Article(id=1236372356969583330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202505082, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748188800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772703740588, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772703740588, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772703740588, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772703740588, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236372356109751006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772703740384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772788131769, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=95, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236372357258990311, articleId=1236372356969583330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Configuration scheme for a decarbonization system via green hydrogen co-firing in coal-fired power plant at large desert, gobi, and wasteland power base, columnId=1236372357200270054, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Multi-energy collaborative optimization of green hydrogen and green ammonia, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To optimize the system configuration scheme for green hydrogen co-firing in coal-fired power units at large renewable bases in desert, gobi, and wasteland areas to achieve decarbonization, a comprehensive system framework encompassing hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, energy storage, and hydrogen co-firing in coal-fired power units is established. It develops a system configuration optimization model aiming for the lowest hydrogen production cost under a decarbonization target constraint. The model is solved and analyzed using mixed-integer linear programming to explore the optimal configuration solutions for a decarbonization system via green hydrogen co-firing in different operating scenarios. The model is demonstrated through a case study. Under the constraint of 10% decarbonization for a single coal-fired power unit, if only curtailed wind and solar power are used for hydrogen production, the annual utilization hours of the hydrogen production equipment are only about 2 000 hours, and the green hydrogen cost is as high as 3.02 yuan/m3 (33.8 yuan/kg). This leads to an increase of 0.217 9 yuan/(kW·h) in the per-unit electricity cost for a single coal-fired power unit. Configuring electrochemical energy storage can reduce the scale of hydrogen production and storage systems and increase the utilization hours of hydrogen production equipment. However, limited by high energy storage construction costs, the energy storage scale needs to be optimally determined, and the green hydrogen cost can be reduced to approximately 2.35 yuan/m3 (26.3 yuan/kg) at its lowest, which leads to an increase of 0.165 2 yuan/(kW·h) in the per-unit electricity cost for a single coal-fired power unit. Furthermore, if a small amount of grid electricity can be introduced to assist hydrogen production within the scope of green hydrogen certification, system construction costs can be further reduced. The hydrogen production cost is expected to decrease to approximately 2.12 yuan/m3 (23.7 yuan/kg) and the per-unit electricity cost for a single coal-fired power unit would increase by 0.142 6 yuan/(kW·h).

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为优化沙戈荒新能源大基地煤电机组掺烧绿氢降碳的系统配置方案,构建了一套包含制氢、储氢、储能及煤电机组掺氢燃烧的综合系统框架,建立了降碳目标约束下以氢燃料成本最低为目标的系统配置优化模型,并运用混合整数线性规划方法进行求解与分析,探讨了不同运行场景下的降碳系统配置优化方案。以某沙戈荒新能源大基地为例,在单台煤电机组降碳10%的目标约束下,如仅利用弃风弃光电力制氢时,制氢装置年利用小时数仅约2 000 h,标准状态下绿氢成本高达3.02元/m3(33.80元/kg),单台煤电机组度电成本增加0.217 9元/(kW·h);配置电化学储能可降低制氢、储氢系统配置规模,提升制氢装置利用小时数,但受限于高额的储能建设成本,储能规模需要优化确定,标准状态下绿氢成本最低可降至约2.35元/m3(26.30元/kg),单台煤电机组度电成本增加0.165 2元/(kW·h);在储能基础上,如可在绿氢认证范围内引入少量公网电力辅助制氢,可进一步减少系统建设成本,标准状态下制氢成本有望降低至约2.12元/m3(23.70元/kg),单台煤电机组度电成本增加0.142 6元/(kW·h)。

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林祥东(1987),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火电产业政策及技术评估,
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陈文琦(1998),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为火电产业政策及技术评估,

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language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Optimization coefficients for test case

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项目数值项目数值
ηccs0.902 5Cburn/(万元·台–1)3 000
τO&M1.15Cwaste/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.03
Celectro/(万元·m–3)3Cpub/(元·(kW·h)–1)
Cccs/(元·(kW·h)–1)750CH2O/(元·t–1)2
Chydro/(万元·个–1)750
), ArticleFig(id=1236372365198807295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372356969583330, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

算例优化系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
ηccs0.902 5Cburn/(万元·台–1)3 000
τO&M1.15Cwaste/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.03
Celectro/(万元·m–3)3Cpub/(元·(kW·h)–1)
Cccs/(元·(kW·h)–1)750CH2O/(元·t–1)2
Chydro/(万元·个–1)750
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沙戈荒新能源大基地煤电掺烧绿氢降碳系统配置方案研究
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陈文琦 1 , 黄玉磊 1 , 周秦 2 , 林祥东 1 , 张俊春 1 , 薄煜 1 , 李文凯 1 , 黄大岸 3 , 张伊甸 1 , 高群翔 1 , 张晨昕 4
热力发电 | 绿氢绿氨多能协同优化 2025,54(8): 95-103
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热力发电 | 绿氢绿氨多能协同优化 2025, 54(8): 95-103
沙戈荒新能源大基地煤电掺烧绿氢降碳系统配置方案研究
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陈文琦1 , 黄玉磊1, 周秦2, 林祥东1 , 张俊春1, 薄煜1, 李文凯1, 黄大岸3, 张伊甸1, 高群翔1, 张晨昕4
作者信息
  • 1.电力规划设计总院,北京 100120
  • 2.中国电力工程顾问集团西南电力设计院有限公司,四川 成都 610021
  • 3.中国葛洲坝集团股份有限公司,湖北 武汉 430033
  • 4.中国华能集团有限公司,北京 100031
  • 陈文琦(1998),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为火电产业政策及技术评估,

通讯作者:

林祥东(1987),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火电产业政策及技术评估,
Configuration scheme for a decarbonization system via green hydrogen co-firing in coal-fired power plant at large desert, gobi, and wasteland power base
Wenqi CHEN1 , Yulei HUANG1, Qin ZHOU2, Xiangdong LIN1 , Junchun ZHANG1, Yu BO1, Wenkai LI1, Daan HUANG3, Yidian ZHANG1, Qunxiang GAO1, Chenxin ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.China Electric Power Planning & Engineering Institute, Beijing 100120, China
  • 2.Southwest Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd. of China Power Engineering Consulting Group, Chengdu 610021, China
  • 3.China Gezhouba Group Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430033, China
  • 4.China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100031, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505082
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为优化沙戈荒新能源大基地煤电机组掺烧绿氢降碳的系统配置方案,构建了一套包含制氢、储氢、储能及煤电机组掺氢燃烧的综合系统框架,建立了降碳目标约束下以氢燃料成本最低为目标的系统配置优化模型,并运用混合整数线性规划方法进行求解与分析,探讨了不同运行场景下的降碳系统配置优化方案。以某沙戈荒新能源大基地为例,在单台煤电机组降碳10%的目标约束下,如仅利用弃风弃光电力制氢时,制氢装置年利用小时数仅约2 000 h,标准状态下绿氢成本高达3.02元/m3(33.80元/kg),单台煤电机组度电成本增加0.217 9元/(kW·h);配置电化学储能可降低制氢、储氢系统配置规模,提升制氢装置利用小时数,但受限于高额的储能建设成本,储能规模需要优化确定,标准状态下绿氢成本最低可降至约2.35元/m3(26.30元/kg),单台煤电机组度电成本增加0.165 2元/(kW·h);在储能基础上,如可在绿氢认证范围内引入少量公网电力辅助制氢,可进一步减少系统建设成本,标准状态下制氢成本有望降低至约2.12元/m3(23.70元/kg),单台煤电机组度电成本增加0.142 6元/(kW·h)。

新能源大基地  /  绿氢掺烧  /  煤电降碳  /  制氢  /  储能

To optimize the system configuration scheme for green hydrogen co-firing in coal-fired power units at large renewable bases in desert, gobi, and wasteland areas to achieve decarbonization, a comprehensive system framework encompassing hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, energy storage, and hydrogen co-firing in coal-fired power units is established. It develops a system configuration optimization model aiming for the lowest hydrogen production cost under a decarbonization target constraint. The model is solved and analyzed using mixed-integer linear programming to explore the optimal configuration solutions for a decarbonization system via green hydrogen co-firing in different operating scenarios. The model is demonstrated through a case study. Under the constraint of 10% decarbonization for a single coal-fired power unit, if only curtailed wind and solar power are used for hydrogen production, the annual utilization hours of the hydrogen production equipment are only about 2 000 hours, and the green hydrogen cost is as high as 3.02 yuan/m3 (33.8 yuan/kg). This leads to an increase of 0.217 9 yuan/(kW·h) in the per-unit electricity cost for a single coal-fired power unit. Configuring electrochemical energy storage can reduce the scale of hydrogen production and storage systems and increase the utilization hours of hydrogen production equipment. However, limited by high energy storage construction costs, the energy storage scale needs to be optimally determined, and the green hydrogen cost can be reduced to approximately 2.35 yuan/m3 (26.3 yuan/kg) at its lowest, which leads to an increase of 0.165 2 yuan/(kW·h) in the per-unit electricity cost for a single coal-fired power unit. Furthermore, if a small amount of grid electricity can be introduced to assist hydrogen production within the scope of green hydrogen certification, system construction costs can be further reduced. The hydrogen production cost is expected to decrease to approximately 2.12 yuan/m3 (23.7 yuan/kg) and the per-unit electricity cost for a single coal-fired power unit would increase by 0.142 6 yuan/(kW·h).

renewable energy base  /  green hydrogen co-firing  /  coal-fired power plant decarbonization  /  hydrogen production  /  energy storage
陈文琦, 黄玉磊, 周秦, 林祥东, 张俊春, 薄煜, 李文凯, 黄大岸, 张伊甸, 高群翔, 张晨昕. 沙戈荒新能源大基地煤电掺烧绿氢降碳系统配置方案研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (8) : 95 -103 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505082
Wenqi CHEN, Yulei HUANG, Qin ZHOU, Xiangdong LIN, Junchun ZHANG, Yu BO, Wenkai LI, Daan HUANG, Yidian ZHANG, Qunxiang GAO, Chenxin ZHANG. Configuration scheme for a decarbonization system via green hydrogen co-firing in coal-fired power plant at large desert, gobi, and wasteland power base[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (8) : 95 -103 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505082
我国“沙戈荒”地区(沙漠、戈壁、荒漠)占全国陆地总面积约13%,风能、太阳能资源丰富,拥有大片生态红线区以外的未利用土地,国土空间资源丰富,是集中规模化开发新能源的理想区域。2022年6月,国家发展和改革委员会、国家能源局等九部门联合印发了《“十四五”可再生能源发展规划》,明确提出以风光资源为依托、以区域电网为支撑、以输电通道为牵引、以高效消纳为目标,统筹优化风电光伏布局和支撑调节电源,在内蒙古、青海、甘肃等西北沙漠、戈壁、荒漠地区,加快建设一批生态友好、经济优越、体现国家战略的大型风电光伏基地项目。截至目前,已有部分沙戈荒新能源大基地方案陆续获批,并进入实施阶段。
在已获批的沙戈荒新能源大基地项目中,一般配置一定规模的煤电机组作为支撑调节电源。新能源出力具有强随机性、间歇性和波动性特征,且多采用电力电子设备并网,缺乏常规同步发电机的转动惯量和电压支撑能力,这给电力系统的安全稳定运行带来严峻挑战[1]。尽管储能、光热、虚拟同步机等新兴技术正在着力突破上述瓶颈[1-2],但面对新能源大基地的规模化装机容量及复杂运行需求,煤电以其技术成熟、经济最优的特点,在沙戈荒新能源大基地建设进程中,科学配置适当比例煤电机组,是实现新能源大基地安全稳定运行、确保电力可靠供应的重要技术路径[3]。目前,已获批的沙戈荒新能源大基地基本采用“风光火”开发模式[4-5]
与此同时,煤电作为我国碳排放的主要来源之一,我国能源低碳化转型也需要煤电发挥关键作用。2025年4月,国家发展和改革委员会、国家能源局联合印发的《新一代煤电升级专项行动实施方案(2025—2027年)》(发改能源〔2025〕363号),提出因地制宜采用零碳低碳燃料掺烧、碳捕集利用与封存、煤电与新能源耦合等技术,以提升机组清洁降碳技术水平。目前,煤电常用的掺烧燃料有绿氢、绿氨和生物质等。考虑到沙戈荒新能源大基地风光资源丰富,周边生物质资源匮乏,新能源大基地内煤电降碳采用掺烧绿氢和绿氨的方案更可行。国际上,日本和韩国最早提出煤电掺烧绿氨降碳的思路[6-7],主要原因在于两国新能源资源匮乏,绿氢和绿氨主要依赖进口,液氨的体积能量密度高,且大规模储存和运输技术已经成熟,运输成本更低。在沙戈荒新能源大基地中,煤电机组距离新能源机组较近,绿氢可采用管道运输等方式,运输成本低,无需转成液氨进行运输。因此,已有部分项目前瞻性地提出拟利用沙戈荒新能源大基地的弃风弃光制取绿氢,部分替代基地煤电机组的燃煤消耗。沙戈荒新能源大基地煤电掺烧绿氢降碳有望成为新一代煤电清洁降碳的一条重要路径。
国内外学者就新能源制氢系统方面的研究较多[8-21],煤电机组掺烧氢气方面的研究较少[2227]。新能源制氢方面,国能经济技术研究院王明华分析了新能源电解水制氢技术的经济性,重点探讨了影响制氢成本的关键因素[10]。金风科技Zhang Guotao系统研究了风电耦合制氢系统的经济性,提出采用弃风制氢的平均成本在22.4元/kg左右[8]。文献[14,17-18]通过优化方法提出了多种风光制氢电解槽集群优化策略,通过构建能量管理策略与启停优化调度模型以提升系统收益。西安交通大学陈杰团队系统综述了光伏电解水制氢技术,分析了电解槽类型、催化剂设计及系统集成优化策略,展望了规模化应用挑战与方向[19]。煤电机组掺烧氢气方面:新疆大学Lu Hao团队针对煤电机组掺烧氢气的燃烧过程进行了仿真研究[24-25],其中,文献[24]提出一方面氢气的快速燃烧有助于煤粉的点燃,另一方面,随着氢气混合比例的增加,生成的大量H2O使得炉膛整体温度有所下降;而文献[25]进一步提出大量H2O不仅导致了低温区的生成,同时延长了煤炭的燃尽时间;上海电力大学刘鑫等通过数值模拟分析了超超临界1 000 MW燃煤锅炉在低负荷(300 MW)运行时,一次风中掺混不同比例氢气和氧气对炉膛温度场和燃烧稳定性的影响,说明了掺烧氢气有利于煤电机组的低负荷稳燃[22];东方电气集团赵硕等通过50 kW下行燃烧试验炉探究了燃煤掺氢对燃烧特性的影响,揭示了掺氢比与NOx排放的非线性关系[23]
综上所述,煤电机组掺烧绿氢作为沙戈荒新能源大基地潜在的降碳手段,其经济性是目前制约该技术规模化发展的核心因素,系统配置方案是决定绿氢成本的核心因素,目前国内外就其系统配置方案的研究较少。为此,本文以某沙戈荒新能源大基地为例,构建了沙戈荒新能源大基地煤电机组掺烧绿氢降碳系统框架,建立了在碳减排指标约束下以氢燃料成本最低为目标的系统配置优化模型,通过建模优化大基地煤电掺烧绿氢降碳系统的配置方案,以期最大限度降低绿氢成本。
本文构建的新能源大基地煤电机组掺氢降碳系统,旨在利用大基地的弃风弃光制取绿氢,随后送入煤电机组掺烧以降低碳排放。该系统的核心部件包括电解槽等制氢装置、氢气储罐、煤电机组掺氢燃烧装置、储能装置(如需要)等。系统框架与运行方式如图1所示。
图1可见,系统运行所需的能源既可以全部来自于新能源大基地的弃电,也可以通过公网补充部分用电需求。在制氢侧,风光发电高峰时段产生的过剩电能优先驱动电解槽制氢,制氢功率由弃风弃光功率与电网调度指令实时调节;储能侧作为备用调节单元,在制氢容量饱和时存储剩余弃电,并在外部电源功率不足时反向供电至制氢系统;储氢侧根据掺烧侧实时的掺烧氢气上限存储短时无法消纳的氢气;掺烧侧基于电网调度指令与掺烧设备允许的掺氢上限动态调整掺烧绿氢量。全系统通过实时数据监测与智能调度策略,兼顾能源利用效率与设备运行安全。
为深入研究该系统的配置方案,探究储能系统配置与公网电接入的必要性,本文考虑了3种不同的系统组成方案。最简单的方案是制氢所需用电全部来自弃电且不配置储能。由于弃电功率的波动性,这种方案的实时氢气产量变化极大,满足碳减排指标需要配置较大的制氢与储氢装置。第2种方案在前一方案的基础上允许配置储能装置,储能装置可大幅平抑弃电功率曲线的波动,提升制氢装置利用小时数,从而减小制氢与储氢装置规模。第3种方案则在第2种方案的基础上进一步在绿氢认证允许的范围内使用部分公网电。根据欧盟《可再生能源指令II》中的绿氢认证标准,只有制氢装置所在竞价区域的上一日历年的可再生电力平均比例超过90%,该区域生产的氢气才能被认定为绿氢。基于此标准,制氢过程中使用的公网电量占比不得超过10%。
储能装置用于储存无法即时送入制氢系统的可再生能源电力。为煤电机组掺氢系统配备储能装置能有效平抑制氢装置输入端负荷波动,提升制氢装置利用小时数,减少制氢系统规模,降低系统建设成本。目前,大容量储能技术主要包含电化学储能、物理储能等,其中物理储能又包含抽水蓄能、压缩空气储能、熔盐储能、重力储能与飞轮储能等[28-29]。新能源大基地煤电机组掺烧绿氢降碳系统配备的储能装置主要用于存储/释放风光弃电,对于储能的响应速度和负荷调节能力要求较高,采用电化学储能较为合适。本文的配置方案优化中,储能装置需满足如下约束:
Pccs,t0.5×maxt(Eccs,t)
Pccs,t(Pwaste,t+Ppub,t)
Pccs,tEccs,t
式中:t为时间,本文设置为8 760 h;Pccs,tEccs,t分别为实时流入(-)、流出(+)储能装置的电量与储能装置的实时储能量;maxt(Eccs,t)为储能装置的最大储能量;Ppub,tPwaste,t分别为系统从公网上获得的实时电量与系统实时利用的弃电量。式(1)与式(2)表示储能系统的实时储能量不能高于最大储能量的50%(即储能按2 h配置)或是当前输入系统的电量之和,式(3)表示储能系统的实时放电量不得高于当前装置中的实时储能量。
制氢系统利用基地弃风弃光和主网电量,采用电解水技术制取绿氢。考虑到欧盟绿氢认证的要求,本文中的制氢侧装置用电需满足公网电量不超过总用电量的10%,即有:
sum(Ppub,t)σ×sum(Pwaste,t+Ppub,t)
式中:σ为公网电比例,在纯弃电情形下取0,在采用弃电+部分公网电制氢情形下,σ取0.1。
储氢系统用于储存无法即时送入煤电机组掺烧的氢气。目前,储氢方法主要分为气态储氢、低温液态储氢、有机液储氢、固态储氢4种[29-30]。气态储氢技术比较成熟,是目前我国最常用的储氢技术,且本文的新能源大基地煤电机组掺氢系统中氢气存储时间相对较短,充放频率和速率要求较高,故气态储氢方案较为合适。本文建模的储氢装置需满足如下约束:
Phydro,tmaxt(Ehydro,t)
Phydro,t(Pwaste,t+Ppub,t+ηccsPccs,t)
Phydro,tEhydro,t
式中:Phydro,tEhydro,t分别为实时流入(-)、流出(+)氢装置的氢气与储氢装置的实时储氢量(计算中二者均用制氢电量表示);ηccs为系统储能装置的效率。式(5)与式(6)表示储氢系统的实时储氢量不能高于储罐大小或是当前制氢量,式(7)表示储氢系统的实时放氢量不得高于当前储罐中实时储氢量。
煤电机组掺烧氢气装置用于将氢气输送至机组锅炉中稳定燃烧,主要包括燃烧器和氢气及空气输送管道系统。燃烧器主要包括点火装置、火焰检测装置、氢气喷枪、空气通道及调节装置等;氢气及空气输送管道系统主要包括快关阀、调节阀、过滤器、流量计、压力/温度测量仪表等。本文建模的掺烧侧装置需满足如下约束:
maxt(Pwaste,t+Ppub,t+ηccsPccs,t)Pwaste,t+Ppub,t+ηccsPccs,t+Phydro,t
(Pwaste,t+Ppub,t+ηccsPccs,t+Phydro,t)MAXLOADt
式中:MAXLOADt为煤电掺烧氢气系统的实时最大掺烧氢气量。式(8)表示氢气输送管道系统的最大输送能力为制氢系统的最大制氢量;式(9)表示煤电机组掺烧氢气系统的最大掺烧能力约束。本文煤电机组实时最大掺烧氢气比例与当前煤电机组的功率相关,煤电机组负荷不小于额定负荷的60%时,最大掺烧量不超过额定负荷30%;而煤电机组负荷小于额定负荷的60%时,最大掺烧量不超过当前负荷50%。
新能源大基地煤电机组掺烧绿氢降碳系统以制氢成本最低为优化目标,制氢成本目标函数为:
0.1×Cconstruct×τO&M+Coperation
式中:Cconstruct为整个系统的建设成本;τO&M为运维费用系数;Coperation为整个系统的运行费用。该式包含整个系统的建设成本(按10年均摊计)与年制氢电费成本,其中,建设成本Cconstruct为储能侧(式(11))、制氢侧(式(12))、储氢侧(式(13))与煤电机组掺烧氢气侧设备费用(式(14))之和。
maxt(Pwaste,t+Ppub,t+ηccsPccs,t)×Celectro
maxt(Pccs,t)×Cccs
maxt(Phydro,t)×Chydro
Cburn
系统运行成本Coperation为弃电费(式(15))、公网电费(式(16))与水费(式(17))之和。
sum(Pwaste,t)×Cwaste
sum(Ppub,t)×Cpub
maxt(Pwaste,t+Ppub,t+ηccsPccs,t)×CH2O
式中:maxt(Pwaste,t+Ppub,t+ηccsPccs,t)为制氢装置最大功率;Celectro为制氢装置单位功率建设成本;Pccs,tCccs分别为储能系统容量与其单位容量建设成本;Phydro,tChydro分别为储氢系统容量与其单位容量建设成本;CwasteCpubCH2O分别为单位弃电电费、单位公网电费用与单位水费。
除1.2节列出的系统内装置约束外,整个煤电机组掺氢降碳系统还需满足全年碳减排总量指标:
sumt(Pwaste,t+Ppub,t+ηccsPccs,t+Phydro,t)Threshold
式中:Threshold为满足煤电机组全年碳减排指标所需的氢气量(以制氢电量表示)。
本文构建的新能源大基地煤电机组掺氢系统配置优化模型优化参数包括实时储/放能功率、储能装置中的储能量、实时弃电、公网电利用量、实时储/放氢量、储氢装置中的储氢量,需通过混合整数线性规划(mixed integer linear programming,MILP)求解,后续算例中调用PuLP包[31]中的CBC求解器求解该问题。
为验证所构建模型有效性,本文以西北某新能源大基地为例进行系统配置优化分析。该大基地配备有1 500万千瓦新能源和264万千瓦煤电(4× 66万千瓦),经调度运行优化后获得基地一年分时弃电与煤电功率曲线(共8 760个数据点)(图2)。
该大基地全年燃煤发电量为102.9亿千瓦时,全年弃风弃光电量达43.7亿千瓦时,其中,弃电功率主要集中在20万千瓦~600万千瓦,最大可超过700万千瓦。
算例中采用的相关系数参考市场价格,表1为算例优化系数。计算中考虑度电成本上升时,参考标准煤价为742元/t。
本文考虑了3种不同的系统组成方案,即纯弃电制氢、不配置储能,纯弃电制氢、配置储能与弃电+部分公网电制氢、配置储能。根据《新一代煤电升级专项行动实施方案(2025一代煤电升年)》(发改能源〔2025〕363号)的要求,清洁降碳新一代煤电示范要求度电碳排放水平较2024年同类煤电机组降低10%~20%。因此,本文通过对比在单台煤电机组碳减排10%约束下,3种方案的总系统建设成本、氢气制备成本与上网电价上浮,定性定量考虑不同组成方案对于系统整体经济性的影响。
本文测算了不同降碳比例下,该方案的系统优化配置。图3图4分别展示了煤电机组降碳比例和氢气价格随弃电利用率的变化与4台煤电机组上网电价上浮和氢气价格随煤电机组降碳比例的变化情况。由图3可见,随着系统利用弃电量增多,弃电利用率增大,煤电机组降碳比例呈线性增长趋势,而氢气价格则在弃电利用率较大时出现指数型攀升。这主要是由于制氢装置为消纳过剩电力而快速扩容,导致设备年利用小时数持续下降所致。氢气价格的指数型上升也导致图4中煤电电价上浮随煤电机组降碳比例的升高呈现类似的增长趋势。
经计算,在单台煤电机组碳减排10%约束下的系统配置优化结果如下。
制氢装置规模9.9×104 m3/h(气体均为标准状态下,下同;电功率49.5万千瓦),制氢装置年利用小时数2 018 h,储氢罐大小689×104 m3,消纳弃电10.0亿千瓦时(弃电利用率23%),年制氢量约2.0亿m3
经济性方面,系统建设成本49.9亿元,测算氢气成本约3.02元/m3(约33.8元/kg),单台煤电机组上网电价上浮0.217 9元/(kW·h),4台煤电机组上网电价上浮0.054 5元/(kW·h),大基地电源综合上网电价上浮0.015 7元/(kW·h)。
由于存在利用弃风弃光的小时数偏少,导致在仅利用风光弃电且无储能时,制氢装置的利用小时数不高,且制氢装置容量越大,利用小时数越低,这对大基地掺氢降碳的经济性造成了极为不利的影响,使得氢气价格和煤电电价上浮指数级攀升,限制了煤电机组降碳比例的提升。利用电化学储能、主网电辅助制氢则有望实现提升制氢设备的利用率,提升煤电机组的掺氢降碳比例。
在使用纯弃电的情况下,本节优化计算了在单台煤电机组降碳10%的边界条件下,不同规模的电化学储能对应的大基地煤电机组掺氢降碳系统的优化方案配置,相关结果如下。
1)当储能规模为9.4万千瓦时,制氢规模为9.5×104 m3/h(电功率47.5万千瓦),制氢装置年利用小时数为2 090 h,储氢罐体积678×104 m3。系统建设成本49.1亿元,测算氢气成本约2.99元/m3(约33.5元/kg),单台煤电机组上网电价上浮为0.214 4元/(kW·h),4台煤电机组上网电价上浮为0.053 6元/(kW·h),大基地电源综合上网电价上浮为0.015 5元/(kW·h)。
2)当储能规模253.1万千瓦时,制氢规模为4.0×104 m3/h(电功率20.0万千瓦),制氢装置年利用小时数为4 965 h,储氢罐体积234×104 m3。系统建设成本38.0亿元,测算氢气成本约2.35元/m3(约26.3元/kg),单台煤电机组上网电价上浮为0.165 2元/(kW·h),4台煤电机组上网电价上浮为0.041 3元/(kW·h),大基地电源综合上网电价上浮为0.011 9元/(kW·h)。
3)当储能规模468.8万千瓦时,制氢规模为3.0×104 m3/h(电功率15.0万千瓦),制氢装置年利用小时数为6 619 h,储氢罐大小113×104 m3。系统建设成本47.7亿元,测算氢气成本约2.91元/m3(约32.6元/kg),单台煤电机组上网电价上浮为0.208 4元/(kW·h),4台煤电机组上网电价上浮为0.052 1元/(kW·h),大基地电源综合上网电价上浮为0.0150元/(kW·h)。
可以看到,随着电化学储能装置规模的提升,制氢装置、储氢装置的规模单调降低。由于降碳比例不变,即用于掺烧的氢气总量不变,制氢装置利用小时数随制氢装置大小的降低而单调提升。该方案下,优化配置的制氢与储氢装置规模相较不配置储能方案大幅下降,分别从9.9×104 m3/h、689×104 m3降低至4.0×104 m3/h、234×104 m3。这直接导致其系统建设成本相较不配置储能方案降低了11.9亿元,氢气成本降低0.67元/m3(约7.5元/kg),最终导致单台煤电机组上网电价上浮相较前一方案的优化配置降低0.052 7元/(kW·h)。
然而,受限于高额的储能单位建设成本,储能装置规模并非越大越好。图5系统地绘制了在单台煤电机组降碳10%的边界条件下,不同大小的储能装置对于煤电整体度电成本与制氢成本的影响。随着电化学储能装置规模的提升,电化学储能成本的快速升高抵消了制氢装置利用小时数上升带来的收益,这使得度电成本与制氢成本随储能装置规模的提升呈现先降低后升高的趋势。
经优化计算,这种场景下系统优化制氢规模3.6×104 m3/h,电解槽用电功率17.9万千瓦,储能装置容量为248.6万千瓦时,储氢罐大小26×104 m3。该系统全年制氢量为2.0亿m3,制氢用电量为10亿千瓦时,其中消纳弃电电量9亿千瓦时,占制氢用电总量的90%、占弃电总量的21%。制氢装置年利用小时数5 547 h。
综合弃电及主网电量电价,制氢侧平均购电成本0.041 0元/(kW·h);系统建设成本约31.8亿元,氢气成本为2.12元/m3(约23.7元/kg),单台煤电机组电价上浮0.142 6元/(kW·h),4台煤电机组电价上浮0.0356元/(kW·h),大基地电源综合上网电价上浮0.010 2元/(kW·h)。
值得注意的是,在使用一定量公网电制氢后,系统制氢装置大小基本不变,而储氢装置规模相比纯弃电系统配置大幅减少,由约234×104 m3下降至约26×104 m3。这直接导致在制氢装置和储能装置规模变化不大的情况下,系统整体建设成本降低了约6亿元,氢气成本降低0.23元/m3(约2.6元/kg),最终导致单台煤电机组上网电价上浮相较纯弃电+储能方案的优化配置降低0.022 6元/(kW·h)。这一现象可能是由于弃电时段相对集中,为了实现利用纯弃电制氢以达到单台煤电机组降碳10%的目标,储氢和储能系统不得不配置较大容量,从而造成利用率偏低。考虑到大型风光基地的风电和光伏装机规模较大,弃电时段较为集中且弃电量较大,如果能在绿氢认定允许的范围内,合理调度公网电力参与制氢,能够进一步降低系统建设成本。弃风弃光利用量最高的72 h调度运行方式如图6所示,图6中输入系统电源与储能、储氢重叠部分表示储能、储氢系统净流入。
通过新能源弃电制氢替代大基地煤电机组燃煤,是沙戈荒新能源大基地潜在的降碳手段。为寻求最低的降碳成本,探究该模式的经济性,本文构建了一套包含制氢、储氢、储能及煤电机组掺氢燃烧的综合系统方案,建立了降碳目标约束下的以氢燃料成本最低为目标的系统配置优化模型,并运用混合整数线性规划方法进行求解与分析,探讨了纯弃电制氢及不配置储能、纯弃电制氢及配置储能、弃电与部分公网电制氢及配置储能3种运行场景下的降碳系统配置优化方案。研究结果表明:
1)在仅利用弃风弃光电力且不配置储能装置的场景下,制氢与储氢装置规模很大,分别为9.9×104 m3/h与689×104 m3;制氢装置利用率低,年利用小时数在2 000 h左右;测算的制氢成本约为3.02元/m3(约33.8元/kg),单台煤电机组度电成本增加0.217 9元/(kW·h),大基地电源综合上网电价上浮0.015 7元/(kW·h),系统经济性较差。
2)引入电化学储能装置可有效平抑制氢系统输入端的负荷波动,从而显著降低制氢与储氢装置规模需求,提升制氢设备年利用小时数,改善系统整体经济性。然而,受限于高额的储能建设成本,最佳储能规模需要优化确定。本算例中优化确定的制氢与储氢装置规模降低至4.0×104 m3/h与234×104 m3;制氢装置年利用小时数提升至约5 000 h;制氢成本大幅下降至约2.35元/m3(约26.3元/kg),单台煤电机组度电成本增加0.165 2元/(kW·h),大基地电源综合上网电价上浮0.011 9元/(kW·h)。
3)在引入储能装置的基础上,在绿氢认证允许范围内引入少量公网电力辅助制氢,能够进一步降低储氢系统的容量需求至26×104 m3,制氢成本进一步下降至约2.12元/m3(约23.7元/kg),单台煤电机组度电成本增加0.142 6元/(kW·h),大基地电源综合上网电价上浮0.010 2元/(kW·h)。
因此,为尽可能降低沙戈荒新能源大基地煤电机组掺氢降碳成本,应综合考虑基地弃电曲线特性,适当配置部分储能装置,如在绿氢认证允许范围内也可引入少量公网电力辅助制氢。目前,沙戈荒新能源大基地煤电机组掺氢降碳成本仍然较高,未来随着电制氢装置、储能装置成本的下降,绿氢成本有望进一步降低,将推动大基地煤电向低碳甚至零碳的调节电源转型,助力“双碳”目标的实现。
  • 中国能源建设股份有限公司重点研发项目(CEEC2023-ZDYF-02)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505082
  • 接收时间:2025-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-26
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Key Research and Development Project of China Energy Engineering Group Co., Ltd.(CEEC2023-ZDYF-02)
中国能源建设股份有限公司重点研发项目(CEEC2023-ZDYF-02)
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    1.电力规划设计总院,北京 100120
    2.中国电力工程顾问集团西南电力设计院有限公司,四川 成都 610021
    3.中国葛洲坝集团股份有限公司,湖北 武汉 430033
    4.中国华能集团有限公司,北京 100031

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林祥东(1987),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火电产业政策及技术评估,
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