Article(id=1236369223736414638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236369220812984708, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202403064, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710259200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772702993567, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1732464000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772702993567, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772702993567, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772702993567, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236369220812984708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='168', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772702992871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772703093306, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236369642126627337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236369220812984708, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236369642126627338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236369220812984708, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=66, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236369224013238715, articleId=1236369223736414638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research status and development trend of open type heat source tower technology, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The two basic structures and working principles of open type heat source towers, as well as the technology of gas-liquid heat and mass exchange inside the tower are introduced. It systematically summarizes the structural components, antifreeze fluids, heat and mass transfer characteristics, and the current research status, with a focus on the research hotspots and major advancements in the development of antifreeze fluids and the heat and mass transfer processes of the open type heat source tower. Although the open type heat source tower technology still has disadvantages such as insufficient safety and environmental protection of antifreeze, corrosiveness and toxicity, unstable regeneration technology, and high energy consumption, it has a large heat exchange intensity, high heat recovery efficiency, simple structure, and low maintenance cost. It has broad application prospects in the field of building heating. In the future, open type heat source tower technology will develop towards a more efficient, stable, safe, environmentally friendly, energy-saving and low-carbon direction, and build a better green and low-carbon heating system.

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介绍了开式热源塔的2种基本结构、工作原理及塔内气液热质交换对热源塔技术,系统总结了开式热源塔的结构组件、防冻液、传热传质特性和适用性研究现状,重点阐述开式热源塔在防冻液开发和传热传质过程的研究热点及主要进展。虽然开式热源塔技术仍存在防冻液不够安全环保,具有腐蚀性和毒性且再生技术不够稳定,能耗过高等缺点,但开式热源塔换热强度大、采热效率高、结构简单维护成本低,在建筑供暖领域具有广阔的应用前景,未来开式热源塔技术将朝着更高效稳定、更安全环保、更节能低碳的方向发展,构建更佳绿色低碳的供热体系。

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张化福(1987),男,硕士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为基于复合増焓的低品位能源高效利用技术及产业化,
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李雷(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为复合増焓能源塔热泵技术,

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李雷(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为复合増焓能源塔热泵技术,

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Energy, 2023, 282: 128868., articleTitle=A integrated mechanical vapor compression enrichment system of radioactive wastewater: experimental study, model optimization and performance prediction, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236369233580445829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, awardId=21978308; 52206032, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(21978308; 52206032), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236369233672720519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, awardId=21978308; 52206032, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(21978308; 52206032), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236369233802743949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, awardId=23291801Z, language=EN, fundingSource=Major Special Project of Hebei Province(23291801Z), fundOrder=null, country=null), 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language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.北京博睿杰能环境技术有限公司,北京 100089)]), AuthorCompany(id=1236369227251241649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, xref=5., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236369227259630259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, companyId=1236369227251241649, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236369227268018868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, companyId=1236369227251241649, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.苏伊士运河大学农业学院,埃及 伊斯梅利亚 41522)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236369230174671794, 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Characteristics and application scenarios of different nozzles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型特点应用场景
扇形喷嘴以扇形状的平面形式喷出液体,形成一个宽而薄的喷雾形态农业灌溉、喷淋冷却等
空心锥喷嘴环形形式喷出液滴,结构简单、流量大、动力消耗低大型低温多效蒸馏、太阳能光热等海水淡化工艺系统[19]
全锥形喷嘴喷雾成圆形平面,角度广泛,雾化效果均匀冷却和加湿、化学清洁等
螺旋形喷嘴液体在喷射时产生旋转流动效果,可以时液滴分布更均匀、覆盖面积更广有害气体及粉尘的吸收、消防冷却等
), ArticleFig(id=1236369231835615254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同喷嘴特点及应用场景

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型特点应用场景
扇形喷嘴以扇形状的平面形式喷出液体,形成一个宽而薄的喷雾形态农业灌溉、喷淋冷却等
空心锥喷嘴环形形式喷出液滴,结构简单、流量大、动力消耗低大型低温多效蒸馏、太阳能光热等海水淡化工艺系统[19]
全锥形喷嘴喷雾成圆形平面,角度广泛,雾化效果均匀冷却和加湿、化学清洁等
螺旋形喷嘴液体在喷射时产生旋转流动效果,可以时液滴分布更均匀、覆盖面积更广有害气体及粉尘的吸收、消防冷却等
), ArticleFig(id=1236369231944667167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Research on different types of nozzles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
喷嘴类型研究方式结论
对旋流型中心喷嘴(XPH型)
溅水碟型伞式喷嘴(TP-Ⅱ型)
实验设计XPH型喷嘴适合工作水头压力大于10 kPa的工况;
TP-II型喷嘴的正六边形布置总体效果较更好
三溅式喷头多层分流特点的喷淋装置实验设计六角形分布方式下,新型喷嘴相比单层花洒喷头和梅花形喷头,换热性能提高10%左右
空心锥喷嘴实验设计空心锥喷嘴的流量和喷淋锥角随喷淋压力增大而增大;
拟合出空心锥喷嘴锥角β与雷诺数Re关系:β=17.7Re0.15
空心锥喷嘴数值模拟将液滴喷射速度从20 m/s提高至80 m/s,冷却性能提高15%
空心锥喷嘴数值模拟压力对平均直径的影响较大,压力越大(2 MPa)雾化效果越好;
喷雾高度、倾斜角度对液滴平均直径影响不明显
空心锥喷嘴实验设计提高入口压力至349 kPa,喷嘴喷淋区域对称性最佳;
喷淋高度为0.3 m时,液滴分布范围更均匀
扇形喷嘴实验设计喷射压力越大液滴速度越大,0.5 MPa的喷射压力下液滴速度较快且雾化程度彻底
螺旋形喷嘴数值模拟入口直径10 mm,入口压力150 kPa左右时单喷嘴的喷淋效果最好
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232036941860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同类型喷嘴的研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
喷嘴类型研究方式结论
对旋流型中心喷嘴(XPH型)
溅水碟型伞式喷嘴(TP-Ⅱ型)
实验设计XPH型喷嘴适合工作水头压力大于10 kPa的工况;
TP-II型喷嘴的正六边形布置总体效果较更好
三溅式喷头多层分流特点的喷淋装置实验设计六角形分布方式下,新型喷嘴相比单层花洒喷头和梅花形喷头,换热性能提高10%左右
空心锥喷嘴实验设计空心锥喷嘴的流量和喷淋锥角随喷淋压力增大而增大;
拟合出空心锥喷嘴锥角β与雷诺数Re关系:β=17.7Re0.15
空心锥喷嘴数值模拟将液滴喷射速度从20 m/s提高至80 m/s,冷却性能提高15%
空心锥喷嘴数值模拟压力对平均直径的影响较大,压力越大(2 MPa)雾化效果越好;
喷雾高度、倾斜角度对液滴平均直径影响不明显
空心锥喷嘴实验设计提高入口压力至349 kPa,喷嘴喷淋区域对称性最佳;
喷淋高度为0.3 m时,液滴分布范围更均匀
扇形喷嘴实验设计喷射压力越大液滴速度越大,0.5 MPa的喷射压力下液滴速度较快且雾化程度彻底
螺旋形喷嘴数值模拟入口直径10 mm,入口压力150 kPa左右时单喷嘴的喷淋效果最好
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232162770991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Operating principle and characteristics of corrugated plate and wire mesh demister

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类型工作原理特点
波纹板式利用波浪状的板式结构,空气通过波纹板的通道流动,夹带的雾沫在波纹板上碰撞、破裂和分离通量大,易于安装清洗;但分离负荷范围窄,除沫效果不理想,压降较大[34-35]
丝网式通过网孔的细小间隙和表面张力,使空气流通,雾沫被细丝拦截并形成液滴沉降重量轻,压降较低,除沫效率高[34-35],易堵塞
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232276017204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

波纹板式与丝网式除沫器工作原理及特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型工作原理特点
波纹板式利用波浪状的板式结构,空气通过波纹板的通道流动,夹带的雾沫在波纹板上碰撞、破裂和分离通量大,易于安装清洗;但分离负荷范围窄,除沫效果不理想,压降较大[34-35]
丝网式通过网孔的细小间隙和表面张力,使空气流通,雾沫被细丝拦截并形成液滴沉降重量轻,压降较低,除沫效率高[34-35],易堵塞
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232393457721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Characteristics of two types of packing structures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型结构特点
孔板波纹填料金属薄板表面打孔、轧制小纹、大波纹最后组装而成的规整填料阻力小、气液分布均匀、效率高、流量大
丝网波纹填料由丝网波纹片垂直叠合组装而成比表面积大、孔隙率高、重量轻,填料效率高,填料压降低
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232519286848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2种填料结构特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型结构特点
孔板波纹填料金属薄板表面打孔、轧制小纹、大波纹最后组装而成的规整填料阻力小、气液分布均匀、效率高、流量大
丝网波纹填料由丝网波纹片垂直叠合组装而成比表面积大、孔隙率高、重量轻,填料效率高,填料压降低
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232661893191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Gas-liquid heat and mass transfer correlation equations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传热传质关联式注释
hc=4.760 0Gs0.4289Ga0.8678
hm=4.8264Gs0.4298Ga0.8646
hc=0.0488D+3.676(L×B×D)0.5(mda+mdads1.2+ms1 130)0.5
hm=2.754×106hc(Ta+273.15)
hc=hm×cp×Le
hm=1.1(GsA)0.65(GaA)0.55
Le=1.06
hc=kaD(2.0+0.6Re12Pr13)
hm=DaD(2.0+0.6Re12Sc13)
hc=hm×cp×Le23
hm=0.97Re0.6Sc1.5Er0.43atDaρa
Le=0.865230.622+ds0.622+d1ln(0.622+ds0.622+d)
hc=60.161Ta12.847d0.077Tw12.430
hm=Le23hccp
cp=1010+1840d
Le=1
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232804499535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

气液传热传质关联式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传热传质关联式注释
hc=4.760 0Gs0.4289Ga0.8678
hm=4.8264Gs0.4298Ga0.8646
hc=0.0488D+3.676(L×B×D)0.5(mda+mdads1.2+ms1 130)0.5
hm=2.754×106hc(Ta+273.15)
hc=hm×cp×Le
hm=1.1(GsA)0.65(GaA)0.55
Le=1.06
hc=kaD(2.0+0.6Re12Pr13)
hm=DaD(2.0+0.6Re12Sc13)
hc=hm×cp×Le23
hm=0.97Re0.6Sc1.5Er0.43atDaρa
Le=0.865230.622+ds0.622+d1ln(0.622+ds0.622+d)
hc=60.161Ta12.847d0.077Tw12.430
hm=Le23hccp
cp=1010+1840d
Le=1
), ArticleFig(id=1236369232913551443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Research on heat and mass transfer performance of heat source tower

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流动方式填料结构防冻液防冻液进口温度/℃空气温度/℃空气湿度/(g·kg–1)研究方法
逆流2 500 mm×2 000 mm×2 000 mm1 200 kg/m3的CaCl2溶液–10~–11~102.20~4.00数值模拟+工程实测
逆流比表面积350 m2/m3
直径0.74 m
高度0.80 m
质量分数30%的乙二醇溶液–5~–152.20~4.90数值模拟+文献验证
逆流5 000 mm×3 300 mm×2 900 mm
孔隙率98%
1 130 kg/m3的CaCl2溶液–8~21~103.60~4.50数值模拟+工程实测
逆流700 mm×700 mm×400 mm质量分数30%的乙二醇溶液–15~0–10、–5、00.96~3.39数值模拟
逆流、横流对比PVC填料
逆流
5 000 mm ×3 300 mm×2 900 mm
横流
1 460 mm ×970 mm×1 060 mm
CaCl2溶液–10~31~122.60~5.40数值模拟+实验分析
横流PVC填料
280 mm×430 mm×700 mm
乙二醇溶液–4.77~1.512.83~9.732.84~4.78数值模拟+实验验证
横流PVC膜式填料
1 960 mm×580 mm× 1 200 mm
二甲基甲酰胺溶液–17.50~4.50–12.00~10.00实验分析
横流495 mm×400 mm×475 mm
比面积332.7 m2/m3
40%乙二醇溶液–2.50~4.505.00~11.005.60数值模拟+实验验证
), ArticleFig(id=1236369233039380573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

热源塔传热传质性能研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流动方式填料结构防冻液防冻液进口温度/℃空气温度/℃空气湿度/(g·kg–1)研究方法
逆流2 500 mm×2 000 mm×2 000 mm1 200 kg/m3的CaCl2溶液–10~–11~102.20~4.00数值模拟+工程实测
逆流比表面积350 m2/m3
直径0.74 m
高度0.80 m
质量分数30%的乙二醇溶液–5~–152.20~4.90数值模拟+文献验证
逆流5 000 mm×3 300 mm×2 900 mm
孔隙率98%
1 130 kg/m3的CaCl2溶液–8~21~103.60~4.50数值模拟+工程实测
逆流700 mm×700 mm×400 mm质量分数30%的乙二醇溶液–15~0–10、–5、00.96~3.39数值模拟
逆流、横流对比PVC填料
逆流
5 000 mm ×3 300 mm×2 900 mm
横流
1 460 mm ×970 mm×1 060 mm
CaCl2溶液–10~31~122.60~5.40数值模拟+实验分析
横流PVC填料
280 mm×430 mm×700 mm
乙二醇溶液–4.77~1.512.83~9.732.84~4.78数值模拟+实验验证
横流PVC膜式填料
1 960 mm×580 mm× 1 200 mm
二甲基甲酰胺溶液–17.50~4.50–12.00~10.00实验分析
横流495 mm×400 mm×475 mm
比面积332.7 m2/m3
40%乙二醇溶液–2.50~4.505.00~11.005.60数值模拟+实验验证
), ArticleFig(id=1236369233144238179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Factors affecting the heat and mass transfer performance of heat source towers

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因素影响
防冻液温度降低防冻液的入塔温度,可以提高热源塔换热量;同时适当提高溶液进口温度可以降低潜热百分比,减少空气侧水分析出
防冻液流量提高防冻液的循环流量,可以增加潜热换热量,从而提高热源塔换热量;同时也增加了空气析水量,不利于溶液的再生
进风温度升高进风温度可以提高热源塔换热量,减少潜热占比
进风湿度升高进风湿度可以提高热源塔换热量,其中增加的大都是潜热量
风量风量大小对换热量影响不显著,增大风量可以降低潜热百分比,减少空气析出水分
), ArticleFig(id=1236369233236512876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

热源塔传热传质性能的影响因素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因素影响
防冻液温度降低防冻液的入塔温度,可以提高热源塔换热量;同时适当提高溶液进口温度可以降低潜热百分比,减少空气侧水分析出
防冻液流量提高防冻液的循环流量,可以增加潜热换热量,从而提高热源塔换热量;同时也增加了空气析水量,不利于溶液的再生
进风温度升高进风温度可以提高热源塔换热量,减少潜热占比
进风湿度升高进风湿度可以提高热源塔换热量,其中增加的大都是潜热量
风量风量大小对换热量影响不显著,增大风量可以降低潜热百分比,减少空气析出水分
), ArticleFig(id=1236369233328787571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Applicability of heat source tower heat pump in different regions

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长沙青岛株洲沈阳西安上海重庆
环境干球温度/℃4.4~12.0–3.0~6.09.0~15.0–5.0005.0
空气相对湿度/%40.2~97.035.0~97.055.0~65.040.0~60.050.0~70.060.0~80.080.0
防冻液CaCl2溶液甲酸钾溶液CaCl2溶液CaCl2溶液CaCl2溶液CaCl2溶液CaCl2溶液
溶液再生类型热蒸发再生蒸汽机械再压缩技术(MVC)热蒸发再生
系统制热量/kW3 402540813
冬季供暖COP2.902.661.84~2.662.242.602.803.30
), ArticleFig(id=1236369233450422397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223736414638, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

热源塔热泵在不同地区的适用性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
长沙青岛株洲沈阳西安上海重庆
环境干球温度/℃4.4~12.0–3.0~6.09.0~15.0–5.0005.0
空气相对湿度/%40.2~97.035.0~97.055.0~65.040.0~60.050.0~70.060.0~80.080.0
防冻液CaCl2溶液甲酸钾溶液CaCl2溶液CaCl2溶液CaCl2溶液CaCl2溶液CaCl2溶液
溶液再生类型热蒸发再生蒸汽机械再压缩技术(MVC)热蒸发再生
系统制热量/kW3 402540813
冬季供暖COP2.902.661.84~2.662.242.602.803.30
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开式热源塔技术研究现状及发展趋势
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李雷 1, 2, 3 , 张化福 2, 3, 4 , 张振涛 2, 3 , 杨俊玲 2, 3 , 章学来 1 , Ramadan Abdelhamed EIGAMAL 5
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(11): 66-78
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(11): 66-78
开式热源塔技术研究现状及发展趋势
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李雷1, 2, 3 , 张化福2, 3, 4 , 张振涛2, 3, 杨俊玲2, 3, 章学来1, Ramadan Abdelhamed EIGAMAL5
作者信息
  • 1.上海海事大学商船学院,上海 201306
  • 2.中国科学院理化技术研究所,北京 100190
  • 3.中国轻工业食品药品保质加工储运装备与节能技术重点实验室,北京 100190
  • 4.北京博睿杰能环境技术有限公司,北京 100089
  • 5.苏伊士运河大学农业学院,埃及 伊斯梅利亚 41522
  • 李雷(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为复合増焓能源塔热泵技术,

通讯作者:

张化福(1987),男,硕士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为基于复合増焓的低品位能源高效利用技术及产业化,
Research status and development trend of open type heat source tower technology
Lei LI1, 2, 3 , Huafu ZHANG2, 3, 4 , Zhentao ZHANG2, 3, Junling YANG2, 3, Xuelai ZHANG1, Ramadan Abdelhamed EIGAMAL5
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Merchant Marine College, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2.Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Food & Pharmaceutical Quality Processing Storage and Transportation Equipment and Energy-saving Technology, China National Light Industry, Beijing 100190, China
  • 4.Beijing Brigeniues Energy & Environment Tech Co., Ltd., Beijing 100089, China
  • 5.Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403064
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介绍了开式热源塔的2种基本结构、工作原理及塔内气液热质交换对热源塔技术,系统总结了开式热源塔的结构组件、防冻液、传热传质特性和适用性研究现状,重点阐述开式热源塔在防冻液开发和传热传质过程的研究热点及主要进展。虽然开式热源塔技术仍存在防冻液不够安全环保,具有腐蚀性和毒性且再生技术不够稳定,能耗过高等缺点,但开式热源塔换热强度大、采热效率高、结构简单维护成本低,在建筑供暖领域具有广阔的应用前景,未来开式热源塔技术将朝着更高效稳定、更安全环保、更节能低碳的方向发展,构建更佳绿色低碳的供热体系。

能源塔  /  开式热源塔  /  低温采热  /  传热传质  /  防冻液

The two basic structures and working principles of open type heat source towers, as well as the technology of gas-liquid heat and mass exchange inside the tower are introduced. It systematically summarizes the structural components, antifreeze fluids, heat and mass transfer characteristics, and the current research status, with a focus on the research hotspots and major advancements in the development of antifreeze fluids and the heat and mass transfer processes of the open type heat source tower. Although the open type heat source tower technology still has disadvantages such as insufficient safety and environmental protection of antifreeze, corrosiveness and toxicity, unstable regeneration technology, and high energy consumption, it has a large heat exchange intensity, high heat recovery efficiency, simple structure, and low maintenance cost. It has broad application prospects in the field of building heating. In the future, open type heat source tower technology will develop towards a more efficient, stable, safe, environmentally friendly, energy-saving and low-carbon direction, and build a better green and low-carbon heating system.

energy tower  /  open type heat source tower  /  low temperature heat collection  /  heat and mass transfer  /  antifreeze fluid
李雷, 张化福, 张振涛, 杨俊玲, 章学来, Ramadan Abdelhamed EIGAMAL. 开式热源塔技术研究现状及发展趋势. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (11) : 66 -78 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403064
Lei LI, Huafu ZHANG, Zhentao ZHANG, Junling YANG, Xuelai ZHANG, Ramadan Abdelhamed EIGAMAL. Research status and development trend of open type heat source tower technology[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (11) : 66 -78 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403064
节能减排一直以来都是能源领域的热点问题,我国“双碳”目标提出之后,更提高了社会对与温室气体排放的重视。据调查研究显示[1-2],建筑领域碳排放量占全社会碳排放总量40%以上,而空气调节碳排放又在建筑运行碳排放中占比38%左右。我国南方地区冬季温度较低,相对湿度较高,随着居民对居住舒适度要求的提高,冬季供暖的需求不断扩大,传统取暖方式已经不能满足人们对舒适度和环境保护的追求。因此需要寻求更高效、便捷、安全稳定的供暖方式。
目前,使用最广泛的热泵为空气源热泵,与传统的燃煤燃气或电加热供暖方式相比,具有高效节能、绿色环保、安装灵活方便的优势[3-5]。但空气源热泵在冬季运行会有结霜的问题,不能保证制热过程连续稳定,并且不同的除霜方式[6-9]还会增加空气源热泵的运行成本。此外,空气源热泵在环境温度低时制热性能也相对较差[10]。鉴于空气源热泵除霜抑霜技术复杂、冬季采热不稳定等问题,学者们将目光转移到热源塔热泵技术。
通过对冷却塔原理的逆用,相关学者提出了一种能够从空气中提取低品位热能的装置,并将其命名为“热源塔”[11-13],又称“能源塔”。作为热泵系统中与空气换热的装置,热源塔冬季制热时,使用冰点低于环境温度的“防冻液”为载体提取空气中的热量。按照塔内气液换热接触方式,将热源塔分为开式热源塔和闭式热源塔。开式热源塔内防冻液直接从塔顶向下喷淋,与进塔空气直接接触并产生热质交换,空气中水分析出防冻液浓度降低。而闭式热源塔防冻液在塔内盘管中流动,与管外的空气进行热量间接交换,不存在质量变化。
相较于闭式热源塔,开式热源塔可以充分提取空气中的显热和潜热,且不受闭式热源塔间接换热时的管道热阻影响,因此开式热源塔具有更高的换热效率。本文以开式热源塔的冬季制热工况为研究重点,总结并分析了对开式热源塔结构组件、换热性能以及适用性方面的研究。
根据热源塔内气液流动的方向,开式热源塔可以分为横流开式热源塔和逆流开式热源塔。这2种形式的热源塔在换热效率、规格尺寸和造价成本等方面都略有不同。因此在实际应用中,热源塔类型的选定主要取决于具体的工作条件和用户需求。
逆流开式热源塔结构如图1所示。塔顶设有风机,为塔内空气流动提供动力。塔身周围留有进风口,在风机的驱动下外部空气从底部进入热源塔内完成流动循环。塔内还设有喷淋装置,溶液从喷淋装置喷出并向下流动,与自下而上的空气逆流接触。在塔身内还布有填料层,溶液喷洒入填料层后在填料表面形成液膜,从而延长溶液与空气的接触时间[14],扩大溶液与空气的换热面积,强化热源塔传热传质效率。塔的底部还设有接液槽,与空气换热后,携带热量的溶液落入接液槽内收集经管道流出热源塔。为防止空气携带液滴流出塔外,造成环境的污染,塔顶部还设有挡液装置,通过静电吸附等作用阻拦夹杂在空气中的液滴。
横流开式热源塔结构如图2所示。塔顶设置风机为空气流动提供动力,塔身单侧或两侧留有进风口。溶液从布水槽内向下滴落至填料层,与塔侧流进的空气形成横流式的热质交换。塔下部也设置集液槽,完成热量交换的溶液落入集液槽流出塔内。为防止溶液飘逸,热源塔出风口处亦安装挡液装置。
上述2种结构的开式热源塔对比:逆流开式热源塔换热效率高、换热强度大,适用于大型集中采暖领域,但进风阻力大、噪声大、建设成本高,塔体相对较高,不适用于高度受限的场地;横流开式热源塔进风阻力较小、噪声低、建设成本低、塔体高度较低,适用于民用采暖领域,但换热效率低、占地面积大、填料与空气接触面更大,更容易出现老化、损坏等现象。
开式逆流热源塔采热原理及采热过程温湿图如图3图4所示。进塔时防冻液处于低温、高浓度(等效湿度低)的低焓值状态(Sin)。防冻液从热源塔顶部喷淋落入填料层形成液膜,与向上流动的温度较高,含湿量较大的空气(Ain)进行热量质量的交换。
与空气进行热质交换时,溶液温度升高,同时由于溶液侧水蒸气分压力较低,空气中水分析出导致溶液浓度略微降低,出塔防冻液等效湿度略微偏离等湿线。即出塔后溶液温度升高,等效湿度随之升高(Sout)。空气在塔内与防冻液换热后,温度降低,含湿量减小,偏离等湿线(Aout)。防冻液在塔内充分提取空气的显热与潜热热能后落入塔底接液盘内,经管道运输至热泵机组中提供换热热量。
图3图4可知:夏季制冷工况下,塔内可以使用水来充当换热工质;冬季制热工况下,塔内循环溶液需要在低温环境下循环流动,因此需要采用冰点更低的防冻液来作为换热工质。目前,热源塔主要采用乙二醇[15]等盐溶液作为防冻液。在冬季制热且环境中空气湿度大于85%工况下[16],空气中的水分会向防冻液中传递,因此还需要考虑溶液变稀冰点上升的问题,避免防冻液结冰影响热源塔正常运行。
开式热源塔主要部件有布液装置、除沫器、风机和填料等。目前针对与热源塔某个特定组件的研究并不充分,但考虑到热源塔与传统冷却塔结构的相似性,对热源塔组件的研究可参考冷却塔各部件的研究现状。
横流式热源塔在填料上方设置布水槽,对布水槽底部开孔,溶液向下滴落至填料层,设计较为简单。逆流式热源塔由于空气与淋液方向相反,阻力较大,使用喷嘴来满足布液需求,一般采用向下喷淋下进风的方式换热效率较高[17]。按照不同的喷雾模式,常用的喷嘴有扇形喷嘴、空心锥喷嘴、全锥形喷嘴和螺旋形喷嘴[18]。喷嘴的喷雾模式如图5所示。不同喷嘴特点及应用场景见表1
针对喷嘴的研究主要集中在2方面:1)通过实验或模拟的方法,探究不同规格喷嘴布液的布液均匀性及对整体传热传质的影响;2)多个喷嘴的不同布置方式对塔整体热质传递性能的影响。
闵健等[20]通过实验设计对旋流型中心喷嘴(XPH型)和溅水碟型伞式喷嘴(TP-Ⅱ型)2种喷嘴的布液性能进行了研究。研究结果表明:XPH型喷嘴的喷溅半径偏小,布水区域在喷嘴的正下方,适合工作水头压力大于10 kPa的工况;TP-II型喷嘴的布水区域为圆环型,需要多个喷嘴合理布置达到布水的均匀性。TP-II型喷嘴的正六边形布置投资相对其他布置方式来说较少,单个喷嘴的布液面积大。陈睿[21]设计了1种布液范围广,液滴不相互粘连且具有三溅式喷头多层分流特点的喷淋装置,并通过实验研究的方法对该喷头的布液效果及对热源塔换热性能的影响进行了探讨。结果表明,在喷头六角形分布方式下,更改不同的布水流量,新型喷头的布液均匀性都要优于单层花洒喷头和梅花形喷头。新型喷头在相同的实验条件下测得的热源塔整体传热传质系数都比其他2种喷头高,换热性能提高10%左右,新型喷头的布液均匀性有助于提高热源塔的热质传递性能。Alkhedhair等人[22]通过数值模拟的方法,探究了不同的喷雾特性参数和空心锥液滴尺寸(Dv)分布模式对喷雾系统冷却性能的影响。研究发现,通过调整液滴喷射速度,将液滴速度从20 m/s提高至80 m/s,冷却性能提高15%。对于Dv,90<50 μm的液滴,选用高喷射速度、小液滴尺寸分布、大锥角和平均液滴尺寸向喷雾周边增加的液滴尺寸模式的喷嘴冷却效果最佳。使用液滴尺寸分布为Dv,90=20 μm、液滴速度为120 m/s、空气速度为1 m/s的喷嘴,在5 m距离可以实现液滴的完全蒸发。对于不同类型喷嘴的研究方法与结论见表2[19,23-26]
Sun等人[27]采用数值模拟的方法,探究了喷嘴的不同布置方式对冷却塔冷却效果的影响。发现,采用LNN1.5空心锥喷嘴进行布液,同一水平面上的2个喷嘴的合适距离在1.00~1.60 m的范围内。适当增加喷嘴的数量能提高冷却效率,当使用5个喷嘴布置时,能达到最大的喷雾覆盖比,此时的冷却效率约为51.2%。该研究对提高自然通风干式冷却塔的冷却性能具有重要意义,为布液系统的工程设计及优化提供了理论依据。Sadafi等人[28]研究了喷嘴布置对自然通风干式冷却塔盐水喷淋系统冷却性能的影响。通过数值模拟和实验研究相结合的方法,对直径4.00 m的圆圈内使用6个喷嘴的5种不同布置方式的冷却性能进行了比较。发现,使用合适喷嘴的布置方式,可以将冷却塔的冷却效率提高2.91%,平均温度降低10%。此外,不同的布置方式还会形成不同的湿润长度,对于所有布置方式,液滴在距离喷嘴2.26 m之内就实现了完全蒸发,喷嘴的布置方式对湿润长度的形成没有显著影响。靳亚楠[29]对热源塔内喷嘴数量和换热性能之间的关系进行了模拟分析。结果表明,随着喷嘴数量的增加,热源塔的换热量对应提高,这主要是因为喷嘴数量的增加使得布液更为均匀,当喷嘴数量从16个增加至25个时,换热量提升较小,布液已经较为均匀。
对热源塔布液装置的研究主要集中在喷嘴的结构优化设计及布置方式上,通过优化喷嘴结构及排布方式提高布液的均匀性,从而强化热源塔采热效率。热源塔防冻液通常具有腐蚀性,针对不同类型的防冻液,需要对布液装置材料进行筛选研究提高耐腐蚀性。且开式热源塔防冻液采热时直接与空气接触,易夹带灰尘颗粒进入溶液循环系统,因此还需要进一步优化布液装置结构以提高抗堵塞性能。
开式热源塔冬季使用低冰点的盐溶液作为塔内循环工质来提取环境中的低品位热量,伴随空气的流动,液滴会被空气夹带飘逸[11]。盐溶液通常带有腐蚀性,飘逸的液滴会对环境造成危害。即便是使用循环水的冷却塔,飘逸的水滴也容易携带细菌对周边居民的健康造成影响[30-31]。因此,在塔的出风口布置除沫器,可以很大程度减轻溶液飘逸造成的危害,同时也能减少因飘逸带来的溶液质量损失[32],降低使用成本。
除沫器不仅需要高效地分离夹杂空气中的液滴,同时要将压降控制在最小的范围内,避免造成较大的风阻,提高风机功率增加使用成本。一般来说,使用较广泛的商用除沫器结构有波纹板式和丝网式[33],具体如图6所示。波纹板式与丝网式除沫器工作原理及特点见表3
对于各种形式的除沫器,Ruiz等人[35]对6种商用除沫器(不同尺寸的3种波纹板式、2种丝网式和1种蜂窝式)的压降和收集效率进行了实验分析。实验结果表明:叶片式除沫器的收集效率和压降都随着叶片数量的增加而增加;丝网式除沫器在压降和收集效率方面表现要比其他类型的更好。Cao等人[36]提出并设计了1种基于Voronoi型的多孔除沫器,通过数值模拟的方法研究了该除沫器的气液流动特性。表明,入口速度对除沫器的分离效率影响最大,其次是除沫器的厚度和孔隙率。从优化的角度来看,在给定通道尺寸下的VPF除沫器中存在厚度和孔隙度的最优组合是厚度12 mm、孔隙率0.92、网格直径3 mm、不规则度为0。Lucas等人[37]通过实验对6种不同规格的除沫器分别进行研究。实验结果表明,在相同的气水比下,除沫器的物理特性会对冷却塔的换热性能造成一定的影响。这是因为除沫器被液体润湿,成为1个部分额外的填料体积,有助于塔内的热质交换。Zamora等人[38]对正弦型、三段式、L型和Z字型4种形状的除沫器的收集效率和压降进行了数值计算,并与其他作者的模拟结果进行对比,验证了数值计算结果具有较高的精度。制定了评估每种除沫器整体性能的程序,为了达到最高的收集效率,最好的结构是Z字型除沫器。
由于热源塔与冷却塔结构的相似性,参考冷却塔风机的研究也能给热源塔风机优化改进提供设计方向。对于冷却塔风机的研究,主要集中在调整风机转速对塔整体冷却性能的影响,及使用变频风机替代传统双速风机,对冷却塔整体节能效果。
有关风机转速对冷却塔整体冷却性能的影响,Zhao等人[39]研究了风机转速对干湿混合式冷却塔冷却性能的影响。研究结果表明,风机转速从80 r/min提高到160 r/min,干湿混合式冷却塔的冷却性能提高了92.04%。有关冷却塔使用变频风机的研究,Al-Bassam等人[40]对比了科威特地区双速风机冷却塔和变频风机冷却塔在夏季运行的节能效果。结果表明:在炎热干燥的国家,使用变频风机的冷却塔可以大大减少水和电力的消耗;变频风机在科威特夏季运行时,用水量比普通的双速风机减少了13%以上;在制冷量相同的条件下,变频风机冷却塔比双速风机冷却塔消耗总功率降低了5.8%。Chang等人[41]通过对恒速冷却塔风机加装变频器,将恒速风机改造为变频风机,调节冷却塔风量,使之与冷却塔的运行负荷相匹配,并对冷却塔运行参数进行了检测。发现,以50%负荷运行,节能效果能达到76%左右,在日常维护中增加了循环水过滤和紫外线消毒的过程,可以将排污损失进一步降低到44%,总体节水量约23%。
热源塔风量的大小会对热源塔换热量造成一定的影响,但相比其他因素影响效果不显著[42]。因此,热源塔可以使用变频风机来调整风量,使热源塔的进风量与热负荷实现动态的匹配,从而避免因风量过小影响整体换热性能或风量过大而造成的风机功耗浪费。
填料作为热源塔内核心的热质交换部件,其热力性能直接影响了热源塔整体换热效率。为满足总体换热需求,热源塔内一般使用相比散堆填料换热性能较好的规整填料[43]。常用的热源塔内规整填料类型有孔板波纹式填料和丝网波纹式填料,具体结构特点见表4
对于波纹板式规整填料,现有学者作出了相关的研究。刘晗月等[44]对波纹型填料的传热传质特性进行了数值模拟研究,发现增大结构参数比、填料波纹数目和通道高度都可以明显提高填料的传热传质效果,但过大的结构参数比会对传质造成不利的影响,最佳结构参数比应该控制在0.15左右。
简弃非等[45]对波纹填料热质传递过程进行了模拟,随着填料间距的增大,流动阻力减小且风量增大,出口空气含湿量也逐渐增加,将填料间距控制在6 mm时,有利于水和空气的换热并降低了风机功耗。孙贺江等[46]对比表面积分别为350 m2/m3和500 m2/m3的2种铝制孔板波纹填料在冷却除湿工况下的热质传递性能进行了实验研究。研究结果表明,比表面积500 m2/m3的填料在空调机组中具有更好的应用效果,喷淋水量和空气流量对填料的热质传递特性都有影响,进口水温对填料的影响最大。进口水温从5 ℃提升至12 ℃,传质系数降低幅度超过50%,空气的温降和焓降都超过了20%。实际应用时应考虑合适的进口温度达到最佳的节能效果。
此外,还有相关学者对一些新型的填料热质交换性能作出了研究。倪春丽等[47]提出了1种新型铜制波纹规整填料,并其热质交换特性进行了实验分析。结果表明:该填料在干填料状态下,传热系数保持在20 W/(m2·℃);在喷淋工况下,传热系数可以提高1.5倍以上。Lehner等人[48]提出了1种新型网格结构塑料填料,并研究了其水动力学特性及传质特性。发现,网格式结构塑料填料具有更高的液体容量和持液率。因此,该网状结构塑料填料可以替代散堆塑料填料而不增加投资成本。为拓宽应用领域,该填料将被开发为具有更大比表面积、更高水力容量和更强的传质特性。
填料作为热源塔内气液热质交换的主要部件,很大程度上影响着热源塔整体的采热效果。热源塔防冻液具有一定腐蚀性,金属材质填料在热源塔内适用性较差,且热源塔一般在低温环境中采热。因此在一些方面仍需进一步研究,如开发耐腐蚀耐低温的新型材料、填料结构设计及优化等,研究具有换热性能更好、持液率更高、不易堵塞以及压降更小的新型填料。
综上所述,热源塔喷淋装置、除沫器、风机和填料在研究进展和面临问题方面都有所不同。对热源塔的热交换效率、能耗和运行的稳定性有一定的影响。填料是热源塔采热过程最核心的部件,能直接影响到热源塔的热力性能;喷淋装置和风机驱动防冻液在填料层处换热,对热源塔采热性能有一定程度的影响;除沫器拦截热源塔出风口飘逸的液滴,保证热源塔安全平稳运行。因此,针对这些部件的研究和优化是提高热源塔整体性能的关键。
作为冬季热源塔从空气中采热的载体,防冻液被设计用来保证热源塔在冬季安全稳定的运行,即在低温环境下不冻结,对塔内部件腐蚀性小。热源塔中常用的防冻液通常是无机盐溶液,如氯化钙、氯化锂等氯盐,乙二醇,溴化锂等溶液[42,49-51]
常用的卤素防冻液通常具有较强的腐蚀性,容易对热源塔管道腐蚀损坏影响运行稳定[52-54],饱和时结晶速度快[52],有机醇类防冻液具有较强的毒性和挥发性,对环境和人体都有一定危害。进而导致了使用成本的提高,且不符合绿色环保的要求。当前研究应着重于开发低腐蚀、低冰点、采热性能好、无毒无害的环保型防冻液。
以甲酸钾为代表的一些有机盐溶液具有无毒、腐蚀性低、黏度较低流动摩擦损失小[55]、不易结晶、成本低等优点,成为目前具有发展前景的防冻液类型。Terry等人[53]调研了甲酸盐类除冰剂对地下水的影响及腐蚀性,发现,甲酸钾不会对地下水质造成不利的影响,对不锈钢没有腐蚀性。Wen等人[56]测量了质量分数64.3%~73.3%、温度为20~40 ℃的条件下甲酸钾溶液的蒸气压,发现温度在20~40 ℃时,70.3%甲酸钾溶液与35%氯化锂溶液的蒸汽压基本一致,而甲酸钾溶液的价格仅为氯化锂溶液的20%,因而使用甲酸钾溶液作为热源塔防冻液的传质效果也较好。目前对于甲酸钾溶液的研究多集中在溶液除湿方面,使用甲酸钾溶液作为热源塔防冻液向更低温度区间采热的实际运行效果还缺乏相关实验及工程验证。
此外,还有学者提出使用2种或2种以上的盐溶液进行混合配比[52,57],研制性能更优良的防冻液,或使用安全环保的有机溶剂防冻液[58],都是热源塔防冻液优化改良的热点研究问题。
开式热源塔内流动空气与循环溶液直接接触进行热量和质量的交换,本质上是气液两相间的传热传质问题。关于开式热源塔内热质交换的研究,主要采用数值模拟的方法,针对热源塔整体热质交换过程建立数学模型,并通过实验数据验证数学模型的准确性。从而探究入口空气、进塔溶液等物理性质发生变化对热源塔总体换热性能带来的影响。同时,一些学者根据热源塔进塔空气溶液的参数拟合出塔内传热传质系数的实验关联式[15,42,49-51,59],具体见表5
当前热源塔内气液传热传质关联式都基于传统氯盐或有机醇类防冻液建立,拟合方程中大多包括喷淋密度和风量密度等参数。上述关联式都具有较好的准确性,对优化热源塔的运行具有重要的意义。但随着传统防冻液的淘汰,现有的实验关联式将不适用,需要建立新型防冻液与空气间热质交换实验关联式。新型防冻液由于基本理化性质的差异,实验关联式的建立不仅需要考虑风量、喷淋密度等参数,还应考虑如黏度、热容等基本理化性质是否会对传热传质系数带来较大影响。
葛宇磊等[59]对开式逆流热源塔内热质交换过程建立了数学模型,并对所建立的数学模型进行求解分析。发现,进口空气温度的升高、进口空气含湿量升高等都能提高热源塔的换热量。所以热源塔在冬季温度较高且空气湿度较大的地区换热性能更好。刘成兴等[49]以乙二醇溶液为热源塔工质探究了热源塔进风的温湿度对析水量的影响。发现,热源塔进风湿度降低和进塔溶液温度的升高,都能使空气析出的水量减少。因此,对入塔空气溶液条件进行合理控制可以减缓溶液稀释速度,从而减少溶液浓缩投入的成本。靳亚楠[29]通过对热源塔内部热质交换过程进行数值模拟分析。发现,随着环境湿度的增加,热源塔的潜热换热量增加较明显,当相对湿度为90%时,潜热量占总换热量的39.4%。溶液流量及溶液温度的增加,都能提高热源塔的整体换热量。Lu等人[42]建立数值模型来探究热源塔内部传热传质特性。发现,较高的空气湿度带来的潜热换热量更大,但同时也是溶液稀释的重要因素,可能会导致溶液结冰的问题。空气流量的大小对总换热量的影响不显著,入口溶液温度对换热量的影响较大,因此在满足供热需求的前提下,入口溶液的温度可以尽可能提高。
甄钰涵等[51]建立了开式横流热源塔内传热传质数学模型。运用所建立的数学模型研究得出,热源塔的热质交换量随着空气流量和防冻液流量增大而增大,但二者比值不宜过大。通过增加进口空气的温度和含湿量可以提高热源塔的换热量,因此热源塔在冬季环境气温较高,相对湿度较大的地区适用性会更好。Lv等人[50]通过建立适用于横流和逆流2种热源塔的数学模型,对2种类型的热源塔热力性能进行了研究分析。考虑了进塔溶液、空气以及填料性能对热源塔热量传递的影响,发现,较高的热源塔进塔溶液、进塔空气温度可以提高热源塔的换热性能。填料间隙对换热能力的影响大于填料孔隙率对换热能力的影响,因此在需求条件下,填料的间隙可以布置的尽可能小。文先太等[60]对热源塔的传质性能进行了实验分析,发现,提高溶液的进口温度、进塔风量和空气温度,均能够达到增加热源塔换热量及降低潜热占比的目的,为溶液的再生提供了参考依据。
此外,还有其他学者[61-63]对热源塔的传热传质性能作出了研究,具体见表6
上述对影响热源塔传热传质性能的主要因素进行了研究,从进塔防冻液的温度、流量、进风的温度、湿度及风量5个因素对热源塔的整体热性能作出了分析。这些因素对热源塔内热质交换性能的影响,具体见表7
这5个因素的变化对热源塔整体换热性能造成影响,其中,比较重要的因素为进风的温度、湿度。热源塔制热过程中防冻液的温度、流量及进塔风量都可以通过人为调控来达到最合理的工作范围,但进塔空气的温度、湿度则由热源塔的工作环境决定,所以进风温度、湿度对热源塔换热性能的影响成为了学者们关注的主要问题。空气温度的变化主要影响热源塔的显热换热量,而空气湿度主要影响潜热换热量,通过把控进风参数对热源塔换热性能的影响,协同调控其他进塔参数,达到热源塔最佳的换热性能。
综上所述,上述研究通过深入分析热源塔内传热传质特性,建立数学模型并探究如何提高热源塔的传热传质效率。为热源塔的优化设计提供更为全面的理论依据。
对于开式热源塔内气液热质交换特性的研究自热源塔这项技术提出以来一直是热点问题,目前对开式热源塔的气液交换特性研究已趋于完善。但从表6中可以看出,热源塔实验或工程研究所设定的环境温度都高于–10 ℃,湿度高于2 g/kg,且大多使用传统防冻液,对于更低的环境温度及新型防冻液的热源塔换热性能研究不够充分,缺乏相关的实验研究。如使用甲酸钾溶液等新型防冻液的热源塔能否在低温低湿环境下还保持高效稳定的采热有待进一步研究。若低温低湿环境下的热质交换性能依旧良好,则有望大面积推广使用该项技术。
热源塔热泵系统作为一项新型的空调技术,具有高效环保、运行稳定和不受地质条件限制等优点。相比起应用广泛的空气源热泵,热源塔在不同地区的适用性还有待验证。近年来,已有学者针对国内具有不同气候特点的地区进行热源塔运行适用性的分析。
张凤霖等[64]对长沙市某居民小区已投入使用的热源塔热泵系统进行了全年能耗分析,发现,热源塔热泵系统在冬季供暖时系统COP能达到2.9,且运行稳定。夏季制冷能效比能达到4.0以上,对热源塔热泵系统采用间歇模式用电,能降低全年空调用电量约48.43%。袁琳琳[65]对成都市东站铁路站房的开式横流热源塔进行了适用性分析,与地热源热泵进行对比后,发现热源塔的运行能耗只比地热源高2.55%。但初投资成本相对地热源节约50%,从整体性能来看,热源塔热的能耗效果更好。张超等[66]对青岛市某热源塔机组进行了制热性能的实测分析,发现,热源塔热泵在冬季制热时热泵主机COP能达到3.55,系统SCOP最大可达2.66。热源塔热泵在北方具有海洋性气候特点的地区有较好的适用性。徐正宏[67]对南京市某酒店的热源塔热泵系统进行了运行的性能分析。发现,热源塔热泵的节能效果比空气源热泵高约30%,热源塔的节能效果与地热源热泵相近,但不会受地理条件限制。郭超等[68]对株洲市某项目运行的热源塔热泵进行测试,发现,在室外干球温度9~15 ℃、相对湿度55%~65%时,热源塔热泵主机制热COP达到3.61~5.19。室外干球温度在12~14 ℃时,热源塔换热效率能达到67%~74%,适宜在株洲地区使用。
除上述研究之外,还有学者通过改变不同进塔空气的温度、湿度来模拟了不同城市的气候特点,对比了不同地区热源塔的适用效果。卫俊宇等[69]通过对比分析成都、重庆、武汉3座城市热源塔冬季制热性能,计算出在这3个地区运行的热源塔机组COP平均值为3.99、3.93、3.77,系统的COP平均值为3.33、3.26、3.20,热源热泵系统在冬季气候特点低温高湿的地区较为适用。Liu等人[70]对比了空气源热泵和热源塔热泵在沈阳、西安、上海和重庆4个地区的运行效果,发现,热源塔热泵的系统COP在这4个地区均高于空气源热泵。但考虑溶液再生和空气循环所消耗的电能,沈阳、重庆两地的热源塔平均EERs要比空气源低7%和6%,再结合经济成本分析,西安、上海两地更适合使用热源塔热泵。Huang等人[71]研究了热源塔热泵在世界范围内具有不同气候特点地区的适用性,发现,热源塔热泵系统年运行平均COP在温暖地区4.67,混合地区3.68,较冷地区3.11,具体见表8。由表8可见,热源塔热泵不仅在冬季气温不太寒冷,环境潮湿的长江流域及南方地区适用性较好,在冬季温度高于–10 ℃且环境相对干燥的北方地区同样有很好的制热性能。
热源塔热泵系统中,除基本热源塔和热泵系统的能耗,传统的溶液再生技术[72-75]能耗也占很大一部分比重。Zhang等人[76-77]研发的MVC増焓再生技术解决了传统的溶液再生技术能耗大、运行不稳定的问题,实现了热源塔防冻液低能耗、高效稳定再生,相比传统热蒸发再生技术节能约41.44%~79.87%。因此研发高效、稳定、低能耗、绿色环保的溶液再生技术,替代传统高能耗技术将是提高热源塔热泵系统能效的关键。
开式热源塔热泵作为一项较为新颖的热泵技术,有着较大的发展潜力。本文着重从开式热源塔的结构组成、工作原理及塔内气液热质交换对热源塔技术进行归纳主要有以下结论。
1)开式热源塔内主要部件有喷嘴、风机、填料和除沫器等。对各部件的研究主要为喷嘴的布液均匀性、风机的节能优化、填料的传热传质性能和除沫器的除沫率及压降。其中,填料作为塔内核心的换热部件,其材质结构等方面还有很大优化空间。
2)热源塔内传统的氯盐防冻液有较强的腐蚀性和毒性,甲酸盐溶液无毒低腐蚀性,可以很好地替代常规防冻液。研究新的溶液配比或使用高冰点、低腐蚀环保、再生能耗低、环境友好的溶液都会是防冻液的优化方向。
3)热源塔传热传质性能主要受进塔防冻液的温度、流量、进风的温度、湿度及风量5个因素的影响。由于热源塔应用的环境不同,进风的温度、湿度对换热性能的影响研究更有意义。通过对其他参数的合理控制可以达到与环境温度、湿度相匹配的最佳换热性能。
热源塔热泵具有较高的能效比、不受地理环境限制、运行稳定等特点,在空调领域展现出了巨大的发展潜力。对开式热源塔的未来研究方向提出以下3点建议。
1)热源塔采用甲酸钾等新型防冻液在–10 ℃环境下的采热性能还有待深化研究,在更低的温度、湿度环境下热源塔能否高效地采热运行,运行中是否会出现其他影响热性能的问题都需要进一步的实验验证。未来对热源塔的研究发展应向更低的温度范围拓展其适用性。
2)防冻液的成分配比还有很大的优化空间,换热能力强、无毒、无腐蚀性、不易结晶的防冻液能很大程度地提高热源塔采热能力。调配新型的无机盐溶液或使用其他有机溶剂作为防冻液,并验证其可行性,这是热源塔防冻液选取方面的重要问题。
3)开式热源塔在冬季制热时防冻液存在浓度下降、冰点升高、结冰等风险。传统的溶液再生技术能耗大、运行不稳定等问题还有待改进。使用新型的机械蒸汽再压缩再生技术能实现高浓度溶液的低能耗再生,与传统的再生技术相比,节能41.44%~79.87%。这种新型节能技术将会是热源塔溶液再生方向的研究热点。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(21978308; 52206032)
  • 河北省重大专项(23291801Z)
  • 埃及科技创新基金管理局(STIFA)(44205)
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2024年第53卷第11期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403064
  • 接收时间:2024-03-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-13
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(21978308; 52206032)
国家自然科学基金项目(21978308; 52206032)
Major Special Project of Hebei Province(23291801Z)
河北省重大专项(23291801Z)
Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STIFA) of Egypt(44205)
埃及科技创新基金管理局(STIFA)(44205)
作者信息
    1.上海海事大学商船学院,上海 201306
    2.中国科学院理化技术研究所,北京 100190
    3.中国轻工业食品药品保质加工储运装备与节能技术重点实验室,北京 100190
    4.北京博睿杰能环境技术有限公司,北京 100089
    5.苏伊士运河大学农业学院,埃及 伊斯梅利亚 41522

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张化福(1987),男,硕士,助理研究员,主要研究方向为基于复合増焓的低品位能源高效利用技术及产业化,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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