Article(id=1236372358194328489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202411251, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732032000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772703740880, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772703740880, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772703740880, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772703740880, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236372356109751006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772703740384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772788131769, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236372358496318379, articleId=1236372358194328489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Optimal capacity configuration of a green ammonia system based on multi-stable flexible strategy of chemical industry, columnId=1236372357200270054, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Multi-energy collaborative optimization of green hydrogen and green ammonia, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the context of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, renewable power to ammonia (RePtA) technology has garnered widespread attentions due to its ability to scale up the consumption of renewable energy and green hydrogen. However, the hydrogen production from renewable energy in RePtA systems exhibits significant volatility, posing challenges to stable operation of the Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis process. To address this issue, a discrete multi-steady-state flexible load operation strategy for ammonia synthesis process is proposed. A two-stage optimization model for capacity configuration and coordinated chemical operation scheduling is established using the PSO-MILP algorithm. A case simulation analysis was conducted on a demonstration project under construction in Inner Mongolia, and the technical and economic performance of three different flexible schemes was compared. The result indicates that, compared with the conventional steady state schemes, the discrete multi-state flexible operation strategy’s economic efficiency improved significantly after capacity and operation coordination optimization, with annual revenue increased by 67 150 000 yuan. Compared with the fully flexible operation strategies, the new strategy significantly enhances the stability of the ammonia synthesis process, reducing production load volatility by 78.16%. The proposed optimization model can balance the investment economic efficiency and operational safety of the RePtA system, and its findings are expected to provide some guidance for actual production operations.

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在“双碳”背景下,电制氨技术(renewable power to ammonia,RePtA)因能规模化消纳可再生能源与绿氢而受到广泛关注。然而,RePtA系统中可再生能源制氢量具有明显波动性,这对哈伯-博世合成氨工艺的稳定运行带来挑战。对此,提出了一种合成氨离散多稳态柔性运行策略,并使用PSO-MILP算法建立了一个协同化工运行调度的容量配置两阶段优化模型,基于内蒙古某在建示范项目,对比分析了3种不同柔性方案的技术经济性能。研究表明:离散多稳态柔性策略相比传统稳态策略,经济性大幅度提高,年收益可增加6 715万元;相比完全柔性策略,合成氨工艺的运行稳定性显著增强,生产负荷波动率降低了78.16%。该优化模型可以兼顾RePtA系统的投资经济性与运行安全性,其成果有望为实际生产运行提供一定指导。

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徐钢(1978),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为先进发电技术及氢能综合利用,
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周家辉(1997),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为绿氢综合能源系统优化,

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Journal of Chinese Society of Power Engineering, 2023, 43(11): 1477-1486., articleTitle=Planning and scheduling of integrated system of light hydrogen storage and methanol for high proportion of renewable energy consumption, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236372367014949239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358194328489, awardId=52090064, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52090064), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236372367182721406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358194328489, awardId=52090064, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重大项目(52090064), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236372367258218882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358194328489, awardId=2022LQ01005, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022LQ01005), fundOrder=null, 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figureFileBig=8phG36w6HM7GDOCfrbx0mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372365781823774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358194328489, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Electricity balance and electrolyzers operation diagrams in high and low wind seasons (optimization case 3), figureFileSmall=WQuBELz2O+Zfmfw+ROI+Rw==, figureFileBig=wsT/hJvwEtdjc5+5E6mV1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372365861515556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358194328489, language=CN, label=图9, caption=优化方案3大风季与小风季电平衡及电解槽运行, figureFileSmall=WQuBELz2O+Zfmfw+ROI+Rw==, figureFileBig=wsT/hJvwEtdjc5+5E6mV1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372365953790251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358194328489, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Hydrogen consumption of ammonia synthesis process in high and low wind seasons (optimization case 3), figureFileSmall=ozk/i3KWG1/BbmLftVvE7g==, figureFileBig=P+LMw/mi8rFdQQPi52QH4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372366050259252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358194328489, language=CN, label=图10, caption=优化方案3大风季与小风季合成氨运行氢负荷, figureFileSmall=ozk/i3KWG1/BbmLftVvE7g==, figureFileBig=P+LMw/mi8rFdQQPi52QH4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372366134145340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358194328489, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Economic indicators of the equipments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目经济参数数值
案例参数项目寿命/a20
贴现率/%5
贷款期限/a20
贷款比例/%80
年利率/%4.6
风电机组投资成本/(元·kW–1)4 800
运维成本/投资成本/%1
光伏机组投资成本/(元·kW–1)3 800
运维成本/投资成本/%2
合成氨传统平稳工艺投资成本/(元·t–1)3 000
运维成本/投资成本/%2
多稳态柔性工艺投资成本/(元·t–1)4 000
运维成本/投资成本/%3
完全柔性工艺投资成本/(元·t–1)5 000
运维成本/投资成本/%4
柔性调节疲劳退化成本/(元·h–1)500
电解槽投资成本/(元·kW–1)2 000
运维成本/投资成本/%2
启动成本/元1 950
储氢罐投资成本/(元·kg–1)1 900
运维成本/投资成本/%1
变压器投资成本/(元·kW–1)360
运维成本/投资成本/%1
), ArticleFig(id=1236372366226420032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358194328489, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

设备的经济指标

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项目经济参数数值
案例参数项目寿命/a20
贴现率/%5
贷款期限/a20
贷款比例/%80
年利率/%4.6
风电机组投资成本/(元·kW–1)4 800
运维成本/投资成本/%1
光伏机组投资成本/(元·kW–1)3 800
运维成本/投资成本/%2
合成氨传统平稳工艺投资成本/(元·t–1)3 000
运维成本/投资成本/%2
多稳态柔性工艺投资成本/(元·t–1)4 000
运维成本/投资成本/%3
完全柔性工艺投资成本/(元·t–1)5 000
运维成本/投资成本/%4
柔性调节疲劳退化成本/(元·h–1)500
电解槽投资成本/(元·kW–1)2 000
运维成本/投资成本/%2
启动成本/元1 950
储氢罐投资成本/(元·kg–1)1 900
运维成本/投资成本/%1
变压器投资成本/(元·kW–1)360
运维成本/投资成本/%1
), ArticleFig(id=1236372366369026379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358194328489, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Technical parameters and model constraints of key equipments

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设备项目数值
合成氨N2消耗/(t·t-–1)0.84
H2消耗/(t·t–1)0.18
H2O消耗/(t·t–1)2.70
电能消耗/(MW·h·t–1)0.95
多稳态负荷范围/%30/50/75/100/110
柔性变负荷周期/h4
柔性变负荷调节速率/%±20
电解槽制氢电耗(标况下)/(kW·h·m–3)5.00
负荷范围/%20~100
启动耗时/min60
启动能耗/%15
H2O消耗/(t·t–1)28
储氢罐运行压力范围/MPa0.5~1.5
储氢罐温度/℃65
变压器最大负载比/%90
), ArticleFig(id=1236372366482272593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358194328489, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

关键设备的技术参数及模型约束

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备项目数值
合成氨N2消耗/(t·t-–1)0.84
H2消耗/(t·t–1)0.18
H2O消耗/(t·t–1)2.70
电能消耗/(MW·h·t–1)0.95
多稳态负荷范围/%30/50/75/100/110
柔性变负荷周期/h4
柔性变负荷调节速率/%±20
电解槽制氢电耗(标况下)/(kW·h·m–3)5.00
负荷范围/%20~100
启动耗时/min60
启动能耗/%15
H2O消耗/(t·t–1)28
储氢罐运行压力范围/MPa0.5~1.5
储氢罐温度/℃65
变压器最大负载比/%90
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The seasonal electricity price

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节时段购电价格售电价格
大风季高峰时段17:00—21:000.680.282 9
平时段04:00—10:00,15:00—17:00, 21:00—24:000.52
低谷时段00:00—04:00,10:00—15:000.34
小风季尖峰时段18:00—20:000.77
高峰时段05:00—07:00,17:00—18:00, 20:00—21:000.68
平时段07:00—10:00,15:00—17:00, 21:00—次日05:000.52
低谷时段10:00—15:000.34
), ArticleFig(id=1236372366708765023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358194328489, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

季节电价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节时段购电价格售电价格
大风季高峰时段17:00—21:000.680.282 9
平时段04:00—10:00,15:00—17:00, 21:00—24:000.52
低谷时段00:00—04:00,10:00—15:000.34
小风季尖峰时段18:00—20:000.77
高峰时段05:00—07:00,17:00—18:00, 20:00—21:000.68
平时段07:00—10:00,15:00—17:00, 21:00—次日05:000.52
低谷时段10:00—15:000.34
), ArticleFig(id=1236372366826205545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358194328489, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The results of different optimization schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数优化方案1优化方案2优化方案3
电解槽容量/MW355260270
储氢罐容量/万m363.815.446.2
变压器容量/MW298399349
购电最大需量/MW166.0039.6221.76
氨产量/万吨20.014.714.1
合成氨波动率/%022.674.95
电解槽年启停次数242174
系统购电率/%26.693.881.38
系统售电率/%12.6720.0020.00
系统弃电率/%0.190.340.46
系统年收益/万元2 1558 5418 870
系统收益率/%5.0319.7420.84
LCOA/(元·t–1)3 8923 4703 371
), ArticleFig(id=1236372366905897327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372358194328489, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同优化方案效果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数优化方案1优化方案2优化方案3
电解槽容量/MW355260270
储氢罐容量/万m363.815.446.2
变压器容量/MW298399349
购电最大需量/MW166.0039.6221.76
氨产量/万吨20.014.714.1
合成氨波动率/%022.674.95
电解槽年启停次数242174
系统购电率/%26.693.881.38
系统售电率/%12.6720.0020.00
系统弃电率/%0.190.340.46
系统年收益/万元2 1558 5418 870
系统收益率/%5.0319.7420.84
LCOA/(元·t–1)3 8923 4703 371
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协同化工多稳态柔性运行策略的绿氨系统容量配置优化
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周家辉 1 , 仝冰 1 , 王海鸣 1 , 徐钢 1 , 张润之 1 , 张健 2
热力发电 | 绿氢绿氨多能协同优化 2025,54(8): 50-60
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热力发电 | 绿氢绿氨多能协同优化 2025, 54(8): 50-60
协同化工多稳态柔性运行策略的绿氨系统容量配置优化
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周家辉1 , 仝冰1, 王海鸣1, 徐钢1 , 张润之1, 张健2
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 2.国核电力规划设计研究院有限公司,北京 100095
  • 周家辉(1997),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为绿氢综合能源系统优化,

通讯作者:

徐钢(1978),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为先进发电技术及氢能综合利用,
Optimal capacity configuration of a green ammonia system based on multi-stable flexible strategy of chemical industry
Jiahui ZHOU1 , Bing TONG1, Haiming WANG1, Gang XU1 , Runzhi ZHANG1, Jian ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.The College of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2.State Nuclear Electric Power Planning Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100095, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411251
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在“双碳”背景下,电制氨技术(renewable power to ammonia,RePtA)因能规模化消纳可再生能源与绿氢而受到广泛关注。然而,RePtA系统中可再生能源制氢量具有明显波动性,这对哈伯-博世合成氨工艺的稳定运行带来挑战。对此,提出了一种合成氨离散多稳态柔性运行策略,并使用PSO-MILP算法建立了一个协同化工运行调度的容量配置两阶段优化模型,基于内蒙古某在建示范项目,对比分析了3种不同柔性方案的技术经济性能。研究表明:离散多稳态柔性策略相比传统稳态策略,经济性大幅度提高,年收益可增加6 715万元;相比完全柔性策略,合成氨工艺的运行稳定性显著增强,生产负荷波动率降低了78.16%。该优化模型可以兼顾RePtA系统的投资经济性与运行安全性,其成果有望为实际生产运行提供一定指导。

电解水制氢  /  合成氨  /  容量配置  /  协同运行

In the context of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, renewable power to ammonia (RePtA) technology has garnered widespread attentions due to its ability to scale up the consumption of renewable energy and green hydrogen. However, the hydrogen production from renewable energy in RePtA systems exhibits significant volatility, posing challenges to stable operation of the Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis process. To address this issue, a discrete multi-steady-state flexible load operation strategy for ammonia synthesis process is proposed. A two-stage optimization model for capacity configuration and coordinated chemical operation scheduling is established using the PSO-MILP algorithm. A case simulation analysis was conducted on a demonstration project under construction in Inner Mongolia, and the technical and economic performance of three different flexible schemes was compared. The result indicates that, compared with the conventional steady state schemes, the discrete multi-state flexible operation strategy’s economic efficiency improved significantly after capacity and operation coordination optimization, with annual revenue increased by 67 150 000 yuan. Compared with the fully flexible operation strategies, the new strategy significantly enhances the stability of the ammonia synthesis process, reducing production load volatility by 78.16%. The proposed optimization model can balance the investment economic efficiency and operational safety of the RePtA system, and its findings are expected to provide some guidance for actual production operations.

hydrogen production by water electrolysis  /  ammonia synthesis  /  capacity configuration  /  coordinated operation
周家辉, 仝冰, 王海鸣, 徐钢, 张润之, 张健. 协同化工多稳态柔性运行策略的绿氨系统容量配置优化. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (8) : 50 -60 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411251
Jiahui ZHOU, Bing TONG, Haiming WANG, Gang XU, Runzhi ZHANG, Jian ZHANG. Optimal capacity configuration of a green ammonia system based on multi-stable flexible strategy of chemical industry[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (8) : 50 -60 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411251
随着能源危机和环境问题的加剧,可再生能源电化工技术(renewable power to X,RePtX)引起了广泛的关注[1]。其中,可再生能源电转氨技术(renewable power to ammonia,RePtA)通过哈伯-博世法,将可再生能源发电产生的氢气与氮气规模化地合成绿氨,有望成为低碳能源转型的关键途径。氨是一种重要的化学品,广泛用于化工和农业生产,同时,氨还具有高能量密度和含氢量,作为零碳燃料在海运脱碳和燃煤锅炉掺氨燃烧等领域有着巨大的应用前景[2-3]。由于绿氨的众多优势,业界不断加大对绿氢化工产业的投入,促进其快速发展。随着绿氨示范工程的大规模开工建设,RePtA系统成为绿色能源领域的新兴研究热点。
为此,许多学者针对RePtA系统展开了一系列研究。文献[4-5]将氨作为一种储能介质,对比分析了氨、甲醇、甲烷作为能量载体的潜力,结果表明绿氨体积能量密度最高,因此是最佳的储氢介质。文献[6]建立稳态热力学分析模型,对绿氨耦合系统进行了详细的能量分析与㶲分析。文献[7-8]建立技术经济分析模型,研究结果显示绿氨系统具有良好技术经济可行性,在未来随着风光、电解槽成本的进一步降低及碳税政策的不断完善,绿氨与传统灰氨相比具有更好的市场竞争力。绿氨系统源侧风光出力随时波动,导致系统后端化工生产也将处于动态运行状态。随着国内外绿氨项目工程不断推进,基于稳态或最优设计状态的模型已经无法满足绿氨工厂实际动态运行的建设需求。因此,文献[9]建立非线性动力学模型,分析了绿氨系统各设备的动态特性,论证了哈伯-博世合成氨工艺的柔性运行潜力。文献[10-11]分析合成氨动态柔性边界条件对系统经济性影响,结果表明采用柔性合成氨运行策略可以显著降低绿氨成本。文献[12-13]在考虑合成氨柔性运行策略下,对绿氨系统的并网、半离网、离网构型中各设备容量与运行进行优化,结果表明当前并网型绿氨系统经济性最佳,离网型绿氨系统在未来具有较大的发展潜力。文献[14-16]考虑到合成氨设备与电解槽设备的柔性能力差异,通过有限柔性运行策略进一步提高了绿氨系统运行的稳定性。
尽管上述研究在RePtA系统的经济可行性分析、柔性运行、容量优化方面取得了有价值的成果,但现有文献提出的合成氨柔性运行策略要求合成氨工艺在全负荷范围内不间断柔性运行。相比传统的连续稳定运行策略,柔性运行虽然提高了经济性,但在小时级时间尺度频繁的负荷调节可能导致设备压力和温度的频繁波动,引发疲劳失效和催化剂损坏等安全风险[17]。此外,合成氨工段内合成塔等设备的传质、传热均存在较大的热惯性和时间滞后[18],通过精准调整合成氨设备生产负荷来跟踪风光波动出力不具有实际工程操作价值。因此,适用于风光波动供能场景下兼顾系统经济性与生产安全性的化工运行策略及优化方法亟待提出。
有鉴于此,本文基于质能平衡构建并网型RePtA系统,充分考虑化工设备的安全运行边界和实际操作条件,提出一种合成氨离散多稳态柔性运行策略;并以内蒙古地区某绿氨项目构造案例,采用两阶段优化算法,对比分析了合成氨不同柔性运行策略的技术经济性能,验证了所提运行策略的有效性。
RePtA系统可分为并网型和离网型2大类。哈伯-博世合成氨等化工工艺具有较大的运行惯性,难以快速响应可再生能源的随机波动。通过与电网交互,可有效减少波动和间歇性对RePtA系统的影响,提高系统安全稳定性和经济性。因此,RePtA早期项目多倾向于采用并网型结构,其结构如图1所示。
并网型RePtA系统主要包括风力、光伏发电设备、碱性电解水制氢设备、储氢缓冲设备以及空分-合成氨设备。该系统可以通过变电站与电网进行电力交互,其中碱性电解水制氢设备和空分-合成氨设备用电来自可再生能源发电与电网混合电力。当前风力、光伏发电设备、碱性电解水制氢设备、储氢缓冲设备的数学建模已比较成熟。本文在此基础上重点对空分-合成氨设备做详细建模。
由于RePtA系统源侧可再生能源发电量具有随机波动的特性,导致系统后端的绿氢和绿氨生产工段均处于动态运行状态。在绿氢生产工段中,单台碱性电解槽动态响应能力主要受到安全负荷范围、冷启动时间延迟的制约[19]。通过采用灵活的负载控制策略和机组启停机策略对电解槽集群进行调度,可以满足制氢分钟级功率调节生产场景[20]。因此,绿氢生产工段具有较高的生产灵活性,可以很好地适应可再生能源的波动发电。然而,在绿氨生产工段中,由于哈伯-博世合成氨设备受到化工生产过程本身物理性质的限制,虽然具有一定灵活性,但远不如电解装置。
传统化工合成氨工艺强调“安、稳、长、满、优”的稳态生产策略,即设备在实际生产中通常保持长时间满负荷运行,以确保化工生产的安全、稳定和高效。然而,这种传统工艺难以适应可再生能源输出随时波动的特点。随着合成氨工艺的不断改进,其生产灵活性进一步提高,可以在一定生产周期内(4 h),以30%~110%的负荷范围、±20%的爬坡率柔性运行[13]
因此,本文综合传统稳态合成氨运行策略与柔性合成氨运行策略的技术优势,在充分考虑化工设备生产的稳定性与灵活性的前提下,提出面向化工生产的合成氨离散多稳态柔性运行策略,具体如图2所示。
该策略以合成氨设备每10%负荷为1个阶梯,在30%~110%负荷范围内设计5组离散稳态运行工况。在实际生产中,每种离散稳态负荷工况都对应着1套控制参数,以便现场运行人员操作。该策略每天采集当地可再生能源短期功率预测数据,以经济性为目标,为生产部门制定未来24 h最优合成氨生产计划。该24 h最优生产计划包括4 h的柔性变负荷运行状态及20 h的稳态运行状态。
图3为风电与光伏年出力热力图。由图3可以看出,光伏出力集中在08:00—16:00,风电具有较大的随机性,在傍晚至凌晨具有更多的出力。因此,将柔性负荷区间设置在每日的12:00—16:00,以兼顾日间波动光伏出力及夜间随机风电出力。
在4 h的柔性变负荷区间内,氨生产具有最大每小时±20%额定负荷的爬坡率能力,能够实现30%~110%不同稳定负荷工况的状态均匀切换。在之后的20 h稳态负荷区间内,合成氨设备根据生产计划保持稳定运行状态。这一策略能够在保障合成氨设备安全稳定运行的前提下,实现可行的经济调度优化,其数学模型实现如下。
引入2个二进制0-1变量来表征1天当中合成氨设备运行过程中所处的状态,其表达式为:
{It,HB,F+It,HB,S=1Pt,HB,E=λHB,EMt,HB,NH3MH2,NH3=λHB,H2Mt,HB,NH3Mt,H2O,NH3=λHB,H2OMt,HB,NH3t{t1,,t24}
式中:It,HB,F为合成氨设备柔性运行状态变量,柔性负荷运行时为1,否则为0;It,HB,s为合成氨设备稳态工况运行状态变量,稳态负荷运行时为1,否则为0;Pt,HB,Et时刻合成氨设备耗电量;λHB,E为合成氨设备耗电系数;Mt,HB,NH3t时刻合成氨设备耗氢气量;λHB,H2为合成氨设备制氨耗氢系数;Mt,H2O,NH3t时刻合成氨设备耗水量;λHB,H2O为合成氨设备制氨耗水系数。
合成氨设备具有柔性变负荷能力,为了提高其在多稳态负荷切换过程中的安全性、稳定性,还需满足爬坡速率约束与均匀变负荷约束,其表达式为:
{It,HB,F=1αmin,HBEmax,HB,NH3Mt,HB,NH3Mt1,HB,NH3Mt,HB,NH3Mt1,HB,NH3αmax,HBEmax,HB,NH3Mt,HB,NH3Mt1,HB,NH3=Mt+1,HB,NH3Mt,HB,NH3t{t13,t14,t15,t16}
式中:αmin,HB为合成氨设备负荷爬坡率下限系数;αmax,HB为合成氨设备负荷爬坡率上限系数;Mt1,HB,NH3t–1时刻合成氨装置产氨量;Emax,HB,NH3为合成氨设备额定产能。
合成氨设备在一个生产计划调度周期内需满足稳态工况运行约束,其表达式为:
{It,HB,S=1Mt,HB,NH3=αste,HBEmax,HB,NH3αste,HB{30%,50%,75%,100%,110%}t{t1,,t12}{t17,,t24}
式中:αste,HB为合成氨设备稳态负荷率。
为解决RePtA系统容量配置-运行调度求解过程中决策变量相乘所引起的非线性问题,本文提出基于粒子群-混合整数线性规划算法(PSO-MILP)的两阶段优化模型,求解示意如图4所示。在第一阶段中,使用粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)以RePtA系统最大净收益为适应度函数,确定系统内各个设备容量配置方案。第二阶段中,将容量配置结果与合成氨多稳态柔性变负荷等运行约束作为边界条件,以系统全年逐时的最大运行收益为目标函数,使用混合整数线性规划算法(mixed-integer linear programming,MILP),求解运行收益及调度策略。最后,当算法达到最大迭代次数时同时输出最优设备容量配置与最优运行调度策略。
并网型RePtA系统的收益主要来自于销售合成氨产品与向电网销售余电,系统的成本主要为各设备的成本。
容量配置阶段中,以系统净收益最大作为粒子群算法适应度函数,其表达式为:
maxP=COPCEC
式中:COP为系统年运行收益;CEC为系统设备成本。
其中,系统各设备成本包括初始投资、贷款利息费用和运行维护费用,其表达式为:
CEC=CIN+CIC+COM
式中:CIN为各设备初始投资本金折算年投资成本费用;CIC为各设备贷款产生的年还本付息费用;COM为各设备运行维护费用。
CIN=aINi=1N[kinv,iEmax,ir(1+r)TL(1+r)TL1]
式中:αIN为初始投资比例;N为设备总数;kinv,i为单位容量投资成本;Emax,i为系统各设备的容量;r为贴现率;TL为系统规划年限。
CIC=(1aIN)i=1N[kinv,iEmax,in(1+n)TC(1+n)TC1]
式中:n为贷款利率;TC为贷款年限。
COM=iNkinv,iEmax,iwi
式中:wi为各设备运行维护成本占投资成本的比率。
运行调度阶段中,以系统运行收益最大作为MILP算法目标函数,其表达式为:
maxCOP=CINCCOC
式中:CINC为系统产品收益;COC为系统运行总成本。
其中,系统产品收益表达式为:
CINC=t=1TcNH3Mt,HB,NH3+t=1TcGRI,SPt,GRI,S
式中:cNH3为售氨价格;cGRI,S为售电价格。
COC=CRM+CEO
式中:CRM系统原料成本;CEO为设备运行成本。
系统生产原料成本主要包括生产耗工业水费用、合成氨催化剂费用、从电网购电费用。其中,由于并网型RePtA系统占用电网调度资源,根据政策要求应采用两部制电价[13],在度电费用基础上还应缴纳相应的容量电费,系统原料成本表达式为:
{CRM=CH2O+CCY+CPE+CBECH2O=t=1TcH2OMt,H2OCCY=t=1TcCYMt,NH3CPE=t=1TcPE,GRI,BPtGRI,BCBE=cBE,GRI,BPmaxGRI,B
式中:CH2O为工业水成本;cH2O为工业水价格;Mt,H2O为耗水量;CCY为催化剂及辅料成本;cCY为催化剂及辅料价格;CPE为度电成本;cPE,GRI,B为电度电价;CBE为容量电成本;cBE,GRI,B为容量电价。
设备运行成本主要包括各设备固定运行维护成本、电解槽启动成本、合成氨设备因柔性运行所导致的疲劳退化成本。设备运行成本表达式为:
{CEO=COM+CEL,ST+CHB,FDCEL,ST=t=1TcEL,STIt,EL,ICHB,FD=t=1TcHB,FDIt,HB,F
式中:COM为各个设备运行维护成本;CEL,ST为电解槽启动成本;CHB,FD为合成氨设备疲劳退化成本;cEL,ST为单次电解槽启动成本系数;cHB,FD为合成氨设备每小时柔性调节疲劳退化成本系数;It,EL,I为电解槽启动次数。
各设备容量约束如下:
Dmin,iEmax,iDmax,i
式中:Emax,i为各设备容量;Dmax,i为各设备容量约束上限值;Dmin,i为各设备容量约束下限值。
电平衡约束为:
Pt,Re+Pt,GRI,B=Pt,GRI,S+Pt,EL,W+Pt,EL,ST+Pt,HB,E+Pt,CT
式中:Pt,CT为系统t时刻弃电功率。
氢平衡约束如下:
Mt,H2,EL+Mt,H2,D=Mt,H2,C+Mt,H2,NH3
根据内蒙古自治区风光制氢一体化示范项目实施细则要求,全年系统弃电量、售电量应小于风光发电总量的一定比例,弃电售电率约束如下:
{0t=1TPt,CTηCTt=1TPt,Re0t=1TPt,GRI,SηGRI,St=1TPt,Re
式中:ηCT为系统允许最大弃电比例系数;ηGRI,S为系统允许最大售电比例系数。
为评估RePtA系统的技术和经济性能,文献[13,21]选择多个关键性能指标,包括设备有效利用小时数、碱性电解槽启动次数、购电比率、售电比率、弃电比率、平准化氨成本(levelized cost of ammonia,LCOA)。在实际生产中,氨合成设备负荷波动过大会增加操作过程中的安全风险。为进一步量化合成氨设备在一定时间内的负荷波动情况,凸显多稳态柔性变负荷策略安全性优势,本文提出合成氨设备日平均累积波动率指标DCVHB,其表达式为:
DCVHB=1Dt=1D1ht=1h(Mt,HB,NH3M¯HB,NH3)2Mc,HB,NH3
式中:D为合成氨设备仿真运行总天数,即365天;h为合成氨设备每日的运行小时数,即24 h;Mt,HB,NH3为合成氨每小时的产量;M¯HB,NH3为当日合成氨每小时平均产量;Mc,HB,NH3为合成氨每小时的额定产量。
本文以内蒙古某并网风光氢氨项目构造算例进行分析。该项目风电和光伏装机容量均为400 MW,合成氨年产能为20万吨,选取该项目当地风电与光伏8 760 h级历史出力作为算例的输入数据,对系统中制氢、储氢、电网交互等设备容量及运行调度进行仿真优化。假设不同合成氨柔性工艺能耗相同,忽略因负荷不同所引起的能耗特性差异,新型系统内各设备的经济指标、技术参数分别见表1[1,13,18,22-24]表2[13,25]
绿氨产品取近1年平均市场价格为4 000元/t。所消耗的工业水原料价格取10元/t。内蒙古当地阶梯电价格分为大风季节(1月—5月,9月—12月)及小风季节(6月—8月)具体价格见表3
为验证本文所提模型对于RePtA系统容量配置优化与运行调度优化的有效性,构造3个不同灵活性运行方案对案例进行仿真分析。
优化方案1:合成氨采用传统稳态运行策略,生产负荷恒定为100%。
优化方案2:合成氨采用完全柔性运行策略,生产负荷在30%~110%完全柔性运行,以±20%/h爬坡率完全柔性运行。
优化方案3:合成氨采用离散多稳态柔性运行策略,生产负荷仅在30%~110%的5组离散稳态负荷间切换。
3个案例的优化效果见表4。总体而言,采用本文方案优化后的RePtA系统可以充分消纳风光资源,在兼顾投资经济性的同时,有效提高合成氨设备的运行稳定性。
由于优化方案1中传统设计强调合成氨工艺的长期稳定运行。该方案各设备表现出最佳的运行平稳性,合成氨波动率为0,电解槽年启停次数仅为2次。然而,不灵活的合成氨工艺需要消耗大量外网电力并配置大规模的储氢设备,以平抑可再生能源的随机波动。这使得该方案下RePtA系统外购电量比例达到26.69%,储氢容量为标况下63.8万m3。较高的购电成本与储氢成本导致该方案的LCOA高达3 892元/t,降低了RePtA系统整体的经济性。
由于优化方案2和优化方案3采用更加灵活的合成氨工艺,增加了系统主动适应可再生出力波动的能力,有效减少了对储氢和公共电网的依赖。这使得方案2与方案3的经济性相较传统稳态运行方案大幅度提升,年收益分别增加至8 541万元和8 870万元,分别增加6 386万元和6 715万元。然而,由于2种方案选用了更加灵活的合成氨工艺,其运行平稳性均出现了不同程度的下降。
优化方案2中完全柔性运行策略假设合成氨设备可以连续跟踪风光波动出力,在全负荷范围内不间断地柔性运行。该方案中合成氨设备日累积波动率高达22.67%,频繁负荷波动使得该方案安全性最差,在实际生产中难以可靠运行。优化方案3采用本文所提化工离散多稳态柔性运行策略,相比于方案2合成氨设备日累积波动率大幅降低,由优化方案2的22.67%下降到4.95%,降低了78.16%。本文方案相比方案1传统稳态运行策略在经济性上有显著提高;相比方案2完全柔性运行策略,合成氨设备的日波动率明显降低,更符合实际安全稳定生产的要求。
为进一步凸显所提化工离散多稳态柔性运行策略优势,分别选取案例大风季2月与小风季8月中5天的典型运行仿真结果进行运行调度对比分析。图5图6分别展示了优化方案1的RePtA系统电平衡调度与合成氨设备氢负荷仿真结果。优化方案1中合成氨设备采用传统稳态运行策略。在大风季日间,常常会出现风电和光伏出力叠加的情况(如34~40 h时段),在此时段,电解槽满负荷运行,上网功率达到变压器负载上限,仍然有大量可再生电能无法消纳,导致系统弃电率增加。在小风季夜间,系统依靠储氢罐释放氢气以及在电网平段、谷段购电制氢,以保障夜间无风时段合成氨设备用氢需求。
图7图8分别展示了采用优化方案2的RePtA系统电平衡调度与合成氨设备氢负荷仿真结果。大风季日间风光发电充足,电解槽、合成氨设备近满负荷运行。大风季节夜间(如17~22 h、42~60 h时段)电解槽、合成氨设备依靠其柔性负载调节能力动态运行,主动跟踪风电出力。当合成氨设备在氢气供应快速变化或供应不足的时段,需要依靠储氢罐释放氢气来满足爬坡率及最低运行负荷的约束,减少频繁柔性调节所带来的疲劳退化成本。在小风季日间,电解槽和合成氨设备动态运行以适应光伏波动出力。而在小风季的夜间,由于风力整体较弱,系统通过灵活的储氢调度满足合成氨设备最低30%的负荷率生产氢气需要。
与方案1相比,方案2采用完全柔性合成氨生产策略,通过优化制氢、储氢等设备容量配比,使得系统中电-氢设备协同运行,大大减少了外网购电量。然而,过于柔性的合成氨运行策略要求设备在小时级时间尺度频繁且精确地进行负荷调节,这限制了其工程可操作性。
图9图10分别展示了采用优化方案3的RePtA系统电平衡调度与合成氨设备氢负荷仿真结果。从图10可看出,采用合成氨多稳态柔性变负荷运行策略后,合成氨设备每日仅在变负荷区柔性运行,其余时间段均保持稳态运行,在大风季与小风季合成氨设备运行平稳性大幅度提高。
在大风季,合成氨设备整体保持中高负荷稳定运行。日间时段(如33~36 h)电解槽满负荷运行,多余电能依靠电网消纳,仅有少量弃电产生,合成氨设备以110%负荷运行,多余氢气储存在储氢罐中。根据夜间风电出力情况,合成氨设备在37~39 h时段柔性调整产能至50%负荷。夜间无风时段(如66~69 h时段),电解槽可以全部关闭以避免峰段电价购电,此时储氢罐需要连续放氢以满足合成氨设备稳态生产用氢需求。
在小风季,系统电能主要由日间光伏发电提供,夜间仅有少量随机风电,氢气供应量存在较大间歇性,合成氨设备整体保持中低负荷运行。日间时段,电解槽依靠光伏发电变负荷制氢,在满足合成氨设备低负荷运行用氢需求后,多余电能向电网售卖。夜间时段,绝大部分电解槽关机,合成氨设备依靠电网与储氢罐支撑低负荷用电、用氢需求,求避免设备停车。
相比于方案2,合成氨离散多稳态柔性方案可以充分发挥电网与储氢罐的调节作用,显著提高合成氨设备的运行平稳性,其运行调度更加贴近生产实际过程。综上,本文所提多稳态柔性氨生产策略在充分考虑安全运行边界和工程运行技术条件下,结合日前出力预测数据,优化每日合成氨稳态运行负荷,从而使RePtA系统能够主动适应波动的可再生能源输出,经济性、安全性均优于参比方案。
本文设计了一种并网型RePtA系统,提出了化工合成氨离散多稳态柔性运行策略,并以内蒙古地区某风光氢氨项目作为案例进行仿真分析,得出以下结论。
1)提出了一种多稳态柔性氨生产策略,设置多组离散稳态运行负荷阶梯,规定氨生产日内的稳定与灵活运行时间,通过优化日间稳态运行负荷,达成灵活性与稳定性间的平衡,以主动适应可再生能源的波动出力。
2)基于PSO-MILP算法的两阶段优化模型,解决了协同化工多稳态柔性氨生产运行策略的绿氨系统容量配置中非线性优化问题,提高绿氨系统的投资经济性与运行安全性。
3)多稳态柔性优化方案与传统稳态运行方案相比,年净利润增加6 715万元;与完全柔性方案相比,合成氨生产日累积波动率降低了78.16%,验证了所提策略及优化模型的有效性。
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目(52090064)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区科技计划项目(2022LQ01005)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411251
  • 接收时间:2024-11-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-20
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52090064)
国家自然科学基金重大项目(52090064)
Science and Technology Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022LQ01005)
新疆维吾尔自治区科技计划项目(2022LQ01005)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
    2.国核电力规划设计研究院有限公司,北京 100095

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徐钢(1978),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为先进发电技术及氢能综合利用,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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