢技术的发展,燃煤机组掺烧绿氨、绿氢的燃料成本有望进一步地降低。
综上所述,燃煤循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)锅炉掺烧生物质、氨、氢等零碳燃料拥有良好的社会生态价值,同时已表现出不俗的电力行业碳减排能力和市场潜能。
因此,本文对燃煤CFB锅炉掺烧零碳燃料的相关技术研究进行综述,通过分析CFB锅炉掺烧零碳燃料的技术原理和优势,结合生物质、氨、氢燃料特性和掺烧研究进展,探讨该技术未来的技术挑战和发展趋势,为实现燃煤锅炉低碳/零碳排放提供理论和技术支持。
CFB锅炉作为一种燃料适应性广、污染物控制成本低、负荷调节范围宽的燃烧技术[15],在电力和工业领域得到广泛应用。其独特的流化特性使燃料与空气充分混合,这有助于实现更广泛的燃料适应性和更高的燃烧效率,为零碳燃料与煤在炉内实现稳定燃烧和超低排放提供了基础条件。
结合上述技术原理及炉型特点,CFB锅炉较煤粉炉具备多元燃料掺烧的技术优势。李金晶等[16]从燃料适应性视角对CFB锅炉可掺烧燃料进行了归纳与分析。以现有技术进展来看,生物质掺烧普遍被认为是一种较为成熟的零碳燃料替代技术[17],该技术通过运行参数优化可以实现在运行边界内的稳定掺烧;而氨/氢气体燃料掺烧目前在实际应用上仍存在制约因素,虽满足CFB锅炉对燃料特性的部分要求,但在基础理论、燃烧控制与应用工艺等方面尚有欠缺[18]
岳光溪等[19]详细阐述了多元燃料CFB锅炉的燃料适应性特征。从燃烧、排放、安全3个角度剖析CFB燃烧技术为何具备广泛的燃料适应性,提出丰富的床料蓄热和高效的物料循环是支撑CFB适应零碳燃料掺烧的两大基础条件。即在一定流化风速下,宽筛分床料在CFB燃烧室内构建起“下部鼓泡床+上部快速床+外部循环”的复合流态[20]。这种复合流态为燃料的入炉燃烧提供了稳定的着火能、强烈的气固扰动和充足的停留时间,为各类燃料在CFB内的稳定着火、燃尽以及污染物的控制奠定了良好条件,相较煤粉锅炉更易在不同负荷工况下实现稳定燃烧[21]。Peters等人[22]将垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)和秸秆颗粒与低阶煤在1 MW中试CFB锅炉内进行宽负荷掺烧试验,期间运行状况良好,实际论证了CFB锅炉燃烧技术对不同固体燃料的广泛适应性。另外,在床料中添加氧化钙[23]、氧化铁[24]等活性床料能够促进气体燃料在床层表面的异相催化反应。早期的燃煤CFB锅炉常进行焦炉煤气、工业废气掺烧发电,只需对旋风分离器和受热面结构等进行适应性改造即可实现安全运行,并在实践中表现出良好的稳定性[25-27]
在污染物控制方面,燃煤电厂常规排放污染物有颗粒物(PM)、硫氧化物(SOx)、氮氧化物(NOx)等,利用CFB锅炉的物料循环、炉内脱硫、低氮燃烧辅以选择性非催化还原(SNCR)脱硝技术便可对上述污染物实现低成本脱除[15]。针对零碳燃料掺烧后常出现的NOx排放增多和炉内燃烧效率降低的问题,CFB锅炉内强烈的还原性气氛和复合流态为控制燃料型NOx的排放奠定了良好基础[19],且低温燃烧环境使得热力型NOx难以大规模生成;同时上述特点还能保证燃料充分与氧气接触,并通过建立循环进一步促进燃料的燃尽。此外,通过流态化重整、空气分级等手段可进一步提升CFB锅炉燃烧技术在零碳燃料掺烧上适应性,对不同零碳燃料燃烧特性与排放特性应采取针对性、差异化的技术手段。
生物质燃料来源十分广泛、产量高、成本低,被认为是一种具有广泛应用前景的零碳/碳中性燃料,并且具有较为独特的燃料特性。表1为常用生物质与煤燃料元素分析及工业分析对比[28]
表1可见,生物质与煤的燃料特性具有较大差距。文献[29]对93种生物质的有机相/无机相进行了探索性分析,与煤相比,天然生物质的Mn、K、P、Cl、Mg、Na、O、H、水分、挥发分质量分数较高,而灰分、Al、C、Fe、N、S、Ti和Si质量分数较低,生物质燃料具有燃烧温度较低(700~800 ℃),低位发热量较低,燃烧效率受水分影响较大,低能量密度、可磨性和均匀性较差等缺点。由于生物质燃料的种类较多,其内部结构、纤维度存在差异,开发合适的生物质给料系统、合理组织生物质-煤混合燃烧过程对提高燃烧效率和降低污染物排放具有显著意义。
我国已实现纯烧生物质CFB锅炉系列化应用。进一步提高蒸汽参数,开发亚临界、超临界生物质直燃锅炉是未来纯烧生物质CFB锅炉机组发展方向之一[30]。燃煤CFB生物质掺烧有直接掺烧、间接掺烧与并联掺烧等形式。直接掺烧指生物质与煤在炉内直接混燃;间接掺烧是将生物质气化后送入炉内与煤进行混燃;并联掺烧是将生物质燃料单独燃烧,与燃煤产生蒸汽混合后一起进入汽轮机做功[31]
表2对比了当前的生物质掺烧技术,煤与生物质直接掺烧技术的投资成本低,无需增加额外的大型设备,可充分发挥我国燃煤电厂的规模化效应。相较其他炉型,CFB锅炉可燃用国内绝大多数的生物质燃料,且对入炉颗粒粒径要求较低,是最适合进行生物质直接掺烧的炉型[32],工程上可利用已建成的大容量、高参数CFB燃煤锅炉进行直接掺烧,并通过调整掺烧比例(热值比,下同)降低生物质原料随季节的周期性波动影响。
在燃烧初期,固体燃料发生的是着火和脱挥发分过程。与煤粉不同的是,由于生物质毕渥数Bi较大,其颗粒在流化床中的加热过程主要受内部热阻控制,因此外部换热系数变化对生物质的着火延迟时间影响不大。其着火延迟时间随着氧含量、床温、流化数的增大而减小,随粒径的增大而升高[33-34]。同时,生物质燃料的热值低于煤,但热量释放时间短、混合燃烧温度高[35],这与生物质内挥发分的析出速率较快[36]、纤维素热解时能量快速释放以及钾元素对燃烧过程的催化作用有关[37]。掺烧生物质后可以提高CFB炉内燃烧速率,进而提升机组的低负荷稳燃能力和灵活性。
研究表明,生物质与煤的掺烧过程在前期趋近于生物质燃烧、在后期趋近于煤燃烧,生物质的加入对提高两者混合燃烧活性有一定帮助。但与煤相比,生物质内含有大量碱金属、碱土金属和卤族元素[38],其中K、Na、Cl元素含量较高,易发生结焦和腐蚀[39-40],而对生物质进行水洗预处理能够降低生物质灰中K和Cl元素的含量,有效减少锅炉内积灰与腐蚀[41]图2为850 ℃时鼓泡流化床探针上的沉积物[42]图3为高/低温过热器结焦情况及焦样实物[43]。由图2图3可见,在炉内和高/低温受热面处会出现明显结焦附着,对流化和换热效果产生不利影响。其中,受热面灰沉积的主要形成途径有惯性撞击、冷凝机理、湍流沉积、热泳沉积、化学反应[44]
因此,有必要对燃煤掺烧生物质后碱金属的释放特性以及掺烧后的灰熔融特性进行研究。Wu等人[45]利用灰分元素测量结合化学平衡计算方法,对玉米秸秆类生物质与次烟煤掺烧过程中的碱金属释放特性进行了研究,结果表明,煤灰中富含的Al元素在共燃过程与生物质中碱金属反应形成了更多的碱铝硅酸盐,显著抑制了碱金属的释放。Li等人[46]的研究结果表明,在煤中的铁、钛、硫、硅、铝元素均可减少共燃过程中Na、K的释放。以上研究均表明不同煤掺烧生物质均可有效降低生物质的碱金属对锅炉的不利影响,基于此思路,掺烧硅铝基、硫基、钙基、磷基等活性添加剂后通过物理吸附、形成高熔点盐或降低氯的含量,可有效缓解锅炉结渣沾污和床料团聚[47]
目前,对燃煤CFB锅炉掺烧生物质排放特性研究主要集中在NOx、N2O、SOx、CO、CO2排放上。
1)NOx、N2O与SOx的排放 张家宝[48]对小型CFB锅炉上准东煤与柳枝稷的掺烧开展了试验研究,研究内容之一为柳枝稷质量分数对NOx体积分数的影响,研究结果表明随柳枝稷的掺烧比例增大,NOx体积分数逐渐降低,原因是柳枝稷争夺氧气和其挥发分析出的还原性小分子气体将NO还原成N2。部分研究表明,掺烧生物质对N2O具有减排效果,Xie等人[49]利用30 kW CFB锅炉对N2O排放进行实验研究,结果表明随着生物质掺烧比例增加可显著降低N2O的排放量,这与生物质快速析出的挥发分燃烧消耗了大量的氧气,形成高比表面积多孔焦炭的同时在流化床底部构建了强还原气氛有关;也有研究认为随着生物质掺烧比例的增加,N2O的减排效果会逐渐降低[50],针对生物质掺烧后的N2O排放特性还需进一步研究。李展[51]利用一台3~5 kg/h的CFB锅炉研究了燃煤掺烧生物质时掺烧比例和燃烧温度对SOx排放的影响,发现SOx排放随生物质掺烧比例的提高而减少、随燃烧温度的升高而增加。以上研究结果与其他文献结论基本一致[17,52]。结合胡南等[53]对生物质燃烧过程中N元素迁移过程的描述,加入了S元素的迁移机理,绘制了生物质燃烧过程中N与S元素迁移过程(图4)。因此,分阶段、针对性地对挥发分N、S及焦炭N、S进行脱除是目前的研究思路之一,而控制掺烧温度和选取合适的生物质掺烧比例是控制整体NOx、N2O、SOx排放的关键,针对二者的协同控制技术还需进一步的研究开发。
2)CO与CO2的排放 燃煤CFB锅炉掺烧生物质后,随掺烧比例增加,CO排放量逐渐增加[54],燃烧效率偏低,这是由于生物质中挥发分气体多导致燃烧分布出现偏移、燃料在提升管内停留时间缩短、炉内氧气浓度分布不均、旋风分离器对生物质细焦炭颗粒分离效率低等原因导致。吴丽萍等[8]对CFB锅炉掺烧生物质后的碳排放进行试验研究,生物质碳排放量的核算方法为:
FCsc,sub=FCb×QbQsc
ER=FCsc,sub×EFsc
式中:FCsc,sub为生物质的标准煤代替量,kg;FCb为生物质消耗量,kg;Qb为生物质低位发热量,kJ/kg;Qsc为标准煤低位发热量,取29 300 kJ/kg;ER为生物质碳排放量,kg;EFsc为燃煤的CO2排放因子,即CO2排放质量与标准燃煤质量比,取2.65。在过量空气系数大于1.0的情况下,CO2减排量与掺烧生物质比例呈正相关趋势。
1)CFB锅炉掺烧生物质后燃烧效率下降、循环回路积灰结渣、受热面沾污腐蚀等问题仍然存在,随着掺烧比例升高,上述问题将更加突出。为此,优化预处理与给料系统、掺混活性添加剂、增大风量配比、强化余热回收、提高分离器效率、调控生物质夹带外在灰分[19]等措施是有效技术改进方向。
2)在目前火电机组深度调峰的大背景下,虽然已有研究表明掺烧生物质有助于提升CFB锅炉与煤粉锅炉的低负荷稳燃能力[55-57],但掺烧后的CFB锅炉生物质燃料给入方式、掺烧比例、掺烧位置等操作参数对变负荷特性及超低负荷稳燃特性的影响规律尚不明晰。
3)未来在探索大容量、高参数、宽比例的同时,还需强化低成本收集-储运-利用的完整生物质供应链条。开发具有负荷灵活性的燃煤CFB锅炉掺烧生物质技术,深度发掘煤与生物质各自的燃料优势,优化生物质掺烧比例与锅炉负荷的协同控制系统,提高CFB锅炉的燃料适应性和深度调峰能力。
《行动方案》中指出,利用可再生能源富余电力,通过电解水制绿氢并合成绿氨,实施燃煤机组掺烧绿氨发电,替代部分燃煤,改造后掺烧比例指标为10%以上。氨气是一种工业生产中较为常见且用途广泛的可燃性气体,理想状态下,氨完全燃烧的产物为N2和H2O,是一种理想的零碳燃料。相较于CO、CH4、H2等常用的气体燃料,氨气具有液化条件优良、易于储存运输、安全经济性高等优势。但氨气低位热值较低、着火条件较为苛刻、火焰传播速度较慢(表3)。Pan等人[58]通过模拟和实验论证了在没有催化剂或与可燃燃料掺烧的情况下,NH3/空气在鼓泡床气泡相内的燃烧反应难以稳定发生。同时,由于自身的N元素占比较高;燃烧过程中存在潜在的NOx、N2O排放超标等问题。因此,如何使氨/煤在CFB锅炉内充分混合和稳定燃烧成为该技术发展的重点与难点。
氨气的掺烧方式、掺烧位置及比例对CFB锅炉内的流动特性、燃烧特性以及污染物排放特性均有较大影响,是掺烧实践中最重要的设计或改造参数。以CFB锅炉为研究对象,掺烧方式有空气/氨气预混、氨/煤预混与非预混等,通常情况下,掺烧方式与位置是紧密相关的。本文对目前燃煤锅炉掺氨的技术研究进行了汇总,具体如表4所示。表4中掺烧位置1为风室或一次风口,2为密相区,3为稀相区。
近年来,燃煤机组掺烧氨气作为一种新兴的源头降碳技术,氨/煤的混燃特性受到了国内外学者广泛的关注与研究。目前,已有大量研究证实,由于CFB炉内燃烧温度常处于850~950 ℃,且燃烧过程中伴随着较为强烈的气固流动,因此CFB锅炉中的氨气燃烧反应与煤粉炉或单一火焰燃烧时的反应存在明显差异。具体来说,氨气在CFB锅炉中的反应主要可分为NH3与煤颗粒的混合燃烧,NH3在密相区床料颗粒表面的异相催化反应,以及NH3的均相反应。表5为NH3在CFB锅炉内主要化学反应。其中,CFB锅炉中NH3与煤混合燃烧的化学反应式与煤粉炉类似,主要涉及氨的热解、氧化、还原反应以及与煤中挥发分自由基发生的脱氢反应;不同的是CFB锅炉中的床料颗粒在强化气固扰动、加速反应进程的同时,为NH3的异相催化反应提供了大量的反应表面。此外,该过程还受到空燃比的影响,富氧条件更利于提高氨煤混燃的火焰传播速度[69]
燃煤CFB锅炉掺烧氨气后,煤粉与氨气的稳定着火和燃烧是保证锅炉正常运行的关键。由于氨自身燃烧特性较差,掺烧后会影响炉内的燃烧。同时,氨气中N元素含量较高,强化氨燃烧的难点在于需要兼顾污染物控制。为此,研究者们提出了各种燃烧策略,总体上可分为改变未燃气组分、提高燃烧温度、改进燃烧装置和等离子体助燃[72]。另外,氨气的掺烧方式与掺烧比例会显著影响燃料氨的燃尽与锅炉燃烧效率,导致NH3大量逃逸的现象发生。
NH3燃烧过程中,无论环境气氛为还原性或氧化性,其反应均可分为以下3个部分:1)NH3的脱氢反应;2)NHi(i=0,1,2)的氧化反应;3)NHi+NHj(i,j=0,1,2)的聚合反应[73]。可以说,NOx、N2O排放情况是NH3氧化反应与还原反应相竞争的结果。目前,针对氨煤混燃的机理研究较多[69,74-75],本文针对实际应用中的掺烧位置、掺烧比例及燃料/空气分级对NOx、N2O的影响规律进行总结分析,并给出建议。文献[60]将掺烧位置分为P1(靠近给煤口,还原性气氛)、P2(给煤口上方,弱还原性气氛)、P3(二次风入口上方,氧化性气氛),并在20%的掺氨比例下对NOx、N2O排放进行了研究,结果如图5所示。得出掺氨位置对排放特性的影响与环境气氛和NH3停留时间密不可分,在还原性气氛区域进行掺氨与增长NH3在炉内的停留时间对上述污染物的减排具有显著作用,且对NOx的减排效果尤为明显,该结论与文献[64]相一致。
NH3掺烧比例直接影响入炉燃料氮的含量,对NOx与N2O的排放影响明显,本文选取实验室、小试规模的文献,对掺烧比例与上述污染物排放特性进行了总结,图6为不同掺烧比例下NOx及N2O排放情况。比对发现,二者随掺烧比例的变化并不相同。对NOx而言,在文献[76]中随掺烧比例的增加而逐渐增加,并在掺烧比30%处有较大的增幅,该结论与文献[60]相一致。而文献[64]中NOx随掺烧比例呈现先上升后降低的趋势,且波动幅度较小,在掺烧比例较低时NOx排放甚至较纯煤燃烧时更低。推测出现该差异的原因是由于掺烧位置、炉内燃烧组织形式不同所致,在较小掺烧比例下,少量NH3对炉内气氛影响有限,且此时还原反应占主导地位,这也侧面印证了掺烧位置是决定NOx排放特性的决定性因素;而NH3掺烧比例较大的情况将在下节氨逃逸处详细讨论。
近年来,我国对N2O排放愈发重视,作为一种强温室气体,N2O增温效应是CO2 296~310倍[77]。在CFB锅炉掺烧氨气反应中,与N2O生成和分解相关的化学方程式主要有[78]
O+N2(+M)N2O
NH + NON2O + H
NO + NON2O + O
N2O + HN2+ OH
N2O + ON2+ O2
研究表明,N2O排放量与NH3掺烧比例有明显的正相关关系,随着掺烧比例提高,N2O类似线性升高,推测原因是此类反应NHi+NOj→N2O(i, j=1,2)增多,燃料NH3含量增加后发生脱氢反应生成更多的NHi,促进了上述反应的正向进行。另外,有研究表明燃煤CFB锅炉掺氨时氨的给入流速对CO和NO的排放也有一定影响。当流速加快时,CO排放量增多,NO排放量降低,原因是高速给入的氨提高了局部燃料当量比,强化了还原性气氛[79]。总的来说,通过改良掺烧位置、优化燃烧组织形式、控制氨的给入流速,合理地强化炉内还原性气氛、增加NH3的炉内停留时间对NOx与N2O的减排具有决定性作用。有研究证明利用空气分级、燃料分级能够降低NOx的排放[59]
综上所述,为方便理解,以煤、氨燃料为出发点,污染物NOx为终点,燃煤CFB锅炉掺氨稀相区中NOx和N2O的主要生成、转化路径汇总如图7所示[60]。当前多数研究表明掺烧比例在30%以上时NOx会有明显增加的趋势,并且低温环境会促进N2O的生成[80],提高一次风比或NH3掺烧比例时尤其需注意N2O的排放情况。此时应协调煤、氨气与空气的相对位置,分区域构建NOx的生成区和反应区,合理布置SCR、SNCR装置。另外,未来可探索掺烧生物质等活性炭,充分利用焦炭的还原作用;研究将常用的低氮燃烧技术,如烟气再循环、预热燃烧应用于燃煤CFB锅炉掺烧氨气的NOx控制。
NH3逃逸是掺烧时另一个常见的问题,虽然在流化床中经过充分混合和足够的停留时间后可以实现NH3较高的炉内转化率,但在大比例掺氨或稀相区掺烧时难以避免地会出现NH3逃逸现象。Cardoso等人[66]研究了掺烧比例与NH3逃逸的关系,发现20%时逃逸量发生激增,同时与NO的排放情况存在一定关联,本文将NH3逃逸量与NO排放量对比,结果如图8[66]所示。由图8可知,二者存在明显的负相关关系,原因是随掺烧比例增高时,炉内NH3体积分数大幅上升,其对NO的还原效果增强,这也解释了当掺氨比例继续升高至50%后,NOx排放量增加减缓甚至出现下降的趋势。但由于NH3自身燃烧的局限性,更多的NH3随烟气离开炉膛,导致了明显的氨逃逸现象。
目前,针对锅炉掺烧中氨逃逸解决方案的研究较少,解决该问题的重点是强化NH3在炉内与煤粉和空气的掺混、提高燃烧或还原反应速率和增加燃料停留时间,这使得CFB锅炉有望在未来成为掺烧NH3的主力军之一。
1)CFB锅炉内氨煤混燃机理尚不明确。氨与煤在物化性质上存在巨大差异,而目前对于氨煤混合燃料在炉内的流化状态、着火模式、混燃火焰强度、燃烧区与还原区分布缺乏深刻的认识,这进一步导致了实际掺烧中燃烧效率降低、污染物排放超标以及NH3逃逸现象。
2)NOx排放与NH3逃逸问题较为显著,尤其是对N2O排放控制的相关技术研究相对匮乏。目前,掺烧氨气后CFB炉内的燃烧组织及还原区构建更为复杂,氨可能同时参与燃烧反应和还原反应,这与燃料和空气的给入位置以及空燃比有关。部分研究开始探索空气-燃料联合分级对上述过程的控制作用,该技术有助于强化还原性气氛、提高炉内气固混合强度、增加燃料停留时间。同时,需要对CFB锅炉掺氨后烟气中的污染物联合控制进行针对性技术研发工作。
3)实际掺氨比例较低。煤粉炉在掺烧比例大于20%后,NOx、N2O排放和NH3逃逸加剧、燃烧效率进一步降低,经济与环境效益下降,以上原因制约着掺氨煤粉炉的规模化发展。CFB锅炉同样面临着上述问题,未来应着力探索流化状态下煤粉与氨气的混燃机理,尝试将CFB燃用劣质燃料的相关技术经验移植到氨燃烧控制理论中,研发能够强化氨煤混燃和NOx高效控制的流态化技术,为提高掺氨比例乃至CFB纯氨燃烧提供可行方案。
4)锅炉设备腐蚀问题。NH3具有一定的腐蚀性,若氨气未能在炉内充分燃烧,贴壁后会与表面金属反应生成易溶于水的铵盐,腐蚀水冷壁管及其他受热面管壁[81],同时氨气具有一定的还原性,会加速金属表面氧化层的脱除[82],对锅炉安全造成威胁,CFB锅炉的氨腐蚀位置还可能出现在旋风分离器受热面管壁处。因此,可通过强化气固扰动、空气分级燃烧等方式设法提高氨气燃烧效率,避免NH3在金属壁面聚集是降低炉膛内氨腐蚀的关键举措。同时,氨完全燃烧后的烟气含水量上升,存在低温腐蚀风险,掺烧前应进行相关计算。
氢气作为一种清洁高效的燃料,被誉为“21世纪的终极能源”。国家发展和改革委、国家能源局联合发布的《氢能产业发展中长期规划(2021—2035年)》中指出我国是世界上最大的制氢国,年制氢产量约3 300万吨,达到工业氢气质量标准的约1 200万吨,氢能是未来国家能源体系的重要组成部分。如表3所示,与CH4、CO、NH3等常见气体燃料进行横向对比,H2在低位热值、最大层流火焰传播速度、最低着火温度、最低着火能及绝热火焰温度等方面优势明显,燃烧期间不产生CO2、NOx等气体,也不存在燃料逃逸现象,是一种燃烧快速、灵活、清洁的优质燃料。
现阶段,国内外煤/氢混燃的研究较少,研究对象集中在管式炉、煤粉炉中。Ueki等人[83]最早将氢气掺入煤粉燃烧过程中,利用滴管炉对氢气与烟煤的燃烧过程进行实验研究,掺氢比例为5%。实验结果表明掺烧过程中需氧量增加,CO排放降低,煤焦燃尽率升高;在相同反应距离处,经扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析后发现煤焦的球状孔隙数量和比表面积均增加,这说明氢气的掺烧改善了煤的燃烧及燃尽特性。
具体地,从着火性能来看,氢气的最低着火温度为520 ℃,最低着火能为0.011 MJ,比绝大多数煤低,因此掺烧氢气能够改善混合燃料的着火性能。从燃烧稳定性角度分析,赵硕等[10]对不同掺氢比例下50 kW管式炉的炉内温度和排烟温度进行了测量,结果如图9所示,掺氢比例增大后炉内温度和排烟温度均有明显提升,燃烧稳定性提高。
赵硕[10]、杨澜等[84]在50 kW下行管式炉上开展燃煤掺烧氢的燃烧特性小试研究,赵硕等[10]侧重于掺氢比例对排放特性的影响,本文通过对比发现掺氢后的NOx与CO排放存在一定关系,掺氢比例(0~55%)对NO、CO排放的影响如图10所示[10]图10中NO、CO排放变化的原因是氢气燃烧提供的热量增多后煤粉燃尽率提高;但同时炉温、烟温随着掺氢比例上升,热力型NOx开始占主导,因此存在一个最适宜的掺氢比例能够兼顾二者的控制效果。
杨澜等[84]侧重于NOx的机理分析和研究燃尽风对NO的控制作用。在不同的掺氢比例下,NO的相关反应敏感性不尽相同,该研究表明掺氢比例越高,焦炭异相还原NO的活性更强,同时产生的大量活性自由基更易与O2反应,促进局部的还原性气氛;但活性自由基在掺氢比例较高时对反应:H+O2=O+OH、NH+OH=HNO+H和HNO+H=NO+H2有促进作用。对燃尽风率而言,不同燃尽风率下燃煤掺氢和纯煤燃烧NO排放对比(掺氢比例35%)如图11所示[84]。由图11可见,空气分级技术作用明显且在燃煤掺氢应用中的NO控制效果要优于纯煤燃烧。
Johansson等人[85]开展了回转窑炉内氢气与煤粉的混合燃烧特性实验,研究不同燃烧器类型对火焰形貌、传热特性和NOx排放特性的影响,发现氢气流速对NOx排放也有影响,流速较低时NOx排放量较低。总的来说,燃煤掺氢后的NOx排放主要是燃料氮的减少、H2的还原性、活性自由基激活的焦炭还原位点增多与高温产生的热力型NOx、活性自由基对NO生成反应的促进作用相竞争的结果,燃煤掺氢过程中NOx生成、转化路径如图12所示[84]。这对未来燃煤掺氢的污染物控制研究具有一定的指导价值。
目前,燃煤掺氢的主要研究集中在燃烧机理、污染物排放研究等方面,已开展的有锅炉劣质煤助燃[86]和低负荷稳燃[87],未来如何将氢气快速灵活燃烧特性与燃煤CFB锅炉低NOx排放、宽负荷运行等特点相结合,是煤清洁高效利用的新方向。
1)氢煤混燃机理研究较少。氢掺烧后对煤的着火、挥发分析出以及焦炭燃尽的促进作用尚无定量的研究,氢燃烧过程中释放的活性自由基对NOx、N2O、SOx生成和转化规律还需进行深入探究。
2)缺乏氢煤混燃的燃烧与污染物控制理论。应建立并优化掺氢后炉侧的负荷响应控制体系,充分发挥氢气优良的燃烧特性,拓宽燃煤机组掺氢的应用场景。
3)流化床内的掺氢实验尚未开展。CFB锅炉中氢气给入形式、掺烧比例对炉内流化状态、温度分布、燃烧效率、烟气成分及污染物排放特性均会对燃烧产生一定的影响,亟需对此开展针对性研究。
4)安全性问题仍然存在。目前,保证储运过程中的安全高效是利用氢气直燃发电的前提,未来,燃煤电厂利用过剩电力电解水制绿氢后就地掺烧有望成为该问题的解决方案之一。
近年来,零碳燃料掺烧作为燃煤电厂低碳排放的主要技术途径,得到了广泛关注和研究。未来,CFB锅炉掺烧生物质技术应着力完善国内生物质燃料供应链,加大技术研发投入,提升机组参数和负荷调节灵活性,拓宽多元化燃料的灵活应用场景;CFB锅炉掺烧氨气技术应加快兆瓦级工程示范建设,发掘CFB锅炉炉型优势,开发相应的配套设备,在清洁高效前提下提高掺氨比例;相对而言,目前对CFB锅炉掺烧氢气的研究较为匮乏,应对其进行更为详细的经济性分析和实验模拟研究,以论证该技术的可行性。
1)开发高碱生物质高比例掺烧技术,探索生物质混煤燃烧时碱金属及氯元素的迁移机理以及与其他活性添加剂的交互作用,寻找高效抗结渣生物质燃料添加剂,进一步提高掺烧比例。
2)开发生物质掺烧多污染物联合控制技术,耦合生物质再燃与分级燃烧技术,实现高效NOx、SOx联合控制;发挥CFB锅炉燃料适应性优势,利用以“磨”抗“污”和流态优化技术[19]提升锅炉掺烧不同生物质的能力;耦合富氧燃烧技术,提高燃烧效率,降低碳排放。
3)建立CFB锅炉掺烧生物质变负荷特性预测模型,实现锅炉侧、汽水侧和汽轮机侧的负荷联动控制,提高大容量、长周期、宽负荷下生物质掺烧机组的深度灵活调峰能力。
1)开发CFB锅炉大比例掺氨技术,探究燃煤CFB锅炉掺氨燃烧特性的主要影响因素,着力解决大比例掺氨时的NOx、N2O排放超标与NH3逃逸问题,利用燃料分级和空气分级燃烧技术强化构建还原区域,并开发配套的尾部烟气污染物控制技术。
2)开发CFB锅炉煤-生物质-氨共燃技术,未来应进一步利用CFB锅炉的多燃料适应性,开发燃煤CFB锅炉掺烧多元零碳燃料复合技术,实现煤、生物质、氨、氢等燃料的优势互补。
1)开发CFB锅炉超低负荷掺氢高效稳燃技术,利用CFB锅炉气固扰动强和燃料停留时间长的优势,克服气固燃料特性差异,并实现炉内的稳定燃烧和低NOx排放,同时起到控制炉温的效果。也可与难燃固体燃料掺烧,利用氢气高热值特点促进其挥发分的析出与焦炭的着火、燃尽。
2)开发CFB锅炉掺氢宽负荷快速变负荷调节技术,将氢气作为一种零碳排放的点火或低负荷稳燃热源,利用气体燃料喷枪对炉内易熄火区域进行助燃,将氢气快速灵活燃烧特性用于提升CFB锅炉深度灵活调峰能力,提升调峰过程中的变负荷速率。
3)开发CFB锅炉掺氢低碳燃烧预测模型,通过数值模拟为CFB锅炉氢煤混燃机理研究提供帮助,在模拟计算中应充分评估现有的流动、燃烧、传热模型是否适用,并考虑燃料-空气分级时炉膛建模的科学性与准确性,宽负荷与变负荷下的流动、燃烧、传热机制,为新一代煤电低碳技术发展提供理论支撑。
  • 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项课题(XDA29010100)
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2025年第54卷第8期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505081
  • 接收时间:2025-05-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-21
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Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science(XDA29010100)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项课题(XDA29010100)
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    1.中国科学院工程热物理研究所煤炭高效低碳利用全国重点实验室,北京 100190
    2.中国科学院大学工程科学学院,北京 100049

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宋国良(1975),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为循环流化床锅炉深度灵活调峰技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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