Article(id=1236372357271573224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202506106, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751212800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772703740661, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772703740661, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772703740661, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772703740661, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236372356109751006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772703740384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772788131769, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=42, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236372357577757420, articleId=1236372357271573224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Technical and economic analysis of the entire process of green ammonia co-firing in coal-fired units considering the policy subsidy mechanism, columnId=1236372356864725728, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Technical research progress of green ammonia co-firing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Green ammonia co-firing is one of the important technical routes for the low-carbon transformation of coal-fired power units. Currently, the main problem restricting the promotion of green ammonia co-firing projects is the poor economic efficiency of the entire process from green ammonia production, storage and transportation to co-firing. Taking a single 600 MW coal-fired unit co-firing 10% green ammonia as an example, the technical and economic efficiency of the entire process of off-grid/on-grid photovoltaic power generation for green ammonia synthesis and co-firing projects is compared and analyzed. Moreover, the effects of subsidy mechanisms (zero-carbon electricity subsidy, green ammonia production subsidy, carbon emission reduction subsidy and low-interest loan) on project benefits are deeply discussed. The results show that, the price of coal and carbon tax is the main factor affecting the economic efficiency of the project. As the price increases, the economic benefits of green ammonia co-firing in coal-fired units are significantly improved. All subsidy mechanisms can improve the economic efficiency of the project, but the effects vary depending on the scenario. Low-interest loans have the best effect on improving the economic feasibility of the project, while zero-carbon electricity subsidies have the highest sensitivity to the change in the project’s net present value (NPV).

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绿氨掺烧是燃煤机组低碳化改造的重要技术路线之一,目前制约绿氨掺烧项目推广的主要问题是绿氨制备、储运、掺烧全流程经济性不佳。基于此,以单台600 MW燃煤机组掺烧10%绿氨为例,对比分析了离网型/并网型光伏发电合成绿氨及掺烧项目的全流程技术经济性,并深入探讨了不同补贴机制(零碳电量补贴、绿氨生产补贴、碳减排补贴和低息贷款)对项目收益的影响。分析结果表明,煤价和碳税价格是影响项目经济性的主要因素,随着煤价和碳税价格升高,燃煤机组绿氨掺烧经济效益显著提高。补贴机制均对项目经济性有所提升,但效果依情景不同有所差异。低息贷款对项目经济可行性的提升效果最佳;而对于项目净现值NPV的变动,零碳电量补贴敏感度最高。

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焦洋(1994),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为煤电低碳转型技术,

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焦洋(1994),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为煤电低碳转型技术,

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焦洋(1994),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为煤电低碳转型技术,

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articleId=1236372357271573224, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main economic parameters of the project

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项目数值
煤价/(元·t–1)900
煤耗/(g·(kW·h)–1)320
碳价/(元·t–1)100
光伏年利用小时数/h1 269
燃煤机组年运行小时数/h5 000
投资建设年份2025
光伏电站寿命/a25
燃煤机组掺氨比例/%10
氧气价格/(元·t–1)550
折现率/%8
), ArticleFig(id=1236372366138331453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372357271573224, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

项目主要经济性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
煤价/(元·t–1)900
煤耗/(g·(kW·h)–1)320
碳价/(元·t–1)100
光伏年利用小时数/h1 269
燃煤机组年运行小时数/h5 000
投资建设年份2025
光伏电站寿命/a25
燃煤机组掺氨比例/%10
氧气价格/(元·t–1)550
折现率/%8
), ArticleFig(id=1236372366222217541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372357271573224, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Economic calculation results of off-grid projects in Case 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
光伏发电装机容量/MW1 411
燃煤机组满负荷掺氨量/(t·h–1)30.20
总投资/万元471 171
总运维成本/(万元·a–1)9 772
总收益/(万元·a–1)13 416
绿电平准化成本/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.23
绿氨平准化成本/(元·t–1)3 380.94
净现值NPV/万元–301 100
), ArticleFig(id=1236372366381601097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372357271573224, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

情景1离网型项目经济性测算结果

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项目数值
光伏发电装机容量/MW1 411
燃煤机组满负荷掺氨量/(t·h–1)30.20
总投资/万元471 171
总运维成本/(万元·a–1)9 772
总收益/(万元·a–1)13 416
绿电平准化成本/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.23
绿氨平准化成本/(元·t–1)3 380.94
净现值NPV/万元–301 100
), ArticleFig(id=1236372366482264400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372357271573224, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The NPV and rate of return of the project under four national policy subsidy mechanisms

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情景2a)
零碳电
量补贴
补贴金额/(元·(MW·h)–1)NPV/万元项目收益率/%
0–104 609.94-0.90
50–89 658.870.54
100–74 707.791.90
150–59 756.723.20
200–44 805.644.45
250–29 854.575.66
300–14 903.496.84
情景2b)绿氨生产补贴补贴金额/(元·t–1)NPV/万元项目收益率/%
0–104 609.94–0.90
200–98 197.31–0.56
400–91 784.69–0.20
600–85 372.060.17
800–78 959.440.56
1 000–72 546.810.97
情景2c)
碳减排
补贴
碳配额倍数NPV/万元项目收益率/%
1.00–104 609.94–0.90
1.25–97 993.29–0.25
1.50–91 376.650.38
1.75–84 760.001.00
2.00–78 143.361.60
3.00–51 676.773.88
情景2d)低息贷款贷款利率/%NPV/万元项目收益率/%
3.6–104 609.94–0.90
3.0–86 557.800.91
2.5–71 948.302.25
2.0–57 738.233.49
1.5–43 931.414.63
1.0–30 530.925.70
), ArticleFig(id=1236372366603899222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372357271573224, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

4种国家政策补贴机制下项目净现值及收益率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情景2a)
零碳电
量补贴
补贴金额/(元·(MW·h)–1)NPV/万元项目收益率/%
0–104 609.94-0.90
50–89 658.870.54
100–74 707.791.90
150–59 756.723.20
200–44 805.644.45
250–29 854.575.66
300–14 903.496.84
情景2b)绿氨生产补贴补贴金额/(元·t–1)NPV/万元项目收益率/%
0–104 609.94–0.90
200–98 197.31–0.56
400–91 784.69–0.20
600–85 372.060.17
800–78 959.440.56
1 000–72 546.810.97
情景2c)
碳减排
补贴
碳配额倍数NPV/万元项目收益率/%
1.00–104 609.94–0.90
1.25–97 993.29–0.25
1.50–91 376.650.38
1.75–84 760.001.00
2.00–78 143.361.60
3.00–51 676.773.88
情景2d)低息贷款贷款利率/%NPV/万元项目收益率/%
3.6–104 609.94–0.90
3.0–86 557.800.91
2.5–71 948.302.25
2.0–57 738.233.49
1.5–43 931.414.63
1.0–30 530.925.70
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考虑政策补贴机制的燃煤机组绿氨掺烧全流程技术经济性分析
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焦洋 1 , 曹蕃 1 , 张全军 2 , 李敏 3 , 周争昌 3 , 白付明 2 , 韩海峰 2 , 宋寅 1 , 王伟 1
热力发电 | 绿氨掺烧技术研究进展 2025,54(8): 42-49
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热力发电 | 绿氨掺烧技术研究进展 2025, 54(8): 42-49
考虑政策补贴机制的燃煤机组绿氨掺烧全流程技术经济性分析
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焦洋1 , 曹蕃1, 张全军2, 李敏3, 周争昌3, 白付明2, 韩海峰2, 宋寅1, 王伟1
作者信息
  • 1.中国大唐集团科技创新有限公司,河北 雄安 071700
  • 2.大唐韩城第二发电有限责任公司,陕西 韩城 715400
  • 3.大唐陕西发电有限公司,陕西 西安 710061
  • 焦洋(1994),女,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为煤电低碳转型技术,

Technical and economic analysis of the entire process of green ammonia co-firing in coal-fired units considering the policy subsidy mechanism
Yang JIAO1 , Fan CAO1, Quanjun ZHANG2, Min LI3, Zhengchang ZHOU3, Fuming BAI2, Haifeng HAN2, Yin SONG1, Wei WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.China Datang Technology Innovation Co., Ltd., Xiong’an 071700, China
  • 2.Datang Hancheng No.2 Power Plant Co., Ltd., Hancheng 715400, China
  • 3.Datang Shaanxi Power Generation Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710061, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506106
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绿氨掺烧是燃煤机组低碳化改造的重要技术路线之一,目前制约绿氨掺烧项目推广的主要问题是绿氨制备、储运、掺烧全流程经济性不佳。基于此,以单台600 MW燃煤机组掺烧10%绿氨为例,对比分析了离网型/并网型光伏发电合成绿氨及掺烧项目的全流程技术经济性,并深入探讨了不同补贴机制(零碳电量补贴、绿氨生产补贴、碳减排补贴和低息贷款)对项目收益的影响。分析结果表明,煤价和碳税价格是影响项目经济性的主要因素,随着煤价和碳税价格升高,燃煤机组绿氨掺烧经济效益显著提高。补贴机制均对项目经济性有所提升,但效果依情景不同有所差异。低息贷款对项目经济可行性的提升效果最佳;而对于项目净现值NPV的变动,零碳电量补贴敏感度最高。

燃煤机组  /  绿氨掺烧  /  全流程  /  经济性分析  /  补贴机制

Green ammonia co-firing is one of the important technical routes for the low-carbon transformation of coal-fired power units. Currently, the main problem restricting the promotion of green ammonia co-firing projects is the poor economic efficiency of the entire process from green ammonia production, storage and transportation to co-firing. Taking a single 600 MW coal-fired unit co-firing 10% green ammonia as an example, the technical and economic efficiency of the entire process of off-grid/on-grid photovoltaic power generation for green ammonia synthesis and co-firing projects is compared and analyzed. Moreover, the effects of subsidy mechanisms (zero-carbon electricity subsidy, green ammonia production subsidy, carbon emission reduction subsidy and low-interest loan) on project benefits are deeply discussed. The results show that, the price of coal and carbon tax is the main factor affecting the economic efficiency of the project. As the price increases, the economic benefits of green ammonia co-firing in coal-fired units are significantly improved. All subsidy mechanisms can improve the economic efficiency of the project, but the effects vary depending on the scenario. Low-interest loans have the best effect on improving the economic feasibility of the project, while zero-carbon electricity subsidies have the highest sensitivity to the change in the project’s net present value (NPV).

coal-fired unit  /  co-firing with green ammonia  /  entire process  /  economic analysis  /  subsidy mechanism
焦洋, 曹蕃, 张全军, 李敏, 周争昌, 白付明, 韩海峰, 宋寅, 王伟. 考虑政策补贴机制的燃煤机组绿氨掺烧全流程技术经济性分析. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (8) : 42 -49 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506106
Yang JIAO, Fan CAO, Quanjun ZHANG, Min LI, Zhengchang ZHOU, Fuming BAI, Haifeng HAN, Yin SONG, Wei WANG. Technical and economic analysis of the entire process of green ammonia co-firing in coal-fired units considering the policy subsidy mechanism[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (8) : 42 -49 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506106
在新型能源体系和新型电力系统构建背景下,煤电机组仍将长期发挥灵活运行调节和兜底保障作用,这对煤电机组低碳化运行提出更高要求。《煤电低碳化改造建设行动方案(2024—2027年)》明确指出绿氨掺烧是重要技术路线之一,利用风电、太阳能发电等可再生能源富余电力,通过电解水制绿氢并合成绿氨,实施燃煤机组掺烧绿氨发电,替代部分燃煤,改造建设后煤电机组应具备掺氨比10%(热量比,下同)以上掺烧绿氨能力,燃煤消耗和碳排放水平显著降低。
当前关于煤电机组掺氨燃烧技术的研究多集中在数值模拟、基础试验研究、机理分析、烟气污染物排放特性等[1-16]方面。值得关注的是,若将煤电机组掺烧绿氨在工业场景和实际机组进行推广,其经济竞争力尚且不足,面临的主要问题是绿氨制备、储运、掺烧全流程经济性不佳,特别是昂贵的绿氨成本,而可再生能源电价是影响绿氨成本的主要因素。曾悦等[17]指出当电解水制氢系统能耗为4.5 (kW·h)/m3、工业电价为0.4元/(kW·h)、光伏电价为0.2、0.1元/(kW·h)时,绿氨价格为2 839元/t或1 949元/t(合成氨装置新建)。李建华等[18]对比了不同场景下电价对绿氢合成氨成本的影响,在不考虑碳成本时,0.22~0.42元/(kW·h)电价对应的合成氨价格为2 700~5 000元/t。未来预计随着可再生能源电价和电解水制氢系统能耗降低,在平均水平的电解水制氢系统下,当电价为0.2元/(kW·h)时,绿氨合成成本可与灰氨相当;当电价0.1元/(kW·h)时,绿氨合成成本低于灰氨(2 500~3 600元/t),可用其替代天然气[17,19-20]。尽管随着技术水平的提升和全流程装置成本的降低,绿氨成本有望降至2 000元左右,但与当前火电厂长协煤/动力煤煤价(500~750元/t)相比,经济性上仍有较大差距。
氨一般以液体形式进行运输,我国目前常见的主要运输方式为铁路、公路和管道3种,根据供需距离的不同采用不同运输方式。由于我国风光资源丰富地区(西北、东北、华北等地区)与氨需求地(中东部地区)存在不一致的情况,输送距离会长达1 000~5 000 km,因此可在可再生能源丰富的地区利用绿电电解水制氢再合成氨后输送到消费地区进行再利用。对于中长距离的跨区域运输氨往往使用铁路,其具有运输规模大、速度快等优势,每1 000 km铁路运输成本约1.14元/kg。对于管道运输,适合大规模液氨输送,预计未来我国建成长距离氨运输管道,每2 000 km管道的输氨成本约为1.17元/kg[17]。而对于短距离液氨的储运,一般采用公路运输,其具有运输灵活的特点,研究表明,100 km的液氨储运成本约30元/t,500 km的液氨储运成本约60元/t[15]
作为煤电机组低碳化改造的技术路线,已有学者研究了不同容量等级燃煤机组应用掺氨燃烧的经济性,并对比分析了其与碳捕集与封存技术(carbon capture and storsge,CCS)的经济性差异。丁先等[21]研究表明,对于330 MW燃煤机组,考虑煤价浮动,纯燃煤情况下年燃煤支出46 500.07万元~ 93 000.14万元,“纯燃煤+20%CCS”减碳方案下,年燃煤+碳捕集支出56 900.30万元~103 400.37万元;同等减排20%CO2,只有当绿电价格低于0.1元/(kW·h)时,绿氨掺烧技术年燃料成本较CCS才更具备经济性优势。相比CCS设备建设的高昂投资,掺氨改造电厂需要承担较高的氨燃料成本,两者各有优劣。李俊彪等[22]测算了600 MW燃煤机组的度电成本,增设燃烧后CCS装置实现25%CO2减排量,度电成本增加0.079元/(kW·h);通过掺烧掺氨比25%绿氨实现同等碳减排量情境下,当光伏电价为0.15元/(kW·h),绿氨合成成本2 800元/t且考虑碳减排收益时,度电成本增加0.203元/(kW·h),当光伏电价下降到0.07元/(kW·h),绿氨掺烧可与CCS方案成本相当。对于1 000 MW超超临界燃煤机组[23],当碳价足够高(1 000元/t)时,随着掺氨比的升高,平准化电力成本甚至会下降。
总体来说,要使氨煤混燃成本与纯煤燃烧成本相当还有很长的路要走,虽然按照目前国内碳价发展的趋势,掺氨燃烧的竞争力尚不乐观,但若考虑未来碳税增加的因素和绿氨合成技术的突破大幅降低液氨成本,加之政府加快完善全国碳交易市场并提高CO2价格,氨替代燃料减碳方案在经济上的优势有望逐步凸显。
短期内,对于燃煤机组掺氨燃烧示范项目,通过国家和地方政府的补贴支持是促进技术进步和提高经济竞争力的重要路径。2023年8月,国家发展改革委联合国家能源局等有关部门印发《绿色低碳先进技术示范工程实施方案》(发改环资〔2023〕1093号),将大型煤电机组耦合生物质和低碳燃料掺烧发电列为重点方向,并开展首批绿色低碳先进技术示范项目遴选工作。2024年8月,国家能源局发布《关于组织开展绿色液体燃料技术攻关和产业化试点的通知》(征求意见稿),绿氨和绿色甲醇正式列入“绿色液体燃料”,被认为是绿氨发展的关键里程碑,同时也为地方政策提供了依据。2024年9月,佛山市南海区发布《支持“高耗能”企业氨氢融合技术应用扶持方案(征求意见稿)》提出扶持区内在生产加工环节以氨替换或部分替换天然气燃烧应用,对向南海区提交资格申请并经资格审核确认的前5家企业提供扶持补贴,补贴基准1 000元/t,补贴规模基准为4 000 t/a,这是国内首次提出在工业领域对氨燃烧示范进行补贴,聚焦工业燃料替代,以示范项目突破技术瓶颈,并通过政策杠杆加速产业化探索。此外,对于碳减排项目,新疆鼓励金融机构对清洁能源项目提供低息贷款,喀什地区对重点领域内具有显著碳减排效应的项目提供优惠利率融资,促进地区绿色低碳转型发展。
目前多数文献对于燃煤机组掺烧绿氨的全环节经济性分析,较少考虑了政策补贴和金融支持。因此,本文综合考虑国家提供金融支持、财政补贴等政策,设计了几种可行的技术场景进行燃煤机组绿氨掺烧全流程经济性分析,并进行敏感性分析,为提升项目经济可行性提供支撑。
图1为燃煤机组绿氨掺烧工艺流程。
图1可见,该系统通过空气分离装置制取氮气和氧气,通过对自然界水进行蒸馏净化使其满足制氢电解槽需求,电解水制取氢气和氧气;光伏发电以绿电供应空分装置和电解水制氢装置;电解水以及空气分离获得的氧气作为副产物出售,氢气和氮气通过合成氨工业常用的哈勃-博施法合成氨,产物氨经低温液化储存后通过管道、铁路和槽车等方式运输至火电厂掺氨燃烧。
以单台600 MW机组掺烧10%的绿氨为例,设计了建设离网型和并网型光伏场站发电-电解水制氢-合成绿氨-绿氨掺烧的2种情景。
情景1 离网型光伏合成绿氨及掺烧 在火电厂周边100 km范围内,建设大规模光伏场站进行离网制氢,同步构建绿氨制备系统,绿氨通过管道或罐车输送到火电厂进行掺烧。该方案无需建设升压站和高压输电线路,适用于“三北”地区网架结构较为薄弱或新能源难以外送的区域。
情景2 并网型光伏合成绿氨及掺烧 在火电厂周边100 km范围内,建设大规模光伏场站,发电既可以上网,也可以将一定比例难以消纳的绿电进行制氢合成氨,绿氨通过管道或罐车输送到火电厂进行掺烧。该方案可以通过电解制氢装置的灵活调节保障电网运行安全可靠稳定,适用于新能源消纳较为困难的区域。
针对上述2种情景,以绿氨制备及火电机组掺烧全流程全生命周期内的绿电平准化成本、绿氨平准化成本、项目收益率和净现值等指标评价项目可行性。此外,还考虑了项目可获得的潜在补贴对经济性的影响。
目前,尚缺乏足够多成熟的绿氨合成项目可以借鉴,因此本文绿氨合成各环节投资及能耗计算参考国内外同类研究的计算方式[24-28],并结合当前国内产业实际情况进行适当调整,具体计算公式为:
IH2O=0.010 9×XH2O+3.521
XH2O=476/300×X
IH2=XH224×1 000×11.11 000×10
XH2=53.3/300×X
IN2=0.036 6×XN2+7.537 5
XN2=246.7/300×X
INH3=0.21×X0.891
INH3-s=0.004 553×X+10.35
IA=(IH2O+IH2+IN2+INH3+INH3-s)/β
式中:IH2O为蒸馏水蒸馏净化设备投资建设成本;X为绿氨制备量;XH2O为制备绿氨的蒸馏水需求量;IH2为电解水制氢设备投资建设成本;XH2为制备绿氨的氢气需求量;IN2为氮气空气分离设备投资建设成本;XN2为制备绿氨的氮气需求量;INH3为哈伯法合成氨设备投资建设成本;INH3-s为氨储存设备投资建设成本;IA为绿氨合成项目总投资;β为设备投资占总投资的比例,此处取65%。
OA=O1+O2=IA×0.06+IA×0.009
式中:OA为绿氨合成总运维成本;O1为绿氨合成运行维护成本;O2为绿氨合成运营成本。
EH2O=22.75×XH2O
EH2=4.8×XH2×11.1×1 000
EN2=106.75×XN2
ENH3=2.25×1 000×X
E=EH2O+EH2+EN2+ENH3
式中:EH2O为蒸馏水蒸馏净化设备每天耗电量;EH2为电解水制氢设备每天耗电量;EN2为氮气空气设备每天耗电量;ENH3为合成氨设备每天耗电量;E为项目每天耗电量。
根据当前绿氨掺烧示范项目调研,拟合得到600 MW燃煤机组绿氨掺烧投资估算曲线如图2所示。由图2可见,机组进行掺氨改造的成本与掺氨比例呈正相关。
绿氨掺烧项目采用绿电平准化成本和绿氨平准化成本分别评价绿电和绿氨的经济性,采用净现值(NPV)计算项目的经济性,NPV大于0说明项目可行。
LE=Ipv+i=1TOpv(1+r)ii=1THpv×Cpv(1+r)i
式中:LE为绿电平准化成本;Ipv为光伏初始投资成本;Opv为第i年运行维护成本;r为折现率;Hpv为年利用小时数;Cpv为光伏装机容量;T为光伏电站寿命。
LE=Ipv+IA+i=1TOpv+OA(1+r)ii=1TRO2(1+r)ii=1TXi(1+r)i
式中:LA为绿氨平准化成本;RO2为第n年氧气出售收益;Xi为第i年绿氨产量。
绿氨掺烧项目将国家政策补贴机制考虑在内,包含零碳电量补贴、绿氨生产补贴、碳减排补贴、金融支持(长期低息贷款)等。本文针对各类政策补贴机制,设计如下方案:
1)零碳电量补贴 对掺烧绿氨产生的零碳电量单独计量,参照可再生能源电价附加机制,给予0.1~0.2元/(kW·h)的补贴,本文取0.2元/(kW·h)的补贴计算。
2)绿氨生产补贴 对项目按实际掺氨量给予补贴,补贴标准参考佛山市“气改氨”模式,设定每吨绿氨的基准补贴为1 000元/t,并根据项目减排效果动态调整,首年按绿氨用量的100%补贴,次年为75%,第3年为50%,引导项目尽快实现技术成熟与成本下降。
3)碳减排补贴 为了提高碳减排收益,将掺氨燃烧的减排量纳入全国碳市场交易,并保障优先交易,对于参与碳市场交易的减排量按实际碳减排量的1.5倍折算,CO2交易价格按100元/t计算。
4)金融支持补贴 设立煤电低碳化改造专项贷款,利率较基准利率下浮30%~60%,期限延长至15~20年,2025年5年期贷款市场报价利率(LPR)为3.6%,本文按1.5%计算。
本文选取某600 MW燃煤机组作为研究对象进行绿氨掺烧经济性分析,根据近年国内市场价格和经济数据,表1介绍了系统测算所涉及的主要参数。
该情景下项目投资收益分析结果如表2图3所示。
表2图3可以看出,项目资本支出的结构性失衡比较明显,项目总投资达471 171万元,其中光伏场站的建设投资高达83%以上,这将显著推高全流程平准化成本。绿氨平准化成本达到3 380.94元/t,高昂的制氨成本直接传导至掺烧环节,削弱火电燃料替代的经济基础。年度运维成本(9 772万元)与收益(13 416万元)的微弱盈余(3 644万元),远不足以覆盖巨额初始投资资本回收需求。运维成本方面,绿氨系统运维成本较高,约5 539万元/年,占比56.68%,预计随柔性合成工艺、模块化设计等技术进步,未来运维成本有望下降;项目收益以节煤收益为主,约8 640万元/年。项目NPV为-301 100万元,表明在全生命周期内无法实现资本保值。
光伏上网电价按334.5元/(MW·h)计算,为满足一台600 MW燃煤机组掺烧10%绿氨的需求,上网电量比例越高,需要配置的光伏场站规模越大,从而整个项目收益率越高,图4为光伏项目的收益率与上网电量比例关系。在基准情景设置的参数条件下,当光伏上网电量比例达到40%,可使整个项目接近不亏损状态(项目收益率仅为–0.9%)。因此,下文按光伏发电40%的上网电量比例进行项目经济性分析。
40%的上网电量比例的情景2下的计算结果为:光伏发电装机容量2 352 MW,燃煤机组满负荷掺氨量30.20 t/h,项目总投资733 361万元,总运维成本12 595万元/a,总收益为53 351万元/a(其中新能源上网收益39 935万元/a),绿电平准化成本为0.23元/(kW·h),绿氨平准化成本为2 550.88元/t,项目收益率-0.90%,NPV为–104 609.94万元。
图5图7对比分析了情景1和情景2项目各项投资、运维、收益上的占比情况。由图5图7可见,情景2通过40%光伏发电量上网的混合商业模式,显著优化了全系统经济性结构。并网模式使绿氨平准化成本较离网型降低24.6%,主要是由于光伏发电可择机上网消纳有效对冲电解制氨系统的负荷波动损失,提升设备利用效率并获取收益;同时电网的收益分担了光伏资产固定成本(总投资增加262 190万元中仅5.92%需绿氨环节独立承担),形成资产协同效应。
此外,尽管情景2总投资增至733 361万元、运维成本升至12 595万元/a,但新能源上网收益驱动总收益跃至53 351万元/a,较离网型总收益(13 416万元)提升297.7%,这使得年度净现金流由离网型的3 644万元增至40 756万元,资本回收压力大幅缓解,反映在动态指标上,即NPV从–301 100万元改善至–104 609.94万元,贬值幅度收窄65.3%。
总体来看,并网型项目通过电网消纳与绿氨合成的柔性协同,在3个方面形成经济性优势:1)构建“电-氨”双产出缓冲机制,提升系统对技术成本波动的适应性;2)利用电价机制实现光伏资产价值最大化,降低绿氨综合成本;3)通过收益多元化重构现金流,削弱初始投资压力(NPV改善超65%)。尽管情景2收益率仍为负值,但较离网型已实现从绝对不可行到临界可行性的质变,为后续通过规模效应或政策激励实现经济性突破奠定了基础。
考虑到煤价和减碳收益是项目经济性的主要影响因素,图8对这2个参数进行了敏感性分析。由图8可见,煤价和碳税对NPV的影响是正相关的,煤价每上涨1%,NPV平均增加约8.90%,而碳税每上涨1%,NPV平均变化11.57%。总体来说,此项目NPV对碳税的变动更敏感,碳税上涨时需警惕项目NPV快速波动,同时,高煤价可部分抵消碳税上涨带来的负面影响。
因此,在常规投资建设运行场景下,光伏发电合成氨并进行燃煤机组绿氨掺烧的项目暂不具备经济性,需通过政策补贴、金融支持等方式鼓励示范试点项目以实现项目收益。
对上述并网型情景2进一步开展考虑国家政策补贴机制情况下的经济性分析,分别测算4种国家政策补贴机制(即零碳电量补贴、绿氨生产补贴、碳减排补贴和低息贷款)对项目净现值及收益率的影响,结果见表3
表3可见,所有情景的基准点(无补贴)NPV均为负值(–104 609.94万元),收益率为负(–0.90%),表明项目在无政策支持时不可行。随着补贴力度加大或政策优惠增强,NPV和收益率均呈现改善趋势,但改善幅度因情景而异。
在零碳电量补贴政策下,补贴达50元/(MW·h)时,收益率转正(0.54%),但NPV仍为负值,表明光伏发电合成绿氨+绿氨掺烧项目开始具有吸引力但需更高补贴以实现盈利;补贴为300元/(MW·h)时收益率达6.84%,接近行业基准收益率(通常为6%~8%),但NPV仍为负,需进一步增加补贴以实现项目完全可行。
在绿氨生产补贴的情景下,收益率在补贴为600元/t时转正(0.17%),但改善幅度最小(仅提升1.87百分点),反映出绿氨生产补贴对项目的激励作用较弱;即使补贴为1 000元/t,NPV仍较低(–72 546.81万元),也就是说该补贴政策需结合其他措施(如技术优化)以提升项目整体效果。
当项目拥有碳减排补贴时,收益率在碳配额倍数为1.50时转正(0.38%),且倍数增至3.00时收益率可达3.88%,此政策杠杆效应较强。NPV改善幅度居中,但碳配额倍数3.00时收益率为3.88%,低于典型基准(6%),通过更高倍数碳配额补贴或叠加其他政策有望进一步提升项目经济性。
当通过低息贷款进行项目支持时,贷款利率降至3.0%可使收益率转正(0.91%),且利率1.0%时收益率达5.70%,接近可行阈值(6%)。NPV改善最显著(降幅达74 079万元),综上,低息贷款对项目经济可行性的提升效果最佳。
图9为对4种国家政策补贴机制对燃煤机组绿氨掺烧项目NPV影响的敏感性分析,将图9中拟合直线的斜率定义为敏感度系数。
图9可以看出,零碳电量补贴敏感度最高(敏感度系数为0.977 6),而碳减排补贴(敏感度系数为0.649 0)和绿氨生产补贴(敏感度系数0.524 2)对补贴增加的相应更平缓,低息贷款敏感度系数为负(-0.667 1),表明其对融资成本上升敏感。
本文对离网型/并网型光伏发电合成氨及掺烧项目进行全流程经济性分析,并测算了零碳电量补贴、绿氨生产补贴、碳减排补贴和低息贷款4种补贴政策对项目收益的影响,得到以下结论。
1)在离网型/并网型光伏发电合成绿氨及掺烧项目中,光伏场站建设是主要的投资项,燃煤机组进行掺氨改造的投资仅为1%左右;对于系统运维,绿氨系统成本较高,预计随着柔性合成工艺、模块化设计等技术进步有望明显下降;节煤收益和光伏上网收益项目全流程中收益的主要来源,约占70%~80%。
2)煤价和碳税是影响绿氨掺烧经济性的主要因素,煤价越高,碳税价格越高,项目NPV越大,NPV对碳税价格的变动更敏感。
3)绿氨掺烧项目短期内不具备经济性,需通过政策补贴和金融支持措施对试点示范项目进行支持,零碳电量补贴、绿氨生产补贴、碳减排补贴、低息贷款4种形式均可不同程度提升项目经济性,低息贷款对项目经济可行性的提升效果最佳,对于项目NPV的变动,零碳电量补贴敏感度最高。
  • 中国大唐集团有限公司科技项目(DTSN-2024-10249)
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2025年第54卷第8期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506106
  • 接收时间:2025-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-30
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Science and Technology Project of China Datang Corporation Ltd.(DTSN-2024-10249)
中国大唐集团有限公司科技项目(DTSN-2024-10249)
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    1.中国大唐集团科技创新有限公司,河北 雄安 071700
    2.大唐韩城第二发电有限责任公司,陕西 韩城 715400
    3.大唐陕西发电有限公司,陕西 西安 710061
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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