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Article(id=1236372358265623297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202503044, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741622400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772703740898, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772703740898, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772703740898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772703740898, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236372356109751006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772703740384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772788131769, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=152, endPage=159, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236372359385502519, articleId=1236372358265623297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation on combustion characteristics of a 660 MW opposed firing boiler with staggered layout of lower over fire air, columnId=1236372358878000047, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Carbon neutral fuel coupled combustion and emission control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A 660 MW opposed firing boiler is designed with staggered lower over fire air (OFA) burner arrangement, in response to the problems of high NOx emission and low burn-out efficiency at the furnace outlet caused by the use of upper burners on the front wall, numerical simulation is performed to study the effects of the coal mill combinations, as well as the lower OFA ratios, injection angles, heights of the burners on front wall on the combustion and NOx emission characteristics under full load conditions. The results show that, the NOx emission mass concentration decreased by 29.49 mg/m3 and the carbon content in fly ash decreased by 0.16% after the upper burner of the front wall was deactivated. The combined operation mode of BCDEF burners should be selected in actual operation. When keeping the lower OFA ratio unchanged, the NOx emission mass concentration increased after the lower OFA ratio on the front wall was increased from 10.2% to 14.2%. When the air rate exceeded 13.2%, insufficient overfire air at the lower part of the back wall led to a decrease in burnout efficiency. The lower OFA rate on the front wall should be controlled within 12.2%~13.2% during actual operation. The NOx emission mass concentration reduced by 18.13 mg/m3 and the carbon content in fly ash increased by 0.38 percentage point after the lower OFA was changed from 15° injection to horizontal injection. When the lower OFA burners on the front wall were moved up to the height of the lower OFA burners on the rear wall, the NOx emission mass concentration decreased by 41.78 mg/m3, and the carbon content in fly ash increased by 0.68 percentage point. Compared to the opposed firing boilers with conventional lower OFA burners, the one with staggered layout of lower OFA burners has relatively weak deep air staged combustion effect, but with high burnout rate and better adjustability.

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某660 MW对冲锅炉设计采用下位燃尽风错层布置，投运前墙上层燃烧器时炉膛出口NOx质量浓度高、燃尽效率低，利用数值模拟研究满负荷工况磨煤机组合运行方式和前墙下位燃尽风率、射流角度、喷口高度对锅炉燃烧及NOx排放特性的影响。结果表明：停用前墙上层燃烧器后，NOx排放质量浓度降低了29.49 mg/m3，且飞灰含碳量降低了0.16%，实际运行推荐采用BCDEF层燃烧器组合方式；下位燃尽风总风率不变，前墙下位燃尽风率由10.2%提高到14.2%后NOx排放质量浓度增大，当风率超过13.2%，后墙下位燃尽风不足导致燃尽效率降低，实际运行时前墙下位燃尽风率宜控制在12.2%~13.2%；当前墙下位燃尽风由斜向下15°改为水平喷入后，NOx排放质量浓度降低了18.13 mg/m3，飞灰含碳量增加0.38百分点；前墙下位燃尽风喷口上移对齐后墙下位燃尽风喷口后，NOx排放质量浓度降低了41.78 mg/m3，飞灰含碳量增加0.68百分点。相对常规下位燃尽风喷口对冲布置锅炉，错层布置后深度空气分级燃烧效果减弱，但燃尽率提高，可调节性增强。

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夏永俊（1982），男，硕士，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为电力行业减污降碳，。
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宋和斌（1974），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为电力生产安全经济，。

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宋和斌（1974），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为电力生产安全经济，。

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宋和斌（1974），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为电力生产安全经济，。

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the furnace height with different injection angles, figureFileSmall=8LfwdmUOhTY2JSzB+3OfbQ==, figureFileBig=SxiFJWNZscgLu6moHQlRyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372368482947500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358265623297, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同射流角度工况沿炉膛高度NO体积分数, figureFileSmall=8LfwdmUOhTY2JSzB+3OfbQ==, figureFileBig=SxiFJWNZscgLu6moHQlRyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372368608776624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358265623297, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=NOx mass concentrations and carbon content in fly ash at furnace outlet at different upward heights, figureFileSmall=d58JBW7aF9KKiA75KAu7WQ==, figureFileBig=EUrldjMpDF5CoExaACT1Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372368717828532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358265623297, language=CN, label=图11, caption=前墙下位燃尽风喷口不同上移高度时炉膛出口NOx质量浓度和飞灰含碳量, figureFileSmall=d58JBW7aF9KKiA75KAu7WQ==, figureFileBig=EUrldjMpDF5CoExaACT1Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372368831074745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358265623297, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=NO volume fraction distribution along the furnace height at different upward heights, figureFileSmall=GToE4ayhT2o1f2kgmwOMLA==, figureFileBig=3zQWUFf3c+y44Vg4q8qzNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372368965292479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358265623297, language=CN, label=图12, caption=前墙下位燃尽风喷口不同上移高度时沿炉膛高度NO体积分数, figureFileSmall=GToE4ayhT2o1f2kgmwOMLA==, figureFileBig=3zQWUFf3c+y44Vg4q8qzNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372369065955779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358265623297, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Coal quality analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
全水wt(M)/%17.3
空气干燥基水分wad(M)/%5.87
收到基灰分war(A)/%10.62
干燥无灰基挥发分wdaf(V)/%35.83
收到基碳war(C)/%58.12
收到基氢war(H)/%3.40
收到基氧war(O)/%9.46
收到基氮war(N)/%0.60
全硫wt,ar(S)/%0.60
收到基低位发热量Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)21.80
), ArticleFig(id=1236372369128870342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358265623297, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

煤质分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
全水wt(M)/%17.3
空气干燥基水分wad(M)/%5.87
收到基灰分war(A)/%10.62
干燥无灰基挥发分wdaf(V)/%35.83
收到基碳war(C)/%58.12
收到基氢war(H)/%3.40
收到基氧war(O)/%9.46
收到基氮war(N)/%0.60
全硫wt,ar(S)/%0.60
收到基低位发热量Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)21.80
), ArticleFig(id=1236372369237922251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358265623297, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Grid independence verification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数量/万炉膛出口氧量/%炉膛出口温度/K
3512.851 248.78
4732.721 216.29
6152.701 210.35
), ArticleFig(id=1236372369342779853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358265623297, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网格无关性验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数量/万炉膛出口氧量/%炉膛出口温度/K
3512.851 248.78
4732.721 216.29
6152.701 210.35
), ArticleFig(id=1236372369464414678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358265623297, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Boundary conditions for airflow under full load

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边界风量/(kg·s–1)风温/K
中心风5.83618.15
一次风130.39350.15
内二次风40.24618.15
外二次风160.53618.15
前墙下位直流燃尽风71.14618.15
后墙下位直流燃尽风68.81618.15
前墙上位内层直流燃尽风25.66618.15
前墙上位外层旋流燃尽风18.46618.15
后墙上位内层直流燃尽风25.66618.15
后墙上位外层旋流燃尽风18.46618.15
), ArticleFig(id=1236372369565077980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358265623297, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

满负荷工况风量边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边界风量/(kg·s–1)风温/K
中心风5.83618.15
一次风130.39350.15
内二次风40.24618.15
外二次风160.53618.15
前墙下位直流燃尽风71.14618.15
后墙下位直流燃尽风68.81618.15
前墙上位内层直流燃尽风25.66618.15
前墙上位外层旋流燃尽风18.46618.15
后墙上位内层直流燃尽风25.66618.15
后墙上位外层旋流燃尽风18.46618.15
), ArticleFig(id=1236372369657352671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358265623297, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Calculation accuracy verification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目试验值计算值偏差/%
炉膛出口氧量/%3.193.08–3.45
炉膛出口NOx质量浓度/(mg·m–3)197.00186.00–5.58
飞灰含碳量/%0.680.737.35
), ArticleFig(id=1236372369737044450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358265623297, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

计算准确性验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目试验值计算值偏差/%
炉膛出口氧量/%3.193.08–3.45
炉膛出口NOx质量浓度/(mg·m–3)197.00186.00–5.58
飞灰含碳量/%0.680.737.35
), ArticleFig(id=1236372369812541927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358265623297, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Tested results of different operating conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组合方式排烟氧量/%反应器入口NOx质量浓度/(mg·m-3)飞灰含碳量/%锅炉热效率/%
BCDEF3.681790.7094.84
ABCEF3.612151.5194.79
ABCDE3.652211.9794.74
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变工况运行试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组合方式排烟氧量/%反应器入口NOx质量浓度/(mg·m-3)飞灰含碳量/%锅炉热效率/%
BCDEF3.681790.7094.84
ABCEF3.612151.5194.79
ABCDE3.652211.9794.74
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660 MW对冲锅炉下位燃尽风错层布置燃烧特性数值模拟
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宋和斌 1, 2 , 郭修文 2, 3 , 韩金克 2, 3 , 夏永俊 2, 3 , 吴建群 2, 3 , 李志华 4 , 方庆艳 5
热力发电 | 碳中性燃料耦合燃烧与排放控制 2025,54(8): 152-159
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热力发电 | 碳中性燃料耦合燃烧与排放控制 2025, 54(8): 152-159
660 MW对冲锅炉下位燃尽风错层布置燃烧特性数值模拟
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宋和斌1, 2 , 郭修文2, 3, 韩金克2, 3, 夏永俊2, 3 , 吴建群2, 3, 李志华4, 方庆艳5
作者信息
  • 1.江西赣能股份有限公司，江西　南昌　330096
  • 2.江西省工业烟气二氧化碳综合利用（CCUS）工程研究中心，江西　南昌　330096
  • 3.江西江投能源技术研究有限公司，江西　南昌　330096
  • 4.国家能源集团江西电力有限公司，江西　南昌　330029
  • 5.华中科技大学煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室，湖北　武汉　430074

    • 宋和斌（1974），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为电力生产安全经济，。

通讯作者:

夏永俊（1982），男，硕士，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为电力行业减污降碳，。
Numerical simulation on combustion characteristics of a 660 MW opposed firing boiler with staggered layout of lower over fire air
Hebin SONG1, 2 , Xiuwen GUO2, 3, Jinke HAN2, 3, Yongjun XIA2, 3 , Jianqun WU2, 3, Zhihua LI4, Qingyan FANG5
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangxi Ganneng Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China
  • 2.Jiangxi Engineering Research Center of Industrial Flue Gas Carbon Dioxide Comprehensive Utilization (CCUS), Nanchang 330096, China
  • 3.JXIC Energy Tech. Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China
  • 4.National Energy Group Jiangxi Electric Power Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330029, China
  • 5.State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503044
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摘要
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某660 MW对冲锅炉设计采用下位燃尽风错层布置，投运前墙上层燃烧器时炉膛出口NOx质量浓度高、燃尽效率低，利用数值模拟研究满负荷工况磨煤机组合运行方式和前墙下位燃尽风率、射流角度、喷口高度对锅炉燃烧及NOx排放特性的影响。结果表明：停用前墙上层燃烧器后，NOx排放质量浓度降低了29.49 mg/m3，且飞灰含碳量降低了0.16%，实际运行推荐采用BCDEF层燃烧器组合方式；下位燃尽风总风率不变，前墙下位燃尽风率由10.2%提高到14.2%后NOx排放质量浓度增大，当风率超过13.2%，后墙下位燃尽风不足导致燃尽效率降低，实际运行时前墙下位燃尽风率宜控制在12.2%~13.2%；当前墙下位燃尽风由斜向下15°改为水平喷入后，NOx排放质量浓度降低了18.13 mg/m3，飞灰含碳量增加0.38百分点；前墙下位燃尽风喷口上移对齐后墙下位燃尽风喷口后，NOx排放质量浓度降低了41.78 mg/m3，飞灰含碳量增加0.68百分点。相对常规下位燃尽风喷口对冲布置锅炉，错层布置后深度空气分级燃烧效果减弱，但燃尽率提高，可调节性增强。

对冲锅炉  /  下位燃尽风  /  燃烧器组合  /  错层布置  /  燃烧特性

A 660 MW opposed firing boiler is designed with staggered lower over fire air (OFA) burner arrangement, in response to the problems of high NOx emission and low burn-out efficiency at the furnace outlet caused by the use of upper burners on the front wall, numerical simulation is performed to study the effects of the coal mill combinations, as well as the lower OFA ratios, injection angles, heights of the burners on front wall on the combustion and NOx emission characteristics under full load conditions. The results show that, the NOx emission mass concentration decreased by 29.49 mg/m3 and the carbon content in fly ash decreased by 0.16% after the upper burner of the front wall was deactivated. The combined operation mode of BCDEF burners should be selected in actual operation. When keeping the lower OFA ratio unchanged, the NOx emission mass concentration increased after the lower OFA ratio on the front wall was increased from 10.2% to 14.2%. When the air rate exceeded 13.2%, insufficient overfire air at the lower part of the back wall led to a decrease in burnout efficiency. The lower OFA rate on the front wall should be controlled within 12.2%~13.2% during actual operation. The NOx emission mass concentration reduced by 18.13 mg/m3 and the carbon content in fly ash increased by 0.38 percentage point after the lower OFA was changed from 15° injection to horizontal injection. When the lower OFA burners on the front wall were moved up to the height of the lower OFA burners on the rear wall, the NOx emission mass concentration decreased by 41.78 mg/m3, and the carbon content in fly ash increased by 0.68 percentage point. Compared to the opposed firing boilers with conventional lower OFA burners, the one with staggered layout of lower OFA burners has relatively weak deep air staged combustion effect, but with high burnout rate and better adjustability.

opposed firing boiler  /  lower OFA  /  burners operation mode  /  staggered layout  /  combustion characteristics
宋和斌, 郭修文, 韩金克, 夏永俊, 吴建群, 李志华, 方庆艳. 660 MW对冲锅炉下位燃尽风错层布置燃烧特性数值模拟. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (8) : 152 -159 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503044
Hebin SONG, Xiuwen GUO, Jinke HAN, Yongjun XIA, Jianqun WU, Zhihua LI, Qingyan FANG. Numerical simulation on combustion characteristics of a 660 MW opposed firing boiler with staggered layout of lower over fire air[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (8) : 152 -159 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503044
正文
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相对于切圆燃烧，旋流对冲燃烧具有一次风和二次旋流风混合强烈、高温烟气卷吸有助于低负荷稳燃、热负荷控制相对较好、出口烟温偏差很小且易控制等特点[1]，国内超临界和超超临界燃煤电站锅炉逐渐以旋流对冲燃烧器作为首选。为保证旋流对冲锅炉稳定经济运行，对该类型锅炉已开展了大量试验研究[2-4]。借助计算流体动力学（CFD）数值模拟手段，能够较为准确地得到不同参数下的炉内燃烧和污染物生成特性，从而降低成本及缩短研究周期[5]，此类研究多数集中在过剩空气系数[6]、风量配比[7-8]、磨组运行方式[9-10]、燃尽风位置[11]、燃尽风喷口形式[12]等对燃烧和NOx生成特性影响。火电厂主要通过燃料源控制、低氮燃烧控制、脱硝系统处理控制等手段来实现低NOx排放，实际生产过程中燃料源控制手段作用有限，配煤掺烧中常有偏离设计值较多的煤种。空气分级燃烧（OFA）技术是现今应用最普遍也十分有效的低NOx排放技术[13]，通过合理的空气分级，降低炉膛出口NOx污染物含量，减轻后续脱硝系统压力。
某电厂660 MW对冲锅炉设计采用典型下位燃尽风错层布置，实际运行中发现启用前墙上层燃烧器会导致炉膛出口NOx排放量高、燃尽效率低等问题。目前，针对2层布置燃尽风且下位燃尽风错层布置形式的对冲燃煤锅炉性能研究较少，基于燃尽风错层布置且斜向下射流对锅炉性能影响了解不足。结合现场试验数据，以该锅炉为研究对象，通过数值模拟方法得到满负荷工况下磨煤机组合（磨组）运行方式、前墙下位燃尽风率、前墙下位燃尽风喷口的射流角度和高度对炉内燃烧及污染物NOx生成特性影响结果，该结果能为运行调整和后续同类型锅炉技术改造提供一定参考价值。
1　锅炉概况及物理建模
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以某超超临界660 MW参数变压运行、单炉膛、前后墙对冲燃烧Π型锅炉为研究对象，旋流煤粉燃烧器前、后墙分别3层布置，每层6只燃烧器，在燃烧器上方布置了上位燃尽风和下位燃尽风，每层6只燃尽风喷口。下层燃烧器层间距为4.579 9 m，上层燃烧器层间距为6.196 5 m，燃烧器列间距为3.048 0 m，上层燃烧器中心线距屏底约24.035 0 m，下层燃烧器中心线与冷灰斗拐点距离为3.259 8 m，最外侧燃烧器中心线与侧墙距离为3.461 2 m。燃烧器配风分为中心风、一次风、内旋流二次风和外旋流二次风，燃用煤质参数见表1。
采用分区策略对锅炉进行等比建模，模型如图1所示，对模型进行全六面体结构化网格划分，网格线与流体流动方向基本保持一致以降低数值计算产生的伪扩散[14]。在近壁面流动剧烈区域加密网格，网格无关性验证结果见表2，不同网格计算得到氧量和温度结果差异较小，综合考虑计算准确性和计算资源要求，确定后续计算网格数为473万。
2　数值计算方法
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2.1　数值计算模型
参考应用性较好的旋流对冲锅炉燃烧及污染物生成模型[15]。采用带旋流修正的Realizable k-ε双方程模型以更好模拟旋流对冲锅炉内旋流气相湍流流动，煤粉颗粒相体积分数小于10%，颗粒输运采用离散相模型（DPM），以Lagrange描述下的随机粒子轨道模型控制煤粉颗粒喷入炉膛后的运动过程，气相燃烧采用组分输运模型中的涡耗散模型（EDM），忽略化学反应时间尺度影响以节省计算资源，分别采用双步反应竞争模型和动力/扩散模型求解煤粉热解挥发分析出和煤焦非均相氧化反应过程，由于炉膛辐射光学厚度一般为1~3，使用P1辐射模型控制炉膛内的辐射传热，以灰度加权WSGGM模型计算烟气发射率，较为准确反映炉内辐射传热过程且不占用过多计算资源。燃煤锅炉中快速型NOx生成量仅占5%左右，故只考虑热力型和燃料型NOx生成，由于气相产物中NOx占比很小且对各物理场影响较小，在计算收敛结束后再进行污染物NOx的后处理计算，计算中采用Zeldovich和de Soete机理模型分别控制热力型NOx和燃料型NOx生成，挥发分氮和焦炭氮分配比例由化学渗透脱挥发分（CPD）模型计算得到，计算考虑湍流温度及氧原子脉动影响。
2.2　计算边界条件
根据满负荷工况下的设计参数设置计算边界条件，主要风量设置见表3。停用燃烧器根据实际运行防止高温烧损设置一个小风量，喷口设置为质量入口边界条件，除风管间交界面为耦合壁面，其他均为无滑移温度壁面，并根据设计值设置不同的温度和辐射率，灰斗底和灰斗斜面设置Trap颗粒捕集面，炉膛出口设置为-150 Pa的压力出口边界，燃烧器内二次风、外二次风和上位燃尽风外旋流风等参考设计旋流方向，旋流角度设置为35°，一次风边界条件加入煤粉颗粒，直径按Rosin-Rammler方法分布，最小粒径10 μm，最大粒径200 μm，平均粒径65 μm，分散系数1.15。
3　结果与讨论
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3.1　计算准确性验证
对比燃烧调整660 MW负荷工况试验结果，模拟偏差见表4。氧量和NOx质量浓度（干基，氧体积分数6%，下同）偏差分别为-3.45%和-5.58%，飞灰含碳量计算偏差为7.35%，可以看出数值计算模型具有较好的准确性。
3.2　运行磨组变化对燃烧及NOx生成特性影响
满负荷5台磨煤机在不同组合工况沿炉膛高度平均烟温分布如图2所示。
由图2可见，在主燃区和灰斗区域截面温度分布差异明显，开启上两层燃烧器的ABCDE和ABDEF组合工况温度较低，而当BCEF下两层燃烧器开启时的平均温度更高，此时火焰中心偏低。在燃尽区域，停用靠近前墙下位斜喷直流燃尽风的A层燃烧器的BCDEF组合工况温度最低。对比同样开启下两层燃烧器的ABCEF和BCDEF 2种组合工况，在炉膛下部的温度分布几乎一致，但在燃尽区往上至受热区前的温度分布差异较大，开启前墙A层燃烧器的温度明显偏高，由于A层燃烧器距离前墙下位斜喷直流燃尽风较近，大量燃尽风提前补氧促进A层燃烧器喷出煤粉燃烧，前墙下位斜喷直流燃尽风对燃尽区的温度分布影响较大。
变磨组运行沿炉膛高度截面上的NO平均生成量如图3所示。
由图3可见，不同磨组运行方式下NO生成量差异较大。开启下两层燃烧器运行，灰斗区域的氧气被大量消耗，欠氧燃烧导致灰斗区域内还原性气氛增加，生成的NO被大量还原，因此ABCEF和BCDEF磨组运行时灰斗区域NO体积分数低于2×10–5，而开启上两层磨煤机的ABCDE和ABDEF运行方式在该区域生成NO体积分数高于6×10–5。主燃区NO生成量差异不大，但在燃尽区以上，BCDEF运行方式的NO生成量明显偏低。图4为变磨组运行NO分布云图。
从图4可以看出：一方面，由于A层燃烧器喷口距离前墙下位燃尽风喷口较近，该区域提前补氧，弱化空气分级作用，大量NO生成；另一方面，前墙下位燃尽风喷入后影响炉膛整体流场，前墙燃烧器喷出的大量未燃尽物流动至后墙下位燃尽风区域继续燃烧，在该区域温度和氧量很高，生成了大量的热力型NO和燃料型NO。同时BCDEF磨煤机组合运行方式在燃尽风喷入后炉膛高度上的截面温度最低，削弱了热力型NOx生成。
满负荷变磨组运行时高温过热器（高过）进口烟温、炉膛出口NOx（折算到6%氧量标况）和炉膛出口飞灰含碳量计算结果如图5所示。由图5可见，开启上两层燃烧器ABDE运行，火焰中心上移，高过进口烟温相对较高，当前墙仅有2层燃烧器运行时，开启上两层燃烧器比开启下两层燃烧器出口烟温高52 K。开启前墙上层A燃烧器运行的出口NOx质量浓度在200.00 mg/m3左右，而停用前墙上层A燃烧器后出口NOx质量浓度大幅降低到173.81 mg/m3，错层布置的下位直流燃尽风对锅炉运行温度和NOx污染物生成有很大影响。因煤粉颗粒在炉内停留时间差异，ABCDE和ABDEF磨组运行时出口飞灰含碳量分别为1.69%和2.06%，而ABCEF和BCDEF运行方式出口飞灰含碳量为1.51%和1.35%，这和实际运行情况相吻合。由于错层布置，前墙下位燃尽风喷口距离前墙上层燃烧器较近，开启前墙上层燃烧器时受热面温度抬升、燃烧效率降低，并且NOx生成量较多，实际运行中推荐开启后墙燃烧器运行，当上部受热情况较差时，应开启前墙燃烧器适当调整。
燃烧调整试验期间对600 MW负荷工况不同磨煤机组合方式的锅炉运行特性进行检测计算，除磨煤机组合方式外其他运行参数不变，在空气预热器出口处采用网格法取样测量排烟氧量和飞灰含碳量，同步测量选择性催化还原（SCR）脱硝反应器入口处NOx质量浓度，采用热损失法计算锅炉热效率，试验结果见表5。
停用前墙上层A燃烧器后，SCR脱硝反应器入口NOx质量浓度明显下降，且飞灰含碳量最低，锅炉热效率最高，磨煤机组合方式通过影响煤粉颗粒在炉膛内停留时间、燃烧空气分级效果等造成锅炉运行特性差异[9]。尤其对于下位燃尽风错层布置对冲锅炉，数值模拟计算和燃烧调整试验结果都表明：启用A层燃烧器后锅炉效率降低且污染物生成增多，实际运行满负荷工况下推荐BCDEF磨煤机组合运行方式。
3.3　错层下位燃尽风率对燃烧及NOx生成特性影响
错层下位燃尽风对燃烧及NOx生成影响较大，当距离较近的A层燃烧器启用时尤为明显。运行时一般选择停用A磨，对BCDEF磨煤机组合运行方式适当增大前墙下位燃尽风率，同时等比例降低后墙下位燃尽风率，计算得到风率对炉膛温度分布的影响，沿炉膛高度截面平均温度如图6所示。
由图6可见，随前墙下位燃尽风率增大到12.2%，前墙下位燃尽风更加深入炉膛中心，火焰中心下移，提前补风助燃作用增强，燃尽区后的高温区减少，但当前墙下位燃尽风率增大到14.2%，后墙下位燃尽风不足以深入炉膛中心，造成主燃区未燃尽碳颗粒逃逸量增多，在燃尽风区后继续燃尽，出现了较多高温区。
前墙下位燃尽风率对炉膛出口NOx质量浓度和飞灰含碳量的影响如图7所示。由图7可见，NOx质量浓度随前墙下位燃尽风率不断增大而增大，磨煤机BCDEF运行方式出口NOx质量浓度显著偏低。提升风率强化提前补风，削弱空气分级作用，增强主燃区氧化，NOx还原减弱，为缓解脱硝系统工作压力，A层燃烧器启用时应适当降低前墙下位燃尽风开度。随前墙下位燃尽风率增大，出口飞灰含碳量总体呈现降低趋势，增大前墙下位燃尽风量加强补氧，主燃区燃烧充分，未燃尽碳不断减少，但后墙3层燃烧器全开的ABDEF和BCDEF工况在风率超过13.2%后飞灰含碳量攀升，此时后墙下位燃尽风不足以深入炉膛中心，后墙燃烧器喷出煤粉颗粒燃烧反而不完全。基于燃烧效率考虑，后墙燃烧器全开工况时应控制前墙下位直流燃尽风率不超过13.2%，满负荷工况前墙下位燃尽风率应控制在12.2%~13.2%。
在燃烧调整试验期间，调整前墙下位燃尽风门开度，为避免运行波动影响，取长时间试验数据，SCR脱硝反应器入口NOx折算变化结果如图8所示。由图8可见，NOx质量浓度和前墙下位燃尽风门开度有较强的正相关性，风门开度在45%左右时NOx质量浓度稳定在170 mg/m3左右，风门开大至65%，NOx质量浓度最高达到了341.46 mg/m3，为防止尾排污染物超标，前墙下位燃尽风门不应大开度运行。
3.4　射流角度对燃烧及NOx生成特性影响
为对比斜向下射流同常规水平喷入方式对炉内燃烧和污染物生成影响的差异，便于后续燃用高氮劣质煤种时的技改参考。对ABCDE磨煤机组合运行方式模拟满负荷工况条件下前墙下位直流燃尽风斜向下射流角度对炉内燃烧和NOx生成影响，结果如图9所示。
由图9可见，前墙下位直流燃尽风喷口的射流角度设计值为15°，当射流角度逐渐减小到水平射入后，炉膛出口飞灰含碳量由1.68%增大到2.06%，而炉膛出口NOx排放质量浓度由200.80 mg/m3降低到182.67 mg/m3，NOx排放质量浓度降低了18.13 mg/m3，飞灰含碳量增加0.38百分点，斜向下射流方式有助于提高燃尽效率，但不利于控制炉内NOx生成。前墙下位直流燃尽风射流角度变化对颗粒平均停留时间几乎没有影响，但对煤粉燃烧速率影响较大，燃烧速率主要由氧化剂扩散到颗粒表面的速率和颗粒本征反应动力学共同控制，计算中焦炭燃烧模型考虑了二者的耦合作用，随着射流角度增加，前墙下位燃尽风提前射入下部主燃区，强化了湍流扰动，该处燃烧温度增加，动力学反应速率和氧气向颗粒表面的扩散速率提高，因此飞灰含碳量降低。
图10为不同射流角度工况沿炉膛高度NO体积分数分布。从图10可见，在燃尽区前区域，生成NO体积分数差异不大，射流角度改变对燃尽区以下区域的NO生成影响较小，而在下位燃尽风喷出直至炉膛出口的NO体积分数分布出现了明显差异，射流角度越大，NO生成量越多，由于斜向下射流方式，提前扰流补氧作用缩短了下部燃尽区的还原距离，还原性气氛减弱，强化了燃料中的氮元素向NO的转化，燃料型NOx生成量增多，在一定程度上弱化深度空气分级燃烧作用。当锅炉燃用高氮劣质掺烧煤种时，若后续脱硝系统压力大，尾排NOx质量浓度控制难度大时，可以考虑适当减小射流角度。
3.5　喷口高度对燃烧及NOx生成特性影响
常规对冲锅炉前、后墙燃尽风喷口为等高度对冲布置，基于下位燃尽风错层布置形式对燃烧和污染物生成特性影响研究较少。为了解错层布置影响特性，基于磨煤机ABCDE组合运行满负荷工况，上移前墙下位燃尽风喷口至后墙下位燃尽风高度，计算结果如图11所示。
由图11可见，上移至后墙下位燃尽风喷口高度后，炉膛出口飞灰含碳量由1.68%增大至2.36%，SCR脱硝反应器入口NOx质量浓度由200.80 mg/m3降低至159.02 mg/m3。上移后打破了原本设计的错层布置形式，前墙下位燃尽风对主燃区的扰动补氧作用消失，深度空气分级燃烧效果加强，大量未燃尽煤粉缺氧燃烧，至炉膛出口补氧燃烧时间不足导致飞灰含碳量增大，不完全燃烧热损失增大，不利于经济运行。
前墙下位燃尽风喷口不同上移高度时沿炉内高度上的NO体积分数如图12所示。由图12可见，在灰斗和主燃区生成的NO体积分数区别不大，从前墙下位燃尽风喷口高度往上的NO分布差异明显，喷口上移至设计后墙下位燃尽风高度后，在原错层高度区域还原气氛强，导致燃烧区生成的部分NO持续被还原，大幅度降低了出口NO体积分数，在设计前、后墙下位燃尽风高度之间产生的NO高含量区逐渐消失，拉长了还原距离，随前墙下位燃尽风喷口上移，炉膛出口NOx排放质量浓度持续降低。
4　结论
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1）结合燃烧调整试验，对某设计采用典型下位燃尽风错层布置的对冲锅炉进行数值模拟，结果表明磨煤机组合运行方式对燃烧和NOx生成影响较大。满负荷工况启用5台磨煤机运行时，由于煤粉停留时间和火焰中心高度影响，启用上两层燃烧器出口烟温和飞灰含碳量更高；错层布置的前墙下位直流燃尽风喷口和主燃区距离很小，同样启用下两层燃烧器，停前墙上层燃烧器后NOx质量浓度显著降低了29.49 mg/m3，且飞灰含碳量也降低了0.16%。燃烧调整试验结果同模拟结果一致，故实际运行应该选择停用前墙上层燃烧器的BCDEF磨煤机组合运行方式。
2）仅改变前、后墙下位燃尽风率，随前墙下位燃尽风率增大，强化提前补风作用，炉膛出口NOx含量逐渐增大，飞灰含碳量有所降低，但后墙DEF层燃烧器全开时，前墙下位燃尽风率超过13.2%导致后墙下位燃尽风不足，引起飞灰含碳量升高。综合燃尽效率和脱硝系统压力，满负荷工况应控制前墙下位直流燃尽风率在12.2%~13.2%。
3）前墙下位燃尽风斜喷角度和喷口高度对燃烧和NOx生成影响明显。减小喷射角度及提高喷口高度都能有效降低出口NOx质量浓度，但降低了燃尽效率。模拟由设计斜向下15°喷入改为水平喷入炉膛后NOx排放质量浓度降低了18.13 mg/m3，飞灰含碳量增加了0.38百分点；设置喷口对齐后墙下位燃尽风高度，NOx质量浓度显著降低了41.78 mg/m3，飞灰含碳量增加了0.68百分点；相对常规对冲布置方式，错层斜喷布置深度空气分级燃烧效果减弱，但燃尽率提高，可调节性增强。模拟结果可为燃烧调整和后续技术改造提供参考。
基金
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  • 江西省重点研发计划项目(20214BBG74004)
文献
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2025年第54卷第8期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503044
  • 接收时间：2025-03-11
  • 首发时间：2026-03-05
  • 出版时间：2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-11
基金
Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi Province(20214BBG74004)
江西省重点研发计划项目(20214BBG74004)
作者信息
    1.江西赣能股份有限公司，江西　南昌　330096
    2.江西省工业烟气二氧化碳综合利用（CCUS）工程研究中心，江西　南昌　330096
    3.江西江投能源技术研究有限公司，江西　南昌　330096
    4.国家能源集团江西电力有限公司，江西　南昌　330029
    5.华中科技大学煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室，湖北　武汉　430074

通讯作者:

夏永俊（1982），男，硕士，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为电力行业减污降碳，。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202503044
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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