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In order to study the unstable characteristics of vapor-liquid two-phase flow in water-cooled wall pipe of an opposed combustion natural circulation boiler during deep peak shaving, a frequency domain mathematical model suitable for different working conditions is established. By performing small perturbation linearization on the mass, energy, and momentum equations, eliminating high-order infinitesimal perturbations and steady-state quantities, and conducting Laplace transformation, the transfer function used to describe stability of the vapor-liquid fluid flow in the pipeline is obtained through the Nyquist diagram. The graphical method is used to judge the stability of the working fluid flow in the pipe. The calculation results show that, the critical heat flux densities of typical circuits operating at 25% BMCR and 50% BMCR are 182.20 kW/m2 and 240.13 kW/m2. Moreover, this model is used to calculate the unstable boundary of the water wall pipe section of a 350 MW natural circulation boiler and study the influence of parameters such as inlet subcooling, mass flow rate, pipe length, inclination angle and inlet throttling coefficient on the flow instability characteristics. The calculation results show that, the influence of inlet subcooling on critical heat flux density is non-unique, and the unstable boundary diagram shows a “double-C” shape. Increasing the mass flow rate reduces the density difference between the inlet and outlet of the fluid, which is beneficial to the flow stability. Increasing the heat flow density increases the density difference between the inlet and outlet of the fluid, which is not conducive to the stability of the flow. Enhancing the inlet throttling coefficient can suppress the pulsation of the flow at the inlet, which is conducive to the stability of the flow. Increasing the inclination angle of the pipe will increase the weight pressure drop and increase the disturbance caused by it, which is not conducive to the stability of the flow.

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为对深度调峰时对冲燃烧自然循环锅炉水冷壁管道内的汽液两相流动不稳定特性进行研究,建立了适用于不同工况的频域法数学模型。通过对质量、能量、动量方程进行小扰动线性化,消去高阶无穷小扰动量以及稳态量后经拉普拉斯变换得到了用于描述管道内汽液流体流动稳定性传递函数,通过Nyquist曲线图解的方法判断管内工质流动的稳定性。计算结果表明典型回路在25%BMCR和50%BMCR工况运行时的临界热流密度分别为182.20、240.13 kW/m2。同时,利用该模型计算了某350 MW自然循环锅炉水冷壁管段的不稳定边界并研究了入口过冷度、质量流速、管长、倾斜角度以及入口节流系数等参数对流动不稳定特性的影响。计算结果表明:入口过冷度对临界热流密度的影响呈非单值性,不稳定边界图表现为“双C”型;增大质量流速使流体的进口和出口密度差减小,有利于流动的稳定;增大热流密度使流体的进口和出口密度差增大,不利于流动的稳定;增大入口节流系数,可以抑制入口处流量的脉动,有利于流动的稳定;增加管道的倾斜角度,会增大重位压降,使其产生的扰动增加,不利于流动的稳定。

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王志勇(1973),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂深度调峰、集控运行技术,

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王志勇(1973),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂深度调峰、集控运行技术,

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articleId=1236369223560262653, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Experimental conditions and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况压力/MPa质量流速/(kg·m–2·s–1)实验CHF/(kW·m–2)
118310377
218420407
318478417
419310350
519420362
619478403
720310272
820420280
920478338
1021310253
1121420214
1221478219
), ArticleFig(id=1236369233454625214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223560262653, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验工况及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况压力/MPa质量流速/(kg·m–2·s–1)实验CHF/(kW·m–2)
118310377
218420407
318478417
419310350
519420362
619478403
720310272
820420280
920478338
1021310253
1121420214
1221478219
), ArticleFig(id=1236369233546899906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223560262653, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Operating parameters of the loop at 50% BMCR and 25% BMCR loads

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项目50%BMCR25%BMCR
进口压力/MPa10.0810.76
进口流速/(kg·m–2·s–1)1.891.39
进口焓值/(kJ·kg–1)1 400.491 429.27
出口焓值/(kJ·kg–1)1 594.001 556.54
出口压力/MPa9.8410.52
), ArticleFig(id=1236369233676923334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369223560262653, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

回路在50% BMCR和25% BMCR负荷的工况参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目50%BMCR25%BMCR
进口压力/MPa10.0810.76
进口流速/(kg·m–2·s–1)1.891.39
进口焓值/(kJ·kg–1)1 400.491 429.27
出口焓值/(kJ·kg–1)1 594.001 556.54
出口压力/MPa9.8410.52
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自然循环锅炉深度调峰时水冷壁汽水两相流动不稳定特性计算及安全分析
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王志勇 1 , 李维腾 2 , 堵根旺 1 , 马玉华 1 , 周科 3 , 杨冬 2
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024,53(11): 119-129
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024, 53(11): 119-129
自然循环锅炉深度调峰时水冷壁汽水两相流动不稳定特性计算及安全分析
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王志勇1 , 李维腾2, 堵根旺1, 马玉华1, 周科3, 杨冬2
作者信息
  • 1.华能国际电力股份有限公司丹东电厂,辽宁 东港 118300
  • 2.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 3.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 王志勇(1973),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂深度调峰、集控运行技术,

Calculation and safety analysis of unstable characteristics of vapor-liquid two-phase flow in water wall during deep peak shaving of natural circulation boiler
Zhiyong WANG1 , Weiteng LI2, Genwang DU1, Yuhua MA1, Ke ZHOU3, Dong YANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Dandong Power Plant, Huaneng Power International Co., Ltd., Donggang 118300, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
  • 3.Xi’an Thermal power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404068
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为对深度调峰时对冲燃烧自然循环锅炉水冷壁管道内的汽液两相流动不稳定特性进行研究,建立了适用于不同工况的频域法数学模型。通过对质量、能量、动量方程进行小扰动线性化,消去高阶无穷小扰动量以及稳态量后经拉普拉斯变换得到了用于描述管道内汽液流体流动稳定性传递函数,通过Nyquist曲线图解的方法判断管内工质流动的稳定性。计算结果表明典型回路在25%BMCR和50%BMCR工况运行时的临界热流密度分别为182.20、240.13 kW/m2。同时,利用该模型计算了某350 MW自然循环锅炉水冷壁管段的不稳定边界并研究了入口过冷度、质量流速、管长、倾斜角度以及入口节流系数等参数对流动不稳定特性的影响。计算结果表明:入口过冷度对临界热流密度的影响呈非单值性,不稳定边界图表现为“双C”型;增大质量流速使流体的进口和出口密度差减小,有利于流动的稳定;增大热流密度使流体的进口和出口密度差增大,不利于流动的稳定;增大入口节流系数,可以抑制入口处流量的脉动,有利于流动的稳定;增加管道的倾斜角度,会增大重位压降,使其产生的扰动增加,不利于流动的稳定。

自然循环锅炉  /  流动不稳定性  /  频域法  /  Nyquist图

In order to study the unstable characteristics of vapor-liquid two-phase flow in water-cooled wall pipe of an opposed combustion natural circulation boiler during deep peak shaving, a frequency domain mathematical model suitable for different working conditions is established. By performing small perturbation linearization on the mass, energy, and momentum equations, eliminating high-order infinitesimal perturbations and steady-state quantities, and conducting Laplace transformation, the transfer function used to describe stability of the vapor-liquid fluid flow in the pipeline is obtained through the Nyquist diagram. The graphical method is used to judge the stability of the working fluid flow in the pipe. The calculation results show that, the critical heat flux densities of typical circuits operating at 25% BMCR and 50% BMCR are 182.20 kW/m2 and 240.13 kW/m2. Moreover, this model is used to calculate the unstable boundary of the water wall pipe section of a 350 MW natural circulation boiler and study the influence of parameters such as inlet subcooling, mass flow rate, pipe length, inclination angle and inlet throttling coefficient on the flow instability characteristics. The calculation results show that, the influence of inlet subcooling on critical heat flux density is non-unique, and the unstable boundary diagram shows a “double-C” shape. Increasing the mass flow rate reduces the density difference between the inlet and outlet of the fluid, which is beneficial to the flow stability. Increasing the heat flow density increases the density difference between the inlet and outlet of the fluid, which is not conducive to the stability of the flow. Enhancing the inlet throttling coefficient can suppress the pulsation of the flow at the inlet, which is conducive to the stability of the flow. Increasing the inclination angle of the pipe will increase the weight pressure drop and increase the disturbance caused by it, which is not conducive to the stability of the flow.

natural circulation boiler  /  flow instability  /  frequency domain method  /  Nyquist diagram
王志勇, 李维腾, 堵根旺, 马玉华, 周科, 杨冬. 自然循环锅炉深度调峰时水冷壁汽水两相流动不稳定特性计算及安全分析. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (11) : 119 -129 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404068
Zhiyong WANG, Weiteng LI, Genwang DU, Yuhua MA, Ke ZHOU, Dong YANG. Calculation and safety analysis of unstable characteristics of vapor-liquid two-phase flow in water wall during deep peak shaving of natural circulation boiler[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (11) : 119 -129 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404068
为实现“双碳”目标,我国要构建清洁低碳安全高效的能源体系,深化电力体制改革,构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统[1]。因新能源发电的随机性、波动性和间歇性以及电网负荷峰谷的波动,使得部分新能源电量不能进入电网,产生了“弃风弃光”现象[2-3]。为解决新能源发电入网比例较低的问题,通过使发电量占比较高的火电机组参与调峰成为消纳未并网新能源电量的有效方法[4-5]
自然循环锅炉在深度调峰过程中,当制粉系统、燃料量或者负荷发生变动时,个别管道和回路中可能会出现流动不稳定性现象[6-8]。当此现象出现时,受热面冷却不足而升温,强度降低,最终可能导致爆管事故,危及运行的安全[9-10]。因此,探讨水冷壁在低负荷运行状态下的流动稳定性,对优化锅炉的结构设计以及保证锅炉安全至关重要。
频域法避免了对复杂非线性方程组的处理,直接通过Nyquist准则判断流动的稳定性[11-12]。越来越多的研究人员通过频域法研究流动不稳定性[13]。Zhang等人[14]以内旋纹管为对象建立了传输函数模型,对参数进行了无量纲处理,从而确定了不稳定性的边界。田晓艳等[15]通过频域法构建了关于超临界水冷堆的理论框架,并在一定的功率和流速条件下,探析了堆芯的流动不稳定状况。侯东[16]和朱郁波[17]使用频域法对汽液两相流动进行分析。薛爱军等[18]建立了超临界水热力系统模型并进行分析。Liang等人[19]以垂直上升管内的工质为对象,通过频域法建立了流动不稳定性的数值模型,并完成了对垂直上升管内流动不稳定性的分析。毕凌峰等[20]使用频域法对水冷壁进行动态特性计算。
本文通过频域法建立了研究管道内的汽液两相流动不稳定特性的一维单通道数学模型,对自然循环锅炉低负荷运行时的流动不稳定特性进行了分析。在该数学模型建立程序的基础上,研究了入口过冷度、质量流速、管长、倾斜角度以及入口节流系数等参数对流动不稳定特性的影响,研究结果对机组深度调峰优化以及安全运行具有重要意义。
自然循环锅炉在深度调峰过程中,锅炉从高负荷运行状态快速调整为低负荷运行状态。水冷壁管内部分工质处于汽液两相状态,在深度调峰过程中,流动系统的波动性增强,易造成水冷壁的传热恶化,进而引起水冷壁管的超温甚至爆管。因此,本文建立了一个以频域法为基础的一维单通道数值计算模型,通过计算分析其管径、管长、倾斜角度、节流圈等几何结构参数和质量流速、系统压力、入口焓值等工况参数对汽液两相流流动不稳定特性的影响。入口模型示意如图1所示。
针对水冷壁管道的特点,本文通过建立一个简化的一维单通道频域法数学模型对自然循环锅炉在深度调峰时变负荷至低负荷运行时的水冷壁管道发生的密度波不稳定特性进行研究,建立模型时进行了以下假设[21]
1)只考虑轴向水冷壁管道壁的加热,不考虑径向热负荷对管壁内工质的影响。
2)不考虑单相未饱和区工质的压缩性。相比于分区后的两相区和过热区,单相未饱和区水的密度基本不发生变化,忽略其密度的变化,由于其变化基本不会产生误差。
3)工质流动是一维的,只考虑工质在轴向的流动,不考虑工质因压力温度分布等因素引起的周向流动,以便于传递函数的推导。
4)不考虑管道进出口压力的变化引起的密度变化。
5)气液两相区采用均相流热平衡模型,在两相区气体和液体能够均匀混合。
6)施加在管道上的热负荷为均匀热负荷。
7)进出口节流系数为常数。
1)入、出口节流区
节流方程为:
Δpin=Kinρuin22Δpout=Koutρuout22
式中:Δp为节流压降,Pa;K为节流系数;ρ为流体的密度,kg/m3u为流体的速度,m/s;下标in为进口;下标out为出口。
2)过冷区和过热区
在以上假设的基础上,过冷区和过热区用以下方程来描述。
质量守恒方程为:
uz=0
式中:z为流动方向坐标值,m。
能量守恒方程为:
ρht+ρuhz=qPHAc
式中:h为流体的焓值,kJ/kg;t为时间,s;q"为对管段施加的热负荷,kW/m2PH为管段的湿周,m;Ac为管段的流通截面积,m2
动量守恒方程为:
pz=ρdudt+fρu22De+ρgsinφ
式中:p为流体的压强,Pa;f为流动摩擦系数;De为管段当量直径,m;g为重力加速度,m/s2φ为管段倾斜角,rad。
3)两相区
质量守恒方程为:
ρmt+(ρmum)z=0
式中:下标m为汽液两相混合物。
能量守恒方程为:
(ρmh)t+(ρmumh)z=qPHAc
动量守恒方程为:
pz=(ρmum)t+(ρmum2)z+fmρmum22De+ρmgsinφ
式中:fm为两相混合区的流动摩擦系数。
蒸汽产生率平衡方程为:
(αρgug)z+(αρg)t=Γg
Ω=umz=ΓgΔρρfρg
式中:α为空隙率;Γg为蒸汽产生率,kg/(m3·s);Ω为相变频率,s–1;Δρ为饱和蒸汽与饱和液的密度差,kg/m3;下标g为气相区。
采用线性频域法模型进行研究时,在流动系统的稳定边界附近,流体工质工况参数的震荡曲线近似为峰值很小的正弦曲线,周期较大。所以可以用小扰动线性化和Laplace变换的方法,对于任意的泛函、半经验公式都有如下形式:
δf(x,y)=(fx)0δx+(fy)0δy
式中:下标0为参数的稳态值;δx为随时间变化的参变量小扰动的变化量;δy为随空间变化的参变量小扰动的变化量。其中:
x(z,t)=x0(z)+δx(z,t)
y(z,t)=y0(z)+δy(z,t)
对3个区域的控制方程组进行小扰动线性化和Laplace变换,得到各个区域的小扰动量控制方程,根据总压降和各个区域压降的关系可以得到用于判断流动稳定性的传递函数。
对于任意的变量y可以表示为:
y=y*+δy
式中:y为变量的稳态值;δy为微小变量。
对微小变量进行Laplace变换可以得到:
L[δy]=δy(s)
式中:s为复变量。
按照上述方法对3个区域的守恒方程组进行小扰动线性化和Laplace变换可以得到各区域的传递函数[22],对液相区:
δ(ΔP1)=G1(s)δuin
G1(s)=ρfλ1*s+flρfλ1*uin*De+ρfsuin*+flρfuin*22De+ρfgsinφs(1eλ1*uin*s)
式中:下标f为液相区。
同理,两相区的扰动函数为:
δ(ΔP2)=G2(s)δuin
其中,传递函数为:
G2(s)=L22(s)[1s(1eλ1*uin*s)ρm*um*]+L21(s)+M(s)L23(s)
M(s)=ρm*um*Ω*+fm2Deρm*um*uout*+ρm*um*gsinφuout*
L21(s)=ρm*um*{ηs2Ω*(sΩ*)+Ω*2(sΩ*)2(eηΩ*sΩ*1)+fm2De(λ2*λ1*)(2sΩ*sΩ*)+fmuin*σ2De[e2Ω*sΩ*η1]+gsinφuin*(sΩ*)[1eη+Ω*s(esΩ*η1)]}
L22(s)=ηs2sΩ*+sΩ*2(sΩ*)2(eΩ*sΩ*η1)+fm2DeΩ*(λ2*λ1*)(2sΩ*sΩ*)+fm2Deuin*[sσ(e2Ω*sΩ*η1)+1]+gsinφuin*[Ω*sΩ*(eηsΩ*eη)+1]+Ω*
L23(s)=1Ω*s(eηΩ*sΩ*1)+1(sΩ*)s(1eλ1uin*s)(seηΩ*sΩ*Ω*)
η=ln[uin*+Ω*(λ2*λ1*)uin*]
σ=Ω*(sΩ*)(s2Ω*)
同理,过热区的扰动函数为:
δ(ΔP3)=G3(s)δuin
传递函数为:
G3(s)=F(s)[1Ω*s(1eλ1*uin*s)]+[F(s)Ω*K(s)]N(s)
其中:
F(s)=sρg(LHλ2*)+fgDeuout*ρg(LHλ2*)+Koutuout*ρg
K(s)=fg2Deρguout*2+ρggsinφ
N(s)=1(sΩ*)s(seηΩ*sΩ*Ω*)(1eλ1*uin*s)1sΩ*(eηΩ*sΩ*1)
整个管路系统的总压降扰动与各区段压降扰动的关系式为:
δ(ΔP)=δ(ΔP1)+δ(ΔP2)+δ(ΔP3)
各区段扰动函数,如式(15)、式(17)、式(25)所述,根据上述3区段传递函数,以进口速度扰动为输入,压降扰动为输出,得到总传递函数为:
G(s)=G1(s)+G2(s)+G3(s)
根据经典自动控制理论,本研究使用Nyquist稳定性判据来判定流动系统的稳定性。在使用Nyquist稳定性判据进行流动稳定性判断时,需要使用系统的开环传递函数。在Matlab中绘制出开环传递函数的Nyquist曲线来判断流动的稳定性,选取压降的扰动作为输入,速度的扰动作为输出,根据总压降和各个区域压降的关系,得到总传递函数。
应用Nyquist稳定性判据来判别系统的稳定性的步骤是:绘制流动系统的开环频率特性图,求曲线1+Gopen()包围(0,0)的次数。当Nyquist曲线包围原点的次数大于等于1时,流动是不稳定的;反之,Nyquist曲线不包围原点时流动是稳定的。
根据王文毓等[23]的实验数据(表1),对一根长2 m,内径为0.019 m的光滑垂直管进行验证。
本文计算结果如图2所示,计算误差基本在10%以内,与实验结果符合度高,该模型可用于锅炉水冷壁不稳定特性的计算。
本文对某350 MW自然循环锅炉在低负荷工况下的流动不稳定特性进行计算分析,炉膛的高度为50 m,水冷壁管的外径为66.7 mm,壁厚为12.4 mm,管内壁的粗糙度为0.06 mm,节距为92 mm。
当受热管的质量流速减小、管道长度增加以及热负荷增大时,流动更容易失稳,从而可能产生安全问题[24-26]。基于这些发现,本文选择了在锅炉水冷壁中热负荷最大、管道最长的后墙第31回路作为典型回路,进行流动不稳定性的计算与分析。机组运行时压力变化的区间为9.57~18.81 MPa,质量流速的变化区间为448.91~819.89 kg/(m2·s)。
表2为该典型回路在50%BMCR以及25% BMCR负荷运行时的工况参数。
以典型回路为对象,选取锅炉25%BMCR负荷的工况参数,不断增加热流密度,通过生成的Nyquist曲线是否包围原点对流动不稳定性进行判断,得到典型回路在25%BMCR负荷条件下的流动不稳定边界如图3所示。
当锅炉机组深度调峰在25%BMCR负荷运行时,典型回路的入口压力为10.76 MPa,入口质量流速为601.65 kg/(m2·s),入口焓值为1 429.27 kJ/kg,出口焓值为1 556.54 kJ/kg,此时热流密度为34.29 kW/m2,通过系统参数进行程序计算生成的Nyquist曲线不包围原点,系统稳定。继续增加输入的热流密度到接近不稳定的状态。当热流密度增加到182.20 kW/m2时,Nyquist曲线刚好包围原点,系统为临界稳定状态。因此,针对本回路25%BMCR工况的压力和质量流速,通过计算得到发生流动不稳定的热流密度为182.20 kW/m2,远大于正常工况下的热流密度,具有较高的安全裕度,用同样的方法可以计算得出,典型回路50%BMCR工况的临界热流密度为240.13 kW/m2,大于实际运行的热流密度74.78 kW/m2,系统运行稳定且有足够的安全裕度。
在两相流动不稳定边界特性的研究中,常使用无量纲入口过冷度数Nsub和无量纲相变数Npch来构造流动不稳定边界图[27-28]
Nsub=Δhsubhfgvfgvf
式中:Δhsub为进口欠焓,kJ/kg;hfg为汽化潜热,kJ/kg;vfg为饱和水和饱和蒸汽的比热容差值,m3/kg;vf为饱和水的比热容,m3/kg。
Npch=QGinhfgvfgvf
式中:Q为总加热功率,kW;Gin为进口流量,kg/s。
选取典型回路25%BMCR以及50%BMCR运行工况为基本工况,通过改变入口过冷度计算绘制流动不稳定边界图。25%BMCR以及50%BMCR工况典型回路不稳定边界、无量纲不稳定边界如图4图7所示。
通过观察入口过冷度数对应临界热流密度边界,可以明确地区分出下侧的稳定区和上侧的不稳定区;通过观察无量纲数边界,可以区分出左侧的稳定区和右侧的不稳定区。在25%BMCR以及50%BMCR负荷条件下,所选的锅炉回路工况位于稳定区间内,并且有很大的安全裕度。
通过观察入口过冷度对应热流密度的不稳定边界,发现随着入口焓值的增加,临界热流密度并不是单调增加的,这表明入口过冷度的变化,对流动系统稳定性的影响是不固定的。具体来说,流动稳定性可能在某些入口焓值区间得到加强,而在其他区间减弱。这主要是因为随着流入管内工质焓值的增大,液-气两相界面的动态扰动更容易向未加热的上游部分传播,抑制了管内工质的非定常流动的扰动,此入口过冷度对应的临界热流密度在该原因的影响下会增大。但是,由于入口焓值的上升,管段内单相过冷区域变短,不利于管内工质流动的稳定,在该因素影响下此入口过冷度对应的临界热流密度会减小。两者影响的叠加可能在特定条件下增加或降低工质流动的稳定性。
通过观察无量纲不稳定边界图,可以发现无量纲相变数随无量纲过冷度数的变化呈“双C”型,与前人的研究结论相同。在恒定的压力条件下,无量纲入口过冷度数对流动稳定性的影响呈多值性。这与临界热流密度的不稳定边界图的结论相吻合:当入口焓值增大,入口的过冷度与无量纲入口过冷度数都降低,其对流体动力学稳定性的影响是复杂的,呈现出非单值性。当管道热负荷上升时,无量纲相变数增加,工况点会向不稳定区域移动,不利于流动的稳定。
下文计算分析以典型回路25%BMCR工况为基础边界条件,通过控制变量改变不同的系统参数探究其对管内工质流动不稳定特性的影响。
选取典型回路25%BMCR运行工况为基础工况,通过改变质量流速计算得到不同质量流速下的不稳定边界,同时通过改变系统压力、入口节流系数、入口过冷度等参数,计算得到不同条件下质量流速对应临界热流密度边界图,分析不同条件下质量流速对临界热流密度的影响。
图8为不同压力下的质量流速和热流密度边界。通过图8可以看出,在压力恒定的条件下,随着质量流速的增加临界热流密度也逐渐增大。这是因为在热流密度保持不变的情况下,质量流速的增大会使工质进出口的密度差减少,从而使得工质流动更为稳定。在固定的质量流速下,压力的增加也会使临界热流密度增大,是因为随着压力的增加,汽液两相之间的密度差异减少,这使得在相同的质量流速和热流密度条件下,进出口的密度差减小,工质流动更加稳定。因此,当质量流速保持恒定时,要使管内工质发生流动不稳定,需要施加更高的热流密度。
入口节流系数是衡量管道进口处流体阻力大小的参数。不同入口节流系数下的质量流速和热流密度边界如图9所示。
通过图9可以看出,在其他因素保持不变时,随着入口节流系数的增加,发生流动不稳定的临界热流密度增大,这表明增加入口节流系数有助于提高流动的稳定性。造成该影响的原因为:提高入口节流系数等同增加了管内工质流动的阻力,有助于抑制管道入口位置流量的脉动,从而削弱系统的振荡,促进流动的稳定。
入口过冷度是指一定压力下入口水温度与该压力下水的饱和温度的差值。图10为管段入口过冷度分别为35、45、55 ℃工况条件下,随着质量流速改变计算得到的流动不稳定边界。
图10可以看出,流动稳定性总体的趋势为随着入口过冷度的增加,流动的稳定性增强。但是通过观察可以发现在部分质量流速下,管内工质的临界热流密度与工质入口过冷度并非线性关系。流动稳定性可能在某些入口过冷度区间得到加强,而在其他区间减弱。这主要是因为随着入口过冷度的减小,液-汽两相界面的动态扰动更容易向未加热的上游部分传播,抑制了管内工质的非定常流动的扰动,此入口过冷度对应的临界热流密度在该原因的影响下会增大。但是由于入口焓值的上升,管段内单相过冷区域变短,不利于管内工质流动的稳定,在该因素影响下此入口过冷度对应的临界热流密度会减小。这两方面相互影响,相互制约,从而导致入口过冷度对流动不稳定特性呈非单调性。
基于无量纲处理的通用性、实验仿真相似性、提高模型准确性以及可以揭示重要物理机制的特点,本节通过处理计算数据绘制不同系统参数对应的无量纲不稳定边界的方法,研究不同系统参数对不稳定特性的影响。
入口节流系数对无量纲不稳定边界的影响如图11所示。从图11可以看出,在不同的入口节流系数下,改变无量纲入口过冷度数得到的不稳定边界均呈“双C”型。当无量纲工况点位于临界边界的左侧时,流动是稳定的;当无量纲工况点位于临界边界的右侧时,流动是不稳定的。在同一入口节流系数下,随着无量纲入口过冷度数的增大,无量纲相变数在整体趋势上先减小后增大,经过受入口节流系数影响的无量纲入口过冷度数后,继续减小随后再增大。固定某一对应曲线上多个点的无量纲相变数,随着无量纲入口过冷度数逐渐增大,流动由稳定变为不稳定,无量纲入口过冷度数继续增大,流动再由不稳定状态变为稳定状态,并且随着无量纲入口过冷度数的增加可能会再次进入不稳定状态及稳定状态。这种现象进一步说明入口过冷度对流动不稳定临界热负荷的影响呈非单值性,这也与已有的研究结论相同。
固定入口过冷度,可以观察到随着入口节流系数的增加,临界无量纲相变数逐步上升,这意味着流动的稳定性在逐渐增强。因此,为了增强管道内工质流动的稳定性,可以考虑调整管道入口条件,特别是增加入口节流系数。
在深度调峰的过程中,流动不稳定现象的发生可能会导致管道传热效率的降低甚至发生水冷壁的爆管,为了避免这种情况的发生,一个简单且有效的策略是在进口处安装节流环进而提高入口节流系数,从而在一定程度上确保流体在管道内的稳定流动,减少工质发生流动不稳定带来的风险。
在给定的热流密度、质量流速及入口过冷度条件下,随着管长的增加,管内工质流动不稳定的特性会逐渐增强。造成该结果的原因为:在固定的质量流速和热负荷的前提下,增加管段长度,管段出口工质吸热量增大,比容更大密度更小,进而导致管段进出口密度差更大,在发生扰动时密度波动更大,系统的稳定性降低。此外,随着受热段长度的增加,工质在管道中的摩擦损失也会相应增大,会给系统带来更大的扰动,从而使系统的稳定性降低。理论上来说随着加热管段的增长,同一无量纲入口过冷度对应的临界无量纲相变数会降低。但是通过观察计算得出的无量纲不稳定边界,管段长度对应无量纲不稳定边界的总体趋势略有不同。推测原因为受入口过冷度对临界热流密度非单值性的影响,选取的无量纲入口过冷度区间处于“双C”型的中间区域,影响了管长对不稳定边界影响的理论分析趋势,两者因素叠加得到如图12所示无量纲不稳定边界图。因此在实际应用中,在常规经验推理定性分析的同时辅以定量计算可以使得到的结果更为准确。
图13为倾斜角度对无量纲不稳定边界的影响。通过观察不同倾斜角度下无量纲不稳定边界,可以发现在其他外部条件相同的情况下,随着受热管道与水平方向倾斜角的增大,无量纲相变数变化的总体趋势为减小,这说明倾斜角的增大削弱了流动的稳定。
原因分析如下:在倾斜管道中,重力导致的加速度可分解为2个分量,分别是与管道方向垂直的法向加速度和与流体流动方向相反的切向加速度;随着倾斜角的增大,切向加速度分量增加,从而增加了流体沿管道的重力效应,使流体经过整个管道的重位压降增大,增大了流体在各个部分的动态差异,进而更易产生扰动和工质流动的振荡;管道的倾斜可能导致工质流态的改变,使得局部扰动在流动中放大。在两者共同作用下,工质流动中的微小扰动会被放大,因此倾斜角度的增大会削弱工质流动的稳定性。
质量流速对无量纲不稳定边界的影响如图14所示。
图14可以看出,在其他条件相同的情况下,随着质量流速的增大,不稳定边界改变的整体趋势为向右偏移,流动不稳定的临界边界增大,流动的稳定性变强,这也与已有的研究结论相同。在高流速条件下,惯性力对流体流动的影响会占据主导地位;在低流速条件下,黏性力所发挥的作用更明显。当惯性力增大时,流体对于扰动的响应时间会减小,从而增加工质流动的全局稳定性,并且在某些工况下,质量流速的增加可能会导致流态从层流转变为湍流,可以更有效抵抗管内工质流动时产生的扰动。增大质量流速还会使流场中温度压力分布更加均匀从而增加流动的稳定性。因此,增大质量流速对流动不稳定临界边界影响的总体趋势为随着质量流速的增加,临界热流密度增大,管内工质流动的稳定性增强。
本文基于频域法,构建了一个一维单通道数值模型,适用于各种工况条件。通过建立的频域法数学模型,研究了锅炉低负荷运行时水冷壁管道中流体的不稳定性,绘制了不同系统参数下的流动不稳边界,所得结论如下。
1)典型回路在25%BMCR和50%BMCR负荷运行时的临界热流密度分别为182.20 kW/m2和240.13 kW/m2,大于实际运行的热流密度,系统运行稳定且有足够的安全裕度。
2)入口过冷度对临界热流密度的影响呈非单值性。入口过冷度的改变对临界热流密度的影响在以下2个方面:入口过冷度减小,单相区变短,一方面液-气两相界面的动态扰动更容易向未加热的上游部分传播,对扰动有一定抑制作用;另一方面液相区的变短,会促进扰动的产生。在一定的中间入口过冷度的范围区间,在两者对流动稳定的共同作用下,对工质流动稳定的影响或增或减,使得不稳定边界呈“双C”型。
3)增大质量流速使流体的进口和出口密度差减小,有利于流动的稳定;增大热流密度使流体的进口和出口密度差增大,不利于流动的稳定;增大入口节流系数,可以抑制入口处流量的脉动,有利于流动的稳定;增加管道的倾斜角度,会增大重位压降,使其产生的扰动增加,不利于流动的稳定。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNK22-H103)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404068
  • 接收时间:2024-04-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-03
基金
Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNK22-H103)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNK22-H103)
作者信息
    1.华能国际电力股份有限公司丹东电厂,辽宁 东港 118300
    2.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
    3.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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