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Article(id=1236372358647313325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202505074, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747065600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772703740989, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772703740989, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772703740989, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772703740989, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236372356109751006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772703740384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772788131769, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=104, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236372358961886128, articleId=1236372358647313325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of hydrogen/oxygen co-firing in a 300 MW coal-fired boiler, columnId=1236372358878000047, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Carbon neutral fuel coupled combustion and emission control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to current issues faced by coal-fired power plants, such as high fuel costs, weakly stable combustion performance at low loads, and insufficient peak-shaving capabilities, an integrated operational scheme is proposed based on the natural endowments of renewable energy surrounding the power plant, which utilizes photovoltaic power generation distributed in plants to produce hydrogen and oxygen via electrolysis of water, then to achieve hydrogen and oxygen co-firing in coal-fired boilers. By constructing a full-size numerical model for a tangentially coal-fired boiler, the calculation accuracy of temperature field, species concentration, and carbon content in fly ash is verified under pure pulverized coal combustion conditions, which could provide a benchmark for optimization of hydrogen and oxygen blending. Based on the typical application scenario of a 20 MW photovoltaic power generation to hydrogen and oxygen production in the plant, the effects of three mixing methods of hydrogen and oxygen on combustion efficiency, burnout characteristics and NOx formation in the furnace are systematically studied. The results show that, a co-combustion mode which utilizes an independent hydrogen nozzle in conjunction with primary air mixing with oxygen can improve the combustion performance significantly. The carbon content in fly ash at the furnace outlet reduces to 0.97%, and the combustion efficiency is notably enhanced compared with that under pure coal combustion condition. At the same time, the reduction effect of reactive species generated by hydrogen combustion on NOx leads to a decrease in NOx emission mass concentration in the flue gas to 294.0 mg/m3, which is decreased by about 25% compared with that under baseline condition of pure coal combustion. This model achieves dual-benefit of coal substitution and combustion optimization through hydrogen and oxygen production from renewable energy, which not only reduces coal consumption but also expands the lower limit of stable combustion load for coal-fired boilers. It provides a technically feasible implementation reference path for the decarbonized retrofitting and flexibility improvement of coal-fired units.

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针对当前燃煤电厂普遍存在的燃料成本高、低负荷稳燃性能弱及调峰能力不足等问题，基于电厂周边可再生能源状况，提出一种厂内光伏发电制氢制氧与燃煤锅炉掺氢掺氧协同的集成运行方案。通过构建全尺寸四角切圆燃煤锅炉数值模型，验证纯煤粉燃烧工况下温度场、组分含量及飞灰含碳量的模拟精度，为掺混优化提供基准参照。以厂内20 MW光伏发电制氢制氧的典型应用场景为例，系统研究3种氢气与氧气掺混方式对炉内燃烧效率、燃尽特性及NOx生成的影响规律。模拟结果表明：采用独立氢气喷口与一次风掺氧的协同掺烧模式可显著改善燃烧性能，炉膛出口飞灰含碳量较纯煤粉燃烧降低至0.97%，燃烧效率提升明显；同时，配合氢气燃烧产生的活性基团对NOx的还原作用，使烟气中NOx排放质量浓度降至294.0 mg/m3，较基准工况下降约25%。该模式通过可再生能源制氢制氧实现燃煤替代与燃烧优化双重效益，不仅能够降低煤耗，还可拓展燃煤锅炉稳燃负荷下限，为燃煤机组低碳化改造与灵活性提升提供了可工程化实施的技术参考路径。

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王毅斌（1990），男，博士，副研究员，主要研究方向为清洁燃烧及结渣腐蚀，。
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林翅（1999），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为燃料燃烧数值模拟，。

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林翅（1999），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为燃料燃烧数值模拟，。

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林翅（1999），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为燃料燃烧数值模拟，。

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Proximate and ultimate analysis of bituminous coal and lean coal

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燃料工业分析/w%元素分析/w%发热量Qnet,ar/(MJ‧kg–1)
MarAarVarFCarCarHarOarNarSar
贫煤3.6025.609.0061.8061.401.486.020.951.0022.2
烟煤5.8023.4026.4044.5054.203.1011.820.970.7521.0
), ArticleFig(id=1236372367400825228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358647313325, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

烟煤和贫煤工业分析及元素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃料工业分析/w%元素分析/w%发热量Qnet,ar/(MJ‧kg–1)
MarAarVarFCarCarHarOarNarSar
贫煤3.6025.609.0061.8061.401.486.020.951.0022.2
烟煤5.8023.4026.4044.5054.203.1011.820.970.7521.0
), ArticleFig(id=1236372367488905617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358647313325, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Boundary conditions for primary and secondary air

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项目速度/(m‧s–1)温度/K
A层一次风18.2378
B、C、D、E、F层一次风19.2378
主燃区二次风32.0593
燃尽风SOFA38.0593
), ArticleFig(id=1236372367585374613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358647313325, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

一、二次风入口边界条件

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项目速度/(m‧s–1)温度/K
A层一次风18.2378
B、C、D、E、F层一次风19.2378
主燃区二次风32.0593
燃尽风SOFA38.0593
), ArticleFig(id=1236372367690232216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358647313325, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Wall boundary conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目温度/K辐射率
水冷壁6700.6
全大屏过热器7400.6
屏式过热器7800.6
高温过热器8200.6
冷灰斗底部面4730.6
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壁面边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目温度/K辐射率
水冷壁6700.6
全大屏过热器7400.6
屏式过热器7800.6
高温过热器8200.6
冷灰斗底部面4730.6
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Numerical simulation cases

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工况A层一次风温度/KA层一次风氧体积分数/%AB层二次风温度/KAB层二次风氧体积分数/%
纯煤燃烧方案378.021.0593.021.0
方案1373.626.5593.021.0
方案2378.021.0581.724.7
方案3378.021.0628.324.7
), ArticleFig(id=1236372368059330982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358647313325, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

数值模拟工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况A层一次风温度/KA层一次风氧体积分数/%AB层二次风温度/KAB层二次风氧体积分数/%
纯煤燃烧方案378.021.0593.021.0
方案1373.626.5593.021.0
方案2378.021.0581.724.7
方案3378.021.0628.324.7
), ArticleFig(id=1236372368126439849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358647313325, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Numerical calculation models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理化学过程模型
气相流动Realizable k-ε湍流模型
辐射Discrete Ordinates模型
脱挥发分双竞争速率模型
挥发分燃烧涡耗散模型
焦炭燃烧动力/扩散控制模型
颗粒相运动随机游走模型
), ArticleFig(id=1236372368210325932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358647313325, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

数值计算模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物理化学过程模型
气相流动Realizable k-ε湍流模型
辐射Discrete Ordinates模型
脱挥发分双竞争速率模型
挥发分燃烧涡耗散模型
焦炭燃烧动力/扩散控制模型
颗粒相运动随机游走模型
), ArticleFig(id=1236372368285823408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358647313325, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Volume fraction of H2O at the boiler outlet

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纯煤燃烧方案方案1方案2方案3
H2O体积分数/%2.72.92.92.7
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锅炉出口H2O体积分数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纯煤燃烧方案方案1方案2方案3
H2O体积分数/%2.72.92.92.7
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300 MW燃煤锅炉掺烧氢气/氧气数值模拟
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林翅 1 , 王毅斌 1 , 尹天明 1 , 刘兴 2 , 谭厚章 1
热力发电 | 碳中性燃料耦合燃烧与排放控制 2025,54(8): 104-112
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热力发电 | 碳中性燃料耦合燃烧与排放控制 2025, 54(8): 104-112
300 MW燃煤锅炉掺烧氢气/氧气数值模拟
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林翅1 , 王毅斌1 , 尹天明1, 刘兴2, 谭厚章1
作者信息
  • 1.西安交通大学热流科学与工程教育部重点实验室，陕西　西安　710049
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054

    • 林翅（1999），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为燃料燃烧数值模拟，。

通讯作者:

王毅斌（1990），男，博士，副研究员，主要研究方向为清洁燃烧及结渣腐蚀，。
Numerical simulation of hydrogen/oxygen co-firing in a 300 MW coal-fired boiler
Chi LIN1 , Yibin WANG1 , Tianming YIN1, Xing LIU2, Houzhang TAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505074
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摘要
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针对当前燃煤电厂普遍存在的燃料成本高、低负荷稳燃性能弱及调峰能力不足等问题，基于电厂周边可再生能源状况，提出一种厂内光伏发电制氢制氧与燃煤锅炉掺氢掺氧协同的集成运行方案。通过构建全尺寸四角切圆燃煤锅炉数值模型，验证纯煤粉燃烧工况下温度场、组分含量及飞灰含碳量的模拟精度，为掺混优化提供基准参照。以厂内20 MW光伏发电制氢制氧的典型应用场景为例，系统研究3种氢气与氧气掺混方式对炉内燃烧效率、燃尽特性及NOx生成的影响规律。模拟结果表明：采用独立氢气喷口与一次风掺氧的协同掺烧模式可显著改善燃烧性能，炉膛出口飞灰含碳量较纯煤粉燃烧降低至0.97%，燃烧效率提升明显；同时，配合氢气燃烧产生的活性基团对NOx的还原作用，使烟气中NOx排放质量浓度降至294.0 mg/m3，较基准工况下降约25%。该模式通过可再生能源制氢制氧实现燃煤替代与燃烧优化双重效益，不仅能够降低煤耗，还可拓展燃煤锅炉稳燃负荷下限，为燃煤机组低碳化改造与灵活性提升提供了可工程化实施的技术参考路径。

掺烧  /  稳燃性能  /  NOx  /  数值模拟

In response to current issues faced by coal-fired power plants, such as high fuel costs, weakly stable combustion performance at low loads, and insufficient peak-shaving capabilities, an integrated operational scheme is proposed based on the natural endowments of renewable energy surrounding the power plant, which utilizes photovoltaic power generation distributed in plants to produce hydrogen and oxygen via electrolysis of water, then to achieve hydrogen and oxygen co-firing in coal-fired boilers. By constructing a full-size numerical model for a tangentially coal-fired boiler, the calculation accuracy of temperature field, species concentration, and carbon content in fly ash is verified under pure pulverized coal combustion conditions, which could provide a benchmark for optimization of hydrogen and oxygen blending. Based on the typical application scenario of a 20 MW photovoltaic power generation to hydrogen and oxygen production in the plant, the effects of three mixing methods of hydrogen and oxygen on combustion efficiency, burnout characteristics and NOx formation in the furnace are systematically studied. The results show that, a co-combustion mode which utilizes an independent hydrogen nozzle in conjunction with primary air mixing with oxygen can improve the combustion performance significantly. The carbon content in fly ash at the furnace outlet reduces to 0.97%, and the combustion efficiency is notably enhanced compared with that under pure coal combustion condition. At the same time, the reduction effect of reactive species generated by hydrogen combustion on NOx leads to a decrease in NOx emission mass concentration in the flue gas to 294.0 mg/m3, which is decreased by about 25% compared with that under baseline condition of pure coal combustion. This model achieves dual-benefit of coal substitution and combustion optimization through hydrogen and oxygen production from renewable energy, which not only reduces coal consumption but also expands the lower limit of stable combustion load for coal-fired boilers. It provides a technically feasible implementation reference path for the decarbonized retrofitting and flexibility improvement of coal-fired units.

co-combustion  /  combustion stability  /  NOx  /  numerical simulation
林翅, 王毅斌, 尹天明, 刘兴, 谭厚章. 300 MW燃煤锅炉掺烧氢气/氧气数值模拟. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (8) : 104 -112 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505074
Chi LIN, Yibin WANG, Tianming YIN, Xing LIU, Houzhang TAN. Numerical simulation of hydrogen/oxygen co-firing in a 300 MW coal-fired boiler[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (8) : 104 -112 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505074
正文
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近年来，国内外已对可再生零碳燃料开展了长期的技术研究和产品开发，通过可再生零碳燃料掺烧可以减少新能源弃风、弃光问题并有效降低燃机的碳排放水平，具有巨大的经济实用价值和广阔的市场应用前景[1]。目前国外关于重型燃气轮机高比例掺氢燃烧技术，已实现掺氢比30%~100%的阶梯式突破[2]。相较而言，我国属于煤炭大国，燃煤锅炉提供了大量的稳定电力，并在灵活调峰中起到重要作用。通过煤粉掺烧可再生零碳燃料（如氢、氨等），可在维持基荷供电稳定性的同时实现CO2排放降低30%~50%，并拓展机组调峰深度至额定负荷的20%~100%[3]，还可大幅度改善着火，且燃用劣质煤代替烟煤，降低发电成本。
由于氨燃料具有高体积能量密度与拥有成熟的储运体系[4-5]，国内外在燃煤机组掺氨燃烧方向已取得了突破性进展，在高参数大容量燃煤机组已完成了掺烧质量比10%~30%的工程验证。研究发现，低比例掺氨时NOx排放量低于纯煤燃烧，但煤-氨共烧会导致烟气中水蒸气的显热损失略有增加，导致锅炉热效率下降0.12%~0.38%[6]。皖能集团在某300 MW机组四角切圆燃烧锅炉完成了10%~35%（热量比，下同）掺氨比例的技术验证[7]。牛涛等[8]构建了氨煤混合燃烧试验系统，开展了掺氨比为0~25%的混燃实验研究。结果表明，在不同掺氨比例下，锅炉均能保持良好的燃烧性能，且氨煤混燃工况下煤粉的燃尽特性优于纯煤燃烧。相较与氨燃料，氢能作为一种来源丰富、绿色低碳、应用广泛的能源，将是未来我国低碳能源体系的重要组成部分。氢能规模化应用已被纳入《“十四五”新型储能发展实施方案》战略部署[9]，通过可再生能源制取氢气，氢气再转化为终端能源可提升可再生能源消纳率15%~25%，这有助于进一步加快能源结构绿色转型。刘涛等[10]数值模拟了350 MW机组墙式切圆锅炉的一次风掺烧氢气，研究表明加入氢气共燃能够进一步提升炉内速度场的均匀性，改善煤粉初期的着火条件。相应地，由于投入煤量的减少也能降低机组的CO2和NOx排放。
本文立足我国以煤炭为主导的能源结构，针对燃煤机组深度调峰、污染物减排和CO2排放控制问题，基于某300 MW机组四角切圆锅炉燃用高、低挥发分煤掺烧系统耦合炉内/外掺氢燃烧系统方案，提出了3种锅炉掺烧氢气/氧气的新型燃烧技术路线。采用数值模拟方法研究了氧气添加位置和等热值氢气炉内、炉外燃烧方式对炉内温度分布、燃烧过程、NOx生成与还原以及焦炭燃尽率的影响。
1　燃煤锅炉掺入氢气/氧气方案
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目前，部分电厂拥有一定布置光伏发电的空间面积，且电厂周边的风光资源丰富。这些电厂可以考虑利用风能和光伏发电制氢制氧，并将产生的氢气与氧气直接通入煤粉锅炉进行燃烧，以节省存储和运输成本，同时还能减少机组优质烟煤的耗量。图1为电厂内光伏发电电解水制氢制氧及煤粉炉掺烧的技术路线。
为了提高燃煤锅炉低负荷工况下煤粉稳燃能力，燃煤锅炉掺入氢气/氧气改造设计中喷口结构变化如图1b)所示。氢气入口设计在AA层二次风喷口和A层一次风喷口中间，在A层或AB层增加纯氧，最下层四角氢气燃烧器作为锅炉冷态点火，能够节省点火油耗。氢气快速燃烧在A层燃烧器附近形成局部高温，进一步强化煤粉着火，实现稳定燃烧。这里以某电厂内布置20 MW光伏案例而言，按照1 m3氢气（标准状态下，下同）约消耗5 kW·h计算，制氢产量约4 000 m3/h，氧气产量2 000 m3/h。锅炉的燃尽风量不变，在主燃区上方共布置3层，有利于降低主燃烧区及还原区过量空气系数，延长煤粉颗粒在还原区的停留时间。
2　燃煤锅炉网格划分
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2.1　锅炉炉膛尺寸
针对一台300 MW四角切圆燃烧方式自然循环Π型锅炉，其燃料系统设计采用烟煤与低挥发分贫煤按1:1质量比混合配比。炉膛结构如图2所示[11]，炉膛横截面呈12.8 m×12.8 m正方形布局，主燃烧区一、二次风形成的逆向旋转切圆虚拟直径确定为790 mm。为优化流场结构，SOFA射流与主燃烧区射流形成10°逆向旋转假想切圆，这样有效削弱出口残余旋流强度。
2.2　网格划分
采用ICEM网格划分软件对炉膛进行分区网格划分，所有网格采用结构化六面体网格，最终用于模拟计算的网格结构如图3所示。为平衡计算精度与资源消耗，采用分区划分方式，将计算域划分为主燃区、冷灰斗和炉膛上部3个子区域，通过Interface交界面实现多物理场数据插值传递。根据多级网格优化策略：在燃烧反应剧烈区域（主燃区与燃尽区）实施局部网格加密，而对冷灰斗及炉膛上部区域采用稀疏网格。依据网格质量评价标准，网格长宽比控制在小于5.0的优质区间，从而满足高精度数值模拟要求。
3　燃煤锅炉掺烧氢气/氧气的计算条件与模型
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3.1　入炉煤粉燃料特性
燃烧系统实际运行过程中采用贫煤与烟煤混合燃烧工艺，贫煤掺烧质量分数为50%。燃料的工业分析及元素分析见表1[11]。由表1可知，2种煤样具有显著燃料特性分异特征，贫煤和烟煤的干燥无灰基挥发分质量分数分别为12.7%和37.3%。
为了获得入炉燃料的制备特性，通过等速取样技术对一次风管水平段煤粉进行多点采样，混合后采用激光衍射法粒度分析系统（Mastersizer 2000）进行测定。测试结果如图4所示，煤粉颗粒中位粒径D50为39 μm，粒度分布特征参数R90与R200分别为8.72%和2.17%[11]。
采用Rosin-Rammler粒度分布模型（式(1)）对煤粉颗粒体系进行数学表征。模型参数优化结果表明，当平均粒径参数设定为39 μm、分布指数n=1.02时，理论分布曲线与实测数据呈现良好吻合度，该分布模型可有效描述制粉系统出口煤粉颗粒的粒径特征。此外，本文中所有工况贫煤和烟煤掺烧质量比均为1:1，其中A、E、F层一次风燃用高挥发分烟煤。
Sd=100×(1−e−(ddave)n)
式中：d为粒径，μm；dave为平均粒径，μm；n为粒径分布系数；Sd为粒径小于d的颗粒累积体积分数，%。
3.2　掺烧工况设计
为了便于比较，所有方案的空气输入量及边界条件保持不变。送入炉膛的一、二次风入口边界条件见表2，壁面边界条件见表3[11]。这里主要研究氢气和氧气掺混位置对炉内燃烧稳定性、NOx含量及颗粒燃尽的影响，表4给出了数值模拟计算的所有工况。纯煤燃烧方案中未进行掺混氢气/氧气燃烧，其获得的炉膛出口氧气体积分数、飞灰可燃物含量以及NOx含量的试验结果[12]用于燃烧模型的验证；方案1和方案2均是在新氢气喷口掺氢以实现炉内燃烧，差异仅为方案1在一次风喷口掺混纯氧；方案2则在二次风喷口掺混纯氧，探究掺氧位置对燃烧稳定性影响；方案3通过等体积氢气和空气燃烧释放的热量用于加热全部二次风，通过计算可知，所有二次风和SOFA喷口空气温度升高至628.3 K。
3.3　数值计算模型
对燃煤锅炉燃烧过程构建计算模型体系，考虑了湍流输运、气固两相流、辐射对流换热、挥发分析出、气相燃烧等复杂过程，数值计算模型见表5。相较于Standard k-ε模型，Realizable k-ε湍流模型通过重构湍流黏度计算式，显著提升了对四角切圆燃烧器强旋流场的预测精度。挥发分析出采用双竞争反应速率模型表征热解动力学。焦炭氧化过程采用动力学/扩散（Kinetics/Diffusion-limited）模型描述异相反应速率。气相燃烧采用涡耗散模型（Eddy-Dissipation model）处理湍流-化学反应相互作用，覆盖热解脱挥发分热解产物及CO氧化等反应路径。除此以外，掺氢燃烧还需增加H2在炉内发生的相关化学反应。本文为了节省计算成本，简化考虑H2分子氧化生成水蒸气的反应，反应速率由湍流混合强度决定，具体反应为H2+0.5O2=H2O(g)。
鉴于NOx生成/还原动力学速率方程对于主燃烧反应的影响可以忽略不计，采用解耦计算方法，在燃烧场收敛稳定后，基于收敛后流场数据实施NOx生成后处理。煤粉燃烧过程中NOx生成机理主要分为燃料型NOx和热力型NOx。计算需要设定挥发分氮及焦炭氮转化为HCN、NH3、NO及N2的比例，基于明确的气相反应物、产物进行化学动力学计算。本文燃料型NOx形成机制如图5所示[13-14]。对于煤，假设挥发分氮向HCN与NH3的转化比为9:1，而焦炭氮则完全氧化为NO[11]。
4　网格无关性及模型验证
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4.1　网格无关性
为确保模拟结果和网格数量无关，选择了网格总数分别为170万、200万、230万的3组网格，以纯煤燃烧方案进行网格无关性验证计算。所有模拟工况均保持完全一致的边界条件设置与物性参数输入，采用3组网格分别进行计算，对所得结果进行后处理分析，选择沿炉膛高度不同炉膛截面的平均温度和平均氧气体积分数进行比较，结果如图6所示。
由图6a)可见，轴向温度场对比曲线，3组网格系统均能捕捉炉内热力学参数的整体分布规律。但170万网格在主燃烧区呈现显著的偏差约84 K，而200万与230万网格系统间基本一致。由图6b)可见，当网格数达到200万后，氧体积分数变化趋于稳定。所有网格都能反映温度和氧体积分数的整体变化特征规律，为兼顾计算速度和计算精度，最终选取200万网格用于贫煤掺烧数值模拟计算。
4.2　基础燃烧模型验证
对纯煤燃烧方案进行流体动力学（CFD）软件模拟计算，重点对比出口O2体积分数和NOx质量浓度以验证数值模型的准确性。炉膛出口O2体积分数与NOx质量浓度数据采用Testo 350型移动式烟气分析系统连续监测获得[11]。试验测量和模拟结果如图7所示。由图7可以发现，O2和NOx计算结果与试验结果吻合较好，能够反映燃烧状态及NOx的变化规律，这说明模型可以用于扩展工况的计算。
5　不同掺氢/氧燃烧方式模拟结果
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5.1　炉内温度场
图8为不同掺氢/氧燃烧方式下y轴中心温度云图。由图8可见，对于各种工况，底部漏灰斗表现出较低的温度，因为该区域燃烧较少。在燃烧区，煤粉和一次风开始混合燃烧，大量的热量被释放，炉温迅速升高到最大值。此后，由于高温烟气与水冷壁/过热器之间的换热，炉温逐渐下降。方案1和方案2由于增加氢气快速燃烧，气流旋转和燃烧反应增强，燃烧区温度相对均匀，火焰可以充满整个燃烧区。尤其是壁面周边高温区均匀，有利于煤粉快速着火燃烧。以上温度变化表明，炉内增加氢气可以提升锅炉的稳定运行，而不同位置注入氧气在温度云图中没有明显区别。除此以外，从方案3温度云图可以发现，虽然二次风在与相同体积氢气燃烧中被加热，但整体主燃烧区温度没有显著提升，温度均匀性的改善情况不如炉内掺混氢气燃烧显著。炉外氢气燃烧方式因为二次风温度较高，火焰位置靠近壁面发生高温焦炭与水冷壁接触，可能容易导致旋转气流刷墙进而诱发水冷壁结渣和腐蚀。
5.2　沿炉膛中心轴线各组分分布
炉膛内O2分布对煤粉燃烧传热和焦炭的完全燃烧有显著影响，图9为y轴中心平面O2体积分数分布云图。从图9可见，方案1和方案2掺氢后一、二次风中的O2消耗很快，在主燃烧区域已经耗尽，煤粉已基本完成反应，因此SOFA风以上部分剩余过量空气。其中，方案3炉膛中心的O2体积分数明显偏高。此外，O2体积分数也影响污染物的排放特性，各平面NOx质量浓度分布如图10所示。
由于炉内掺氢方案1和方案2在一、二次风主燃烧区平面的O2体积分数低，在对应各z轴水平面NOx质量浓度显著降低。在y轴垂直平面上方案3的生成NOx质量浓度最大，对应图9在主燃区O2体积分数最高。综上所述，炉内掺氢在主燃烧区内形成低氧环境，有利于稳定燃烧并可减少NOx生成。
炉膛内多组分的协同演化规律是揭示燃烧反应路径与污染物生成机制的关键表征参数，不同组分含量能更清晰反映炉内燃烧状况。图11为沿炉膛中心轴线各组分分布变化。一般情况下，由于一、二次风交替布置，在主燃区内O2和CO2呈现一定起伏，如图11a)和图11c)的20~28 m区域所示。燃烧氧化后在主燃区末端出现低氧还原性气氛，直至SOFA风加入，O2再次升高、CO2降低。炉内掺氢燃烧后平均O2体积分数均有所下降，有利于减少主燃烧区NOx的生成。炉内CO体积分数主要由挥发分燃烧、焦炭燃烧和CO氧化共同决定。其中，挥发分燃烧和氧化产生CO的速率远高于焦炭燃烧产生CO的速率[15]。由于3种方案的风量不变，从方案1和方案2的O2体积分数比纯煤燃烧方案和方案3低，可以推测CO的氧化和消耗增加，导致CO体积分数在各处均下降。
炉内NOx的生成还原可分为NOx生成阶段（区域1）、NOx还原阶段（区域2）和NOx二次氧化阶段（区域3）3个阶段。O2和NOx含量分布对比分析发现，2种组分的变化趋势一致。NOx还原可通过还原性气氛CO气相还原，也可通过高温焦炭异相还原，单独从全局反应的模拟结果难以判断两者的影响程度大，而从根本上减少NOx生成是降低NOx的主要措施。相较于纯煤燃烧方案，掺氢燃烧炉内O2体积分数下降，NOx质量浓度最少降低约100 mg/m3，最多降低约300 mg/m3。由此可见，掺氢燃烧方式能显著降低NOx排放。加热二次风方式也能较好降低NOx排放，主要由于高含量的CO强化了NOx还原气氛。
5.3　炉膛出口NOx排放特性及飞灰含碳量对比
图12给出了燃料型NOx和热力型NOx沿炉膛高度的生成速率。由图12可以发现，掺烧后主燃区热力型NOx和燃料型NOx都有所降低。图13为锅炉出口飞灰含碳量（质量分数，下同）和NOx排放量。由图13可见，所有计算方案下飞灰含碳量（质量分数，下同）均低于4.0%，说明煤粉燃尽水平较高。其中，炉内掺氢的方案1的飞灰含碳量仅为0.97%，方案3的燃尽效果最差。方案1、方案2和方案3出口NOx质量浓度分别为294.0、294.6、 364.9 mg/m3，相比于纯煤燃烧工况，分别降低了24.9%、24.8%和6.8%。3种掺氢燃烧的方式均能在一定程度上降低NOx排放，方案1和方案2对NOx减排的效果最好，降幅接近25%。
表6为锅炉出口H2O体积分数。由表6可见，炉内掺氢燃烧产生H2O，提高了烟气中水蒸气含量，会导致烟气的酸露点温度升高，因此在烟气冷却过程中更容易在设备表面形成酸性冷凝物，增加了低温腐蚀的风险[10]，所以需要对相关换热管束进行防腐处理。同时，氢气燃烧释放大量热量可能导致燃烧器附近存在局部高温区域，这对管道设备抗氢脆性能和燃烧器耐高温性能提出了更高要求。
6　结论
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本文研究了煤粉掺混氢气和氧气位置对炉内燃烧和NOx生成的影响。以某300 MW机组贫煤和烟煤掺混燃烧四角切圆锅炉为例，建立了三维CFD模型并进行了验证。随后模拟了3个掺混燃烧案例，其中炉内、外氢气燃烧和氧气掺混与一、二次风分别作为控制变量。分析了掺氢掺氧条件下炉内流场、温度场以及组分分布，比较了不同工况下煤的燃尽率和出口NOx生成特性。可以得出以下结论。
1）炉内掺氢能够提高锅炉燃烧稳定性并延长煤粉停留时间。增加氢气射流后，主燃烧区速度高于其他工况，气流旋转和燃烧反应增强，速度场均匀性提升，空气-燃料混合更充分，有利于煤粉快速着火燃烧。同时，温度场得到改善，燃烧区温度分布更均匀。
2）炉内掺氢在主燃烧区形成低氧环境，有助于减少NOx生成。氢气快速燃烧使主燃烧区O2耗尽，热力型NOx生成显著降低。与纯煤燃烧相比，沿炉膛高度截面NOx质量浓度最少下降约100 mg/m3，最多降低约300 mg/m3，出口处NOx排放降低约25%。
3）比较3种掺烧方式，炉内单独喷口掺氢且一次风掺氧的效果最好，主燃区燃烧稳定性显著提升，出口NOx质量浓度为294.0 mg/m3，飞灰含碳量仅为0.97%。与炉外掺氢相比，炉内掺氢方式对主燃烧区温度提升和均匀性改善更显著，可避免火焰靠近壁面导致水冷壁结渣和腐蚀。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51906198)
文献
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2025年第54卷第8期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505074
  • 接收时间：2025-05-13
  • 首发时间：2026-03-05
  • 出版时间：2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-05-13
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51906198)
国家自然科学基金项目(51906198)
作者信息
    1.西安交通大学热流科学与工程教育部重点实验室，陕西　西安　710049
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054

通讯作者:

王毅斌（1990），男，博士，副研究员，主要研究方向为清洁燃烧及结渣腐蚀，。
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