Article(id=1236369225250558459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236369220812984708, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202403082, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709740800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772702993929, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1732464000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772702993929, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772702993929, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772702993929, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236369220812984708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='168', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772702992871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772703093306, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236369642126627337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236369220812984708, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236369642126627338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236369220812984708, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=56, endPage=65, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236369225611268631, articleId=1236369225250558459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Reliability modeling and analysis of wind turbine based on distribution function optimization, columnId=1236369221647651205, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on low-carbon transformation of power system, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Reliability model is the foundation of reliability analysis. Conventional reliability modeling takes the entire system as the research object, and uses all fault data to fit the distribution function of the system, estimate parameters, and optimize the model, thus to determine the distribution type and distribution function of the system, and then to calculate the reliability indicators of the system. Wind turbine is a typical complex electromechanical system, with different functions, structures, and fault forms of each subsystem. It is obviously inappropriate to use one distribution function to determine the fault distribution of the entire system. Therefore, based on the collected and sorted fault data of wind turbines, the distribution function optimization-based reliability modeling and analysis technology of wind turbines is proposed. By applying the commonly used exponential distribution, normal distribution, log-normal distribution, Weibull distribution and gamma distribution, the distribution function fitting, parameter estimation and goodness of fit analysis of the fault interval of each subsystem of wind turbines are carried out, and the distribution function and subsystem reliability function of the fault interval time of each subsystem are determined. On this basis, a Copula connection function is used to establish the reliability function model for wind turbines, taking into account the fault correlation between subsystems. Moreover, an example analysis is conducted on the fault data of an offshore wind turbine, which verifies the feasibility of the proposed method.

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可靠性模型是可靠性分析的基础,传统的可靠性建模以整个系统为研究对象,通过利用所有故障数据对系统的分布函数进行拟合、参数估计和模型优选,以确定系统的分布类型及分布函数,进而计算系统的可靠性指标。风电机组是一个典型的复杂机电系统,各子系统的功能、结构以及故障形式各不相同,用一个分布函数来确定整个系统的故障分布显然不合适。对此,基于收集整理的风电机组故障数据,提出基于分布函数优选的风电机组可靠性建模和分析技术,利用常用的指数分布、正态分布、对数正态分布、威布尔分布和伽马分布,对风电机组各子系统的故障间隔时间进行分布函数拟合、参数估计和拟合优度分析,确定了各子系统故障间隔时间的分布函数和子系统可靠度函数。在此基础上,采用Copula连接函数,在考虑子系统故障相关性的基础上,建立了风电机组的整机可靠度函数模型,并以某海上风电机组的故障数据为例进行了实例分析,验证了所提方法的可行性。

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汪臻(1990),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为新能源发电设备可靠性及故障监测与诊断,

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汪臻(1990),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为新能源发电设备可靠性及故障监测与诊断,

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汪臻(1990),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为新能源发电设备可靠性及故障监测与诊断,

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articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=分布函数), Keyword(id=1236369230124340141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=可靠性建模), Keyword(id=1236369230262752183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=故障相关性分析), Keyword(id=1236369230375998400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=可靠性分析)], refs=[Reference(id=1236369233832104081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=王达梦, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王达梦. 以可靠性为中心的风电机组机会维修策略研究[D]. 北京: 华北电力大学, 2020: 1., articleTitle=以可靠性为中心的风电机组机会维修策略研究, 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Journal of Beijing University of Posts Telecommunications, 2018, 41(4): 81-85., articleTitle=Reliability analyzing method of small sample structures and mechanisms based on Bootstrap-SVR-SOC, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236369236944277813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=31, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=30, authorNames=YANG J, WANG J, HUANG Q, journalName=Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG J, WANG J, HUANG Q, et al. Reliability assessment for the solenoid valve of a high-speed train braking system under small sample size[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2018, 31(1): 1-11., articleTitle=Reliability assessment for the solenoid valve of a high-speed train braking system under small sample size, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236369237007192377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=15, pageStart=7, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=31, authorNames=陈飞, 周俊宇, 陈伟, journalName=科技与创新, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈飞, 周俊宇, 陈伟. 一种基于模糊理论的雷达可靠性评估方法[J]. 科技与创新, 2022(15): 7-9., articleTitle=一种基于模糊理论的雷达可靠性评估方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236369237095272764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=15, pageStart=7, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=32, authorNames=CHEN Fei, ZHOU Junyu, CHEN Wei, journalName=Science and Technology & Innovation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Fei, ZHOU Junyu, CHEN Wei. A radar reliability evaluation method based on fuzzy theory[J]. Science and Technology & Innovation, 2022(15): 7-9., articleTitle=A radar reliability evaluation method based on fuzzy theory, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236369237170770243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=373, issue=2039, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=33, authorNames=HAND D J, journalName=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAND D J. From evidence to understanding: a commentary on Fisher (1922) 'On the mathematical foundations of theoretical statistics'[J]. 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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, companyId=1236369227335127740, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.华能(浙江)能源开发有限公司清洁能源分公司,浙江 杭州 310007)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236369230514410440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Probability density curves of fault interval time in the pitch system, figureFileSmall=/EpnEYX/GBqi+Kt+kRBcGw==, figureFileBig=JRKUqc9wNSzFxN3wJMDbRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236369230577325004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, label=图1, caption= 变桨系统故障间隔时间的概率密度曲线, figureFileSmall=/EpnEYX/GBqi+Kt+kRBcGw==, figureFileBig=JRKUqc9wNSzFxN3wJMDbRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236369230816400348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Cumulative distribution curves of fault interval time of the pitch system, figureFileSmall=yNlzdEPbSLtFcES4aatXwA==, figureFileBig=/NyDaJ5qoVwYNQEKmYD3fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236369230904480740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, label=图2, caption=变桨系统故障间隔时间的累计分布曲线, figureFileSmall=yNlzdEPbSLtFcES4aatXwA==, figureFileBig=/NyDaJ5qoVwYNQEKmYD3fw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236369231017726954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Fault correlation between subsystems of offshore wind turbines, figureFileSmall=xzrIm1nvIXD3mIApVcxqlQ==, figureFileBig=kmjWqE3y/c4RFnoPswJyDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236369231223247860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, label=图3, caption=海上风电机组子系统间的故障相关性, figureFileSmall=xzrIm1nvIXD3mIApVcxqlQ==, figureFileBig=kmjWqE3y/c4RFnoPswJyDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236369231319716858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The failure probability density function and cumulative distribution function of each distribution function

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布函数失效概率密度函数累计分布函数备注
指数分布f(t)=1θexp(tθ)F(t)=tf(t)dt=1exp(tθ)θ>0为常数
正态分布f(x)=12πσexp(12(xμσ)2)F(x)=12πσtexp(12(xμσ)2)dxμ为位置参数,是正态分布的均值;σ为形状参数,是方差
对数正态分布f(t)=12πσxtexp(12(lntμxσx)2)F(t)=0t12πσxtexp(12(lntμxσx)2)dtμxσx为对数正态分布的位置参数和形状参数
威布尔分布f(t)=βαβ(tt0)β1exp((tt0α)β)F(t)=1exp((tt0α)β)α>0,β>0;α为威布尔分布的尺度参数;β为威布尔分布的形状参数;t0为威布尔分布的位置参数
伽马分布f(t)=1ηαΓ(α)tα1exp(tη)F(t)=0t1ηαΓ(α)tα1exp(tη)dtΓ(·)为伽马函数;η为伽马分布的尺度参数;α为伽马分布的形状参数
), ArticleFig(id=1236369231416185856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各分布函数的失效概率密度函数和累积分布函数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布函数失效概率密度函数累计分布函数备注
指数分布f(t)=1θexp(tθ)F(t)=tf(t)dt=1exp(tθ)θ>0为常数
正态分布f(x)=12πσexp(12(xμσ)2)F(x)=12πσtexp(12(xμσ)2)dxμ为位置参数,是正态分布的均值;σ为形状参数,是方差
对数正态分布f(t)=12πσxtexp(12(lntμxσx)2)F(t)=0t12πσxtexp(12(lntμxσx)2)dtμxσx为对数正态分布的位置参数和形状参数
威布尔分布f(t)=βαβ(tt0)β1exp((tt0α)β)F(t)=1exp((tt0α)β)α>0,β>0;α为威布尔分布的尺度参数;β为威布尔分布的形状参数;t0为威布尔分布的位置参数
伽马分布f(t)=1ηαΓ(α)tα1exp(tη)F(t)=0t1ηαΓ(α)tα1exp(tη)dtΓ(·)为伽马函数;η为伽马分布的尺度参数;α为伽马分布的形状参数
), ArticleFig(id=1236369231525236744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Expressions of parameter estimators for each distribution function

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布函数参数估计表达式
指数分布θ^=i=1nti/n
正态分布μ^=1ni=1nxi=x¯
σ^2=1ni=1n(xix¯)2
对数正态分布μ^x=1ni=1nlnti
σ^2x=1ni=1n(lntiμ^x)2
威布尔分布α^=n/i=1nti=1/t¯
β^=n/(i=1n(t¯tilnti)nlnt¯)
伽马分布{i=1nlntinlnηnd(Γ(α))dα=0i=1nlntinαη=0
不能直接求得ηα极大似然估计量的解析解,可以采用数值解法求解
), ArticleFig(id=1236369231713980427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各分布函数的参数估计表达式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布函数参数估计表达式
指数分布θ^=i=1nti/n
正态分布μ^=1ni=1nxi=x¯
σ^2=1ni=1n(xix¯)2
对数正态分布μ^x=1ni=1nlnti
σ^2x=1ni=1n(lntiμ^x)2
威布尔分布α^=n/i=1nti=1/t¯
β^=n/(i=1n(t¯tilnti)nlnt¯)
伽马分布{i=1nlntinlnηnd(Γ(α))dα=0i=1nlntinαη=0
不能直接求得ηα极大似然估计量的解析解,可以采用数值解法求解
), ArticleFig(id=1236369231827226645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Fault data of the pitch system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号故障形式平均故障间隔时间/h故障频数故障影响
1绕组短路和断路65039变桨电机故障
2后备电池或电容故障68838后备电源与充电器故障
3通信故障84431变桨驱动器故障
4桨距角A/B编码器
故障
90429编码器与限位
开关故障
5风扇失效1 45418变桨电机故障
6IGBT损坏1 52217变桨驱动器故障
7漏油1 63716变桨齿轮箱故障
8桨距角限位开关故障1 75015编码器与限位
开关故障
9制动器失效2 61610变桨电机故障
10轴承失效或损伤3 2738变桨电机故障
11接线和接口出现问题3 2818变桨电机故障
12齿轮失效或损伤3 7307变桨齿轮箱故障
13柜内各类开关/接触器/继电器损坏3 7487控制模块故障
14轴承元件失效或损伤4 2126变桨轴承故障
15与轮毂连接螺栓裂纹或断裂4 3326变桨轴承故障
16电机过载4 3686变桨电机故障
17输入输出线路故障5 2505控制模块故障
18轴承失效或损伤6 5464变桨齿轮箱故障
19充电器故障6 5664后备电源与充电器故障
20控制器模块硬件故障(PLC)8 7543控制模块故障
21柜内加热器、冷却
风扇损坏
8 7543控制模块故障
22桨叶角度故障8 7583编码器与限位
开关故障
23电源转换模块故障26 2741控制模块故障
24变桨安全链模块故障26 2741控制模块故障
), ArticleFig(id=1236369231927889948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

变桨系统故障数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号故障形式平均故障间隔时间/h故障频数故障影响
1绕组短路和断路65039变桨电机故障
2后备电池或电容故障68838后备电源与充电器故障
3通信故障84431变桨驱动器故障
4桨距角A/B编码器
故障
90429编码器与限位
开关故障
5风扇失效1 45418变桨电机故障
6IGBT损坏1 52217变桨驱动器故障
7漏油1 63716变桨齿轮箱故障
8桨距角限位开关故障1 75015编码器与限位
开关故障
9制动器失效2 61610变桨电机故障
10轴承失效或损伤3 2738变桨电机故障
11接线和接口出现问题3 2818变桨电机故障
12齿轮失效或损伤3 7307变桨齿轮箱故障
13柜内各类开关/接触器/继电器损坏3 7487控制模块故障
14轴承元件失效或损伤4 2126变桨轴承故障
15与轮毂连接螺栓裂纹或断裂4 3326变桨轴承故障
16电机过载4 3686变桨电机故障
17输入输出线路故障5 2505控制模块故障
18轴承失效或损伤6 5464变桨齿轮箱故障
19充电器故障6 5664后备电源与充电器故障
20控制器模块硬件故障(PLC)8 7543控制模块故障
21柜内加热器、冷却
风扇损坏
8 7543控制模块故障
22桨叶角度故障8 7583编码器与限位
开关故障
23电源转换模块故障26 2741控制模块故障
24变桨安全链模块故障26 2741控制模块故障
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232041136164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The estimated parameters’ values for each distribution function

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布函数参数估计值
指数分布λ=4.546 7×104
正态分布μ=2.199 4×103
σ=2.776 7×103
对数正态分布μ=7.306 7×10
σ=8.021 4×101
威布尔分布α=2.285 4×103
β=1.085 0×10
伽马分布α=1.428 4×10
η=1.539 7×103
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232150188074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各分布函数的参数估计值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布函数参数估计值
指数分布λ=4.546 7×104
正态分布μ=2.199 4×103
σ=2.776 7×103
对数正态分布μ=7.306 7×10
σ=8.021 4×101
威布尔分布α=2.285 4×103
β=1.085 0×10
伽马分布α=1.428 4×10
η=1.539 7×103
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232238268464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The K-S test values for each distribution function

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
K-S
检验值
指数
分布
正态
分布
对数正态分布威布尔分布伽马
分布
Dn0.163 60.276 60.214 10.185 30.216 0
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232338931766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各分布函数的K-S检验值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
K-S
检验值
指数
分布
正态
分布
对数正态分布威布尔分布伽马
分布
Dn0.163 60.276 60.214 10.185 30.216 0
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232414429244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Goodness of fit values of each distribution function

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布函数关联系数
指数分布0.988 3
正态分布0.942 5
对数正态分布0.993 0
威布尔分布0.987 7
伽马分布0.987 8
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232515092543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各分布函数的拟合优度值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布函数关联系数
指数分布0.988 3
正态分布0.942 5
对数正态分布0.993 0
威布尔分布0.987 7
伽马分布0.987 8
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232674476105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Distribution types and distribution functions of each subsystem

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子系统分布函数概率密度函数
叶片系统伽马分布f(t)=1ηαΓ(α)tα1exp(tη)α=1.7429η=2.0651×104
变桨系统对数正态分布f(t)=12πσxtexp(12(lntμxσx)2)μ=7.3067×10σ=8.0214×101
主轴与主轴承系统对数正态分布f(t)=12πσxtexp(12(lntμxσx)2)μ=10.8539σ=1.0340
齿轮箱系统威布尔分布f(t)=βαβ(tt0)β1exp((tα)β)α=3.5813×104β=0.8305
发电机系统威布尔分布f(t)=βαβ(tt0)β1exp((tα)β)α=3.9602×104β=0.9072
变频器系统正态分布f(x)=12πσexp(12(xμσ)2)μ=2.9216×104σ=340.54
主控系统伽马分布f(t)=1ηαΓ(α)tα1exp(tη)α=1.9358η=2.7140×105
偏航系统伽马分布f(t)=1ηαΓ(α)tα1exp(tη)α=1.1559η=1.3315×105
刹车与液压系统对数正态分布f(t)=12πσxtexp(12(lntμxσx)2)μ=10.9501σ=0.7729
其他子系统指数分布f(t)=λexp(λt)λ=1.9515×105
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232821276753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

各子系统的分布类型和分布函数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子系统分布函数概率密度函数
叶片系统伽马分布f(t)=1ηαΓ(α)tα1exp(tη)α=1.7429η=2.0651×104
变桨系统对数正态分布f(t)=12πσxtexp(12(lntμxσx)2)μ=7.3067×10σ=8.0214×101
主轴与主轴承系统对数正态分布f(t)=12πσxtexp(12(lntμxσx)2)μ=10.8539σ=1.0340
齿轮箱系统威布尔分布f(t)=βαβ(tt0)β1exp((tα)β)α=3.5813×104β=0.8305
发电机系统威布尔分布f(t)=βαβ(tt0)β1exp((tα)β)α=3.9602×104β=0.9072
变频器系统正态分布f(x)=12πσexp(12(xμσ)2)μ=2.9216×104σ=340.54
主控系统伽马分布f(t)=1ηαΓ(α)tα1exp(tη)α=1.9358η=2.7140×105
偏航系统伽马分布f(t)=1ηαΓ(α)tα1exp(tη)α=1.1559η=1.3315×105
刹车与液压系统对数正态分布f(t)=12πσxtexp(12(lntμxσx)2)μ=10.9501σ=0.7729
其他子系统指数分布f(t)=λexp(λt)λ=1.9515×105
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232930328663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Reliability functions of each subsystem

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子系统分布类型可靠度函数
叶片系统伽马分布R(t)=10t3.2855×108t0.7429exp(t20651)dt
变桨系统对数正态分布R(t)=1Φ(lnt73.0670.80214)
主轴与主轴承系统对数正态分布R(t)=1Φ(lnt10.85391.034)
齿轮箱系统威布尔分布R(t)=exp[(t35813)0.8305]
发电机系统威布尔分布R(t)=exp[(t39602)0.9072]
变频器系统正态分布R(x)=1Φ(x29216340.54)
主控系统伽马分布R(t)=10t3.1007×1011t0.9358exp(t271400)dt
偏航系统伽马分布R(t)=10t1.2816×106t0.1559exp(t133150)dt
刹车与液压系统对数正态分布R(t)=1Φ(lnt10.95010.7729)
其他子系统指数分布R(t)=exp(1.9515×105t)
), ArticleFig(id=1236369233051963487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

各子系统的可靠度函数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子系统分布类型可靠度函数
叶片系统伽马分布R(t)=10t3.2855×108t0.7429exp(t20651)dt
变桨系统对数正态分布R(t)=1Φ(lnt73.0670.80214)
主轴与主轴承系统对数正态分布R(t)=1Φ(lnt10.85391.034)
齿轮箱系统威布尔分布R(t)=exp[(t35813)0.8305]
发电机系统威布尔分布R(t)=exp[(t39602)0.9072]
变频器系统正态分布R(x)=1Φ(x29216340.54)
主控系统伽马分布R(t)=10t3.1007×1011t0.9358exp(t271400)dt
偏航系统伽马分布R(t)=10t1.2816×106t0.1559exp(t133150)dt
刹车与液压系统对数正态分布R(t)=1Φ(lnt10.95010.7729)
其他子系统指数分布R(t)=exp(1.9515×105t)
), ArticleFig(id=1236369233181986922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Reliability functions of each subsystem for an offshore wind turbine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子系统分布类型可靠度函数
叶片系统伽马分布R(t)=10t2.9588×108t0.7745exp(t19830)dt
变桨系统对数正态分布R(t)=1Φ(lnt72.5870.81334)
主轴与主轴承系统对数正态分布R(t)=1Φ(lnt12.76531.1847)
齿轮箱系统威布尔分布R(t)=exp[(t36605)0.8412]
发电机系统威布尔分布R(t)=exp[(t40063)0.9457]
变频器系统正态分布R(x)=1Φ(x30045338.67)
主控系统伽马分布R(t)=10t3.2672×1011t0.9237exp(t267893)dt
偏航系统伽马分布R(t)=10t1.2678×106t0.1670exp(t134030)dt
刹车与液压系统对数正态分布R(t)=1Φ(lnt9.98710.7696)
其他子系统指数分布R(t)=exp(1.9677×105t)
), ArticleFig(id=1236369233265873008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

某海上风电机组各子系统的可靠度函数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子系统分布类型可靠度函数
叶片系统伽马分布R(t)=10t2.9588×108t0.7745exp(t19830)dt
变桨系统对数正态分布R(t)=1Φ(lnt72.5870.81334)
主轴与主轴承系统对数正态分布R(t)=1Φ(lnt12.76531.1847)
齿轮箱系统威布尔分布R(t)=exp[(t36605)0.8412]
发电机系统威布尔分布R(t)=exp[(t40063)0.9457]
变频器系统正态分布R(x)=1Φ(x30045338.67)
主控系统伽马分布R(t)=10t3.2672×1011t0.9237exp(t267893)dt
偏航系统伽马分布R(t)=10t1.2678×106t0.1670exp(t134030)dt
刹车与液压系统对数正态分布R(t)=1Φ(lnt9.98710.7696)
其他子系统指数分布R(t)=exp(1.9677×105t)
), ArticleFig(id=1236369233345564791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=EN, label=Tab.10, caption=

Parameter estimation values and fit values for each distribution function of the whole system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布函数参数估计值拟合优度值
指数分布λ=1.2995×1030.979 6
正态分布μ=769.745
σ=1891.33
0.866 7
对数正态分布μ=5.7759
σ=1.2949
0.990 3
威布尔分布α=613.239
β=0.75549
0.984 8
伽马分布α=0.6952
η=1 107.28
0.981 5
), ArticleFig(id=1236369233450422395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369225250558459, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

整机系统各分布函数的参数估计值和拟合优度值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分布函数参数估计值拟合优度值
指数分布λ=1.2995×1030.979 6
正态分布μ=769.745
σ=1891.33
0.866 7
对数正态分布μ=5.7759
σ=1.2949
0.990 3
威布尔分布α=613.239
β=0.75549
0.984 8
伽马分布α=0.6952
η=1 107.28
0.981 5
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基于分布函数优选的风电机组可靠性建模与分析研究
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汪臻 1 , 李国庆 2 , 傅望安 3 , 邓巍 1 , 王海明 3 , 赵勇 1 , 苏人奇 3
热力发电 | 电力系统低碳转型研究专题 2024,53(11): 56-65
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热力发电 | 电力系统低碳转型研究专题 2024, 53(11): 56-65
基于分布函数优选的风电机组可靠性建模与分析研究
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汪臻1 , 李国庆2, 傅望安3, 邓巍1, 王海明3, 赵勇1, 苏人奇3
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.中国华能集团有限公司,北京 100031
  • 3.华能(浙江)能源开发有限公司清洁能源分公司,浙江 杭州 310007
  • 汪臻(1990),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为新能源发电设备可靠性及故障监测与诊断,

Reliability modeling and analysis of wind turbine based on distribution function optimization
Zhen WANG1 , Guoqing LI2, Wang’an FU3, Wei DENG1, Haiming WANG3, Yong ZHAO1, Renqi SU3
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100031, China
  • 3.Clean Energy Branch of Huaneng (Zhejiang) Energy Development Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403082
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可靠性模型是可靠性分析的基础,传统的可靠性建模以整个系统为研究对象,通过利用所有故障数据对系统的分布函数进行拟合、参数估计和模型优选,以确定系统的分布类型及分布函数,进而计算系统的可靠性指标。风电机组是一个典型的复杂机电系统,各子系统的功能、结构以及故障形式各不相同,用一个分布函数来确定整个系统的故障分布显然不合适。对此,基于收集整理的风电机组故障数据,提出基于分布函数优选的风电机组可靠性建模和分析技术,利用常用的指数分布、正态分布、对数正态分布、威布尔分布和伽马分布,对风电机组各子系统的故障间隔时间进行分布函数拟合、参数估计和拟合优度分析,确定了各子系统故障间隔时间的分布函数和子系统可靠度函数。在此基础上,采用Copula连接函数,在考虑子系统故障相关性的基础上,建立了风电机组的整机可靠度函数模型,并以某海上风电机组的故障数据为例进行了实例分析,验证了所提方法的可行性。

风电机组  /  分布函数  /  可靠性建模  /  故障相关性分析  /  可靠性分析

Reliability model is the foundation of reliability analysis. Conventional reliability modeling takes the entire system as the research object, and uses all fault data to fit the distribution function of the system, estimate parameters, and optimize the model, thus to determine the distribution type and distribution function of the system, and then to calculate the reliability indicators of the system. Wind turbine is a typical complex electromechanical system, with different functions, structures, and fault forms of each subsystem. It is obviously inappropriate to use one distribution function to determine the fault distribution of the entire system. Therefore, based on the collected and sorted fault data of wind turbines, the distribution function optimization-based reliability modeling and analysis technology of wind turbines is proposed. By applying the commonly used exponential distribution, normal distribution, log-normal distribution, Weibull distribution and gamma distribution, the distribution function fitting, parameter estimation and goodness of fit analysis of the fault interval of each subsystem of wind turbines are carried out, and the distribution function and subsystem reliability function of the fault interval time of each subsystem are determined. On this basis, a Copula connection function is used to establish the reliability function model for wind turbines, taking into account the fault correlation between subsystems. Moreover, an example analysis is conducted on the fault data of an offshore wind turbine, which verifies the feasibility of the proposed method.

wind turbine  /  distribution function  /  reliability modeling  /  fault correlation analysis  /  reliability analysis
汪臻, 李国庆, 傅望安, 邓巍, 王海明, 赵勇, 苏人奇. 基于分布函数优选的风电机组可靠性建模与分析研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (11) : 56 -65 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403082
Zhen WANG, Guoqing LI, Wang’an FU, Wei DENG, Haiming WANG, Yong ZHAO, Renqi SU. Reliability modeling and analysis of wind turbine based on distribution function optimization[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (11) : 56 -65 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403082
随着全球对可再生能源的需求不断增加,风能作为一种清洁、可再生的能源形式得到了广泛应用。风电机组作为风能转换的核心设备,其可靠性对于风电场的安全运行和发电效率至关重要[1]。因此,对风电机组进行可靠性建模与分析成为一个重要的研究领域。风电机组的可靠性建模与分析旨在评估风电机组的可靠性水平、预测其未来的可靠性状态,并优化维修策略以提高其运行可靠性水平[2]。传统的定期维修策略无法充分利用风电机组的寿命,可能导致不必要的维修和停机。通过可靠性建模与分析,可以评估风电机组的故障概率和剩余寿命,确定最佳的维修时间间隔和维修策略[3-4],为风电场的检修规划和运营决策提供科学依据,从而最大程度地减少停机时间和维修成本[5]
基于历史运行故障数据的可靠性建模以概率论和数理统计为基础,通过数据拟合、参数估计等方法构建系统或关键部件的故障分布函数模型,是一种可靠性统计模型。针对风电机组的可靠性建模与分析,张志春基于风电场的实际监测数据,建立了风电机组的累积失效模型,用于对风电机组的可靠性进行预测[6];Zhang等人[7]将大数据分析技术运用到风电机组可靠性分析中,根据贝叶斯网络理论建立了离散状态模型,研究了风电机组有效寿命的预测方法;张穆勇[8]围绕整机运行可靠性问题,利用风电机组的实际运行数据,开展了相关的可靠性分析和评估技术研究,旨在为机组选型、运行优化、维护策略制定等提供支持和科学依据;王钧[9]基于泊松过程理论和风电机组的历史故障数据,利用灰色关联分析方法研究机组故障间隔时间分布类型,并基于幂律过程建立了风电机组的可靠性评估模型;Kang等人[10]采用改进的失效模式与影响分析(FMEA)方法对风电机组进行风险评估,研究失效模式的复杂性和关联性对整个系统失效概率的影响;Li等人[11]在对极端风况进行三维气象模拟的基础上,提出了一种预测中国近海风力发电机组失效概率的建模方法;Mohsen等人[12]通过风机停运的影响,提出了一种基于威布尔-马尔可夫的可靠性建模方法,用于风电机组的概率可靠性建模;Wadhvani等人[13]将多项式回归、局部加权多项式回归、样条回归、分段多项式回归、平滑样条等多种曲线拟合技术应用于风电机组功率曲线的建模,以实现对风电机组的精确建模与可靠性分析;Habibi等人[14]对目前基于模型的风电机组故障检测和容错控制方案进行了综合评述,重点介绍了其优点、能力和局限性。以上研究主要根据风电机组的物理拓扑结构和实际运行数据,建立风电机组的可靠性模型,并基于模型对风电机组进行可靠性分析和预测。针对可靠性建模中的小样本问题,国内外的研究学者展开了相关的研究,将贝叶斯理论[15-17]、蒙特卡罗方法[18]、灰色预测方法[19]、支持向量回归[20]、回归折算法[21]、模糊理论[22]等引入可靠性建模与分析中,以提高可靠性建模与分析的适用性。
从上面的分析中可以看出,基于运行数据的可靠性建模大多将系统作为一个整体来进行研究,且假设系统整体符合指数分布或威布尔分布,没有采用更多的分布函数进行对比、分析和择优,拟合精度相对较低。风电机组是一个典型的复杂机电系统,各子系统的功能、结构以及故障形式各不相同,用一个分布函数来确定整个系统的故障分布显然不合适。为此,本文提出对各子系统的故障数据分别建模,采用极大似然估计和关联熵,拟合、优选出各子系统的故障分布函数,并基于Copula函数,在考虑子系统故障相关性的基础上,建立系统的整机可靠度函数模型,进而分析海上风电机组的整机可靠性。
系统可靠性大多服从指数分布、正态分布、对数正态分布、威布尔分布和伽马分布。其中,最基本的分布模型是指数分布、正态分布和伽马分布。威布尔分布由指数分布派生而来,对数正态分布由正态分布派生而来。各分布函数的失效概率密度函数和累积分布函数见表1
确定风电机组各子系统故障分布规律,估计其分布函数的参数是风电机组可靠性建模和分析的前提与基础。本节对风电机组各子系统的故障数据逐一进行分析,拟合其可靠性分布函数并估计各分布函数的参数,进而确定各子系统的可靠性函数。
对于风电机组各子系统来说,由于难于直观地判断其分布类型,因此先假设各子系统的故障数据分别服从前述5种分布,然后采用极大似然估计法对各分布函数进行参数估计。
1)极大似然估计法
极大似然估计法由英国著名统计学家费希尔(R.A.Fisher)[23]首先提出,是目前应用最为广泛的一种参数估计方法。极大似然估计法的主要思想是在未知参数θ的全部可能取值中选择1个参数θ^,使得样本观察值出现的概率最大,则称θ^θ的极大似然估计量。
极大似然估计法进行参数估计首先需要构造似然函数,对于给定的样本点x=(x1, x2, …, xn)T,称f(x, θ)为θ的似然函数,记作L(θ; x)。
L(θ;x)=f(x;θ)=i=1nf(xi;θ)
若有统计量θ^,使得
L(θ^;x)=supθΘ{L(θ;x)}
则称θ^θ的极大似然估计量。
对似然函数取对数并求导,可得似然方程:
L(θ;x)θ=0
由式(3)即可求出θ的极大似然估计量θ^
2)分布函数参数估计
下面采用极大似然估计法对前述4种分布函数进行参数估计。各分布函数的参数估计见表2
由于同时采用了5种分布函数对子系统的分布类型进行拟合,因此,需要对分布类型的拟合优度进行分析,从中选择最优的分布类型。常用的拟合优度分析方法有相关系数法、关联熵法、灰色关联度法、最小距离法等。本文在获得子系统的各类分布模型之后,采用关联熵法分析比较各分布模型的拟合优度。
关联熵法通过定义关联系数来计算分布曲线的拟合优度,其基于熵的概念,引入随机变量的偏熵和关联熵,分析其特性并定义关联系数。关联系数表征了统计数据与拟合曲线之间分布的一致性,其计算过程如下。
1)计算统计数据与拟合曲线的信息熵
HF(x)=i=1nF(xi)logF(xi)
HFj(x)=i=1nFj(xi)logFj(xi)
式中:F(xi)为第i个统计数据的函数值;Fj(xi)为第j个分布函数在第i个统计数据处的函数值。
2)计算统计数据与拟合曲线间的偏熵
HF(x)(Fj(x))=i=1nF(xi)logFj(xi)
HFj(x)(F(x))=i=1nFj(xi)logF(xi)
式中:HF(x)(Fj(x))为统计数据关于第j个拟合曲线的偏熵;HFj(x)(F(x))为第j个拟合曲线关于统计数据的偏熵。
3)计算统计数据与拟合曲线间的关联熵
HF(x),Fj(x)=HF(x)(Fj(x))+HFj(x)(F(x))
4)计算统计数据与拟合曲线的关联系数
Rjcs=HF(x)+HFj(x)HF(x)(Fj(x))+HFj(x)(F(x))
关联系数Rjcs取值在[0,1]之间,Rjcs=1表示统计数据与第j个拟合曲线同分布,此性质表明关联系数RjcsF(x)和Fj(x)的分布的一致性的特征度量。
根据各分布函数的关联系数,从中选择关联系数最大的分布函数作为子系统的分布函数。在确定了每个子系统的分布类型及分布函数的参数后,即可获得每个子系统的可靠度函数,进而评估海上风电机组的整机可靠性水平。
风电机组内部具有复杂的故障耦合与关联影响关系,基于子系统分布函数的系统可靠性分析应充分考虑子系统间的故障相关性。本文采用Copula函数对风电机组的整机可靠性进行分析,在考虑子系统故障相关性的基础上,建立系统可靠性与子系统可靠性的函数关系。
风电机组是一个功能结构复杂,而且高度耦合的复杂机、电、液系统,其组成单元的故障模式存在一定的相关性,使得由多个零部件或设备组成的子系统在出现故障后,有可能引发“多米诺”效应而导致级联故障。同时,风电机组内部存在的多因素、多重复的影响,使得子系统的故障可能会呈现多路径扩散形态。本文基于决策实验室分析法(DEMATEL方法),以各单元故障模式相关性为输入,分析子系统间的故障相关性。各单元故障模式相关性数据一方面是基于现场获得的故障案例数据统计得到,另一方面是基于专家经验评分得到。对于缺乏故障案例数据的故障模式,其相关性可依据专家经验按照一定的准则评分得到。基于获得的各故障模式间的相关性数据,采用专家基于DEMATEL方法的子系统相关性分析步骤如下。
1)绘制故障模式关系有向图
通过分析风电机组故障模式间传播影响关系,构建故障模式的自相关矩阵,具体流程包括:从一个故障模式出发,分析可能导致该故障发生的所有故障模式,以及该故障可能引发的其他所有故障模式,根据其传播方向与强度绘制自相关矩阵。
2)建立故障模式影响关系矩阵PF
故障模式传播路径描述了故障模式之间定性的相互影响关系,DEMATEL方法以故障模式之间的相互影响频次为输入,通过数学分析可定量描述故障模式间的相关性。通过对故障模式自相关矩阵进行转换,建立故障模式影响关系矩阵PFPF中的每一行和每一列都表示一个故障模式,且行和列的故障模式必须一一对应。由于故障模式对自身的影响关系可以看做是0,所以PF中的所有对角线元素都为0。
PF=|0f12f1nFf210f2nFfnF1fnF20|
式中:fij为故障模式i对故障模式j的相关性;nF为故障模式的数量。
3)定义标准化矩阵P¯F
标准化矩阵是将故障模式影响关系矩阵PF进行标准化处理,标准化矩阵计算公式为:
P¯F=PFΔF
ΔF=maxi=1nF{j=1nFfij}
4)计算综合影响关系矩阵TF
综合影响关系矩阵TF表示各故障模式间的直接和间接影响关系,TF计算公式为:
TF=P¯F(IP¯F)1=[tij]nF×nF
式中:I为单位矩阵。
5)计算故障模式的影响度与被影响度
综合影响关系矩阵TF的行向量之和表示故障模式的影响度,用向量Ri(i=1, 2, …, nF)表示;列向量之和表示故障模式的被影响度,用向量Di(i=1, 2, …, nF)表示,RiDi的计算公式为:
Ri=[j=1nFtij]nF×1
Di=[j=1nFtij]1×nF
故障模式影响度越大说明该故障对其他故障的影响程度越大,被影响度越大说明该故障受其他故障的影响程度越大。影响度最大的故障模式为系统故障源,被影响度最大的故障模式是系统脆弱点。
6)计算子系统间的故障相关性系数
子系统的故障相关性通过综合分析子系统的故障模式相对于其他子系统故障模式的影响度与被影响度获得,其计算公式为:
α(Si,Sj)=R(Si,Sj)+D(Si,Sj)nF(Si)×nF(Sj)
式中:α(Si, Sj)为第i个子系统与第j个子系统的故障相关性系数;R(Si, Sj)为第i个子系统的故障对第j个子系统故障的影响度;D(Si, Sj)为第j个子系统的故障对第i个子系统故障的影响度;nF(Si)为第i个子系统的故障模式个数;nF(Sj)为第j个子系统的故障模式个数。
Copula函数,也称“相依函数”或“连接函数”,是一种将多维随机变量的联合分布用其一维边缘分布连接起来的函数,是一种在子系统相关故障下进行系统可靠性分析的有力工具。根据Copula函数的定义以及Sklar定理,对于k个具有故障相关性的子系统,在确定每个子系统的可靠度函数Ri(ti)之后,可以唯一确定一个Copula函数C,使得:
R(t1,t2,,tk)=C(R1(t1),R2(t2),,Rk(tk))
式中:R(t1, t2, …, tk,)为Ri(ti)(i=1, 2, …, k)的联合分布函数,即k个相关子系统的可靠度函数。
风电机组的子系统属于串联结构,其中部分子系统间具有故障相关性,而其他子系统相互独立。因此,风电机组的整机可靠度计算公式为:
R(t)=i=1gCi(t)j=1n1Rj(t)
式中:Ci(t)为第i组具有故障相关性的子系统的综合可靠度;Rj(t)为第j个独立子系统的可靠度;g为具有故障相关性的子系统的组数;n1为独立子系统的个数。
根据子系统的分布函数确定子系统的可靠度函数之后,选择合适的Copula函数进行整机可靠性分析。本文选择多元Gumbel Copula函数进行整机可靠性分析。Gumbel Copula函数的定义为:
C(R1(t),R2(t),,Rk(t))=exp{(i=1k(lnRi(t))1/υ)υ}
式中:ν∈[0,1]为子系统R1(t), R2(t),, Rk(t)的相关性系数,ν=1表示k个子系统R1(t), R2(t), , Rk(t)完全独立,ν→0表示子系统R1(t), R2(t), , Rk(t)趋于完全相关。本文νij=1–α(Si, Sj)。
本文以某海上风电机组子系统变桨系统为例说明子系统分布函数的拟合、优选过程,然后再给出所有子系统的可靠性分布函数。以变桨系统为例,变桨系统的故障数据见表3
根据表3的故障数据,对指数分布、正态分布、对数正态分布、威布尔分布和伽马分布分别采用极大似然估计法估计分布函数的参数,并对估计出的参数进行无偏性和有效性检验。各分布函数的参数估计值见表4
变桨系统不同分布函数的概率密度曲线和累计分布曲线如图1图2所示。从图1图2可以看出,指数分布、对数正态分布、威布尔分布和伽马分布对变桨系统的故障数据具有较好的拟合效果。为了从数值上说明哪些分布函数适合描述变桨系统的故障数据,需要计算各分布模型的拟合优度,从中选择拟合优度最高的分布模型作为变桨系统的分布模型。
为从数值上确定适合变桨系统的分布函数,需进行假设检验。采用K-S检验,通过计算变桨系统不同分布函数的K-S检验值Dn来评估各分布函数参数估计的有效性。各分布函数K-S检验值Dn表5
K-S检验的临界值表,n=24时,Dn,a=0.323,所以对于变桨系统来说,指数分布、正态分布、对数正态分布、威布尔分布、伽马分布均通过了K-S检验。为了找到最适合变桨系统的分布函数,需要对分布函数进行优选。采用关联熵法计算各分布函数的拟合优度值,各分布函数的拟合优度值(关联系数)见表6
表6可以看出,变桨系统的故障数据对对数正态分布的拟合优度值最高,说明变桨系统的分布函数更适合对数正态分布。采用同样的方法对其他子系统的故障数据进行分布函数拟合和优选,各子系统的分布类型和分布函数见表7。在获得各子系统故障数据的分布函数之后,根据各分布的概率密度函数与可靠度函数的关系,计算各子系统的可靠度函数,结果见表8
根据子系统故障间的传播影响关系,采用DEMATEL方法计算子系统间的故障相关性,计算结果如图3所示。从图3可以看出,主轴与主轴承系统和齿轮箱系统具有较强的故障相关性,相关性系数达到了0.301。这是由于二者在结构上相邻,且都为传动部件,通过联轴器连接共同传输动力,故障间具有较强的相依性,如主轴与主轴承的异常振动类故障在很大程度上会引起齿轮箱的传动系统和支撑系统故障。此外,叶片系统与齿轮箱系统、叶片系统与变桨系统、变桨系统与主控系统以及发电机系统与变频系统间也具有较强的故障相关性。
本文首先以主轴与主轴承系统和齿轮箱系统为例,采用Copula函数中的Gumbel Copula函数,计算二者的串联可靠度函数,如式(20)所示。
同理,可以计算出其他具有故障相关性的子系统的串联可靠度函数,然后再将获得的两两子系统间的串联可靠度相乘获得所有子系统的串联可靠度。需要注意的是,在相乘的过程中,部分子系统重复相乘了多次,因此需要再除以各子系统重复的次数。海上风电机组整机的可靠度函数如式(21)所示。
C(R3(t),R4(t))=exp{[(ln(1Φ(lnt6.75961.034)))1/0.69910.699(t596.89)0.8305]0.699}
RS(t)=C1,2C1,3C1,4C1,7C1,9C2,3C2,4C2,7C3,4C3,5C3,7C4,5C5,6C7,8R9(t)R1(t)4R2(t)3R3(t)4R4(t)3R5(t)2R7(t)3
式中:Ci,j=(Ri(t), Rj(t))。
我国海上风电机组的定检维修周期一般为2 000 h,假设每次定检维修后海上风电机组的可靠度都恢复如初,则可算得海上风电机组运行2 000 h后的整机可靠度为:Rs(2 000)=0.807 1。
为进一步对本文得到的海上风电机组各子系统和整机可靠度函数模型的准确性和泛化能力进行验证,采用同风电场某台海上风电机组的故障数据进行分析,得出了该机组各子系统的可靠度函数见表9。根据该机组各子系统的可靠度函数可算得其整机可靠度函数,即该机组运行2 000 h后的整机可靠度为:Rs(2 000)=0.796 2,与前文分析结果基本相同。说明本文得出的风电场风电机组各子系统可靠度函数和整机可靠度函数对同风电场的其他机组具有普适性和泛化能力。需要指出的是,由于不同风电场机组型号、运维策略等的不同,机组故障数据存在区别,所以基于不同风电场故障数据得出的子系统可靠度函数和整机可靠度函数肯定会有所区别,这是由于数据本身所决定的。
为了验证本文方法的合理性、准确性以及对实际运行机组可靠性分析的工程指导意义,将本文提出的方法与常规可靠性建模和分析进行对比分析。常规可靠性建模和分析是将风电机组作为一个整体进行可靠性分布函数的拟合和优选,通过将上述海上风电机组的所有故障数据进行分布函数拟合和参数估计,并分析各分布函数的拟合优度,分析结果见表10
根据各分布函数的拟合优度可知,对海上风电机组整机进行分布函数拟合,其故障数据对对数正态分布的拟合优度值最高,说明海上风电机组整机的分布函数更适合对数正态分布,其可靠度函数为:
R(t)=1Φ(lnt5.77591.2949)
同理,可计算得出海上风电机组运行2 000 h后的整机可靠度为:Rs(2 000)=0.079 4。显然该结果与机组实际可靠性明显不符,所以将海上风电机组整体进行分布函数拟合显然是不合适的。因为风电机组是一个典型的复杂机电系统,各子系统的功能、结构以及故障形式各不相同,用一个分布函数来确定整个系统的故障分布显然不合理。因此,需要对各子系统分别进行可靠性建模,获得各子系统的故障分布函数和可靠度函数,并在综合考虑各子系统故障相关性的条件下建立整机的可靠度函数模型。
本文以海上风电机组的故障数据为分析对象,研究了子系统可靠性建模与系统可靠性分析技术。首先分析了几种常用可靠性分布函数,给出了基于极大似然估计不同分布函数的参数估计方法,提出了采用关联熵法对子系统不同分布函数的拟合优度进行分析,并根据拟合优度实现了对子系统分布函数的优选。根据各子系统的分布函数,建立了子系统的可靠度函数,并基于DEMATEL方法分析了子系统间的故障相关性,在此基础上,采用Copula函数建立了海上风电机组的整机可靠度函数。
以海上风电机组变桨系统为例说明了子系统故障间隔时间的分布函数拟合、参数估计和模型优选过程,并随之确定了其他子系统故障间隔时间的分布类型、分布函数以及分布函数的参数。根据各子系统的可靠度函数,计算了海上风电机组的整机可靠度,实现了对海上风电机组整机可靠性的实时量化评估。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ20-H72-02)
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2024年第53卷第11期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403082
  • 接收时间:2024-03-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-07
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Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ20-H72-02)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ20-H72-02)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.中国华能集团有限公司,北京 100031
    3.华能(浙江)能源开发有限公司清洁能源分公司,浙江 杭州 310007
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