Article(id=1236369226064253496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236369220812984708, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202407179, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721923200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772702994123, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1732464000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772702994123, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772702994123, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772702994123, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236369220812984708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='168', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772702992871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772703093306, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236369642126627337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236369220812984708, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236369642126627338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236369220812984708, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=89, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236369226383020637, articleId=1236369226064253496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Dynamic modeling and operating rules of three-pressure reheat waste heat recovery steam generator in heavy-duty gas turbine combined cycle unit, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Against the dynamic operation characteristics of three-pressure reheat waste heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) of gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC) unit, the Modelica open-source programming language is used to build the simulation model for the HRSG, and the simulation results are compared with the actual operation data during peak load regulation process of the power plant. Under actual operating conditions, the established model can accurately predict the dynamic response laws of main parameters of the HRSG in the dynamic process of steady-state operation after the load drops from full load to low load, then increases from low load to full load, as well as unit shutdown and boundary parameter disturbance. When the unit load decreases from 320 MW to 280 MW, the power of the steam turbine decreases from 124.0 MW to 111.5 MW. The high pressure main steam flow rate decreases from 70.12 kg/s to 63.62 kg/s, and the high pressure main steam pressure decreases from 8 250 kPa to 7 612 kPa. The flue gas parameters at inlet of the HRSG change in about 300 s with the decrease of the unit load, while the steam parameters of the HRSG need about 600 s to complete dynamic response and reach steady state at low load, indicating there is a certain lag in steam parameters of the HRSG compared to the change of gas turbine exhaust gas parameters over time. In the dynamic process the unit shut down, the power of the steam turbine decreases from 130.4 MW to 5.4 MW, the high pressure main steam temperature of the HRSG decreases from 600.1 ℃ to 224.5 ℃, and the high pressure main steam flow rate reduces from 76.1 kg/s to 15.3 kg/s.

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针对燃气轮机联合循环机组三压再热余热锅炉的动态运行特性,使用Modelica开源编程语言搭建了余热锅炉仿真模型,并与电厂实际调峰过程运行数据及Thermoflow商业软件仿真结果进行对比和验证。在实际运行工况下,从满负荷降至低负荷后稳态运行、再从低负荷升至满负荷、机组停机和边界参数扰动的动态过程中,所建模型均能较为准确地预测余热锅炉主要参数的动态响应规律。随着机组负荷从320 MW降低至280 MW,汽轮机功率从124.0 MW降至111.5 MW;高压主蒸汽流量从70.12 kg/s减至63.62 kg/s;高压主蒸汽压力从8 250 kPa降至7 612 kPa;余热锅炉入口烟气参数在约300 s的时间内随机组负荷变化,但是余热锅炉蒸汽参数需要约600 s完成动态响应达到低负荷下的稳态,说明余热锅炉蒸汽参数相对于燃气轮机排烟参数随时间变化有一定滞后。在机组停机的动态过程中,汽轮机功率从130.4 MW下降到5.4 MW,余热锅炉高压主蒸汽温度从600.1 ℃降低到224.5 ℃,高压主蒸汽流量从76.1 kg/s减小到15.3 kg/s。

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王一丰(1994),男,博士,主要研究方向为联合循环机组效能诊断与节能优化,

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王一丰(1994),男,博士,主要研究方向为联合循环机组效能诊断与节能优化,

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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369226064253496, language=CN, label=图21, caption=余热锅炉主蒸汽压力随入口烟气温度变化曲线, figureFileSmall=xe6d487w/7emJ3wZ0aAL1w==, figureFileBig=5J9XZ+yi/oiodWeAeg8Qng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236369241042112947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369226064253496, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The actual environment and fuel parameters of the combined cycle power plant at full-load

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项目数值
机组额定功率/MW350
环境温度/℃29.41
环境压力/kPa101.32
环境相对湿度/%93
燃料低位热值/(kJ·kg–1)48 000
燃料供应压力/MPa3.30
燃料供应温度/℃185.00
燃料成分CH4/%97.60
燃料成分C2H6/%0.62
燃料成分C3H8/%0.41
燃料成分nC4H10/%0.27
燃料成分CO2/%0.65
燃料成分N2/%0.45
), ArticleFig(id=1236369241113416117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369226064253496, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

联合循环机组实际运行满负荷下环境和燃料参数

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项目数值
机组额定功率/MW350
环境温度/℃29.41
环境压力/kPa101.32
环境相对湿度/%93
燃料低位热值/(kJ·kg–1)48 000
燃料供应压力/MPa3.30
燃料供应温度/℃185.00
燃料成分CH4/%97.60
燃料成分C2H6/%0.62
燃料成分C3H8/%0.41
燃料成分nC4H10/%0.27
燃料成分CO2/%0.65
燃料成分N2/%0.45
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Design parameters of the HRSG (taking evaporator and steam drum as the examples)

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项目数值
管道外径/mm38.00
管长/m21.00
管壁厚/mm2.50
低压蒸发器纵/横向管间距/mm87.00/138.00
中压蒸发器纵/横向管间距/mm87.00/111.00
高压蒸发器纵/横向管间距/mm87.00/92.00
低压汽包截面半径/m2.00
低压汽包径向长度/m8.00
中压汽包截面半径/m1.05
中压汽包径向长度/m16.27
高压汽包截面半径/m1.05
高压汽包径向长度/m16.27
), ArticleFig(id=1236369241281188281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369226064253496, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

余热锅炉尺寸设计参数(以蒸发器和汽包为例)

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项目数值
管道外径/mm38.00
管长/m21.00
管壁厚/mm2.50
低压蒸发器纵/横向管间距/mm87.00/138.00
中压蒸发器纵/横向管间距/mm87.00/111.00
高压蒸发器纵/横向管间距/mm87.00/92.00
低压汽包截面半径/m2.00
低压汽包径向长度/m8.00
中压汽包截面半径/m1.05
中压汽包径向长度/m16.27
高压汽包截面半径/m1.05
高压汽包径向长度/m16.27
), ArticleFig(id=1236369241348297147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369226064253496, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Simulation output of steady-state models of the combined cycle unit at full load using Modelica and Thermoflow

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余热锅炉参数Modelica模型Thermoflow模型误差/%
主蒸汽温度/℃564.50564.00-0.09
主蒸汽压力/kPa9.689.993.10
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)74.4575.701.65
再热蒸汽温度/℃561.00561.500.09
再热蒸汽压力/kPa2.552.601.92
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)87.4587.30-0.17
冷再热蒸汽温度/℃358.10356.10-0.56
冷再热蒸汽压力/kPa2.432.38-2.10
中压蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)13.0012.65-2.77
低压蒸汽温度/℃288.30296.402.73
低压蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)9.549.843.05
低压缸排汽温度/℃45.8245.81-0.02
凝汽器压力/kPa0.010.010
凝汽器凝结水温度/℃45.8145.810
), ArticleFig(id=1236369241469931965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369226064253496, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

联合循环机组满负荷工况下Modelica和Thermoflow稳态模型结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
余热锅炉参数Modelica模型Thermoflow模型误差/%
主蒸汽温度/℃564.50564.00-0.09
主蒸汽压力/kPa9.689.993.10
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)74.4575.701.65
再热蒸汽温度/℃561.00561.500.09
再热蒸汽压力/kPa2.552.601.92
再热蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)87.4587.30-0.17
冷再热蒸汽温度/℃358.10356.10-0.56
冷再热蒸汽压力/kPa2.432.38-2.10
中压蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)13.0012.65-2.77
低压蒸汽温度/℃288.30296.402.73
低压蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)9.549.843.05
低压缸排汽温度/℃45.8245.81-0.02
凝汽器压力/kPa0.010.010
凝汽器凝结水温度/℃45.8145.810
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重型燃气轮机联合循环机组三压再热余热锅炉动态建模及运行规律研究
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王一丰 1, 2 , 翟春华 3 , 黄庆 3 , 肖俊峰 1 , 牛晨晖 4 , 苏新民 4 , 焦道顺 3 , 潘赫男 4 , 王乾远 3 , 奚新国 3 , 袁源 3 , 阴海强 3 , 苏通 3 , 曹殿尧 3 , 刘加湗 3 , 章文茜 3 , 李军 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(11): 89-100
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(11): 89-100
重型燃气轮机联合循环机组三压再热余热锅炉动态建模及运行规律研究
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王一丰1, 2 , 翟春华3, 黄庆3, 肖俊峰1, 牛晨晖4, 苏新民4, 焦道顺3, 潘赫男4, 王乾远3, 奚新国3, 袁源3, 阴海强3, 苏通3, 曹殿尧3, 刘加湗3, 章文茜3, 李军2
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
  • 3.华能南京燃机发电有限公司,江苏 南京 210034
  • 4.华能国际电力江苏能源开发有限公司,江苏 南京 210015
  • 王一丰(1994),男,博士,主要研究方向为联合循环机组效能诊断与节能优化,

Dynamic modeling and operating rules of three-pressure reheat waste heat recovery steam generator in heavy-duty gas turbine combined cycle unit
Yifeng WANG1, 2 , Chunhua ZHAI3, Qing HUANG3, Junfeng XIAO1, Chenhui NIU4, Xinmin SU4, Daoshun JIAO3, Henan PAN4, Qianyuan WANG3, Xinguo XI3, Yuan YUAN3, Haiqiang YIN3, Tong SU3, Dianyao CAO3, Jiafeng LIU3, Wenxi ZHANG3, Jun LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
  • 3.Huaneng Nanjing Gas Turbine Power Plant Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210034, China
  • 4.Huanneng Jiangsu Energy Development Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210015, China
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407179
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针对燃气轮机联合循环机组三压再热余热锅炉的动态运行特性,使用Modelica开源编程语言搭建了余热锅炉仿真模型,并与电厂实际调峰过程运行数据及Thermoflow商业软件仿真结果进行对比和验证。在实际运行工况下,从满负荷降至低负荷后稳态运行、再从低负荷升至满负荷、机组停机和边界参数扰动的动态过程中,所建模型均能较为准确地预测余热锅炉主要参数的动态响应规律。随着机组负荷从320 MW降低至280 MW,汽轮机功率从124.0 MW降至111.5 MW;高压主蒸汽流量从70.12 kg/s减至63.62 kg/s;高压主蒸汽压力从8 250 kPa降至7 612 kPa;余热锅炉入口烟气参数在约300 s的时间内随机组负荷变化,但是余热锅炉蒸汽参数需要约600 s完成动态响应达到低负荷下的稳态,说明余热锅炉蒸汽参数相对于燃气轮机排烟参数随时间变化有一定滞后。在机组停机的动态过程中,汽轮机功率从130.4 MW下降到5.4 MW,余热锅炉高压主蒸汽温度从600.1 ℃降低到224.5 ℃,高压主蒸汽流量从76.1 kg/s减小到15.3 kg/s。

联合循环发电厂  /  余热锅炉  /  调峰  /  变负荷  /  动态建模

Against the dynamic operation characteristics of three-pressure reheat waste heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) of gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC) unit, the Modelica open-source programming language is used to build the simulation model for the HRSG, and the simulation results are compared with the actual operation data during peak load regulation process of the power plant. Under actual operating conditions, the established model can accurately predict the dynamic response laws of main parameters of the HRSG in the dynamic process of steady-state operation after the load drops from full load to low load, then increases from low load to full load, as well as unit shutdown and boundary parameter disturbance. When the unit load decreases from 320 MW to 280 MW, the power of the steam turbine decreases from 124.0 MW to 111.5 MW. The high pressure main steam flow rate decreases from 70.12 kg/s to 63.62 kg/s, and the high pressure main steam pressure decreases from 8 250 kPa to 7 612 kPa. The flue gas parameters at inlet of the HRSG change in about 300 s with the decrease of the unit load, while the steam parameters of the HRSG need about 600 s to complete dynamic response and reach steady state at low load, indicating there is a certain lag in steam parameters of the HRSG compared to the change of gas turbine exhaust gas parameters over time. In the dynamic process the unit shut down, the power of the steam turbine decreases from 130.4 MW to 5.4 MW, the high pressure main steam temperature of the HRSG decreases from 600.1 ℃ to 224.5 ℃, and the high pressure main steam flow rate reduces from 76.1 kg/s to 15.3 kg/s.

combined cycle unit  /  heat recovery steam generator  /  peak regulation  /  variable load  /  dynamic modeling
王一丰, 翟春华, 黄庆, 肖俊峰, 牛晨晖, 苏新民, 焦道顺, 潘赫男, 王乾远, 奚新国, 袁源, 阴海强, 苏通, 曹殿尧, 刘加湗, 章文茜, 李军. 重型燃气轮机联合循环机组三压再热余热锅炉动态建模及运行规律研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (11) : 89 -100 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407179
Yifeng WANG, Chunhua ZHAI, Qing HUANG, Junfeng XIAO, Chenhui NIU, Xinmin SU, Daoshun JIAO, Henan PAN, Qianyuan WANG, Xinguo XI, Yuan YUAN, Haiqiang YIN, Tong SU, Dianyao CAO, Jiafeng LIU, Wenxi ZHANG, Jun LI. Dynamic modeling and operating rules of three-pressure reheat waste heat recovery steam generator in heavy-duty gas turbine combined cycle unit[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (11) : 89 -100 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407179
为实现“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标[1],我国能源结构向低碳化转型,新能源装机容量占比逐年增长。同时由于风电和光伏发电等可再生能源的主要发电时段与用电高峰时段错位,导致作为电网调峰主力的传统火电负荷将频繁波动并经常在低负荷下运行[2]。燃气-蒸汽联合循环发电机组(简称联合循环机组)发电效率高,负荷调节速度快,作为调峰发电系统具有较大优势[3]。余热锅炉作为联合循环机组中承上启下的设备,它的快速启停和变负荷能力对整个机组的调峰能力有重要的影响[4]。然而余热锅炉相对燃气轮机具有很大的热惯性,机组负荷发生变动时,余热锅炉进气的温度和流量也相应变化,其产生的蒸汽参数变化具有较大的滞后性。而机组在规定时间内安全、平稳、高效地降负荷且降至的负荷越低,说明调峰能力越强[5]。因此,对联合循环机组的非设计工况下动态仿真和性能预测具有重要意义。
近年来,针对联合循环机组动态模型进行了大量研究。Alobaid等人[6]采用商业软件Aspen Plus Dynamics(APD)和Apros Dynamic Process Simulation分别对三压余热锅炉的动态启动过程做了数值模拟研究。Wang等人[7-8]在商业软件APD中建立了燃气轮机、余热锅炉和蒸汽轮机的详细动态模型。Benato等人[9-11]采用Modelica语言搭建了联合循环机组动态模型并描述三压余热锅炉高压过热器的动态运行特性。Sabia等人[12]基于商业软件APD对燃气轮机及三压余热锅炉动态建模并分析了机组的热启动过程。Ata等人[13]使用Power Plant Simulator and Designer商业软件搭建了F级燃气轮机联合循环的启动过程动态仿真模型。Petkovic等人[14]使用Fortran语言模拟了燃气轮机启动过程的参数变化。Temraz等人[15]使用Apros商业软件开发了联合循环机组与太阳能集成发电的动态模型。Rossi等人[16]开发了联合循环机组动态分析的数学模型,研究了机组在启动过程中厚部件受到的机械应力。Li等人[17]用APD商业软件建立了联合循环机组动态仿真模型,并提出电厂与热储能集成发电的方案。Nicolas等人[18]采用APD商业软件建立了联合循环机组三压余热锅炉动态模型并用试验数据进行验证。Calise等人[19]开发了联合循环机组动态模型并进行了热经济性优化分析。Yu等人[20]基于质量和能量守恒定律的方程建立联合循环机组余热锅炉动态模型并且分析其动态特性。任昱宁等[21]通过在MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台上建立联合循环机组动态数学模型,分别在燃料组分和IGV开度的阶跃扰动下进行动态仿真。杨泽雨等[22]在MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台构建了部分回热燃气轮机联合循环机组底循环再参数扰动与降负荷情况下动态运行规律。Du等人[23]在MATLAB/ Simulink仿真平台建立了直流余热锅炉的动态模型。Rua等人[24]基于Modelica建立了联合循环机组三压余热锅炉模型并用Thermoflow商业软件进行验证,模拟了机组降负荷过程中承压部件应力的动态变化。
综上,联合循环机组动态模型目前一般使用成熟商业软件搭建,但缺乏完善得开源语言编程构建的机理模型,而且对三压再热余热锅炉蒸汽参数的仿真模拟结果缺少和机组实际运行数据的详细验证以及多工况对比。由此,本文基于可自主编程拓展的Modelica[25]语言仿真环境,搭建了联合循环机组三压再热余热锅炉动态模型,将Modelica开源语言平台的动态模型与Thermoflow商业软件的计算结果和机组实际调峰过程动态运行数据(减载、停机、扰动下余热锅炉蒸汽的温度、流量和压力参数以及汽轮机功率)做了详细的对比验证和分析讨论。
国内某350 MW型燃气轮机联合循环机组系统如图1所示。该系统包含燃气轮机、余热锅炉、汽轮机、凝汽器、发电机、泵等设备。燃气轮机和汽轮机为单轴配置。余热锅炉三压换热系统分为高压、中压、低压3个模块,共14级换热器和3个汽包。余热锅炉忽略了高压蒸汽和再热蒸汽的减温水装置,汽轮机忽略了轴封漏汽和轴封冷却器。假设所有设备是密封和绝热的。燃气轮机降负荷过程中,汽轮机采用滑压运行策略,因此汽轮机进汽压力降低,汽轮机的进气阀全开使进汽压力随机组功率变化,保证汽轮机排汽干度。模型研究的机组停机过程为余热锅炉出力的变化,不包含汽轮机降转速和旁路调节过程。
Modelica语言平台中三压余热锅炉建模计算所用公式应用于图1中的14级换热器的换热计算。传热过程采用对数平均温差法建模[26],余热锅炉换热器的能量和质量平衡方程[27]为:
QHX=UA(THOTCO)(THITCI)lnTHOTCOTHITCI
QHX=cp,w(m˙COTCOm˙CITCI)+(m˙COm˙CI)cp,wd(TCO+TCI)/2dt
QHX=cp,g(m˙HITHIm˙HOTHO)(m˙HOm˙HI)cp,gd(THO+THI)/2dt
U=1Din+2sNugaskgas+skwall+DinNutubektube
A=XYLπDin24
Qwall=XYLρwallcwall(π(Din+2s)2Din24)dTwalldt
Qwall=XYLkwall(THO+THIlnDin+2sDin+sTCO+TCIlnDin+sDin)
式中:QHX为工质和烟气换热量,W;U为换热系数,J/(s·m2·K);A为换热面积,m2THITHO分别为烟气进口和出口温度,K;TCITCO分别为工质进口和出口温度,K;m˙CIm˙CO分别为工质进口和出口流量,kg/s;m˙HIm˙HO分别为烟气进口和出口流量,kg/s;s为管道厚度,m;Din为管道直径,m;ktubekgaskwall分别为工质、烟气和管壁的导热系数,J/(s·m·K);L为管长,m;X为横向管排数;Y为纵向管排数;Qwall为管壁换热量,W;Twall为管壁温度,K;ρwall为管壁密度,kg/m3cp,wcp,g分别为工质和烟气的等压比热容,J/(kg·K);cwall为管壁金属比热容,J/(kg·K)。以过热器为例,传热公式[28]如下:
Nutube=0.024Retube0.8Prtube0.4
Nugas=0.33Regas0.6Prgas0.333
Retube=4m˙tubeπDinμwater
Regas=4m˙gasπ(Din+2s)μgas
Prtube=cp,wμwaterktube
Prgas=cp,gμgaskgas
式中:NuRePr分别为努塞特数、雷诺数和普朗特数;下标tube和gas分别代表管道和烟气;μwaterμgas分别为工质和烟气的黏度系数,kg/(m·s);m˙tubem˙gas分别为工质和烟气的流量,kg/s。
压降计算公式[29]为:
Δp=Lρwatervwater22Din(0.79lnRetube1.64)2
式中:Δp为管道压降,Pa;ρwater为工质密度,kg/m3vwater为工质流动速率,m/s。
对余热锅炉汽包建立动态模型,模型考虑了汽包腔内流体的热交换,此外还有液相和气相、流体和金属壁面的热交换。余热锅炉汽包动态模型为:
ρliquiddVliquiddt+Vliquid[dPdrumdt+dhliquiddt]=m˙liquid,inm˙liquid,out+m˙condm˙evap+(1xevap)m˙evap
ρvapordVvapordt+Vvapor[dPdrumdt+dhvapordt]=xevapm˙vapor,inm˙vapor,out+m˙evapm˙cond
cwaterMwalldTwalldt=KlwAlw(TliquidTwall)+KvwAvw(TvaporTwall)
式中:Pdrum为汽包压力,Pa;V1iquidVvapor分别为汽包内水和蒸汽的体积,m3h1iquidhvapor分别为汽包内水和蒸汽的焓值,J;ρ1iqudiρvapor分别为水和蒸汽密度,kg/m3m˙cond为汽包内凝结的水流量,kg/s;m˙evap为汽包蒸发的水流量,kg/s;m˙liquid,in为从省煤器进入汽包的工质流量,kg/s;m˙liquid,out为从汽包去蒸发器的工质流量,kg/s;m˙vapor,in为从蒸发器回到汽包的工质流量,kg/s;m˙vapor,out为从汽包进入过热器的蒸汽流量,kg/s;xevap为入汽包的工质中蒸汽的流量占比,%;Mwall为汽包金属壁的质量,kg;Twall为汽包金属壁面的温度,K;T1iquidTvapor分别为汽包中水和蒸汽的温度,K;K1wKvw分别为汽包中水和蒸汽与金属壁面的导热系数,J/(s·m2·K);A1wAvw分别为汽包内水和蒸汽与金属壁面的换热面积,m2
由于汽轮机的响应速度相较于余热锅炉快,因此采用静态模型,汽轮机的蒸汽流量、压力、温度关系计算采用Flügel公式[23]
m˙STm˙ST,0=pST,in2pST,out2pST,in,02pST,out,02TST,in,0TST,in
式中:m˙ST为汽轮机蒸汽流量;PST,inPST,out分别为汽轮机进、出口压力,Pa;TST,in为汽轮机进口工质温度,K;下标0表示变量是设计值。
凝汽器作为冷凝汽轮机排汽的部件,凝结水和循环冷却水的换热使用对数平均温差法计算:
m˙condenser(hcond,inhcond,out)=kcondAcond(TsatTCW,out)(TsatTCW,in)ln(TsatTCW,out)(TsatTCW,in)
式中:m˙condenser为凝结水流量,kg/s;hcond,inhcond,out分别为凝结水进、出口焓值,W;kcond为凝汽器换热系数,J/(s·m2·K);Acond为凝汽器换热面积,m2Tsat为凝结水饱和温度,K;TCW,inTCW,out分别为循环冷却水进、出口温度,K。
根据国内某型燃气轮机联合循环机组的设计数据搭建模型,基于Modelica语言的面向对象平台,采用模块化建模方法,分析了三压余热锅炉关键部件的动态特性。研究的参数包括高压主蒸汽(高压过热器出口蒸汽)、再热蒸汽(再热器出口蒸汽)、中压主蒸汽(中压过热器出口蒸汽)和低压主蒸汽(低压过热器出口蒸汽)的压力、温度和流量。表1列出了环境参数和燃料参数在机组满负荷下实际运行数据,表2展示了余热锅炉的部分换热器尺寸设计参数。
联合循环机组余热锅炉在Modelica开源语言平台中的模型如图2所示。图2中Q代表余热锅炉入口烟气。Thermoflow软件中模型示如图3所示。
Thermoflow软件是成熟、应用广泛的热力系统软件,虽然计算方法为“黑匣子”,不为使用者所掌握,但可作为自主建模的准确性验证工具。因此,将Modelica和Thermoflow的GTTRAN动态模块得到的计算结果作对比,并且从实际电厂采集机组调峰过程动态运行数据用于对自主建立的模型预测机组真实动态运行规律的能力进一步验证。
以联合循环机组余热锅炉入口烟气流量、温度和成分的变化作为动态边界条件,模拟仿真计算主要参数的动态响应:1)机组从满负荷降低到部分负荷的动态过程中,余热锅炉入口烟气的流量减小,烟气的温度随时间略升高,烟气成分随燃料流量的变化而变化,直到机组稳定在低负荷工况,随后机组负荷再上升到满负荷工况;2)机组停机动态过程中,余热锅炉入口烟气温度和流量都随时间减小,烟气成分随燃料流量的变化而变化;3)余热锅炉入口边界参数扰动的动态过程中,入口烟气温度和流量发生单因素小幅度变化。
将余热锅炉入口烟气流量、温度和成分作为边界条件进行模型仿真,以计算余热锅炉主要参数随时间的动态响应。将Modelica余热锅炉模型满负荷稳态工况下详细的计算结果与Thermoflow软件计算结果作对比验证,结果见表3
表3可见,余热锅炉动态模拟计算结果各参数误差都在3.1%以内,可认为建立的Modelica开源语言模型在工程上准确性较好。
根据机组实际调峰过程运行数据,验证并分析联合循环机组负荷变化时余热锅炉动态仿真结果(图4)。由图4可见,在约300 s的时间内,机组负荷从320 MW降至280 MW,并进入部分负荷运行状态,经过低负荷稳态运行后,随着机组负荷回升,功率上升到320 MW。在机组降负荷过程中,燃气轮机减载,燃料流量从满负荷状态下13.50 kg/s减小到12.00 kg/s,经过稳态运行后,随着机组负荷回升,燃料量上升到13.25 kg/s。而余热锅炉入口烟气流量从550 kg/s减小到500 kg/s,烟气温度从640 ℃升高到650 ℃,经过240 min后,余热锅炉入口烟气流量和温度都经过约300 s上升回到负荷未变化前的数值。图4中箭头引出的局部放大图展示了绘制曲线的瞬态变化和波动。
图5为机组负荷降低时余热锅炉高压主蒸汽温度变化曲线。由图5 Modelica动态模拟计算结果可见,高压主蒸汽温度从562.5 ℃升高到565.6 ℃,再热蒸汽温度从564.5 ℃升高到567.6 ℃,中压主蒸汽温度从373.9 ℃升高到375.2 ℃,低压主蒸汽温度从296.7 ℃降至293.8 ℃。经过稳态运行后,随着机组负荷回升,高压主蒸汽温度重新降低/升高回到初始状态。从图5还可以看出,Modelica动态模拟计算结果与实际调峰过程运行数据符合较好。
图6为机组负荷降低时余热锅炉高压主蒸汽流量变化曲线。由图6可见:Modelica动态模拟计算结果高压蒸汽流量从70.12 kg/s减至63.62 kg/s;Thermoflow动态模拟计算结果高压主蒸汽流量从69.91 kg/s减少到64.24 kg/s;经过稳态运行后,随着机组负荷回升,高压主蒸汽流量重新升高到初始数值。经过数据处理排除机组实际调峰过程运行数据的波动后,Modelica开源语言和Thermoflow商业软件模拟结果与实际调峰过程运行数据的相对平均误差分别为3.58%和2.99%。
图7为机组负荷降低时余热锅炉高压主蒸汽压力变化曲线。由图7可见:Modelica动态模拟计算结果得到,高压蒸汽压力随时间从8.250 MPa下降到7.612 MPa;Thermoflow动态模拟计算结果得到,高压蒸汽压力随时间从8.250 MPa减至7.577 MPa;经过稳态运行后,随着机组负荷回升,高压蒸汽压力重新升高回到初始数值。Modelica开源语言和Thermoflow商业软件模拟结果与实际调峰过程运行数据的相对平均误差分别为1.82%和1.44%。然而Modelica和Thermoflow的模拟结果都没有体现实际运行数据中高压主蒸汽从动态向新稳态的突变(图7),实际机组运行数据显示在约1 000 s时高压主蒸汽从8.222 MPa随时间降至7.525 MPa,而后有一段短暂的回升。
图8为机组负荷降低时余热锅炉中压主蒸汽流量变化曲线。由图8可见:Modelica动态模拟计算结果得到,中压主蒸汽流量随时间从7.25 kg/s下降到6.40 kg/s;Thermoflow动态模拟计算结果得到,中压主蒸汽流量随时间从7.25 kg/s减至6.29 kg/s;经过稳态运行后机组负荷回升,中压主蒸汽流量升高到初始数值。经过数据处理排除机组实际调峰过程运行数据的波动后,Modelica开源语言和Thermoflow模拟结果与实际运行数据的相对平均误差分别为5.02%和2.46%。
图9为机组负荷降低时余热锅炉中压主蒸汽压力变化曲线。从图9可见:Modelica动态模拟计算结果得到,中压主蒸汽压力随时间从1.897 MPa下降到1.746 MPa;Thermoflow动态模拟计算结果得到,中压主蒸汽压力随时间从1.897 MPa减少到1.728 MPa;经过稳态运行后,随着机组负荷回升,中压主蒸汽压力重新升高回到初始数值。Modelica开源语言和Thermoflow模拟结果与实际调峰过程运行数据的相对平均误差分别为2.17%和2.76%。
图10为机组负荷降低时余热锅炉低压主蒸汽流量变化曲线。从图10可见:Modelica动态模拟计算结果得到,低压主蒸汽流量随时间从12.53 kg/s下降到10.75 kg/s;Thermoflow动态模拟计算结果得到,低压主蒸汽流量随时间从12.53 kg/s减少到10.71 kg/s;经过稳态运行后,随着机组负荷回升,低压主蒸汽流量重新升高回到初始数值。Modelica开源语言和Thermoflow模拟结果与实际调峰过程运行数据的相对平均误差分别为1.45%和3.62%。
图11为余热锅炉低压主蒸汽压力随负荷变化曲线。从图11可见:Modelica动态模拟计算结果得到,低压主蒸汽压力随时间从0.260 MPa降至0.222 MPa;Thermoflow动态模拟计算结果低压主蒸汽压力随时间从0.260 MPa减至0.227 MPa;经过稳态运行后,随着机组负荷回升,低压主蒸汽压力重新升高回到初始数值。Modelica开源语言和Thermoflow模拟结果与实际调峰过程运行数据的相对平均误差分别为4.02%和6.53%。
值得注意的是,模拟计算结果与机组实际调峰过程运行数据的变化趋势一致性较好,但是模型结果中没有体现运行数据的波动,机组实际运行数据波动的原因主要包括燃气轮机燃料质量流量不稳定、电力负荷变化和外部环境因素。
图12为Thermoflow软件得到的汽轮机功率随机组负荷动态和稳态模型结果,以及不同降负荷速率下汽轮机功率对比曲线。
图12可见:Modelica结果为,汽轮机功率从124.0 MW降至111.5 MW;Thermoflow结果为,汽轮机的功率从124.9 MW降低到109.7 MW;Modelica和Thermoflow计算的汽轮机功率相对误差1.11%,吻合较好。机组降负荷用时10、20 min的2种动态过程中,汽轮机功率降低的速率不同;而且动态与稳态模型的计算结果相较而言,汽轮机功率的下降速度更慢;结合图4,余热锅炉入口烟气参数在约5 min的时间内变化,但是余热锅炉蒸汽参数需要约10 min完成动态变化,这是因为余热锅炉的汽水系统具有热惯性,主要蒸汽参数的变化相对于机组调峰过程中负荷的降低会有一定的滞后。
图13为余热锅炉参数随机组停机时间变化曲线。由图13可见,在240~840 s之间600 s时段内,随着机组停机,余热锅炉入口烟气流量从610 kg/s减小到50 kg/s,烟气温度从610 ℃降低到200 ℃,燃气轮机燃料流量从13.25 kg/s减小到1.00 kg/s。为简化对计算结果的讨论,以下都以Modelica的计算结果作具体分析。
图14为机组停机过程中余热锅炉高、中、低压主蒸汽流量随机组停机时间变化曲线。由图14可见,高压主蒸汽流量从76.1 kg/s减小到15.3 kg/s,再热主蒸汽流量从88.5 kg/s减小到18.8 kg/s,中压主蒸汽流量从12.2 kg/s减小到8.5 kg/s,低压主蒸汽流量从9.8 kg/s减小到0.8 kg/s。Modelica和Thermoflow的蒸汽流量模拟结果相对误差为高压主蒸汽5.66%,再热主蒸汽3.01%,中压主蒸汽12.6%,低压主蒸汽10.5%。
图15为机组停机过程中余热锅炉高、中、低压蒸汽压力随机组停机时间变化曲线。由图15可见,高压主蒸汽压力从12.76 MPa减至1.01 MPa,再热主蒸汽压力从2.50 MPa降低到0.22 MPa,低压主蒸汽压力从0.45 MPa降低到0.11 MPa。Modelica和Thermoflow的蒸汽压力结果相对误差为高压主蒸汽5.54%,中压主蒸汽6.30%,低压主蒸汽28.7%。
图16为余热锅炉高、中、低压主蒸汽温度随机组停机时间变化曲线。由图16可见,在600 s的时间内,随着燃气轮机停机,余热锅炉高压主蒸汽温度从600.1 ℃降低到224.5 ℃,再热主蒸汽温度从575.2 ℃降低到240.0 ℃,中压主蒸汽温度从325.6 ℃降低到224.3 ℃,低压主蒸汽温度从295.8 ℃降低到247.9 ℃。对于余热锅炉主蒸汽温度随机组停机时间动态变化规律,Modelica语言和Thermoflow软件的模拟结果的趋势基本一致。
图17反映了汽轮机功率随机组停机时间变化曲线。由图17可见,汽轮机功率从130.4 MW降至5.4 MW,高压缸功率从29.9 MW降至0.5 MW,中压缸功率从41.5 MW下降到2.1 MW,低压缸功率从59.9 MW下降到2.8 MW。相比较于Modelica模型,Thermoflow软件计算的汽轮机功率的减小速率更快而且降低到更低的功率,但是动态曲线的变化趋势基本一致。
综上,机组停机过程中,随着余热锅炉入口烟气的流量和温度下降,余热锅炉输出的蒸汽流量和压力都会相应减少和降低,但是在240 s到840 s之间600 s的时段内,当烟气的流量和温度下降到最低水平后,蒸汽的流量和压力在840 s时并没有减小和下降到最低水平,这说明在入口边界条件烟气流量和温度变化后,余热锅炉输出的蒸汽的热特性的变化具有明显的滞后。
图18图19分别为在240~360 s的120 s时段内余热锅炉主蒸汽流量随入口烟气流量和温度变化曲线。由图18可见,随着余热锅炉入口烟气流量减少10%,高压主蒸汽流量从76.0 kg/s减小到58.2 kg/s,再热主蒸汽流量从88.0 kg/s减小到71.8 kg/s,中压和低压主蒸汽流量略有增加。由图19可见,随着余热锅炉入口烟气温度降低10%,高压主蒸汽流量从76.0 kg/s减小到64.3 kg/s,再热主蒸汽流量从88.0 kg/s减小到75.4 kg/s,中压主蒸汽流量从11.9 kg/s减小到10.0 kg/s,低压主蒸汽流量从9.9 kg/s减至7.1 kg/s。Modelica语言和Thermoflow软件的模拟结果基本一致。
图20图21分别为余热锅炉主蒸汽压力随入口烟气流量和温度变化曲线。由图20可见,随着余热锅炉入口烟气流量减少10%,余热锅炉高压主蒸汽压力从12.73 MPa减少至9.50 MPa,中压主蒸汽压力从2.72 MPa降低到2.09 MPa,低压主蒸汽压力几乎无变化。由图21可以看出,随着余热锅炉入口烟气温度降低10%,高压主蒸汽流量从12.73 MPa降低到10.85 MPa,中压主蒸汽流量从2.72 MPa降低到2.29 MPa,低压主蒸汽流量几乎没有变化。Modelica语言和Thermoflow软件的模拟结果基本一致。
综上所述,若单独研究烟气流量或者温度参数单因素扰动的过程,余热锅炉输出的蒸汽的压力和流量都受到烟气流量和温度单因素扰动的影响。在240~360 s之间的时段内,当烟气的流量或温度单因素已经降低到扰动值后,蒸汽的流量和压力在360 s时并没有减小或下降到扰动状态,说明余热锅炉对单因素扰动的响应相对于边界条件的变化具有一定的滞后性;而且余热锅炉入口烟气温度变化后蒸汽参数的响应比烟气流量变化的响应更快。
建立了燃气轮机联合循环机组三压再热余热锅炉动态模型并仿真研究了机组降负荷调峰(从满负荷降到低负荷、再从低负荷升高至满负荷)、停机和边界参数扰动的动态过程中余热锅炉主要参数(包括余热锅炉中在各级换热器进出口处的烟气和工质的温度、流量和压力参数)和机组功率的动态响应变化量和变化趋势。将基于实际机组设计数据搭建的Modelica语言平台、Thermoflow商业软件动态模型的计算结果和机组实际调峰过程运行数据做了详细的对比和验证,平均误差小于5%。
在实际运行工况下,基于开源语言Modelica的联合循环机组三压再热余热锅炉仿真模型能够得到与机组实际运行数据和Thermoflow商业软件的动态响应曲线基本一致的余热锅炉主要参数的动态响应规律计算结果,而且能预测出稳态模型无法得到的余热锅炉主要参数动态响应相对于余热锅炉入口烟气边界条件参数变化的滞后时间和滞后程度。因此建立动态模型计算结果能够为机组进行快速负荷调节、参与深度调峰、保障安全稳定运行等实际工程应用提供一定的参考。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ20-H42)
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2024年第53卷第11期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407179
  • 接收时间:2024-07-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-26
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Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ20-H42)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ20-H42)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
    3.华能南京燃机发电有限公司,江苏 南京 210034
    4.华能国际电力江苏能源开发有限公司,江苏 南京 210015
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