Article(id=1236345973115507289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202503059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741017600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772697450187, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772697450187, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772697450187, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697450187, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236345965947449499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772697448479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697609456, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236346641175859638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236346641175859639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=157, endPage=167, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236345973379748453, articleId=1236345973115507289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on carbon dioxide geological storage and utilization: progress and prospects, columnId=1236345969239978183, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=System integration, sequestration and policy- economic analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is a key technology to mitigate the impact of CO2 emissions on the environment, and CO2 geological storage and utilization is an important part of CCUS. This paper analyzes the global development trend of CO2 geological storage and utilization technology, reviews the current development situation in China from the aspects of policy system construction, project implementation and research results, interprets the research frontiers in this field through literature analysis, and prospects the development of CO2 geological storage and utilization. Current research focuses on the CO2 geological storage and utilization in depleted oil and gas reservoirs, induced seismic mechanism and monitoring, leakage monitoring and environmental assessment, CO2 geological storage and energy resources cooperative development and utilization, and rapid mineralization storage. In the future, research in this field should focus on the complex multi-field and multi-phase study in CO2 geological storage and utilization, building a whole-process intelligent CO2 geological storage and utilization system, and exploring diversified CCUS industry development models.

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碳捕集、利用与封存(carbon capture, utilization and storage,CCUS)技术是缓解CO2排放对环境影响的关键技术,CO2地质封存与利用是CCUS技术的重要组成部分。分析了CO2地质封存与利用技术领域的全球发展态势,从政策体系建设、项目实施、研究成果等方面梳理了我国的发展现状,通过文本分析解读了该领域的研究热点,最后对CO2地质封存与利用技术的发展进行了展望。研究指出:当前CO2地质封存与利用领域研究热点主要集中于枯竭油气藏封存、诱发地震机理与监测、泄漏监测与环境评价、CO2封存与能源资源协同开发利用、快速矿化封存等方面;未来应重视CO2封存与利用中复杂多场多相的耦合研究,致力于构建全流程智能化的CO2地质封存与利用系统,并积极探索多元化的CCUS产业发展模式。

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李娜娜(1988),女,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为CCUS、地热能开发利用、深地储能等技术,
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方杰(1984),男,博士,教授级高工,主要研究方向为矿井水保护与生态利用、CO2地质封存等,

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CO2地质封存与利用技术发展态势与展望
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方杰 1, 2 , 雷宏武 3 , 时俊杰 1, 2 , 白冰 3 , 李娜娜 4 , 赵晏强 4
热力发电 | 系统集成、封存及政策经济分析 2025,54(6): 157-167
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热力发电 | 系统集成、封存及政策经济分析 2025, 54(6): 157-167
CO2地质封存与利用技术发展态势与展望
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方杰1, 2 , 雷宏武3, 时俊杰1, 2, 白冰3, 李娜娜4 , 赵晏强4
作者信息
  • 1.北京低碳清洁能源研究院,北京 102211
  • 2.煤炭开采水资源保护与利用全国重点实验室,北京 102211
  • 3.中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所岩土力学与工程安全全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430071
  • 4.中国科学院武汉文献情报中心科技大数据湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430071
  • 方杰(1984),男,博士,教授级高工,主要研究方向为矿井水保护与生态利用、CO2地质封存等,

通讯作者:

李娜娜(1988),女,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为CCUS、地热能开发利用、深地储能等技术,
Research on carbon dioxide geological storage and utilization: progress and prospects
Jie FANG1, 2 , Hongwu LEI3, Junjie SHI1, 2, Bing BAI3, Nana LI4 , Yanqiang ZHAO4
Affiliations
  • 1.National Institute of Clean-and-Low-Carbon Energy, Beijing 102211, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining, Beijing 102211, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Safety, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
  • 4.Wuhan Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Hubei Key Laboratory of Big Data in Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503059
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碳捕集、利用与封存(carbon capture, utilization and storage,CCUS)技术是缓解CO2排放对环境影响的关键技术,CO2地质封存与利用是CCUS技术的重要组成部分。分析了CO2地质封存与利用技术领域的全球发展态势,从政策体系建设、项目实施、研究成果等方面梳理了我国的发展现状,通过文本分析解读了该领域的研究热点,最后对CO2地质封存与利用技术的发展进行了展望。研究指出:当前CO2地质封存与利用领域研究热点主要集中于枯竭油气藏封存、诱发地震机理与监测、泄漏监测与环境评价、CO2封存与能源资源协同开发利用、快速矿化封存等方面;未来应重视CO2封存与利用中复杂多场多相的耦合研究,致力于构建全流程智能化的CO2地质封存与利用系统,并积极探索多元化的CCUS产业发展模式。

CO2地质封存与利用  /  发展态势  /  研究热点  /  展望

Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is a key technology to mitigate the impact of CO2 emissions on the environment, and CO2 geological storage and utilization is an important part of CCUS. This paper analyzes the global development trend of CO2 geological storage and utilization technology, reviews the current development situation in China from the aspects of policy system construction, project implementation and research results, interprets the research frontiers in this field through literature analysis, and prospects the development of CO2 geological storage and utilization. Current research focuses on the CO2 geological storage and utilization in depleted oil and gas reservoirs, induced seismic mechanism and monitoring, leakage monitoring and environmental assessment, CO2 geological storage and energy resources cooperative development and utilization, and rapid mineralization storage. In the future, research in this field should focus on the complex multi-field and multi-phase study in CO2 geological storage and utilization, building a whole-process intelligent CO2 geological storage and utilization system, and exploring diversified CCUS industry development models.

CO2 geological storage and utilization  /  development trend  /  research hotspots  /  prospect
方杰, 雷宏武, 时俊杰, 白冰, 李娜娜, 赵晏强. CO2地质封存与利用技术发展态势与展望. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (6) : 157 -167 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503059
Jie FANG, Hongwu LEI, Junjie SHI, Bing BAI, Nana LI, Yanqiang ZHAO. Research on carbon dioxide geological storage and utilization: progress and prospects[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (6) : 157 -167 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503059
CO2等温室气体的排放导致气候变暖是全球面临的共同问题,减少其排放已经成为国际社会共同关注的重大议题。《巴黎协定》明确提出,将全球平均温升控制在相对工业化前水平2 ℃以内[1]。“欧盟2030年气候与能源政策框架”(EU 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework)提出,到2030年,温室气体排放要比1990年减少40%。为避免气候变化造成的严重后果,有效解决碳排放问题成为全球关注的焦点,各国积极承诺实现碳中和目标。2020年9月22日,习近平主席在第75届联合国大会上承诺,中国“CO2排放力争于2030年前达到峰值,努力争取2060年前实现碳中和”。
碳捕集、利用与封存(carbon capture,utilization and storage,CCUS)是减少温室气体排放和应对气候变化的重要技术措施,对促进化石能源低碳化利用具有重要意义,得到了国际社会的广泛认可,美国、欧盟、英国、日本等相继出台相关战略推动其发展[2]。在2023年4月20日召开的主要经济体能源与气候论坛(Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate,MEF)上,澳大利亚、加拿大、欧盟、美国等共同发起了“碳管理挑战”,提出需要广泛部署CCUS和碳去除技术[3]。国际能源署发布《通往1.5 ℃的可靠途径:2020年代行动的四大支柱》[4]报告,指出CCUS是四大行动支柱之一。
CO2地质封存与利用通过工程技术手段将捕集的CO2储存于深部咸水层、枯竭油气藏,并用于生产和强化能源、资源开采的过程[5],是CCUS的重要组成部分。我国CO2地质封存与利用潜力巨大,近年来该领域的研究取得重要进展。为进一步有效推进我国CO2地质封存与利用技术的发展,本文对该领域的全球发展态势与研究进展进行了梳理,分析了当前研究热点并对该领域的发展进行展望,以期助力我国“双碳”战略目标的实现。
在碳中和目标与能源转型双重驱动下,全球主要国家/地区密集出台国家战略并强化资金支持,加速布局CCUS技术,推动CO2地质封存与利用技术产业的规模化发展,在项目实施方面取得重要进展,领域研究成果不断增长。
世界主要经济体将CCUS视为实现碳中和目标必不可少的创新技术,加速制定CCUS战略,明确CCUS技术定位和目标,推动CCUS快速部署。《美国能源转型的净零路径》[6]探讨了美国能源净零转型的关键领域,提出开发和部署CCUS等技术。美国能源部发布《工业脱碳路线图》[7],确定CCUS为美国实现工业脱碳的4个关键路径之一,并通过情景分析预测了其减排潜力。欧盟委员会通过《工业碳管理战略》[8],以2030年、2040年为时间节点,将CCUS的发展分为3大发展阶段,旨在扩大CCUS项目的部署规模,并实现商业化。法国发布《CCUS战略》[9]草案征集意见,指出CCUS是法国在10年内实现工业碳排放量减半目标必不可少的技术之一。英国发布《净零战略》[10],计划到2030年投资10亿英镑与工业界合作建设4个CCUS产业集群。加拿大环境与气候变化部发布的《2030年减排计划:加拿大清洁空气与强劲经济的下一步行动》[11]提出了一项91亿加元的新投资,其中,制定《碳捕集、利用与封存战略》被列为重要行动之一。
各国/地区政府加大对CCUS的支持力度,为项目发展提供资金支持。其中,美国自2008年起出台45Q法案为CO2地质封存提供税收抵免,2022年颁布的《通胀削减法案》强化了对45Q法案的税收抵免,提高了对驱油及地质封存的补贴力度,为直接空气捕集用于CO2地质封存与利用的项目提供高额补贴,有效推动了CCUS项目的部署[12]。此外,美国联邦政府根据《清洁能源融资计划》为CCS项目在内的清洁能源部署和基础设施项目提供3 000多亿美元资金支持。欧盟宣布在创新基金的呼吁下,为CCS项目在内的气候技术提供30亿欧元资金。英国政府承诺在20年内投资200亿英镑用于扩大CCS项目。挪威承诺对北极光CCUS项目进行长期财政支持。荷兰政府计划拨款67亿欧元支持CCS项目的发展,特别是为8个在北海枯竭天然气藏进行的CO2封存项目提供资金支撑[13]
2020年以来,全球CCUS项目爆发式增长。截至2024年7月,正在开发和筹备中的商业化CCUS项目共628个,同比增长60%。正在运行的项目CO2捕集和封存能力可达5 100万t/a,若正在建设的设施开始运营,全球CO2捕集和封存能力将有望翻番,达到每年1亿吨以上[14]。目前,CCUS项目的累计CO2捕集能力为4.16亿吨/年,CO2捕集能力自2017年之后以每年35%的速度增长,与2022年相比,2023年捕集能力增长了56%(图1)。
基于Web of Science核心集数据库,以CO2地质封存、CO2驱油、CO2驱气等关键词构建检索式,文献类型限定为论文(Article)和综述(Review),检索时间段为2010—2024年,检索时间为2025年5月,共检索到相关论文10 148篇,具体如图2a)所示。由图2a)可以看出,该领域SCI论文由2010年的173篇增长到2024年的1 418篇,增长了近8倍。2009—2024年,该领域共申请发明专利1 821件(图2b))。其中,中国以1 018件发明专利排名全球第一。发明专利呈稳步发展态势(一般发明专利的审批、授权时间为3~5年,因此,近5年的专利数据仅供参考[15])。在全球碳中和及能源转型背景下,预计未来该领域的研究成果仍会不断增长。
我国高度重视CCUS技术的发展,2021年CCUS技术被写入《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》。为保障CCUS的有效实施,我国发布多份政策文件。《关于加快建立健全绿色低碳循环发展经济体系的指导意见》《2030年前碳达峰行动方案》《中共中央 国务院关于完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念做好碳达峰碳中和工作的意见》等提出强化CO2捕集利用与封存领域的基础研究、推进技术研发与项目示范,为CCUS技术的发展提供了良好的政策环境。《关于完善能源绿色低碳转型体制机制和政策措施的意见》提出加强CCUS技术推广示范,扩大CO2驱油技术应用,探索利用油气开采形成的地下空间封存CO2。此外,《能源碳达峰碳中和标准化提升行动计划》《关于“十四五”推动石化化工行业高质量发展的指导意见》《“十四五”生态环境领域科技创新专项规划》《工业领域碳达峰实施方案》《工业领域碳达峰碳中和标准体系建设指南》等聚焦技术研发、标准体系建设、相关行业发展、项目应用与示范等方面,为CO2地质封存与利用的发展提出实施规划和行动方案。在政策体系的推动下,CCUS领域标准体系建设不断完善,2024年,我国发布70项碳核算、碳足迹、碳减排、能效能耗、碳捕集利用与封存等国家标准,基本实现重点行业企业碳排放核算标准全覆盖[16]
我国积极推进CO2封存地质调查及相关技术试验,持续深化CO2封存机理、选址、监测等技术研究,陆地与海域CO2封存选区评价取得重要进展。由中国地质调查局牵头,初步建立了深部咸水层、油气藏等不同类型储层地质封存选址的地质适宜性评价方法[17]。中国地质调查局还创新性地提出了符合我国海域地质条件的CO2地质封存潜力与适宜性评价方法,经测算我国海域CO2地质封存潜力达2.58万亿吨[18]。此外,中国科学院与俄罗斯科学院研究人员聚焦沉积物中CO2水合物封存潜力,以琼东南盆地为目标靶区,结合相平衡机理形成考虑温度、压力和水深等因素的CO2水合物理论封存量计算方法,确定了琼东南区域CO2水合物封存有效厚度及区域范围[19]
CCUS示范项目在数量和规模上均有明显增长,涵盖电力、油气、化工、水泥、钢铁等多个行业。截至2024年7月,处于不同发展阶段的CCUS示范项目120个,年捕集能力达到600万吨[20]。我国首个百万吨级CCUS项目——齐鲁石化-胜利油田百万吨级CCUS项目于2022年全面建成投产[21],该项目共部署73口注入井,预计15年将累计注入1 000余万吨CO2,采收率提高12百分点以上[20]。国内海上首个百万吨级CO2封存工程——恩平CO2封存示范项目投入使用[22],标志着我国成功掌握海上CO2捕集、处理、注入、封存和监测的全套技术和装备体系,实现了海上CO2封存从无到有的重要突破。目前,我国已具备大规模CO2捕集利用与封存的能力。已经实施的CO2地质封存与利用项目中,CO2驱油项目已初步实现商业化,深部煤层封存也有工程示范项目实施,玄武岩体封存仍处于实验室探索阶段[17]
2010年以来,我国在CO2地质封存与利用领域共发表论文4 149篇,发文量在近15年出现明显增长,年度发文量由2010年的21篇增长到2024年的837篇,各年度发文量占领域年度总发文量的比值由12.14%增长到59.03%(图3a)),中国成为该领域发文量最多的国家。我国在该领域的研究主要涉及深部煤层、深部咸水层等,枯竭油气藏和基性超级性火成岩封存技术的研究有待加强[23]
我国发明专利的申请量不断增长,特别是2020年以来,发明专利申请量快速增长,由2020年的78件增长至2024年的139件。2024年发明专利申请量占全球发明专利申请总量的90%以上(图3b))。可以看出,随着知识产权意识的增强和全球化竞争的加剧,我国开始重视该领域的专利布局与规划,为产业的快速发展奠定了基础。
高被引论文的主题体现该领域的研究热点与学术前沿。基于CO2地质封存与利用领域高被引论文及NatureScienceProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America等期刊相关发文进行分析,发现当前CO2地质封存与利用领域的研究热点主要包括枯竭油气藏中CO2地质封存、CO2注入诱发地震机理、泄漏监测与环境评价等方面。
枯竭油气藏具有良好的封闭性和巨大的储存空间,油气勘探开采过程中积累的丰富地质资料为CO2注入提供了资料保障,且注入井和管道等原有基础设施可以直接用于CO2注入,被认为是CO2封存的重要场地[24]。例如,已有研究表明,我国枯竭油气藏的CO2封存潜力为30.5×109[25],分别为深部不可采煤层封存潜力的2.5倍、深部咸水层封存潜力的1/4以上[26],封存潜力巨大。斯坦福大学牵头的研究指出[27],大幅增加地下CO2封存最安全和最实际的策略需关注不完全枯竭油气藏分布量较大的地区,此类地区油气藏具备充分的封存能力,其地质学和水动力学环境已充分认识,且与咸水层封存相比诱发地震的风险更小。然而,枯竭油气藏中CO2的安全封存受盖层稳定性、断层、井筒完整性等的影响[28],封存前需要开展泄漏评估。
目前,枯竭气藏中CO2的长期封存定量验证已得到证实。Jenkins等人[29]通过对Otway项目封存的CO2对土壤和地下水等影响的研究,证实了枯竭气藏中CO2封存的安全性和有效性,认为枯竭气藏可以封存大量CO2。项目实施方面,2023年,美国能源部宣布投入270万美元支持5个CCUS项目,其中包括利用先进技术和创新的技术工作流程,制定枯竭气藏CO2注入计划[30]。在英国,截至2023年9月,共有14家公司获得了21个枯竭油气藏和咸水层的封存许可证,到2030年这些地点每年可封存CO2共3 000万吨,占英国2021年碳排放的10%[31]。丹麦于2023年3月启动了Greensand项目,将比利时捕集的CO2输送至丹麦北海Nini West枯竭油田进行封存,计划于2025年底/2026年初实施CO2注入,初始阶段目标为每年封存40万吨CO2[32]
诱发地震活动是CO2地质封存面临的主要风险之一,强化对注入诱发地震活动机理的认识、开展持续性的实时监测非常重要。美国国家研究理事会(NRC)发布《能源技术诱发地震可能性》[33]报告,指出由于需要长时间向地下注入大量流体,CO2地质封存具有诱发地震的可能,但由于目前大型项目较少,对其实际风险评估尚难开展,大规模项目诱发地震的可能性将需要持续研究。
理论研究方面,Zoback等人[34]认为地震很可能是由大量CO2注入大陆内部常见的脆性岩石引发。围绕注入气体诱发地震的机理,Wang等人[35]将实验室断层流体注入声发射试验和数值模拟相结合,研究发现,断层的粗糙度减缓了注入诱发的断层滑动,降低了宏观滑动速度,应力差异性和断层粗糙度控制着注入引起的声发射的次中心分布、频率-震级特征和来源机制;而Vilarrasa等人[36]通过分析表明,沉积底层比结晶基底软,很少受到临界应力;且CO2注入时过压相对较小,从而阻止了注入后诱发地震的发生,CCUS不太可能引起有感地震。
在现场试验中,加州理工学院研究人员提出基于相对极性和振幅比例的光纤传感方法,能够更精确地确定一组地震的“复合”震源机制,甚至适用于更小震级的地震,为解决CO2封存过程中断层滑动、诱发地震等风险提供了可行的解决思路[37]。Gan等人[38]以德克萨斯州Cogdell油田及其附近地区为研究对象,通过分析6个USArray台站的地震记录,发现注入气体可能是诱发德克萨斯州Cogdell油田及其附近地震的原因。Niyogi等人[39]通过在堪萨斯州一压裂现场安装地震仪,监测了超临界CO2注入之前、期间和之后的地震活动,发现CO2注入引起了数百次震动,震级从-1~1不等,且震颤信号的分布仅限于超临界CO2注入期间。
为确保CO2地质封存的利益最大化和灾害风险最小化,有必要对封存过程中可能出现的CO2泄漏风险进行灾害监测和环境影响评价。德国联邦内阁通过《CO2封存法》评估报告[40],提出要制定透明的监测、报告和核查制度,并评估碳封存技术的碳足迹。2023年,美国能源部的资助计划中包含为海中玄武岩CO2封存的储层选择、CO2输送、注入和监测提供详细的解决方案,开发一个低成本监测系统,涵盖地球物理监测和自动一致性评估等内容[30]。在我国,《“十四五”能源领域科技创新规划》[41]提出,突破CO2封存监测、泄漏预警等核心技术;《能源碳达峰碳中和标准化提升行动计划》[42]提出,围绕能源领域CCUS有关技术研发和项目建设需求,推进CO2封存监测、泄漏预警等关键环节标准制修订。
目前,尚未出现已有商业规模CCUS项目CO2泄漏事件发生,研究天然CO2泄漏的风险可以指导评估CO2封存泄漏的潜在风险。为此,Roberts等人[43]通过意大利286次天然CO2的渗漏数据量化了CO2泄漏对人类健康的影响。针对CO2泄漏的环境影响,Blackford等人[44]使用声学、化学和生物技术,研究了受控海底CO2释放泄漏的可检测性和环境影响,发现小于1吨/天的小型CO2泄漏的足迹及对生物的影响范围仅限于几十米内,研究结果增进了对泄漏环境敏感性的理解,并提出建议海底碳封存使用配备化学传感器和声学传感器的移动自主水下航行器在靠近海床的位置进行监测,为海底CO2封存提供了切实可行的监测策略。大数据、人工智能的发展有效推动了CO2泄漏与监测技术的进步,英国提赛德大学宣布与其国际合作伙伴合作实施创新的机器学习和数字孪生技术[45],计划通过这些技术更准确地预测小型慢性泄漏和较大泄漏的位置、大小、数量和方向,并最终通过人工智能采取预防措施。
由于CO2物化性质优越,被广泛用于石油、地热、天然气水合物等能源资源的开发利用。CO2封存与能源资源协同开发利用不仅可以提高能源资源的采收率,而且可以实现CO2的安全高效封存。
CO2驱油(CO2 enhanced oil recovery,CO2-EOR)技术已经得到广泛应用和研究。CO2-EOR的成功应用需要开展岩石的流体数据、储层筛选和润湿性行为研究,Kumar等人[46]将已有的实验室研究与现场试验研究结合,详细研究了石油资源的驱替机制,以及CCS的存储介质描述。混相要求、石油特性及储层非均质性相关的复杂性等可能会影响驱油效率,此外,较重的(黏性)油也会对驱油效率造成影响。为此,Liu等人[47]提出将丙醇作为助溶剂提高CO2驱替稠油的采收率,通过研究揭示了丙醇辅助CO2降低原油黏度的机理。
近年来,气体泡沫被认为是提高石油采收率的最有效方法之一,CO2泡沫可有效抑制窜流,提高原油采收率和CO2封存效率。然而,传统泡沫材料稳定性较低,纳米材料作为合适的试剂被用于提高泡沫的稳定性。Chen等人[48]提出了一种耐高温泡沫体系,发现纳米SiO2的引入对提高其发泡性能影响显著,且该方法可将采收率提高13.74%。Ahmadi等人[49]将合成的纳米复合材料(NCs)用于稳定十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)表面活性剂制备的泡沫,研究发现了SDS和CTAB表面活性剂的最佳NCs浓度,可使原油采收率提高20%。Lu等人[50]通过填砂实验和分子动力学模拟验证了纳米二氧化硅气凝胶在提高原油采收率和CO2封存率方面的效果,与单纯的CO2驱油相比,添加纳米颗粒后,原油的采收率从49.39%提高到73.21%,CO2封存率从45.35%显著提高到83.37%。
干热岩地热资源的开发利用是世界各国研究的热点问题,增强型地热系统(enhanced geothermal system,EGS)是开采干热岩资源的主要方法[51],传统的EGS系统以水为取热介质。Brown[52]于2000年首次提出使用超临界CO2代替水作为传热介质,提高EGS换热效率的想法。Randolph等人[53]于2011年首次研究采用超临界CO2开采深部咸水层地热能,提出了CO2羽流地热系统,研究表明CO2-EGS技术比以水为介质的开采系统效率更高[54-55],与传统技术相比优势明显。已有的CO2-EGS研究以室内试验和数值模拟为主,现场试验未见报道[56]
Ebinuma[57]于1993年提出CO2置换开采天然气水合物(CO2 enhanced exploitation of natural gas hydrates,CO2-NGH),该方法不仅能保持水合物结构的稳定性,还大幅降低了地质灾害风险。天然气水合物置换后可形成CO2水合物,在天然气水合物开采的同时封存了CO2,经济环境效益明显。随着各国实现对天然气水合物的试采,CO2-NGH备受关注[58]
当前,CO2-NGH的现场应用较少,开发速度慢、置换效率低、海洋施工风险大等制约了其发展速度[59]。CO2置换法与热刺激结合可以有效提高置换效率,未来天然气水合物的开发将是一个联合利用太阳能、风能、潮汐能等可再生能源进行CO2-NGH的过程[60]
CO2驱替煤层气(CO2 enhanced coalbed methane recovery,CO2-ECBM)技术作为一种探索性技术,有望在促进煤炭清洁高效利用、构建新型能源体系、助力实现“碳达峰碳中和”目标方面发挥积极作用。多个国家针对CO2-ECBM技术开展了多年的探索实践,先导性试验在一定程度上验证了其可行性。目前的研究涵盖了从宏观到微观尺度的多个方面。在宏观尺度,开展了二元气体竞争吸附和气体置换实验,研究了CO2与煤层气在煤层中的相互作用机制。在微观尺度,利用核磁共振、扫描电子显微镜和计算机断层扫描技术等开展了多孔结构测试。此外,还开展了关于CO2-ECBM过程中煤渗透率和孔隙度变化的数学模型研究,以及竞争吸附、扩散等多场多相耦合效应的研究[61]
1992年,Burgt等人最早提出CSEGR(carbon sequestration with enhanced gas recovery,CSEGR)技术[62],之后大量学者利用试验与数值模拟方法开展了广泛研究。截至目前,CO2驱气技术(carbon enhanced gas recovery,CO2-EGR)仍是研究热点。Gao等人[63]建立了井筒-储层-热-水-力学-扩散(wellbore-reservoir-thermo-hydro-mechanical-diffusion,WR-THMD)多物理场全耦合井筒-储层系统模型,研究了液态CO2注入过程中井筒和储层中的传质、传热和气体物性变化,并讨论了不同工程参数对提高CH4采收率和CO2封存效率的影响;Hamza等人[64]探讨了CO2在不同气藏(砂岩、碳酸盐岩和页岩等)中的吸附和解吸行为,以及影响CO2驱替甲烷效率的温度、压力、注入速率等因素,分析了CO2长期封存对储层岩石完整性的影响。
CO2矿化封存作为有前景的减排策略,通过将CO2注入可反应的岩石中,使其与岩石中的矿物质发生反应,形成稳定的碳酸盐矿物,以达到永久固碳的目的[65]。地球上广泛分布的基性-超级性岩(包括大陆溢流玄武岩、洋底玄武岩和地幔橄榄岩等)为CO2提供了巨大的封存空间[66-68],是实施CO2封存的重要选择。
利用基性-超级性岩碳酸盐化作用进行CO2封存的构想由Seifritz[69]于1990年提出。针对玄武岩矿化封存的研究表明,将CO2注入玄武岩中,可以实现CO2的安全稳定封存[70],与其他手段相比,该技术具有永久矿化、封存量大、反应迅速、不易泄漏等优点[71]。已有示范项目证实了玄武岩固碳的广阔发展前景。由美国太平洋西北国家实验室领导的Wallula项目于2009年启动,2013年共将1 000吨左右的CO2注入了深层玄武岩中,在CO2注入2年后发现约60%的CO2发生了碳酸盐矿化[72]。位于冰岛西南部Hellisheiei地热发电厂的CarbFix先导项目于2012年1—3月、6—8月先后2次分别将175吨纯CO2和73吨CO2-H2S注入玄武岩储层中,Matter等人通过同位素示踪剂推测研究表明,95%以上的CO2在2年内被矿化为碳酸盐矿物[73],再次证明了玄武岩CO2快速矿化封存的可行性。自2023年起,腾讯公司与冰岛公司CarbFix合作推进CO2地下玄武岩快速矿化封存示范项目[74]。然而,大规模的CO2矿化封存项目还不多见[65],需要更多的努力来加速其部署。
在橄榄岩矿化封存方面,Kelemen等人[75-76]估算了阿曼Semail蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩中矿物原位碳酸盐化封存CO2的巨大潜力,每年通过原位矿化可以消耗1万~10万吨CO2,若将其中所有的Mg2+转变为碳酸盐矿物,可以封存70万亿吨CO2。橄榄石、辉石、斜长石和火山玻璃的Ca2+和溶解实验显示基性-超级性岩矿物溶解速率受流体pH值的影响,橄榄石在酸性条件下的溶解速率最快,成为非原位矿物碳化封存的最佳选择[65,77]
水在调节CO2矿化效率方面的关键作用已得到广泛认可,但对其潜在机制的理解仍然不够全面。研究人员通过理论、实验及数值模拟等对水介导的矿化机理开展了相关研究。Qomi等人[78]讨论了在纳米吸附水膜中,CO2矿化水介导碳酸化的机理反应途径,发现第一性原理马尔可夫状态模型在阐明水溶液中的复杂反应动力学方面具有巨大的潜力。Gao等人[79]采用实验和原子模拟相结合的方法,阐明了湿度驱动钙质矿物碳化动力学的复杂机制。Li等人[80]利用分子动力学模拟,结合巨正则蒙特卡罗技术研究了不同水膜厚度(反应相对湿度)和孔径对碱性固体氢氧化钙中多孔系统中的CO2吸附情况。Li等人[81]将从头分子动力学(ab initio molecular dynamics,AIMD)模拟和马尔可夫状态模型(markov state models,MSM)结合,阐明了CO2在超临界水中的反应机制。
在碳中和目标与能源转型双重驱动下,CCUS的发展受到前所未有的关注。世界主要国家/地区积极部署相关战略推进CO2地质封存与利用的实施,有效推动了项目建设与科学研究的进步。在全球碳中和与能源转型背景下,预计未来该领域的研究成果仍会不断涌现。当前研究热点主要集中于枯竭油气藏封存、诱发地震机理与监测、泄漏监测与环境评价、CO2封存与能源资源协同开发利用、快速矿化封存等方面。
我国在该领域的项目建设与科学研究取得了一定进展,但仍需突破复杂系统理论与产业化瓶颈。为有效推进我国CO2地质封存与利用技术的高质量发展,未来应强化以下方面的发展,以应对CO2减排挑战。
1)开展复杂多场多相CO2地质封存与利用研究。CO2地质封存是一个复杂的多场多相作用过程,涉及渗流场、应力场、温度场和化学场的耦合,以及气相、液相和超临界态间的多相流动。研究面临多场耦合机制复杂、多相流动实验难度大等挑战,因此需要深化对复杂多场多相作用下CO2地质封存机理的认识,开展多尺度的试验研究,开发精确的多尺度耦合模型,攻关多场耦合数值模拟、多相流动实验等关键技术难题,发展高精度的数值模拟方法,研究多场耦合作用下的CO2-水-岩相互作用机制和多相流动、相态转化与流体运移规律。
2)构建全流程智能化CO2地质封存与利用系统。将大数据、人工智能和数字孪生等技术与CCUS结合,为CCUS的发展注入新质生产力,促进CCUS产业的高质量发展。可以结合大数据、人工智能与机器学习等构建跨学科的地质、地球物理与工程等数据库;开展基于物联网的实时监测数据传输、结合大数据分析,进行储层表征、潜力评估和运移规律识别;将数字孪生技术用于构建虚拟的CCUS系统,利用机器学习预测地层应力变化、优化注入策略、构建智能化泄漏监测与预警控制系统,实现从数据采集、分析到决策支持的全流程智能化。
3)探索多元化的CCUS产业发展模式与路径随着各国加强对碳排放的管控、碳税和碳价的上涨,采用CO2进行规模化驱替应用和能源资源的协同化开发利用,会使CCUS成本显著降低,并带动相关产业的发展,应用前景广阔。研发大规模低成本CO2封存技术,开展非纯净CO2的地质封存与利用;将CCUS与天然气水合物等可再生能源开发利用、合成氨及制氢等技术研发、储能等技术进行集成,探索CCUS与新能源、新技术、新业态的集成,拓展CCUS技术应用领域,形成低碳能源系统解决方案;建设CCUS产业集群,发展基于工业废弃物的高效CO2矿化等技术,推动建材及化工等产业的可持续发展,探索“CCUS+”产业新模式。
  • 国家能源集团科技项目(GJNY-23-96)
  • 国家自然科学基金联合重点基金项目(U2344226)
  • 国家能源集团科技项目(GJNY-23-92)
  • 国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U24B2032)
  • 中国科学院武汉文献情报中心青年领军2021项目人才计划专项(E2KZ091002)
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2025年第54卷第6期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503059
  • 接收时间:2025-03-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-04
基金
Science and Technology Project of China Energy Investment Corporation Co., Ltd.(GJNY-23-96)
国家能源集团科技项目(GJNY-23-96)
Key Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2344226)
国家自然科学基金联合重点基金项目(U2344226)
Science and Technology Project of China Energy Investment Corporation Co., Ltd.(GJNY-23-92)
国家能源集团科技项目(GJNY-23-92)
Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24B2032)
国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U24B2032)
2021 Young Leading Talents Program of Wuhan Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences(E2KZ091002)
中国科学院武汉文献情报中心青年领军2021项目人才计划专项(E2KZ091002)
作者信息
    1.北京低碳清洁能源研究院,北京 102211
    2.煤炭开采水资源保护与利用全国重点实验室,北京 102211
    3.中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所岩土力学与工程安全全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430071
    4.中国科学院武汉文献情报中心科技大数据湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430071

通讯作者:

李娜娜(1988),女,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为CCUS、地热能开发利用、深地储能等技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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