Article(id=1236345973564297840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202501007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737388800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772697450294, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772697450294, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772697450294, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697450294, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236345965947449499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772697448479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697609456, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236346641175859638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236346641175859639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=186, endPage=193, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236345973883064960, articleId=1236345973564297840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Thermodynamic analysis and process optimization of a coal gasification power system with zero carbon emissions based on oxy-fuel combustion CO2 cycle, columnId=1236345969239978183, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=System integration, sequestration and policy- economic analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the oxygen combustion CO2 cycle, heat integration of the air separation unit (ASU) is commonly used to improve the matching of the heat recovery process. However, the ASU heat integration increases the heat recovery load, and the relatively low load ramp rate of the ASU affects the overall performance of the system. To eliminate the need for ASU heat integration and further enhance cycle efficiency, a method involving split adiabatic compression is proposed to balance the thermal capacities of the hot and cold streams. A power generation system model based on the gasification oxygen combustion CO2 cycle is developed in Aspen, and the thermodynamic performance of the system, as well as the effect of ASU heat integration, are analyzed. A recompression system is also introduced for comparison. The results show that, the conventional system with integrated ASU heat has a net efficiency of 43.39%. Compared with a system without heat integration, the power consumption of the ASU increases by 19.9 MW, while 180.8 MW of heat integration is provided, resulting in a 1.64 percentage points increase in net efficiency. Considering limitations in heat recovery, the optimal split mass flow rate for the recompression system is 258.2 kg/s. Compared with the ASU heat integration, the recompression system reduces the heat recovery load by 59.8 MW, and the average heat exchanger temperature difference is further reduced by 3.1 ℃, improving the net efficiency to 43.52%. The study reveals the mechanism by which heat integration affects the efficiency of the oxygen combustion CO2 cycle and proposes an optimization to decouple the power cycle from the ASU heat integration through the recompression process, providing theoretical guidance for the parameter design of the recompression system.

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在富氧燃烧CO2循环中,空分热集成通常用于改善回热过程的热容匹配。然而,空分单元的热集成增加了循环的回热量,同时由于空分单元负荷调节速率较低,对发电系统运行性能产生一定影响。为了取消空分热集成并进一步提高循环效率,提出了一种分流绝热压缩的方法,旨在平衡冷、热流股的热容。在Aspen仿真软件中构建了基于煤气化富氧燃烧超临界CO2循环发电系统模型,分析了系统热力学性能以及空分热集成对系统性能的影响,并提出了再压缩系统作为对比。研究结果表明:集成空分热量的常规系统循环效率为43.39%;相比无热集成系统,空分单元的压缩耗功增加了19.9 MW,同时提供了180.8 MW的热集成,使得循环效率提升了1.64百分点;考虑到回热端差的限制,再压缩系统的最佳分流质量流量为258.2 kg/s;相比空分热集成,再压缩系统的回热负荷降低了59.8 MW,且平均换热温差进一步降低了3.1 ℃,循环效率提升至43.52%。研究揭示了热量集成对富氧燃烧CO2循环效率的影响机制,提出了解耦动力循环与空分单元热集成的流程优化方式,同时为再压缩系统的参数设计提供了理论指导。

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许诚(1987),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进发电循环技术,
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许宏宇(1997),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为高效低碳燃煤发电系统,

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许宏宇(1997),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为高效低碳燃煤发电系统,

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Elemental analysis of Illinois No.6 coal

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项目干燥前干燥后
wt(C)/%63.7568.14
wt(H)/%4.504.81
wt(N)/%1.251.34
wt(S)/%2.512.68
wt(Cl)/%0.290.31
wt,ash/%9.7010.36
wt(H2O)/%11.125.00
wt(O)/%6.887.36
高位热值/(MJ·kg–1)27.11328.981
温度/℃1560
压力/MPa0.10.1
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484164276748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345973564297840, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Illinois No.6煤的元素分析

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项目干燥前干燥后
wt(C)/%63.7568.14
wt(H)/%4.504.81
wt(N)/%1.251.34
wt(S)/%2.512.68
wt(Cl)/%0.290.31
wt,ash/%9.7010.36
wt(H2O)/%11.125.00
wt(O)/%6.887.36
高位热值/(MJ·kg–1)27.11328.981
温度/℃1560
压力/MPa0.10.1
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484302688787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345973564297840, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters set for each component[25]

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项目数值项目数值
透平等熵效率/%89发电机效率/%99
CO2压缩机等熵效率/%85机械效率/%99
空压机等熵效率/%85燃烧室压降/%1
O2压缩机等熵效率/%85回热器高压侧压降/%0.5
CO2泵等熵效率/%85回热器低压侧压降/%1
水泵等熵效率/%85压缩机冷却器温度/℃25
电动机效率/%97回热器夹点温差/℃5
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各部件参数设定[25]

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项目数值项目数值
透平等熵效率/%89发电机效率/%99
CO2压缩机等熵效率/%85机械效率/%99
空压机等熵效率/%85燃烧室压降/%1
O2压缩机等熵效率/%85回热器高压侧压降/%0.5
CO2泵等熵效率/%85回热器低压侧压降/%1
水泵等熵效率/%85压缩机冷却器温度/℃25
电动机效率/%97回热器夹点温差/℃5
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Comparison between the simulation results and that in literature [25]

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项目参考文献[25]模拟结果相对误差/%
燃煤输入能量/MW2 051.92 051.9
透平进气温度/℃1 1501 150
透平进气压力/MPa3030
透平排气压力/MPa33
透平排气温度/℃728.2728.40.03
CO2透平功率/MW1 243.11 233.7–0.76
蒸气透平功率/MW61.660.2–2.30
压缩功率/MW368.4362.4–1.63
磨煤机能耗/MW4.44.40
空分能耗/MW135.8134.3–1.10
净功率/MW796.1792.8–0.41
循环效率/%38.8038.64–0.41
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484625650213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345973564297840, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模拟结果与参考文献[25]的对比

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项目参考文献[25]模拟结果相对误差/%
燃煤输入能量/MW2 051.92 051.9
透平进气温度/℃1 1501 150
透平进气压力/MPa3030
透平排气压力/MPa33
透平排气温度/℃728.2728.40.03
CO2透平功率/MW1 243.11 233.7–0.76
蒸气透平功率/MW61.660.2–2.30
压缩功率/MW368.4362.4–1.63
磨煤机能耗/MW4.44.40
空分能耗/MW135.8134.3–1.10
净功率/MW796.1792.8–0.41
循环效率/%38.8038.64–0.41
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484738896429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345973564297840, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of performance between conventional and recompression systems

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项目常规系统再压缩系统
透平进气温度/℃1 150.01 150.0
透平进气压力/MPa30.030.0
平均换热温差/℃22.018.9
循环工质预热温度/℃715.4723.8
回热器负荷/MW1 921.01 861.1
透平输出功率/MW1 026.01 047.2
主压缩能耗/MW179.6154.2
再压缩能耗/MW63.4
合成气压缩能耗/MW22.622.6
氧气压缩能耗/MW58.458.4
空分能耗/MW115.596.6
其他能耗/MW2.82.8
净功率/MW647.2649.2
循环效率/%43.3943.52
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484839559731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345973564297840, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

常规系统与再压缩系统性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目常规系统再压缩系统
透平进气温度/℃1 150.01 150.0
透平进气压力/MPa30.030.0
平均换热温差/℃22.018.9
循环工质预热温度/℃715.4723.8
回热器负荷/MW1 921.01 861.1
透平输出功率/MW1 026.01 047.2
主压缩能耗/MW179.6154.2
再压缩能耗/MW63.4
合成气压缩能耗/MW22.622.6
氧气压缩能耗/MW58.458.4
空分能耗/MW115.596.6
其他能耗/MW2.82.8
净功率/MW647.2649.2
循环效率/%43.3943.52
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基于富氧燃烧二氧化碳循环的煤气化零碳发电系统热力学分析及流程优化
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许宏宇 , 陈硕 , 许诚
热力发电 | 系统集成、封存及政策经济分析 2025,54(6): 186-193
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热力发电 | 系统集成、封存及政策经济分析 2025, 54(6): 186-193
基于富氧燃烧二氧化碳循环的煤气化零碳发电系统热力学分析及流程优化
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许宏宇 , 陈硕, 许诚
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 许宏宇(1997),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为高效低碳燃煤发电系统,

通讯作者:

许诚(1987),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进发电循环技术,
Thermodynamic analysis and process optimization of a coal gasification power system with zero carbon emissions based on oxy-fuel combustion CO2 cycle
Hongyu XU , Shuo CHEN, Cheng XU
Affiliations
  • School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501007
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在富氧燃烧CO2循环中,空分热集成通常用于改善回热过程的热容匹配。然而,空分单元的热集成增加了循环的回热量,同时由于空分单元负荷调节速率较低,对发电系统运行性能产生一定影响。为了取消空分热集成并进一步提高循环效率,提出了一种分流绝热压缩的方法,旨在平衡冷、热流股的热容。在Aspen仿真软件中构建了基于煤气化富氧燃烧超临界CO2循环发电系统模型,分析了系统热力学性能以及空分热集成对系统性能的影响,并提出了再压缩系统作为对比。研究结果表明:集成空分热量的常规系统循环效率为43.39%;相比无热集成系统,空分单元的压缩耗功增加了19.9 MW,同时提供了180.8 MW的热集成,使得循环效率提升了1.64百分点;考虑到回热端差的限制,再压缩系统的最佳分流质量流量为258.2 kg/s;相比空分热集成,再压缩系统的回热负荷降低了59.8 MW,且平均换热温差进一步降低了3.1 ℃,循环效率提升至43.52%。研究揭示了热量集成对富氧燃烧CO2循环效率的影响机制,提出了解耦动力循环与空分单元热集成的流程优化方式,同时为再压缩系统的参数设计提供了理论指导。

富氧燃烧  /  超临界CO2循环  /  煤气化  /  碳捕集  /  再压缩

In the oxygen combustion CO2 cycle, heat integration of the air separation unit (ASU) is commonly used to improve the matching of the heat recovery process. However, the ASU heat integration increases the heat recovery load, and the relatively low load ramp rate of the ASU affects the overall performance of the system. To eliminate the need for ASU heat integration and further enhance cycle efficiency, a method involving split adiabatic compression is proposed to balance the thermal capacities of the hot and cold streams. A power generation system model based on the gasification oxygen combustion CO2 cycle is developed in Aspen, and the thermodynamic performance of the system, as well as the effect of ASU heat integration, are analyzed. A recompression system is also introduced for comparison. The results show that, the conventional system with integrated ASU heat has a net efficiency of 43.39%. Compared with a system without heat integration, the power consumption of the ASU increases by 19.9 MW, while 180.8 MW of heat integration is provided, resulting in a 1.64 percentage points increase in net efficiency. Considering limitations in heat recovery, the optimal split mass flow rate for the recompression system is 258.2 kg/s. Compared with the ASU heat integration, the recompression system reduces the heat recovery load by 59.8 MW, and the average heat exchanger temperature difference is further reduced by 3.1 ℃, improving the net efficiency to 43.52%. The study reveals the mechanism by which heat integration affects the efficiency of the oxygen combustion CO2 cycle and proposes an optimization to decouple the power cycle from the ASU heat integration through the recompression process, providing theoretical guidance for the parameter design of the recompression system.

oxy-fuel combustion  /  supercritical CO2 cycle  /  coal gasification  /  carbon capture  /  recompression
许宏宇, 陈硕, 许诚. 基于富氧燃烧二氧化碳循环的煤气化零碳发电系统热力学分析及流程优化. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (6) : 186 -193 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501007
Hongyu XU, Shuo CHEN, Cheng XU. Thermodynamic analysis and process optimization of a coal gasification power system with zero carbon emissions based on oxy-fuel combustion CO2 cycle[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (6) : 186 -193 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501007
煤炭是我国一次能源消费的主要来源,在电力体系中占据主导地位[1],燃煤发电技术成熟、基础设施完善,在保障能源供应和调节负荷方面具有不可替代的作用,是电力系统安全稳定运行的重要保障。随着全球气候变暖问题日益严峻,我国提出“碳达峰,碳中和”的双碳目标[2]。在能源转型背景下,据预测,到2060年我国仍需约8亿千瓦的燃煤电站装机容量为可再生能源为主导的电力系统提供调节能力和稳定性支持。因此,燃煤发电作为电力行业最大的CO2排放源,面临如何在有效降低碳排放的同时,实现煤炭资源高效利用的主要挑战[3]
富氧燃烧CO2循环是一种以超临界CO2为工质的新型发电循环,也被称为半闭式CO2循环[4]。该技术通过富氧燃烧提高产物中的CO2浓度,并提高燃烧效率,为实现CO2捕集与提高能源利用效率提供了潜在的解决方案。根据美国国家能源技术实验室(National Energy Technology Laboratory of the United States,NETL)的报告[5],煤气化富氧燃烧CO2循环的净效率为37.7%,CO2捕集率为98.1%。相比之下,集成气化联合循环(integrated gasification combined cycle,IGCC)电厂效率为31.2%,但其CO2捕集率为90.1%。
作为一种具备碳捕集的高效发电技术,煤气化富氧燃烧CO2循环近年来受到广泛关注。赵永明等[6-7]在考虑透平冷却的条件下,构建了煤气化富氧燃烧CO2循环的热力学模型,并分析了系统关键参数对循环效率的影响,结果表明,在接近100%碳捕集的情况下,系统净效率为39.3%,且在后续研究中提出一种双膨胀循环构型以改进CO2动力循环的热集成[8],实现回热过程中合成气显热的梯级利用,煤气化富氧燃烧CO2循环的净效率可达42.1%。Lu等人[9]探讨了不同煤种、气化配置条件下半闭式CO2循环的系统性能,结果表明,系统性能保持在较高水平,净效率为43.3%~49.7%,该循环对不同煤种和气化炉具有较强的兼容性,可以通过对低品位热量的回收进一步提高循环效率。Tian等人[10]提出了集成超临界水气化的富氧燃烧CO2循环发电系统,系统净效率高达53.19%。
富氧燃烧过程中,氧气由空分单元(air separation unit,ASU)提供,为提高循环效率,空分单元通常采取绝热压缩空气的热集成布局。在半闭式循环中,回热器两侧CO2工质在不同压力下热容差异明显,导致回热过程的不可逆损失较高。虽然采用绝热压缩导致空分单元能耗增加,但回热性能改善使系统整体性能提高。然而,空气(0.6 MPa)的密度、比热容和导热率较低,与循环CO2工质(30 MPa)在物性上存在显著差距,因此回热器的设计面临着一系列挑战。
空分单元相对动力循环单元的负荷调节速率较低[11],在动力循环操作灵活性上可能受到空分单元热集成的制约[12]。实际上,为了改善换热过程的匹配,可以采用分流绝热压缩方式[13],该方法在闭式CO2循环中得到广泛研究并被证明是有效降低回热不可逆性和提高循环效率的流程优化措施[14-15]
目前,关于煤气化富氧燃烧CO2循环的研究基本采取了与空分单元热集成的循环布局,但并未揭示空分热集成对循环表现性能的影响,同时对再压缩流程优化的关注较少。基于此,本文分析了煤气化富氧燃烧CO2循环的热力学性能,对比了空分热集成对循环效率的影响;基于此,构建了再压缩富氧燃烧CO2循环的热力学模型,通过分析再压缩流量获得系统最佳循环效率,并对比了再压缩流程和空分热集成2种回热改善措施。旨在为解耦煤气化富氧燃烧CO2循环中的空分热集成提供一种可行思路,并进一步提高富氧燃烧CO2循环的效率潜力。
基于富氧燃烧超临界CO2再压缩循环的煤气化零碳排放发电系统如图1所示,主要包括煤气化单元、空分单元(ASU)、半闭式CO2动力循环和热集成过程。来自空分单元的N2(N-2)在回热器HX1中加热后将磨煤机处理后的煤粉干燥至含水量为5%[16]。随后,CO2作为携带载气(T-1),将煤粉输送到Shell气化炉与蒸汽和氧气发生气化反应生成粗煤气。离开气化炉后,热煤气进入冷却系统,首先由合成气激冷至760 ℃(SG-2),然后经过高温陶瓷过滤器除尘,粗煤气(SG-3)在回热器HX1和HX2中被进一步冷却。在净化和分离过程中,通过水洗和活性炭吸附的方式[17]除去粗煤气中的H2S、NH3、氯化物等杂质。最后净合成气(SG-12)被压缩和预热进入燃烧室。燃烧和气化所需的氧气(O-5,O-8)由空分装置提供,其纯度为99.5%[18]。合成气(SG-14)在燃烧器中燃烧,通过注入循环CO2工质(RE-9)将燃烧温度调至约1 150 ℃。由于透平材料温度限制,采用200 ℃的CO2工质(RE-8)进行冷却。透平排气温度(FG-2)约为720 ℃,在多流股换热器HX2中预热循环CO2工质(RE-7)及O2(O-4)。在后续的冷凝器中流股FG-3中的水被分离,并完成碳捕集。随后循环工质(RE-1)在CO2主压缩机中通过4级间冷压缩至8 MPa后,一部分CO2(T-1)被用于输送煤粉至气化炉,其余CO2(RE-4)在密相泵中继续加压至30.5 MPa;经预热后的CO2循环工质(RE-9)用于燃烧室的温度调节。
根据系统是否集成空分单元的热量,可将其分为常规构型和再压缩构型。
1)常规系统 空分单元采用绝热压缩的空压机,并以导热油作为传热介质将空分热量集成至回热器HX2中,用于循环CO2工质(RE-7)和燃烧氧气(O-4)在回热器低温段的预热。因此,常规系统通过在回热器HX2中引入额外热量的方式平衡冷热侧流股的热容。
2)再压缩系统 空分单元采用级间冷却压缩,取消与回热器HX2的热集成。循环工质(RE-1)在CO2主压缩机入口处分离出一部分工质(RC-1)在CO2再压缩机中进行绝热压缩。与级间冷却压缩相比,再压缩流股(RC-2)进入回热器HX2的温度比主循环流(RE-7)更高,因此再压缩系统通过减少循环工质吸热量的方式平衡冷、热流股的热容。
本研究选用煤种为Illinois No.6煤,输入质量流量和能量分别为51.47 kg/s、1 491.74 MW(HHV),其元素分析如表1所示。
煤气化富氧燃烧CO2循环发电系统中的模型在Aspen Plus仿真软件中建立,采用Peng-Robinson作为全局物性状态方程[19],其中水和蒸汽的热力学特性采用IAPWS-95方法计算[20]。假设系统处于稳态,针对各部件建立质量守恒方程和能量守恒方程。
qm,in=qm,out
QW=qm,inhoutqm,outhin
式中:qm,inqm,out分别表示部件入口和出口的工质质量流量,kg/s;Q表示部件的输入热量,kW;W表示部件的输出功,kW;hinhout分别表示部件入口和出口的工质比焓,kJ/kg。
对于气化单元,气化炉的运行参数为1 350 ℃[21]和7 MPa[22],氧煤比为0.75,水煤比为0.07[16],碳转化率为99.5%[23]。假设燃烧过程为绝热反应,氧气过量系数为1%[24]。气化和燃烧反应的产物组成采用吉布斯能最小原理计算:
ΔG=ΔHTΔS
式中:ΔG为吉布斯自由能变,kJ,当反应达到平衡时,吉布斯自由能变最小,即ΔG=0;ΔH为焓变,kJ;ΔS为熵变,kJ/K。
透平冷却模型采用El Masri连续膨胀模型建模方法[19],膨胀过程被离散为多级,透平冷却流量由式(4)计算。
mCi=K1(TliTw)(TwTCi)WEXP-i
式中:mCi为冷却流质量流量,kg/s;TliTwTCi分别为膨胀机入口温度、叶片最高允许温度和冷却液温度,℃;WEXP-i是膨胀机i的功率,kW;K1为1.141×10-3 kg/kJ。
多流股回热过程采用MheatX模块进行模拟,根据镍基合金的耐高温高压极限,回热器最高温度设定为760 ℃[24]
磨煤机能耗为15 kW∙h/kg,空分单元采取级间冷却和绝热压缩过程的能耗分别为245 kW·h/t(以单位质量O2计,下同)和293 kW·h/t[24]
关键部件的等熵效率、压降和回热器温差的设定参数如表2所示。
本研究中系统净功率的计算公式如下:
Wnet=WtWASUWcomWother
式中:Wt为透平输出功率,MW;WASU为空分单元的消耗功率,MW;Wcom为CO2压缩过程的消耗功率,MW;Wother为磨煤机、氧气压缩和合成气压缩的消耗功率,MW。
循环效率为:
ηnet=Wnetqm,coalQHHV×100%
式中:qm,coal为煤粉的质量流量,kg/s;QHHV为煤的高位热值,MJ/kg。
为验证模型的准确性,对煤气化富氧燃烧CO2循环进行了热力学模拟与验证。搭建与文献[25]相同的系统流程并采用一致的参数设置,其中空分单元采用级间冷却压缩方式,合成气的热量在余热锅炉中用于生产高温蒸气并驱动透平做功。与文献[25]系统的模拟结果对比见表3。由表3可知,在相同燃料能量输入条件下,本文所建热力学模型与文献[25]系统的循环效率的相对误差为-0.41%,表明本文所建热力学模型具有较高的可靠性。
基于图1煤气化富氧燃烧CO2循环流程所构建的仿真模型,在透平压比固定为10的前提下[26],初步探究透平进气温度和进气压力对集成空分热量的常规系统性能的影响。
图2展示了循环效率及工质流量随透平进气温度的变化。首先,燃烧温度由循环CO2质量流量(RE-1)调节,其对循环效率具有显著影响。当减小循环CO2质量流量时,透平进气温度得到提升,同时需要增加透平冷却流量(RE-8)避免透平超温。当透平进气温度为1 150 ℃时,系统具有最高的循环效率,为43.39%。随着透平进气温度进一步升高,循环效率呈现下降趋势。这主要是由透平冷却过程不可逆损失增加和烟气(FG-2)的余热回收减少引起的。
图3进一步展示了透平膨胀做功和工质压缩耗功随透平进气温度变化的规律。以透平进气温度950 ℃为基准工况,对各单元功率变化的相对值进行分析,发现系统净功率增益主要来源于两部分:透平做功的增加及压缩耗功的减少,并且随透平进气温度升高,压缩耗功增益占主导。而系统的效率减损主要来源于透平冷却流所需的压缩耗功,随透平进气温度升高,用于透平冷却流的压缩耗功增加。如图3所示,当透平进气温度超过1 150 ℃后,回热器出口烟气(FG-3)的温度明显上升。此外,当透平进气温度从1 150 ℃升高至1 200 ℃时,由于透平冷却过程中的不可逆损失增大,以及回热器出口烟气(FG-3)的温度升高,透平效率增益开始下降。随透平进气温度的进一步升高,透平效率增益转为负值,表明系统整体效率下降。
图4描述了循环效率及工质流量随透平进气压力的变化关系。在透平压比保持不变的情况下,透平进气压力对工质比功的影响较微弱,因此循环CO2工质流量变化不显著。同时,由于透平进气温度保持不变,透平冷却流量也保持相对稳定。当透平进气压力从24 MPa增加至30 MPa时,循环效率从42.53%提升至43.39%。随着透平进气压力的进一步增加,系统效率的提升逐渐减缓,表明在较高压力下,增加透平进气压力对效率的改善作用趋于极限,这与CO2在不同压力范围内的压缩特性有关。
在不同透平进气压力的影响下,系统各单元的功率变化如图5所示。以透平进气压力24 MPa为基准工况,随透平进气压力增加,系统净功率的增益主要来自循环CO2工质压缩耗功的减少,这是由于CO2在超临界区域的压缩比功低于亚临界区域。然而,随着透平进气压力继续增加,合成气和氧气的压缩耗功上升,尽管CO2的压缩耗功减少,但由于辅机能耗的增加,系统净功率略微下降。因此,优化系统性能需要综合考虑循环CO2工质压缩耗功和辅机能耗之间的平衡,以确定最佳透平进气压力。
总体来说,透平进气温度比进气压力对效率的影响更加明显,同时在透平进气温度为1 150 ℃、进气压力为30 MPa、压比为10的条件下,系统达到最高的循环效率,为43.39%。
为进一步揭示煤气化富氧燃烧CO2循环发电系统中空分热集成对系统回热过程改善和系统效率提升的作用,基于上述参数分析获得的透平进气参数1 150 ℃、30 MPa,开展集成空分热量对系统性能影响的研究,结果如图6所示。由图6可以看出,当取消空分热集成并将空分单元的绝热压缩替换为级间冷却压缩,空分单元的能耗由115.5 MW降低至96.6 MW,然而透平输出功率也降低了24.7 MW,循环效率降低至41.75%。对于集成空分热量的常规系统,虽然空分单元的能耗增加了18.9 MW,但是绝热压缩为循环提供了180.8 MW的热集成,并使循环效率提高至43.39%,提高了1.64百分点。
集成热量对于回热过程的改善效果如图7所示。通过集成60.0~238.5 ℃温度区域的空分热量,在相同透平排气温度下,冷侧循环工质的预热温度由688.0 ℃提升至715.4 ℃,回热器HX2平均换热温差由34.5 ℃降低至22.0 ℃,回热过程的不可逆性降低。由于工质的回热温度升高,节约的燃料被用于加热更多的循环工质,因此透平输出功率相应增加,循环效率提高,然而这种方法增加了换热负荷。图7显示集成空分热量的常规系统的热端差为13.3 ℃,仍有降低空间,因此循环效率具有进一步提高的潜力。
为取消常规系统中的空分热集成,对系统进行了再压缩流程优化,如图1所示,在进入CO2主压缩机前,部分循环CO2(RE-1)被分流至CO2再压缩机并被绝热压缩至30 MPa以平衡回热器内冷、热流股热容的匹配。为了获得最佳分流率,即再压缩CO2流量与分流前CO2流量之比,分析了再压缩流量对回热过程(HX2)的影响,结果如图8所示。随着分流流量的增加,循环工质的温度逐步升高至723.8 ℃。由于最小换热温差限制,继续增加再压缩流量无法进一步提高循环工质的预热温度,反而会使回热器出口烟气(FG-3)温度上升,增加系统余热损失。因此当回热器HX2性能最佳时,再压缩流量为258.2 kg/s,对应的分流率为0.16。
图9进一步展示了再压缩流量变化对系统各部件功率变化和循环效率的影响。以再压缩流量为0作为参考基准,图9中透平增益与净功率增益的差值代表由于分流绝热压缩导致的能耗增加。当再压缩流量增加至258.2 kg/s,系统达到最高循环效率43.52%。随着再压缩流量的继续增加,由于工质的预热温度不再升高,透平增益保持不变,增大的压缩耗功使得净功增益减小,循环效率降低。
集成空分热量的常规系统与再压缩系统的性能对比见表4。在透平进气参数一致的条件下,再压缩系统的循环效率为43.52%,略高于常规系统;再压缩系统的透平功率增加了21.2 MW,空分单元的耗功减少了18.9 MW,但是由于引入再压缩过程导致压缩耗功的增加,系统净功率增加有限。
上述分析表明,常规系统集成空分热量可以获得较好的系统性能,这主要得益于系统的氧气需求与热量需求适配程度高,然而仍需要解决空气与循环CO2之间显著物性差距带来的回热器的设计挑战。相比之下,再压缩流程优化也被证明可以有效提高煤气化富氧燃烧CO2循环的发电效率。当系统构型和设计参数发生变化,再压缩系统的优势在于可以通过改变再压缩流量获得最优回热性能。如表4所示,相比常规系统,再压缩系统的回热器HX2的平均换热温差降低了3.1 ℃,回热过程的不可逆性得到进一步改善。同时,回热负荷降低了59.8 MW,一定程度降低了回热器的制造成本。
总结来说,对于煤气化富氧燃烧CO2循环,在保证系统效率的前提下,可以采用再压缩流程优化的方式解耦与空分的热集成,并降低循环整体回热负荷。
针对煤气化富氧燃烧CO2循环,探究了设计参数、空分热集成对系统性能的影响,通过再压缩流程优化解耦了动力循环与空分单元的热集成,并对再压缩系统进行性能优化,主要结论如下。
1)过高的透平进气温度和压力会使循环效率下降,在透平进气参数为1 150 ℃和30 MPa条件下,集成空分热量的常规系统的循环效率可达43.39%。
2)与采用级间冷却压缩相比,采用绝热压缩空压机的空分单元能耗增加了18.9 MW,并为系统提供了180.8 MW的热集成。虽然空分过程的能耗增加,但是由于回热过程的热容匹配改善,循环工质的预热温度提高至715.4 ℃,循环效率提高了1.64百分点。
3)再压缩流量存在最佳值,由于回热器夹点温差的限制,回热器HX2出口烟气的温度升高,因此当再压缩质量流量为258.2 kg/s时,再压缩系统的最高循环效率为43.52%。
4)再压缩过程可以有效改善回热过程热容匹配,与常规系统相比,再压缩系统的回热器HX2平均换热温差降低了3.1 ℃,系统回热量减少了59.8 MW。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501007
  • 接收时间:2025-01-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-21
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFB4102400)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4102400)
作者信息
    华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206

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许诚(1987),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进发电循环技术,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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