Article(id=1236369221773489127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236369220812984708, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202404088, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711987200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772702993100, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1732464000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772702993100, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772702993100, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772702993100, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236369220812984708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='168', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772702992871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772703093306, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236369642126627337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236369220812984708, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236369642126627338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236369220812984708, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=47, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236369222025147368, articleId=1236369221773489127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Microstructure and mechanical properties of 1 000 MPa grade ultra-high-strength steel submerged arc welding joints in hydropower engineering, columnId=1236369221647651205, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on low-carbon transformation of power system, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the microstructural and mechanical properties of 1 000 MPa grade ultra-high strength steel submerged arc welding welded joints for hydroelectric engineering, the microstructure of different regions of the welded joint was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical properties of the welded joint were determined through tensile testing, impact testing, and bending testing. The results reveals that, the weld metal of the root pass and fill passes is composed of columnar, dendritic, and equiaxed grains, with a microstructure dominated by acicular ferrite and a small amount of granular bainite. The heat-affected zone (HAZ) exhibits multiple typical regions, including a critical coarse grain zone and a coarse grain zone near the fusion line along the thickness direction. Away from the weld, fine grain zones and critical zones are observed, with a microstructure primarily consisting of granular bainite, M-A constituents, and lath martensite. The weld metal of the cap pass exhibits typical columnar grains with a microstructure primarily composed of acicular ferrite. The HAZ of the cap pass includes coarse grain, fine grain, critical, and subcritical zones. Due to the absence of subsequent welding passes, no critical coarse grain zone is formed, and the microstructure is primarily composed of lath martensite, granular bainite, and M-A constituents. The average tensile strength of the welded joint reaches 980 MPa grade, the low-temperature impact absorption energy of the weld zone and the HAZ at –40 ℃ is 118.7 J and 149.3 J (at T/4), 67.0 J and 154.0 J (at T/2), respectively. No cracks appear in the lateral bending.

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为研究水电工程1 000 MPa等级超高强钢埋弧焊焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能特征,通过扫描电子显微镜表征了焊接接头不同区域的显微组织,通过拉伸试验、冲击试验和弯曲试验测定了焊接接头的力学性能。研究结果表明:打底焊道和填充焊道焊缝金属由柱状晶、树枝晶以及等轴晶组成,组织多为针状铁素体和少量粒状贝氏体;热影响区形成了多个典型区域,靠近熔合线沿厚度方向上分别出现了临界粗晶区和粗晶区;远离焊缝出现了细晶区和临界区,组织多为粒状贝氏体、M-A组元和板条马氏体;盖面焊道焊缝金属为典型的柱状晶,组织主要为针状铁素体;热影响区包含了粗晶区、细晶区、临界区和亚临界区,由于没有后续焊道,未形成临界粗晶区,组织主要为板条马氏体、粒状贝氏体及M-A组元;焊接接头的平均抗拉强度达到980 MPa等级,在焊缝区和热影响区–40 ℃低温冲击吸收能量分别为118.7、149.3 J(T/4部位)和67.0、154.0 J(T/2部位),横向侧弯未出现裂纹。

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李巍(1979),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为材料加工工程,
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司广全(1969),男,正高级经济师,主要研究方向为电力建设质量控制技术,

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司广全(1969),男,正高级经济师,主要研究方向为电力建设质量控制技术,

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司广全(1969),男,正高级经济师,主要研究方向为电力建设质量控制技术,

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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=埋弧焊焊接接头), Keyword(id=1236369227070894237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=扫描电镜), Keyword(id=1236369227184140452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=显微组织), Keyword(id=1236369227272220840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=力学性能)], refs=[Reference(id=1236369231546216814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=32, issue=3, pageStart=175, pageEnd=185, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=冯路路, 吴开明, 余宏伟, journalName=钢铁研究学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=冯路路, 吴开明, 余宏伟, 等. 高强韧水电站用钢的生产现状及发展趋势[J]. 钢铁研究学报, 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Statistical distribution characterization of microstructure and hardness of welded joints of high heat input hull structural steel[J]. Metallic Functional Materials, 2023, 30(5): 30-37., articleTitle=Statistical distribution characterization of microstructure and hardness of welded joints of high heat input hull structural steel, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236369225166680110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236369225179263024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, companyId=1236369225166680110, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Huaneng Power International, Inc., Beijing 100031, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236369225187651633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, companyId=1236369225166680110, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, 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articleId=1236369221773489127, language=CN, label=图12, caption=焊接接头弯曲试验照片, figureFileSmall=0av1TuezWG32U9ILtER8gw==, figureFileBig=bEHkUPVl2+YvQquIgt0YGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236369229788803374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Chemical composition of the experimental ultra-high strength steel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素CSiMnPSNiCrMoVCuNbTiB
质量分数0.140.351.200.0070.0032.500.800.800.100.400.120.030.003
), ArticleFig(id=1236369229868495154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验超高强钢的化学成分(上限值)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素CSiMnPSNiCrMoVCuNbTiB
质量分数0.140.351.200.0070.0032.500.800.800.100.400.120.030.003
), ArticleFig(id=1236369229964964148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Mechanical properties of the experimental ultra-high strength steel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能屈服强度Rp0.2/MPa抗拉强度Rm/MPa延伸率A/%断面收缩率Z/%屈强比/%–40 ℃冲击吸收能量/J
数值94798819.57195.9124
), ArticleFig(id=1236369230048850232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验超高强钢的力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能屈服强度Rp0.2/MPa抗拉强度Rm/MPa延伸率A/%断面收缩率Z/%屈强比/%–40 ℃冲击吸收能量/J
数值94798819.57195.9124
), ArticleFig(id=1236369230141124921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Chemical composition of welding material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CMnSiSPCrNiMoCu
焊丝0.101.850.320.0030.0060.503.110.780.05
熔敷金属0.052.110.310.0040.0060.553.540.710.05
), ArticleFig(id=1236369230266954045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

埋弧焊丝化学成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CMnSiSPCrNiMoCu
焊丝0.101.850.320.0030.0060.503.110.780.05
熔敷金属0.052.110.310.0040.0060.553.540.710.05
), ArticleFig(id=1236369230380200255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Mechanical properties of deposited metal (as welded)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能屈服强度Rp0.2/MPa抗拉强度Rm/MPa延伸率A/%–40 ℃冲击吸收能量/J
数值86996119.589
), ArticleFig(id=1236369230468280641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

熔敷金属力学性能(焊态)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能屈服强度Rp0.2/MPa抗拉强度Rm/MPa延伸率A/%–40 ℃冲击吸收能量/J
数值86996119.589
), ArticleFig(id=1236369230577332550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Welding process parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
焊接方法焊条(丝)
直径/mm
焊接电流/A电弧电压/V焊接速度/(cm·min–1热输入/(kJ·cm–1
SMAW3.21102513013
SAW4.0500~55030~3542~4420~25
), ArticleFig(id=1236369230673801544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

焊接工艺参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
焊接方法焊条(丝)
直径/mm
焊接电流/A电弧电压/V焊接速度/(cm·min–1热输入/(kJ·cm–1
SMAW3.21102513013
SAW4.0500~55030~3542~4420~25
), ArticleFig(id=1236369230791242061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Measurement data for different weld bead widths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
焊道区域(临界)粗晶区宽度细晶区宽度临界区宽度
T/2打底焊道0.0790.6560.412
T/4填充焊道0.5680.9160.419
盖面焊道1.3740.6610.391
), ArticleFig(id=1236369230879322448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同焊道宽度测量数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
焊道区域(临界)粗晶区宽度细晶区宽度临界区宽度
T/2打底焊道0.0790.6560.412
T/4填充焊道0.5680.9160.419
盖面焊道1.3740.6610.391
), ArticleFig(id=1236369231013540180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Tensile strength of welded joints

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样宽度/mm试样厚度/mm横截面积/mm2最大载荷/kN断裂部位抗拉强度/MPa强度均值/MPa
20.1320.04410.85408.35熔合线994.0984.5
20.0920.15404.81392.19熔合线969.0
20.0920.25406.82404.03熔合线993.0
20.0720.06402.60395.25熔合线982.0
), ArticleFig(id=1236369231118397784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

焊接接头拉伸试验数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样宽度/mm试样厚度/mm横截面积/mm2最大载荷/kN断裂部位抗拉强度/MPa强度均值/MPa
20.1320.04410.85408.35熔合线994.0984.5
20.0920.15404.81392.19熔合线969.0
20.0920.25406.82404.03熔合线993.0
20.0720.06402.60395.25熔合线982.0
), ArticleFig(id=1236369231168729436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Low temperature impact test data of welded joint at –40 ℃

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位焊缝区热影响区
样本值平均值样本值平均值
T/4112118.7124149.3
113163
131161
T/27167.0163154.0
61142
69157
), ArticleFig(id=1236369231240032608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

焊接接头–40 ℃低温冲击试验数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部位焊缝区热影响区
样本值平均值样本值平均值
T/4112118.7124149.3
113163
131161
T/27167.0163154.0
61142
69157
), ArticleFig(id=1236369231336501604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Bending test results of welding joints

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样类型试样厚度/mm弯心直径/mm弯曲角度/(°)试验结果
横向侧弯1040180合格
横向侧弯1040180合格
横向侧弯1040180合格
横向侧弯1040180合格
), ArticleFig(id=1236369231441359210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236369221773489127, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

焊接接头弯曲试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样类型试样厚度/mm弯心直径/mm弯曲角度/(°)试验结果
横向侧弯1040180合格
横向侧弯1040180合格
横向侧弯1040180合格
横向侧弯1040180合格
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水电工程1 000 MPa等级超高强钢埋弧自动焊接头显微组织及力学性能研究
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司广全 1 , 李太江 2 , 李巍 2 , 孙琦 2
热力发电 | 电力系统低碳转型研究专题 2024,53(11): 47-55
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热力发电 | 电力系统低碳转型研究专题 2024, 53(11): 47-55
水电工程1 000 MPa等级超高强钢埋弧自动焊接头显微组织及力学性能研究
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司广全1 , 李太江2, 李巍2 , 孙琦2
作者信息
  • 1.华能国际电力股份有限公司,北京 100031
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 司广全(1969),男,正高级经济师,主要研究方向为电力建设质量控制技术,

通讯作者:

李巍(1979),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为材料加工工程,
Microstructure and mechanical properties of 1 000 MPa grade ultra-high-strength steel submerged arc welding joints in hydropower engineering
Guangquan SI1 , Taijiang LI2, Wei LI2 , Qi SUN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Huaneng Power International, Inc., Beijing 100031, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404088
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为研究水电工程1 000 MPa等级超高强钢埋弧焊焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能特征,通过扫描电子显微镜表征了焊接接头不同区域的显微组织,通过拉伸试验、冲击试验和弯曲试验测定了焊接接头的力学性能。研究结果表明:打底焊道和填充焊道焊缝金属由柱状晶、树枝晶以及等轴晶组成,组织多为针状铁素体和少量粒状贝氏体;热影响区形成了多个典型区域,靠近熔合线沿厚度方向上分别出现了临界粗晶区和粗晶区;远离焊缝出现了细晶区和临界区,组织多为粒状贝氏体、M-A组元和板条马氏体;盖面焊道焊缝金属为典型的柱状晶,组织主要为针状铁素体;热影响区包含了粗晶区、细晶区、临界区和亚临界区,由于没有后续焊道,未形成临界粗晶区,组织主要为板条马氏体、粒状贝氏体及M-A组元;焊接接头的平均抗拉强度达到980 MPa等级,在焊缝区和热影响区–40 ℃低温冲击吸收能量分别为118.7、149.3 J(T/4部位)和67.0、154.0 J(T/2部位),横向侧弯未出现裂纹。

埋弧焊焊接接头  /  扫描电镜  /  显微组织  /  力学性能

To investigate the microstructural and mechanical properties of 1 000 MPa grade ultra-high strength steel submerged arc welding welded joints for hydroelectric engineering, the microstructure of different regions of the welded joint was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical properties of the welded joint were determined through tensile testing, impact testing, and bending testing. The results reveals that, the weld metal of the root pass and fill passes is composed of columnar, dendritic, and equiaxed grains, with a microstructure dominated by acicular ferrite and a small amount of granular bainite. The heat-affected zone (HAZ) exhibits multiple typical regions, including a critical coarse grain zone and a coarse grain zone near the fusion line along the thickness direction. Away from the weld, fine grain zones and critical zones are observed, with a microstructure primarily consisting of granular bainite, M-A constituents, and lath martensite. The weld metal of the cap pass exhibits typical columnar grains with a microstructure primarily composed of acicular ferrite. The HAZ of the cap pass includes coarse grain, fine grain, critical, and subcritical zones. Due to the absence of subsequent welding passes, no critical coarse grain zone is formed, and the microstructure is primarily composed of lath martensite, granular bainite, and M-A constituents. The average tensile strength of the welded joint reaches 980 MPa grade, the low-temperature impact absorption energy of the weld zone and the HAZ at –40 ℃ is 118.7 J and 149.3 J (at T/4), 67.0 J and 154.0 J (at T/2), respectively. No cracks appear in the lateral bending.

submerged arc welded joints  /  SEM  /  microstructure  /  mechanical property
司广全, 李太江, 李巍, 孙琦. 水电工程1 000 MPa等级超高强钢埋弧自动焊接头显微组织及力学性能研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (11) : 47 -55 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404088
Guangquan SI, Taijiang LI, Wei LI, Qi SUN. Microstructure and mechanical properties of 1 000 MPa grade ultra-high-strength steel submerged arc welding joints in hydropower engineering[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (11) : 47 -55 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404088
水电作为可再生清洁能源,在我国实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标和调整能源结构的发展进程中具有极其重要的地位[1-3]。随着高水头、大容量的大型水电站规划与大规模的抽水蓄能水电站建设,对水电用(超)高强钢的性能指标也提出了更严格的要求。为满足设计安全的要求,受制于钢材强度等级较低,一些大型甚至超大型水电站的压力钢管等设备构件在建设中不得不采用大壁厚设计,存在运输困难、焊接工程量大、施工难度大等问题[4-8]。因此,国内外在800 MPa等级水电用钢的基础上,开展了1 000 MPa等级超高强钢的开发及焊接技术研究,以期满足高水头水电站建设需要[9-14]。然而,1 000 MPa等级水电用钢因其裂纹敏感性高、可焊性差、焊接接头强韧匹配难,成为制约超高强钢在水电工程现场工程化应用的行业难题[15-17],对于1 000 MPa水电超高强钢的现场焊接应用目前鲜有报道。
针对高强钢焊接接头的研究,通常会选择单道焊道或局部区域的组织变化来描述整体的组织性能[18-25]。然而,实际焊接条件下,往往需要采用多层多道焊工艺来实现厚板焊接。多层多道焊工艺过程中存在复杂的热循环,后焊焊道起再热回火作用,显著影响焊接接头的组织形态。同时,冲击、拉伸、弯曲等试样均由多层多道焊的熔敷金属构成[26-28]。有必要细分不同焊道组织构成,以完整反映焊接接头组织类型和数量变化对力学性能的影响。同时,1 000 MPa超高强水电工程用钢不稳定的焊接性能导致多层多道焊对其影响更显著。
埋弧自动焊因其焊接质量易于控制并且具有较高的生产效率,是水电站压力钢管现场规模化制作安装的重要手段。本文选用手工电弧焊打底+埋弧自动焊填充盖面的焊接方法,焊接出了1 000 MPa超高强度水电钢接头,其力学性能符合相关技术要求,并研究分析了水电工程1 000 MPa等级超高强钢焊接接头不同微区的显微组织特点和力学性能,为1 000 MPa等级水电用钢现场焊接安装提供参考,同时为1 000 MPa级水电用钢的性能优化和进一步工程应用提供理论支撑。
本文试验母材选用国内某钢铁企业针对水电工程特点开发的1 000 MPa等级超高强钢,板厚T为40 mm,供货状态为调质处理(淬火+高温回火),其化学成分见表1,力学性能见表2,母材的显微组织如图1所示。由图1可知,母材组织为回火索氏体。
焊材选择综合考虑化学成分、强度等级和韧性匹配等因素,选用国内某焊材厂生产的水工专用1 000 MPa等级埋弧自动焊焊丝和焊剂,型号规格分别为焊丝S83A4U FB-SUG(Φ4.0 mm)和碱性焊剂SA FB 1(颗粒度为0.25~2.00 mm)。埋弧焊焊丝的化学成分和熔敷金属力学性能见表3表4
化学成分方面上,该焊材与母材具有相同的成分体系,低的碳质量分数能够减少焊缝裂纹的产生,熔敷金属S、P质量分数均较低,能够尽量避免对韧性的危害,更高的Ni质量分数能够改善焊缝金属的韧性。强度方面,焊材与母材为等强度匹配,因为母材强度较高,等强匹配在保证接头强度的同时,更易于实现强度和韧性的合理匹配。
焊接试件选用尺寸为40 mm×200 mm×600 mm(轧向)的钢板,为方便研究焊缝中心的组织性能,焊接坡口形式设计为对称X型坡口,坡口角度55°,不留钝边。焊接采用对接接头,平焊位置施焊,焊接坡口及焊道示意如图2所示。
综合考虑焊件成分厚度、相关标准和现场条件等因素,确定焊接试验的预热温度为130~150 ℃,层(道)间温度控制在110~170 ℃,焊后立即采取后热措施,后热温度定为250 ℃(严格控制在300 ℃以内),保温时间2 h。加热方式采用中频感应加热,焊缝两侧点焊多个温度测点进行温度控制,保温方法采用石棉包覆。
焊接工艺参数见表5,坡口间隙3.0~4.0 mm,焊接极性为直流反接。焊接时为确保根部焊接质量,采用手工电弧焊打底,此后采用埋弧焊正反面交替完成焊接,以防止焊接变形。
焊接试验结束后对焊接接头进行显微组织观察,经打磨、抛光后,采用4%的硝酸酒精进行腐蚀,使用蔡司Axio Vert.A1倒置光学显微镜和捷克TESCAN CLARA超高分辨场发射扫描电子显微镜进行组织观察。同时,针对上述埋弧自动焊焊接工艺条件下获得的焊接接头,按照(《水电水利工程压力钢管制作安装及验收规范》(GB50766—2012)进行无损检测,无损检测合格后进行各项力学性能试验。力学性能试验取样前将焊接试板首尾两端各切去25 mm,再进行试验取样,取样形式及位置如图3所示。
拉伸试验在SHT4106微机控制电液伺服万能试验机上进行,试样为带肩板状试样,沿厚度方向将试样线切割为2个20 mm厚的薄试样,覆盖全厚度试样。冲击试验试样通过线切割取料后,再通过机床制成10 mm×10 mm×55 mm的标准V型冲击试样,试验温度为–40 ℃。低温冲击试验时先将待冲击的试样放置在低温槽中冷却30 min,确保冲击试样完全冷透,再将冷却好的试样放置在试验台上进行冲击试验,低温槽的冷却液为无水乙醇。冲击试验在NI500C冲击试验机上进行。弯曲试验选择横向侧弯试验,试样厚度为10 mm,弯心直径为40 mm,在SHT4106微机控制电液伺服万能试验机上进行。显微硬度采用HV1150数显维氏硬度计测量接头横截面显微硬度HV10,测试载荷10 kg,保载时间15 s。
埋弧焊焊接接头的宏观形貌如图4所示。由图4可以看出,本次埋弧焊接采用多层多道双面焊的方法,X形焊缝轮廓清晰可见。焊接接头由焊缝区、熔合线和热影响区组成,焊缝组织主要取决于冷却条件以及母材和焊丝的化学成分,试验用超高强钢属于低合金高强钢,主要合金元素有Mn、Ni、Cr、Mo等,焊接过程中母材与熔化的焊丝进行充分的冶金结合,从而发生复杂的相转变,而热影响区组织在焊接热循环的作用下同样发生了不同程度的组织转变[18]
为全面分析超高强钢焊接接头不同位置不同微区的显微组织特征,分别选取T/2处打底焊道(图4区域A)、T/4处填充焊道(图4区域B)和盖面焊道(图4区域C)进行组织观察。同时,为了更加精确地进行不同区域组织演变和特征分析,在金相观察结束后,采用显微维氏硬度在所观察区域进行打点标记,方便在SEM表征时进行准确定位。
图5为焊接接头T/2处打底焊道由焊缝中心至熔合线、热影响区和母材的横截面金相图(图4区域A)。由图5可以看出,焊缝金属由柱状晶、树枝晶以及等轴晶组成,柱状晶垂直于熔合线生长,这是由于焊缝金属结晶从熔池底部开始,并沿着温度梯度最大的方向生长。热影响区形成了多个典型区域,靠近熔合线沿厚度方向上分别出现了粗晶区和临界粗晶区;远离焊缝出现了细晶区和临界区。经过测量,埋弧焊接头T/2处的粗晶区,在靠近根部时宽度极小,约0.079 mm,这是因为根部最先焊接,此时试板初始温度低,冷却速度最高,粗晶区温度范围变窄;而靠近下一焊道处粗晶区较宽,宽度约为0.563 mm,呈现临界粗晶区特征,这是由于后续焊道的热作用形成的;细晶区宽度约为0.656 mm,临界区宽度约为0.412 mm。
图5中埋弧焊接头T/2处打底焊道的不同微区的显微SEM组织如图6所示。图6a)是焊缝中心组织(微区1),可以看出组织形貌主要为针状铁素体,有利于改善焊缝中心金属的强韧性。图6b)为熔合线区域组织(微区2),熔合线左右两侧组织形貌差别明显。图6c)是熔合线左侧焊缝区域组织,可以看出,临近熔合线的焊缝区域仍为针状铁素体。紧贴熔合线右侧的狭长粗晶区组织如图6d)所示,其具有粗大的晶粒,内部为板条马氏体和粒状贝氏体组织,碳化物含量较少。图6e)是熔合线右侧临界粗晶区组织(微区3),该区域位于粗晶区靠近下一焊道的位置,在多层多道焊中热影响区温度位于加热转变临界点温度AclAc3之间,在晶界处形成块状的M/A组元,并串联成链,晶内板条束间同样分布有块状的M/A组元,由于M/A组元在晶界及晶内的分割作用,导致材料韧性明显下降[29-33]图6f)是细晶区的组织(微区4),该区域远离焊缝,峰值温度降低,在焊接过程中被加热到加热转变临界点温度Ac3以上,组织发生完全奥氏体化,但峰值温度尚未达到晶粒快速长大粗化的温度,得到的奥氏体晶粒较小,在冷却过程中形成粒状贝氏体组织。M/A尺寸细小、形状比较规则,呈块状分布于边界处,形成了细晶区。继续向远离焊缝的区域移动,峰值温度进一步降低,母材只能发生部分重结晶,显微组织由发生重结晶的小晶粒和未发生重结晶的大晶粒组成,形成了图6g)所示的临界区组织(微区5)。随着与焊缝的距离继续增大,峰值温度降低至临界温度Acl以下,该温度范围下母材的组织不产生实质性转变,亚临界区组织与母材相似(图6h))。
焊接接头厚度T/4处为填充焊道,其横截面不同位置区域金相组织变化与打底焊缝相似。经过测量,埋弧焊T/4处填充焊道粗晶区宽度约0.568 mm,细晶区宽度约为0.916 mm,临界区宽度约为0.419 mm。
图7是盖面焊道由焊缝中心至熔合线、热影响区和母材的横截面金相图。与打底焊道和填充焊道相比,焊缝金属为典型的粗大柱状晶,由于没有后续焊道的热作用,没有临界粗晶区。各典型区域的形状及面积大小与打底焊道和填充焊道不同。经过测量,粗晶区宽度约为1.374 mm,细晶区宽度约为0.661 mm,临界区宽度约为0.391 mm。
图8图7中埋弧焊接头盖面焊道不同微区的显微SEM组织。
图8a)是焊缝中心的SEM组织,与打底焊道和填充焊道相比,焊缝中心组织除了铁素体之外还含有少量粒状贝氏体组织。图8b)显示熔合线左侧焊缝区域晶粒变大,内部为板条马氏体和粒状贝氏体组织。熔合线右侧粗晶区具有粗大的晶粒,晶粒尺寸明显大于打底焊和填充焊,板条马氏体组织含量增多,长度增加,排列更加细密(图8c))。随着继续远离焊缝峰值温度降低,进入细晶区,母材发生完全重结晶,形成细小晶粒,其组织形貌如图8d)所示,与打底焊和填充焊道相比,晶粒尺寸增大。继续远离焊缝,临界区和亚临界区组织与打底焊道相似。对比可知,盖面焊缝柱状晶区、热影响区粗晶区、细晶区晶粒尺寸相比打底焊和填充焊道更大,主要是因为盖面焊焊接时热量传递变慢,冷却速度相比较小,给各区域晶粒长大创造了条件。
表6为各焊道的不同区域宽度测量数据。由表6可以发现,盖面焊道粗晶区宽度显著大于T/2和T/4处2个焊道,3层焊道细晶区和临界区宽度相当。
埋弧焊接头的拉伸试验结果见表7。由表7可以看出,焊接接头的拉伸性能较为优异,抗拉强度平均值为984.5 MPa,与母材强度等级相当。每个试样的抗拉强度均在960.0 MPa以上,且每组数据之间彼此差异不大,最大值与最小值差为25.0 MPa,表明焊接接头性能稳定,这是因为焊接接头组织多为板条马氏体、粒状贝氏体和块状铁素体组织。
图9为拉伸断口的宏观形貌。由图9可以看出,最上方和最下方断口平齐、光亮,属于脆性断裂。中间大部分断口形貌灰暗无光泽,表面粗糙,存在韧窝,为明显的韧性断口特征。
焊接接头–40 ℃低温冲击试验结果如图10表8所示。由表8可以看出:焊缝区T/4和T/2部位的低温冲击吸收能量平均值分别为118.7、67.0 J,焊缝区近表面的冲击吸收能量大于心部;热影响区T/4和T/2部位的低温冲击吸收能量平均值分别为149.3、154.0 J,两者相差不大。在T/2处的焊缝中心位置冲击性能最低,这是由于X型坡口最中心位置所受热循环次数最多,最为复杂,后续焊道的加热回火作用对于焊缝心部的冲击韧性改善作用有限[34-36]
同时,结合金相分析,由于采用X型坡口,热影响区沿坡口边缘产生,而冲击试样是沿焊缝垂直方向切取试样,因此试验得到的热影响区冲击性能应为热影响区细晶区或临界区、亚临界区的冲击性能,相对较高。因此,热影响区在T/2和T/4处的低温冲击吸收能量均高于焊缝区,焊缝中心为焊接接头的韧性低谷。
焊接接头不同厚度位置维氏硬度的变化趋势如图11所示。由图11可知,每一层的硬度分布趋势相似,从焊缝中心、熔合线到热影响区再到母材,硬度先增加,最大硬度值均位于熔合线附近,而后在热影响区内降低至低谷,之后再次升高并趋于稳定。熔合线附近硬度最高与该位置存在复杂的化学成分、组织以及碳迁移有关。在焊接热影响区,随着到熔合线距离的增加,焊接热循环造成的残余应变和应力集中降低,进而造成其性能的不均匀分布。虽然在热影响区出现了局部硬度下降的软化现象,综合力学性能试验结果,该软化微区尺寸较小,受拘束强化的作用,对焊接接头整体强度影响有限[37]
为准确评价焊接接头的弯曲性能,弯曲试样类型选取为试验条件较为严格的横向侧弯试样,弯心直径选定为4倍的试样厚度。焊接接头弯曲试验结果见表9,弯曲后试样如图12所示。由图12可以看出,4组弯曲试样在侧弯至180°后均未出现裂纹,说明埋弧焊接头具备良好的抗弯曲能力。
本文通过对水电工程1 000 Mpa等级超高强钢埋弧焊接头不同区域的微区显微组织研究和接头力学性能试验,得出如下结论。
1)焊接接头不同焊道所形成的焊缝区、熔合线和热影响区存在不同的组织和分布特点,热影响区均包含粗晶区、细晶区、临界区和亚临界区。打底和填充焊道在多层多道焊的影响下形成了临界粗晶区,盖面焊道粗晶区宽度最宽。
2)焊缝区组织呈现较为明显的柱状晶特点,主要包含针状铁素体和少量粒状贝氏体组织。粗晶区由粗大的板条马氏体和贝氏体组织组成,临界粗晶区晶粒同样粗大,同时在晶界处形成链状M/A组元。
3)焊接接头的细晶区由粒状贝氏体和形状规则、尺寸细小的M-A组元组成。焊接接头的临界区由多为马氏体和贝氏体组织;亚临界区组织不发生实质性变化,与母材相似。
4)制备的1 000 MPa等级超高强钢埋弧焊焊接接头平均抗拉强度达到980 MPa等级,在T/4和T/2部位的焊缝区和热影响区–40 ℃低温冲击吸收能量分别为118.7、149.3、67.0、154.0 J,横向侧弯未出现裂纹。
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2024年第53卷第11期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202404088
  • 接收时间:2024-04-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-02
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    1.华能国际电力股份有限公司,北京 100031
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

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李巍(1979),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为材料加工工程,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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