Article(id=1236372356575318750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202505076, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747238400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772703740495, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1756051200000, pubDateStr=2025-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772703740495, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772703740495, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772703740495, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236372356109751006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772703740384, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772788131769, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236726319342481873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236372356109751006, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236372356936028897, articleId=1236372356575318750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research progress on key technologies and low-carbon economy analysis of the whole industrial chain of green ammonia co-firing in coal-fired power plants, columnId=1236372356864725728, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Technical research progress of green ammonia co-firing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the demand for low-carbon transition in coal-fired power plants, ammonia, as a zero-carbon fuel and efficient hydrogen storage carrier, provides a novel pathway for carbon reduction in the thermal power industry. The key technologies and research advances in green ammonia synthesis, storage, transportation, and ammonia-coal co-firing are systematically reviewed from the perspective of the “production-storage-transportation-utilization” whole industry chain, and the economic feasibility is also evaluated. The study reveals that, the second-generation low-temperature and low-pressure synthesis technology (Fe/Ru catalysts) exhibits the greatest industrial potential for green ammonia production, but requires breakthroughs in enhancing catalytic activity and dynamic matching technologies for renewable energy-based hydrogen-ammonia synthesis systems. It is urgent to develop 100 000-ton-level cryogenic storage tanks and long-distance liquid ammonia pipelines, and establish a “West-to-East Ammonia Transmission” network to support large-scale applications. Ammonia-coal co-firing can achieve NOx emissions comparable to pure coal combustion by optimizing ammonia injection positions (post-injection in low-oxygen zones), air staging (equivalence ratio of 1.1~1.3 in primary zone), and ammonia blending ratios, alongside designing low-NOx co-firing burners. However, the weakened radiative heat transfer and enhanced convective heat transfer post-co-firing necessitate compatibility adjustments in boiler steam-water systems. When the cost of renewable electricity decreases to 0.10 yuan/(kW·h) with carbon price exceeding 370 yuan/t, or by utilizing curtailed wind/solar power (with near-zero electricity costs), green ammonia is more competitive than coal. In the future, it is necessary to promote the implementation of technology through green ammonia cost reduction, carbon price mechanism and policy support. This study provides comprehensive technical references and economic optimization strategies for scaling up green ammonia co-firing in coal-fired power plants.

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为应对燃煤电站低碳转型需求,氨作为零碳燃料及高效储氢载体,其与煤混烧技术为火电行业碳减排提供了新路径。从“制-储-输-用”全产业链角度,系统综述了绿氨合成、存储运输及氨煤混烧的研究进展与关键技术,并评估其经济性。研究发现,绿氨合成以第二代低温低压技术(铁/钌催化剂)最具工业化潜力,该技术需要突破催化活性提升与可再生能源制氢-合成氨系统动态匹配技术;并提出开发10万吨级低温储罐与长输液氨管道,建设“西氨东输”网络以支撑绿氨规模化应用;氨煤混烧可通过优化掺氨位置(低氧区后掺)、空气分级(主燃区当量比1.1~1.3)及掺氨比例,以及设计低氮氨煤混烧燃烧装置,实现NOx排放与纯煤相当,且需考虑掺烧后炉内辐射传热减弱、对流增强,以及锅炉汽水系统兼容性。当绿电成本降至0.10元/(kW·h)且碳价大于370元/t,或利用弃风/光电制氨时,绿氨将比燃煤具备竞争力,未来需通过绿氨降本、碳价机制与政策支持推动技术落地。该研究为燃煤电站绿氨掺烧技术规模化应用提供了全链条技术参考与经济性优化方向。

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冯汉升(1982),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为氨氢燃料高效清洁利用,
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李海燕(1989),女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤电站锅炉掺氨燃烧技术开发,

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李海燕(1989),女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤电站锅炉掺氨燃烧技术开发,

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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372356575318750, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Change of coal and ammonia fuel cost with carbon prices and electricity prices, figureFileSmall=/6O1YEIXUcvGhDovPZt3sA==, figureFileBig=bniOF1MlvRttjirTylWLlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372363978264719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372356575318750, language=CN, label=图7, caption=煤、绿氨燃料成本随碳价、电价的变化趋势, figureFileSmall=/6O1YEIXUcvGhDovPZt3sA==, figureFileBig=bniOF1MlvRttjirTylWLlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236372364062150811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372356575318750, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of key parameters of three generations of green ammonia technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目第一代(哈伯法)第二代(低温低压)第三代(电催化)
反应温度/℃400~500300~35025~100
反应压力/MPa15~255~10常压
能耗/(GJ·t–1)28~3220~2515~20(理论值)
技术成熟度(TRL)96~73~4
适配可再生能源特性
), ArticleFig(id=1236372364171202725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372356575318750, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3代绿氨合成技术的关键参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目第一代(哈伯法)第二代(低温低压)第三代(电催化)
反应温度/℃400~500300~35025~100
反应压力/MPa15~255~10常压
能耗/(GJ·t–1)28~3220~2515~20(理论值)
技术成熟度(TRL)96~73~4
适配可再生能源特性
), ArticleFig(id=1236372364242505899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372356575318750, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Statistics of long infusion ammonia pipelines abroad

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称建设年份国家总长度/km管径/mm设计输量/(×104 t·a–1)
海湾中央管道系统1971年美国3 057250/200/150200.0
中美管道系统1968年美国1 754200/15091.5
坦帕湾管道系统1978年美国134150145.0
托利亚蒂-敖德萨管道系统1983年俄罗斯2 424350250.0
), ArticleFig(id=1236372364318003380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372356575318750, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国外长输液氨管道统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称建设年份国家总长度/km管径/mm设计输量/(×104 t·a–1)
海湾中央管道系统1971年美国3 057250/200/150200.0
中美管道系统1968年美国1 754200/15091.5
坦帕湾管道系统1978年美国134150145.0
托利亚蒂-敖德萨管道系统1983年俄罗斯2 424350250.0
), ArticleFig(id=1236372364435443900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372356575318750, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Statistics of liquid ammonia pipelines in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称建设年份省份总长度/km管径/mm压力/MPa设计输量/(×104 t·a–1)
秦皇岛液氨管道1990年河北82.580/100/1252.4510.5
金源化工液氨管道2000年河北29.01251.306.0
开阳化工液氨管道2013年贵州21.52002.7550.0
云天化液氨管道2013年云南28.72551.70~3.4028.5
), ArticleFig(id=1236372364515135684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236372356575318750, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

中国液氨管道统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称建设年份省份总长度/km管径/mm压力/MPa设计输量/(×104 t·a–1)
秦皇岛液氨管道1990年河北82.580/100/1252.4510.5
金源化工液氨管道2000年河北29.01251.306.0
开阳化工液氨管道2013年贵州21.52002.7550.0
云天化液氨管道2013年云南28.72551.70~3.4028.5
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燃煤电站绿氨掺烧全产业链关键技术研究进展与低碳经济分析
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李海燕 1 , 孙王平 1 , 程宇 1 , 崖华青 1 , 方世东 1, 2 , 冯汉升 1, 2 , 罗广南 1, 2
热力发电 | 绿氨掺烧技术研究进展 2025,54(8): 1-12
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热力发电 | 绿氨掺烧技术研究进展 2025, 54(8): 1-12
燃煤电站绿氨掺烧全产业链关键技术研究进展与低碳经济分析
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李海燕1 , 孙王平1, 程宇1, 崖华青1, 方世东1, 2, 冯汉升1, 2 , 罗广南1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院(安徽省能源实验室),安徽 合肥 230001
  • 2.中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院等离子体物理研究所,安徽 合肥 230001
  • 李海燕(1989),女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为燃煤电站锅炉掺氨燃烧技术开发,

通讯作者:

冯汉升(1982),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为氨氢燃料高效清洁利用,
Research progress on key technologies and low-carbon economy analysis of the whole industrial chain of green ammonia co-firing in coal-fired power plants
Haiyan LI1 , Wangping SUN1, Yu CHENG1, Huaqing YA1, Shidong FANG1, 2, Hansheng FENG1, 2 , Guangnan LUO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center (Anhui Energy Laboratory), Hefei 230001, China
  • 2.Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institute of Matter Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
出版时间: 2025-08-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505076
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为应对燃煤电站低碳转型需求,氨作为零碳燃料及高效储氢载体,其与煤混烧技术为火电行业碳减排提供了新路径。从“制-储-输-用”全产业链角度,系统综述了绿氨合成、存储运输及氨煤混烧的研究进展与关键技术,并评估其经济性。研究发现,绿氨合成以第二代低温低压技术(铁/钌催化剂)最具工业化潜力,该技术需要突破催化活性提升与可再生能源制氢-合成氨系统动态匹配技术;并提出开发10万吨级低温储罐与长输液氨管道,建设“西氨东输”网络以支撑绿氨规模化应用;氨煤混烧可通过优化掺氨位置(低氧区后掺)、空气分级(主燃区当量比1.1~1.3)及掺氨比例,以及设计低氮氨煤混烧燃烧装置,实现NOx排放与纯煤相当,且需考虑掺烧后炉内辐射传热减弱、对流增强,以及锅炉汽水系统兼容性。当绿电成本降至0.10元/(kW·h)且碳价大于370元/t,或利用弃风/光电制氨时,绿氨将比燃煤具备竞争力,未来需通过绿氨降本、碳价机制与政策支持推动技术落地。该研究为燃煤电站绿氨掺烧技术规模化应用提供了全链条技术参考与经济性优化方向。

绿氨掺烧  /  燃煤电站  /  全产业链  /  低温低压氨合成  /  低氮燃烧  /  低碳经济分析

To address the demand for low-carbon transition in coal-fired power plants, ammonia, as a zero-carbon fuel and efficient hydrogen storage carrier, provides a novel pathway for carbon reduction in the thermal power industry. The key technologies and research advances in green ammonia synthesis, storage, transportation, and ammonia-coal co-firing are systematically reviewed from the perspective of the “production-storage-transportation-utilization” whole industry chain, and the economic feasibility is also evaluated. The study reveals that, the second-generation low-temperature and low-pressure synthesis technology (Fe/Ru catalysts) exhibits the greatest industrial potential for green ammonia production, but requires breakthroughs in enhancing catalytic activity and dynamic matching technologies for renewable energy-based hydrogen-ammonia synthesis systems. It is urgent to develop 100 000-ton-level cryogenic storage tanks and long-distance liquid ammonia pipelines, and establish a “West-to-East Ammonia Transmission” network to support large-scale applications. Ammonia-coal co-firing can achieve NOx emissions comparable to pure coal combustion by optimizing ammonia injection positions (post-injection in low-oxygen zones), air staging (equivalence ratio of 1.1~1.3 in primary zone), and ammonia blending ratios, alongside designing low-NOx co-firing burners. However, the weakened radiative heat transfer and enhanced convective heat transfer post-co-firing necessitate compatibility adjustments in boiler steam-water systems. When the cost of renewable electricity decreases to 0.10 yuan/(kW·h) with carbon price exceeding 370 yuan/t, or by utilizing curtailed wind/solar power (with near-zero electricity costs), green ammonia is more competitive than coal. In the future, it is necessary to promote the implementation of technology through green ammonia cost reduction, carbon price mechanism and policy support. This study provides comprehensive technical references and economic optimization strategies for scaling up green ammonia co-firing in coal-fired power plants.

green ammonia co-firing  /  coal-fired power station  /  whole industry chain  /  low-temperature and low-pressure ammonia synthesis  /  low-NOx combustion  /  carbon reduction economics
李海燕, 孙王平, 程宇, 崖华青, 方世东, 冯汉升, 罗广南. 燃煤电站绿氨掺烧全产业链关键技术研究进展与低碳经济分析. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (8) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505076
Haiyan LI, Wangping SUN, Yu CHENG, Huaqing YA, Shidong FANG, Hansheng FENG, Guangnan LUO. Research progress on key technologies and low-carbon economy analysis of the whole industrial chain of green ammonia co-firing in coal-fired power plants[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (8) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505076
我国作为世界能源消费大国,2024年全社会碳排放总量约126亿吨,占全球碳排放总量约33.5%[1]。其中,电力行业CO2排放占全国碳排放总量的40%左右[2]。煤电作为我国能源供应体系的主体支撑,降低煤电碳排放水平,对实现碳达峰碳中和目标具有重要意义。氨作为零碳燃料及高效储氢载体[3-5],其掺烧技术为煤电行业碳减排提供了新路径,受到世界范围内广泛关注[6-8]。氨能发展战略方面,日本《绿色增长战略》(2021)将氨燃料列为2050年零碳电力核心路径,韩国《氢氨发电推进战略》(2022)规划2030年氨混燃发电占比达3.6%,中国《煤电低碳化改造建设行动方案(2024—2027年)》明确提出将绿氨掺烧发电作为煤电低碳化改造实施路径之一。氨煤混烧技术研究与应用方面,2017年,日本Chugoku发电厂进行了全尺寸燃煤锅炉掺氨试验[9],掺氨比0.6%(热量比,下同),2017—2021年,日本中央电力研究院及IHI公司、东北大学等均开展了不同容量不同比例的氨煤混烧试验和模拟仿真研究[10-14]。2024年4月—6月,日本JERA公司在碧南电厂1 000 MW火电机组上完成热量比20%的氨煤掺烧试验,总耗氨量达到5万吨[15]。国内高校及研究院开展了小规模包括200、50、25 kW的一维自稳燃炉以及12、6 kW的一维电加热炉氨煤混烧相关研究[16-19]。在中试试验和工程化验证方面,国能烟台龙源电力在40 MW中试台架完成了热量比35%的氨煤混烧试验[20],依托中试试验,在国能粤电台山电厂开了600 MW机组掺氨试验[21];合肥综合性国家科学中心和皖能集团联合完成了300 MW燃煤发电机组热量比10%~35%的氨煤混烧,验证了燃煤锅炉掺氨燃烧的工程可行性[22]
氨根据合成原料及动力来源不同,可分为灰氨、蓝氨、绿氨。灰氨由化石燃料合成,生产中能耗巨大且产生大量的碳排放;蓝氨是将灰氨生产过程中的CO2进行捕集,投资成本和能耗巨大;绿氨由可再生能源合成,生产中基本不产生碳排放。灰氨全生命周期碳排放强度为每吨NH3排放的CO2为1.6~2.4 t[23],而绿氨的CO2排放可降低至0.3 t以下[24],可见掺烧绿氨是实现燃煤电站深度脱碳的必由之路。本文从“制-储-输-用”全产业链条出发分析燃煤电站绿氨掺烧技术瓶颈,量化燃煤电站绿氨掺烧经济性,以期为未来燃煤电站绿氨掺烧提供参考。
我国是全球最大的合成氨生产和消耗国,产量约占全球产量的30%。根据国家统计局数据,2023年我国合成氨产量为5 806万吨,以煤制合成氨为主,可再生能源制备绿氨占比较低。绿氨合成技术是以空气和水为原料,以可再生能源为动力进行氨的合成。按照氨合成工艺的不同,目前绿氨合成技术已大致形成三代合成氨技术(图1),第一代为传统的哈伯法合成氨,合成氨的压力和温度较高(15~25 MPa,400~500 ℃);第二代为低温低压合成氨(5~10 MPa,300~350 ℃);第三代技术呈现多种技术路线同时并进的状态,包含直接电催化合成氨、等离子体催化合成氨和低温常压合成氨等。表1对比了3代绿氨合成技术的关键参数。由表1可见:第一代合成氨采用传统工艺,技术成熟度高,但其能耗巨大,且其集中式、连续式生产模式与可再生能源的分布性、波动性特点不匹配;第二代合成氨采用低温低压技术,能耗低,且其低压合成与可再生能源制氢压力相匹配,是工业化大规模可再生能源合成氨最具潜力的技术路线;第三代技术目前仍处于实验室阶段,属于重大前沿技术,规模化制备仍有待突破。其中,直接电催化合成氨可省去制氢过程,通过氮气电还原直接合成氨。在降低合成氨设备复杂性和能耗的同时,可不受规模限制,适用于分布式合成氨。
在第二代合成氨技术中,如何实现合成工艺的低温低压化是当前面临的技术难点。而实现低温低压化的关键是设计出新型热催化剂或采用新型工艺实现低温低压条件下N2的活化。福州大学江莉龙团队成功研发出系列负载型铁、钌高性能催化剂,实现了高效低温低压条件下合成氨,并进一步发展了缔合加氢机理[25]。江莉龙团队研发的采用铁钌连串催化成套技术的每年20万吨氨合成装置,打破了国外近30年技术垄断,并与国内同类铁基氨合成工艺相比,初步估算产能可提升33.6%,为我国5 500万吨传统合成氨工业产能转型升级提供了关键技术支撑。为进一步降低反应压力,福州大学还开发了Ba/Ce/2%Ru ACCs、3RuCol-Ce、Ru/3TiCN/ZrH2、Ru-BaCeO3系列钌基催化剂在反应器400 ℃、1.0 MPa条件下,Ba/Ce/2%Ru ACCs单位质量催化剂氨产率最高,达到56.16 mmol/(g·h)。美国星火公司开发的Ru/Ba-Ca-Al催化剂在420 ℃、1 MPa下,单位质量催化剂的氨产率高达203 mmol/(g·h),在常压0.1 MPa下氨产率可达18 mmol/(g·h)[26]。在非贵金属的低压合成氨催化剂研制方面,日本东京工业大学研发的使用镍作为活性金属的Ni-LaN催化剂利用Ni解离H2和氮空位活化N2的双位点协同机制,在400 ℃、0.9 MPa下的氨产率可达到15.5 mmol/(g·h)[27]
在更低温低压合成氨方面天津大学张宝顺等[28]利用电磁场强化技术使铁基催化剂热催化合成氨在低温低压条件下(1 MPa、200 ℃下)的氨产量提高了5倍,能量效率提高了2.7倍。近期,该团队正在太阳能资源丰富的青海省,推动低温低压合成氨技术在大规模、长时储能领域的产业化工程示范。在低温常压合成氨方面,中国科学院大连化物所陈萍团队[29]开发了新型碱(土)金属钌基三元氢化物催化剂(Li4RuH6和Ba2RuH6),实现了低温常压(300 ℃、0.1 MPa)氨的催化合成,氨产率分别为9.5 mmol/(g·h)和6.5 mmol/(g·h)。
直接电催化合成氨技术是通过将N2吸附于电极表面,再通过外接电路提供的电子并同时补充质子将其还原,从而形成氨。该方法的优势在于能够在常温常压条件下完成固氮反应,并且能够直接利用可再生能源(如风能、太阳能、潮汐能)进行所需电力供应,从而实现绿色合成氨的目的。由于N2分子在溶剂中的溶解度差、结构稳定、不易解离以及析氢反应的内在竞争导致氨的产率和选择性很低。研究者们主要集中在改善氮气分子扩散、改进反应动力学以及抑制竞争反应等方面对固氮反应催化剂和反应体系进行设计和改进[30-31]。目前,锂介导的高效电催化合成氨技术有望成为一种实现工业化的电化学合成氨技术[32]。澳大利亚在此方面走在前列,莫纳什大学MacFarlane课题组通过研发高氮气溶解度的离子液体电解质、制造纳米结构催化剂材料及减少局部质子源(乙醇)降解等方法,打破了电化学氮还原反应进行绿氨合成的低效率限制[33-34]。此外,韩国机械与材料研究所[35]采用低温等离子体法将水与氮等离子体结合,产生氢和氮氧化物(主要为NO),然后将联产的氢和NO在热催化剂的作用下还原成氨,产氨率可提升至120 μmol/s。
第一代和第二代合成氨技术均涉及可再生能源电解水制备氢气的过程,因此规模化应用时除考虑后端氨合成段工艺的提升外,还需考虑前端可再生能源供给和市场需求的波动,开发充分考虑操作安全性和过程经济性的间歇式可再生能源制氢-低温低压合成氨系统的动态集成匹配、设计优化及管控技术,提升系统灵活性,提高综合转换效率[36]。目前国内清华大学林今等[37]、四川大学吉旭等[38]基于仿真模型,正在开展适应可再生能源波动特性的大规模电解水制氢合成氨系统集成配置与动态调控技术方面的研究工作。未来,随着一体化制氢绿氨合成工程示范项目的落地,此技术将有望实现重大突破。
氨可以在常压、-33 ℃下液化,也可以在常温和约0.9 MPa的压力下液化。在常规的氨储运中,通常选择冷却和加压存储的组合,该技术已相对成熟。目前液氨储罐有冷冻型、半冷冻型、全压型等3种类型。冷冻型和半冷冻型储罐设有保冷和氨蒸发回收系统,一般适用于大容量储存。全压型储罐是在液氨无保温和制冷条件下的储存方式,设计压力一般高于1.5 MPa,一般采用球罐或水平圆柱形卧罐结构,通过压力/真空泄放阀来防止过压或真空。受罐体制造的技术经济性所限,液氨带压储存单罐容量一般不超过5 000 t,适用于中小规模储存。从储罐向船只或管道转运氨时,一般使用2台液氨泵转运,1台运行1台备用。
目前国内火电厂的氨区主要是应用于烟气脱硝使用,存氨量基本上在百吨以下,而实际的掺氨燃烧所需要的氨量远超目前氨区的氨储存量,假设氨区的氨储存量依据为锅炉满负荷工况运行7天,每天运行24 h,掺氨比例为30%,则300 MW机组需要的氨存储量为7 560 t,60 MW机组需要的氨存储量为12 600 t,1 000 MW机组需要的氨存储量为20 160 t。
目前国内的火电厂尚未建立大型氨区,而日本IHI公司拥有保持避免气化的极低温度、同时利用厚度有限的金属储罐安全储存液化天然气(LNG)的技术,他们将利用此技术开发10万吨级的氨储罐,携手JERA,为其公司1 000 MW燃煤机组掺氨试验提供燃料,图2为JERA碧南火电站掺氨燃烧示范。
由于液氨在常温时的沸点随压力的降低而降低,因此在常温下液氨必须储存在有一定压力的容器或管道内。液氨管道输送时,必须保证管道中任何一点的压力都高于液氨在输送温度下的饱和蒸汽压力,否则液氨会在管道中气化形成“气塞”,大大降低管道的流通能力。
世界上已有成熟的长输液氨管道(表2),主要分布在美国和俄罗斯。美国液氨输送管道总里程接近5 000 km[39],其中海湾中央管道系统长达3 057 km,年输氨量达200.0万吨,已运行50年。俄罗斯托里亚蒂至敖德萨液氨管道总长2 424 km,年输氨量250.0万吨,已运行40年[40]
我国液氨输送管道起步较晚并且总里程较短,目前建有长输液氨管道共4条,总长度为161.7 km(表3[41]。河北省的秦皇岛长输液氨管道为我国建设最早也是最长的液氨输送管道,该管道采用20号无缝钢管埋地敷设,全长82.5 km,管径80~ 125 mm,设计压力3.92 MPa,工作压力2.45 MPa,设计年输量10.5万吨[42]
我国现有天然气输运管道7.8×106 km,根据美国博莱克威奇公司评估,氨管道基础设施经济成本约为天然气管道的50%、氢气管道的25%,如果考虑采用成熟油气管道系统改输液氨,经济成本缩减将更加可观。腾霖等[43]提出在役油气管道经轻微改造后输送液氨的可行性,并针对在役油气管道改输氨及LNG终端转换为氨终端等问题开展了可行性研究。当前液氨管道压力等级普遍低于在役油气管道,基本满足压力适用性需求。但氨是有毒的化学物质,皮肤接触、吸入或摄入后,会引起失明、窒息,遇明火会燃烧或爆炸,所以氨的储存和运输都十分严格。国内外尚未形成统一的长输液氨管道行业标准规范,长输液氨技术存在涵盖范围小、核心问题笼统、安全体系不健全等问题,需要从工艺设计、管材设备、腐蚀防护、安全工程等方面对现行液氨管道建设与运行管理标准进行完善。
我国西部可再生能源丰富,可建设大规模廉价绿氢绿氨生产基地,可充分借鉴油气管网系统经验,开展液氨长输管道设计联合攻关,建设从西部到东部的液氨管道长输管网。启动“西氨东输”工程,可以满足我国东部、南部对氨、氢新能源的迫切重大需求。
对于不同等级和炉型的煤粉锅炉,氨气喷入炉膛的位置、氨气喷入方式(与煤粉空气预混或者后掺、单独的氨气喷枪等)、氨气的掺混比例、空气分级方式等对锅炉尾气NOx排放、飞灰含碳量、锅炉传热和锅炉效率等的影响不同。本文将从小规模实验炉和电站锅炉2个角度出发,分析氨煤混烧对以上参数的影响,并结合电站锅炉实炉掺烧探讨氨煤混烧的技术挑战。
在掺氨比和掺氨位置对锅炉NOx排放影响方面,Yamamoto等人[44]对760 kW煤粉炉研究发现,当氨气从煤粉燃烧器中心氨气喷管喷入,掺氨比(热量比,下同)小于10%时,NOx排放量与纯煤工况基本相当,掺氨比大于10%,NOx排放量随掺氨比增加而升高;固定掺氨比20%,氨气从距离煤粉燃烧器0.6~1.0 m的侧墙喷入时NOx排放量更小,且可小于纯煤工况。可见通过将氨气喷入低氧气氛区域,一方面可抑制燃料型NOx的生成,另一方面氨气可用于已生成NOx的还原,最终NOx排放量可低于纯煤;但是氨气从煤粉燃烧器中心喷入时,由于火焰温度降低,会导致飞灰未燃尽碳含量(质量分数,下同)上升20%。Tamura等人[45]对1.2 MW的氨煤混烧研究发现掺氨比不大于30%时,氨气从煤粉喷嘴喷入时NOx排放量最小,同时飞灰含碳量最高;氨气从侧墙喷入时,NOx排放量最高,同时飞灰含碳量快速下降;氨气从独立喷枪喷入时,NOx排放量与从煤粉喷嘴喷入时相当,但飞灰含碳量明显低于从煤粉喷嘴喷入炉膛的工况。可见采用氨气喷枪可以维持较低NOx排放量的同时,提高煤粉焦炭的燃尽率。不同结构喷枪的实验结果表明,氨气喷枪表面喷孔维持合适的张角和孔径,保证氨气合适的喷入方向和流速,不穿透火焰的回流区,可以保证较低的NOx排放量。
在燃尽风率、过量空气系数因素对氨煤混烧NOx排放影响方面,日本IHI在10 MW单燃烧器试验炉上20%掺氨试验结果[12-13]表明:过量空气系数一定、燃尽风率由20%逐渐升至40%时,纯煤工况下的NOx排放量会单调降低,而氨煤混燃工况下的NOx排放量则呈现先降低后升高的非单调变化,燃尽风率为30%时NOx排放量最低;而维持燃尽风率30%,纯煤和氨煤混烧条件下NOx排放量均随过量空气系数增大而单调升高。可见,氨煤混烧相对纯煤工况,受分级燃烧局部当量比的影响更大,主燃区当量比过大,未燃尽氨或含氮中间产物量升高,在燃尽区贫燃时会重新生成大量的NOx
此外,牛涛等[20]在40 MW试验炉开展的气固两相掺氨试验发现,维持燃尽风率20%,掺氨比由0增加至25%时,NO排放量同样呈现非单调变化,但与Yamamoto等人[44]和Tamura等人[45]小规模试验不同,NO先升高后降低,在掺氨比25%时低于纯煤工况,原因是随掺氨比增加,主燃区未燃尽NH3量增加,将主燃区生成的NO又进行了还原。固定掺氨比25%,燃尽风率由0增加到30%,NOx排放量先降低后升高,与日本IHI试验结果[12-13]相同。分析原因是随燃尽风率的增加,主燃区氧量降低,抑制了燃烧初期焦炭和NH3的氧化反应,NO有所降低,但随燃尽风率继续增大,主燃区未反应焦炭和NH3增多,这些未反应的焦炭和NH3在燃尽风通入后会再次生成NO,导致炉膛出口NO上升。
氨气喷入的高速射流除影响NOx排放外,也会改变火焰形状,进而影响壁面的热量分布。另一方面,由于掺烧氨气,烟气中三原子气体、焦炭、飞灰等的辐射减弱系数发生变化,火焰黑度改变,影响辐射传热特性,且烟气中水分含量上升,烟气体积流量增大将影响对流传热的相关参数。因此,氨煤混烧后火焰温度以及辐射和对流传热特性可能会发生变化。文献[46]采用单色辐射温度计对10 MW单燃烧器试验炉20%掺氨比的试验测量发现,炉内整体温度较纯煤时略微降低,主要原因是氨的绝热火焰温度低于煤粉。同时,利用自制的热流密度计对沿炉膛高度方向上的热流密度测量发现,与纯煤相比,氨煤混烧后炉膛下段(燃尽风以下)热流密度降低,炉膛上段(折焰角以上)热流密度升高,可见氨煤混烧后炉内辐射传热特性发生改变。Zhang等人[14]通过试验和CFD软件三维模拟研究了8.5 MW单旋流燃烧器实验炉氨煤混烧对燃烧特性和炉内换热的影响,发现掺氨比大于40%时,由于氨气射流动量增大,会穿透燃烧器的内回流区,导致火焰由正常旋流火焰变为细长型火焰,并导致逃逸NH3急剧增加。火焰形状的改变会对炉墙热流密度分布产生明显影响,当掺氨比小于60%时,随掺氨比例的增加,颗粒物辐射减弱,炉墙辐射换热减少而对流换热增加,炉膛总的吸热量单调减少;掺氨比由60%增加至80%时,尽管壁面辐射吸热减少,但烟气流速升高导致的对流换热增加幅度较大,炉墙总的吸热量又有所增加;掺氨比80%时,炉膛辐射传热量降低了4.7%。
掺氨对灰沉积特性以及颗粒物分布方面,Ma等人[47]利用25 kW一维沉降炉研究了氨煤混烧以及氨煤/生物质混烧的NOx排放、未燃尽碳、灰沉积特性和颗粒物分布变化,发现与生物质混烧相比,在煤或煤/生物质混合物中添加NH3可以降低灰烬污染的强度和超细颗粒物的产量。Hu等人[48-49]利用200 kW一维自稳燃炉研究了高碱煤掺氨燃烧特性,发现煤氨共烧不会改变煤灰颗粒的化学组成,但可能会降低灰颗粒的尺寸,对炉膛高温区受热面的传热有一定的恶化。Zhang等人[50]在一维滴管炉的氨煤混烧实验发现,氨煤共燃会影响颗粒物的形成特性,特别会促进亚微米颗粒物的生成。朱京冀等[51]利用McKenna平面火焰燃烧系统开展的煤掺氨燃烧实验发现掺烧NH3会促进煤中挥发份的释放,在贫燃和富燃条件下都能实现更快的点火,但会加剧火焰中挥发物向碳烟的转化。
日本IHI的Ishihara和Zhang等人[10-11]采用Chemkin-Pro软件将1 000 MW燃煤电站锅炉系统简化为完全搅拌反应器(PSR)网络(图3),采用详细的化学反应动力学机理分析了氨气注入位置和掺氨比对NOx、飞灰未燃尽碳排放的影响。数值分析发现,氨气在煤粉锅炉火焰区(FZ)喷入时,由于高温低氧的还原性气氛可获得比纯煤更低的NO排放。此外,在掺氨比从0增至20%时,NO排放几乎与纯煤相当甚至低于纯煤,掺氨比为20%~60%时,NO排放随掺氨比增加单调增加,掺氨比为80%时NO降低至掺氨比40%的NO排放水平。原因可能是掺氨比超过40%,富氨气氛的化学反应路径更倾向于NH3分解,以NH/N基团和NHii=0, 1, 2)基团的反应转化为N2图4)。
Ito与Zhang等人[46]采用CFD软件对1 000 MW燃煤电站锅炉(前后墙对冲锅炉,3层共计48台旋流燃烧器)进行了全尺寸三维燃烧热流仿真分析,额定负荷条件下,掺氨比为20%,氨气全部从旋流燃烧器中心喷入炉膛。结果显示氨煤混烧后炉内火焰温度较纯煤燃烧略有下降,气体辐射强度和固体颗粒物辐射强度也均有下降,炉膛壁面总体吸热量存在轻微下降趋势,炉膛壁面局部热负荷分布并无显著变化。
Xu等人[52]采用Aspen Plus软件对600 MW燃煤锅炉氨煤掺烧过程进行了模拟和系统㶲(exergy)分析,发现掺烧氨气热量比为20%时,锅炉系统㶲效率降低0.5%~0.6%。Chen等人[53]对600 MW超临界燃煤锅炉50%~100%额定负荷的掺氨燃烧热力计算发现,掺氨比为50%时,炉膛热负荷降低了6.2%~7.1%,通过调节尾部烟气挡板,可以在不改造受热面的条件下保证锅炉主蒸汽和再热蒸汽温度。炉膛出口烟温上升幅度在7 ℃以内,排烟温度升高6.2~13.9 ℃,锅炉效率降低0.7%~1.2%。
Lin等人[54]采用纯氨燃烧器开展了机组负荷180~300 MW的氨煤掺烧试验,结果表明:相对纯煤燃烧,氨煤混烧下NOx对锅炉运行氧量更加敏感,喷氨位置处于强还原性气氛时,NOx排放量降低,甚至低于纯煤工况(图5);相对于上层氨燃烧器,下层氨燃烧器炉内高温脱硝效果更好(图6),平均NOx质量浓度降低约100 mg/m3
综上所述,可见氨煤混烧可通过优化掺氨位置、空气分级、过量空气系数,控制合理的掺氨比以及设计低氮氨煤混烧燃烧装置控制掺氨后NOx排放与纯煤相当。而高比例的掺氨燃烧可能会降低炉内温度,影响火焰形状,继而改变锅炉辐射和对流传热特性。
1)氨泄漏风险评估
氨具有刺激性气味和高毒性,高体积分数(>5×10–3)吸入可导致呼吸道损伤甚至死亡,低体积分数(5×10–5~10–4)长期暴露可能会引发慢性健康问题。此外,氨泄漏可能会造成水体污染,导致水体富营养化,破坏水生生态系统。因此,燃煤锅炉掺氨燃烧过程中,可通过配备气体检测器、遮断阀和防液堤,实时监控氨储罐和输氨管道运行状态,并新建应急水槽和散水设备,确保泄漏氨快速溶解中和,同时定期开展组织氨泄漏应急演练,可确保锅炉掺氨过程中氨泄漏风险降至最低。
2)氨腐蚀性评估
氨具有腐蚀性,可能对燃烧器喷嘴造成腐蚀,氨煤混烧锅炉长期运行中氨的高湿度燃烧产物可能会造成炉内水冷壁管腐蚀,需要定期测量燃烧器喷嘴和水冷壁管的腐蚀速率。日本JERA碧南电力4号机组掺氨比20%混烧运行520 h后,燃烧器喷嘴表面腐蚀深度小于0.1 mm,炉管管壁腐蚀速率小于0.01 mm/a,未发现明显氨腐蚀[55]。在高比例掺烧(50%以上)可能会增加炉内氨气浓度,加速水冷壁管高温腐蚀,可对部分炉管采用新型涂层(如陶瓷涂层)进行保护。高比例掺烧后,炉内传热特性改变和烟气水蒸气含量增加,可能会造成烟气酸露点升高,带来尾部烟道和尾部换热器的低温腐蚀风险。此外,高比例掺烧后,未燃尽氨含量增加的风险提高,未燃尽氨与烟气中的硫反应生成硫酸氢氨,沉积在尾部低温受热面表面,造成尾部换热元件堵塞风险提高。因此,大比例(50%以上)掺氨改造时,需根据燃烧产物变化调整锅炉受热面布置,适当提升尾部烟道及换热器的材料等级,开发新型氨燃烧器,尽可能保证炉膛出口氨的燃尽。
近几年随着大规模可再生能源制备绿氢、绿氨项目加速落地与投产,各能源集团正在开展或谋划电站锅炉氨煤混烧现场试验与工程示范,并将其作为打通下游氨的大规模应用技术储备。根据本研究前期在铜陵电厂现场掺烧试验情况,目前电站锅炉进行大规模氨煤混烧主要存在以下技术挑战。
1)电站内部氨的存储和蒸发器规模有限,供氨不稳定
电站内部原有氨区主要用于烟气SCR脱硝系统,容量较小,输氨距离短且供氨不稳定,要想满足锅炉大规模比例的现场掺烧,需要扩展氨的存储以及液氨蒸发系统。液氨存储运输亟需进行大型球罐氨储存设备的研究开发、氨的长输管道的设计以及大流量液氨蒸发器的设计。同时,需要研究氨的大流量稳定供应技术,实现精准给氨。还要开发覆盖范围广、灵敏性高的氨泄漏监测监控技术,保证系统安全可靠。
2)锅炉氨煤混烧低氮技术不成熟,与锅炉本体、辅机等的兼容性有待进一步研究
根据上述锅炉氨煤混烧的研究现状,目前的氨煤混烧低氮技术主要分为两种:一种为采用“煤掺氨”气固两相燃烧器并结合燃烧器轴向分级的预混或半预混低氮技术;另一种为采用纯氨燃烧器并结合锅炉轴向空气分级的氨后掺低氮技术。对于“煤掺氨”气固两相燃烧器,在氨煤混烧过程中,氨和煤粉颗粒可能会发生抢氧反应,造成未燃尽碳增加的风险。对于纯氨燃烧器并结合氨后掺低氮技术的方式,虽然可以有效调控氨与煤粉颗粒的抢氧反应,但是其冷态下的点火与稳燃是难题。无论采用何种方式,其根本问题是氨反应环境不同造成NO生成与NO还原路径的竞争[56-57],因此合理进行氨与空气的燃烧组织优化,精准控制氨燃烧区域的局部当量比可实现掺氨燃烧的低NOx排放。目前,亟需发展大功率的氨煤混烧低氮燃烧器和纯氨燃烧器(单只热功率分别提升至40 MW和20 MW以上),以及发展针对不同炉型和结构的氨煤混烧清洁调控技术手段。此外,由于掺氨后烟气组分发生变化,焦炭、飞灰颗粒物含量降低,水分含量上升,烟气体积流量的增大等,导致锅炉的辐射和传热特性发生变化,进而影响锅炉侧汽水系统的调节,过热器和再热器受热面的系统兼容性需要进一步研究。烟气中水蒸气的分压上升和SO2分压下降将导致烟气酸露点上升,空预器冷端腐蚀问题需进一步评估。
3)大规模氨煤混烧下锅炉的控制系统升级
目前集储-气-输-燃-控一体化智能掺氨、给氨技术缺乏,暂无快速响应负荷变化的煤/氨智能给料技术,且大比例氨煤混烧时NOx控制与燃烧效率之间难以平衡,亟需开发覆盖全流程的包括一体化智能给氨、清洁燃烧调整、尾气监测、氨泄漏报警等功能的运行控制系统,并实现与现有DCS有效兼容。
根据2021—2023年动力煤价格波动情况,在计算时选取动力煤价格浮动范围为800~1 600元/t,动力煤热值为23.0 GJ/t。按照1 t标准煤排放2.7 t CO2,1 t动力煤排放2.12 t CO2,将此部分CO2产生的碳税成本计入单位热值煤燃料成本,按照2020年平均碳价49元/t(以单位质量CO2计,下同)计算[58],则考虑碳税的单位热值煤燃料成本为39.3~74.1元/GJ。
根据对不同绿氨生产工艺的成本研究,先电解水再合成1 kg NH3的能耗约7.1~9.5 kW·h[59];年产3万吨的中型合成氨维护成本1 t NH3为571~647元[60];制取绿氨的新能源成本电价为0.13元/(kW·h)[61],不考虑绿氨储、运成本,则1 t绿氨成本为1 494~1 882元,绿氨热值为18.6 GJ/t,则单位热值绿氨成本为80.32~101.2元/GJ。显然与煤相比,目前绿氨掺烧发电不具备竞争力。按照碳价逐年上涨的趋势,以及可再生能源电力成本的下降,如可再生能源成本电价降低至0.1元/(kW·h),或者利用弃风、弃光富裕电合成(电价成本为0),经敏感性分析发现(图7),当可再生能源电价为0.13元/(kW·h),碳价需上涨至为495元/t,绿氨燃料成本与煤电相当,当可再生能源电价降低至0.10元/(kW·h),碳价上涨至370元/t时,绿氨掺烧发电与煤电竞争力相当,而当采用弃风、弃光可再生富裕电用于合成氨时,绿氨成本可低于燃煤,且随碳价升高,绿氨成本较燃煤优势单调上升。可通过在“三北”地区建设风光能源大基地,同步建设绿电制氢合成氨一体化项目,来提高绿氨掺烧的经济性。
未来随着绿氨制备技术发展和能耗水平降低,绿氨成本会进一步降低,且随着全球气候变化形势日益严峻,碳价水平升高,燃煤电站掺氨燃烧发电的经济性总体向好。
本文从燃煤电站绿氨掺烧“制-储-输-用”全产业链条角度出发,分析绿氨合成、储存、运输及氨煤混烧的研究进展与关键技术,并简要评估了燃煤电站进行绿氨掺烧的经济性,总结如下。
1)规模化低成本绿氨合成的关键是高效率催化剂的开发,以及考虑可再生能源供给和市场需求波动的间歇式可再生能源制氢-低温低压合成氨系统动态集成匹配、设计优化及管控技术的开发。
2)大容量氨存储设备和长输液氨管道的缺乏是制约绿氨规模化掺烧技术应用推广的瓶颈之一,亟需开发大容量氨存储设备和长距离输氨管道,建设从西部到东部的液氨输送管网,实现“西氨东输”,解决大规模可再生风光能源的消纳与储能调峰以及火电行业的深度脱碳。
3)氨煤混烧可通过优化掺氨位置、空气分级、过量空气系数,控制合理的掺氨比以及设计低氮氨煤混烧燃烧装置控制掺氨后NOx排放与纯煤相当,高比例的掺氨燃烧会降低炉内温度,影响火焰形状,继而改变锅炉辐射和对流传热特性,且低负荷下大比例的掺氨可能会降低烟气酸露点温度,应加强空预器冷端蓄热元件的防腐保护。电站锅炉进行大规模现场掺氨燃烧,亟需解决氨的储存与大流量精准供氨问题,同时针对不同炉型和锅炉结构,也亟需开发大功率的氨煤混烧低氮燃烧设备和研发氨煤混烧清洁灵活调控技术,以及进行全流程控制系统的升级改造。
4)当绿电成本降至0.10元/(kW·h)且碳价大于370元/t,或利用弃风/光(电费≈0)时,绿氨具备竞争力。未来随风光能源大基地及绿电制氢合成氨项目一体化投运,绿氨成本会进一步降低,且随碳价上涨,绿氨经济性将显著改善,燃煤电站绿氨掺烧发电的经济性总体向好。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4005705)
  • 合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院(安徽省能源实验室)国家级配套项目(24KZS401)
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2025年第54卷第8期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505076
  • 接收时间:2025-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-15
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National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFB4005705)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4005705)
Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center (Anhui Energy Laboratory) National Supporting Projects(24KZS401)
合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院(安徽省能源实验室)国家级配套项目(24KZS401)
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    1.合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院(安徽省能源实验室),安徽 合肥 230001
    2.中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院等离子体物理研究所,安徽 合肥 230001

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冯汉升(1982),男,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为氨氢燃料高效清洁利用,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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