Article(id=1236345971429397007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202501031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736956800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772697449786, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772697449786, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772697449786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697449786, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236345965947449499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772697448479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697609456, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236346641175859638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236346641175859639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=38, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236345971760747032, articleId=1236345971429397007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on atmospheric pressure direct wet carbonation process of Zhundong high calcium fly ash, columnId=1236345966777921692, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Carbon resource utilization and conversion technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Xinjiang Zhundong coal has abundant reserves and contains a relatively high content of alkaline earth metal elements. The high-calcium fly ash generated from its combustion serves as an excellent raw material for CO2 sequestration. By adopting the atmospheric pressure direct wet carbonation process, research and optimization analysis were carried out on the carbonation of high-calcium fly ash, focusing on key parameters such as flue gas flow rate, temperature, and solid-liquid ratio. A kinetic model was constructed to determine the key factors and rate-controlling steps. Meanwhile, the performance of this process in chlorine removal and heavy metal removal was evaluated. It was found that, increasing the flue gas flow rate and reducing the solid-liquid ratio can effectively enhance the degree of carbonation per unit mass of fly ash. During the rapid carbonation stage (0~20 min), low temperature is beneficial for increasing the degree of carbonation, but the effect is not significant. In the rapid carbonation zone, the reaction of fly ash is mainly controlled by solid-film diffusion, with a correlation coefficient of 0.917 37 and an activation energy of 10.36 kJ/mol. After optimization by the response surface method, the optimal operating condition parameters are as follows: temperature of 57.1 ℃, flue gas flow rate of 2.86 L/min, and solid-liquid ratio of 200.0 g/L. Under these conditions, the average actual degree of carbonation reaches 30.2%. The chlorine content of the fly ash processed according to these parameters meets the requirements for reinforced products in the JC/T 409—2016 standard. For typical heavy metals such as arsenic and copper, the removal rates reach 88.4% and 55.6% respectively, indicating that this process has a certain detoxification ability. Therefore, the atmospheric wet carbonation of high calcium fly ash in Zhundong has great potential for application.

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新疆准东煤储量丰富且碱土金属元素含量较高,其燃烧产生的高钙粉煤灰是优良的CO2封存原料。采用常压直接湿法碳酸化法,针对烟气流量、温度、固液比等关键参数,对高钙粉煤灰碳酸化展开研究与寻优分析;构建碳酸化动力学模型,确定关键因素与控制步骤,同时评估该工艺脱氯及去除重金属的性能。研究发现:增大烟气流量、降低固液比能有效提升单位质量粉煤灰的碳酸化度;在快速碳酸化阶段(0~20 min),低温虽利于提升碳酸化度,但效果不显著;快速碳酸化区粉煤灰反应主要受固膜扩散控制,相关系数为0.917 37,活化能为10.36 kJ/mol;经响应曲面法优化最佳工况参数为温度57.1 ℃、烟气流量2.86 L/min、液固比200.0 g/L,此时实际碳酸化度平均值达30.2%;按此参数处理后的粉煤灰氯含量符合JC/T 409—2016标准中配筋制品要求,对砷、铜等典型重金属脱除率分别达88.4%、55.6%等,表明该工艺具备一定脱毒能力。因此,准东高钙粉煤灰的常压湿法碳酸化具有一定的应用潜力。

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邓向瑞(1978),男,研究员,主要研究方向为精确计量,
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马晓春(1980),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂烟气污染物控制,

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马晓春(1980),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂烟气污染物控制,

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马晓春(1980),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂烟气污染物控制,

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Composition of fly ash

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各组分质量分数/%SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgONa2OK2OTi2OSO3Cl
22.913.83.925.28.91.30.20.323.20.3
重金属质量分数/(mg·kg–1)AsCuNiMnHg
0.814.414.83.10.2
), ArticleFig(id=1236390486789911200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971429397007, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

粉煤灰的组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
各组分质量分数/%SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgONa2OK2OTi2OSO3Cl
22.913.83.925.28.91.30.20.323.20.3
重金属质量分数/(mg·kg–1)AsCuNiMnHg
0.814.414.83.10.2
), ArticleFig(id=1236390486890574503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971429397007, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Pore characteristics of the samples

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样品BET比表面积/(m2·g–1)孔容积/(×10–2 cm3·g–1)平均孔径/nm
粉煤灰原料9.5671.55463.92
粉煤灰(60 ℃-20 min)7.0861.02654.81
粉煤灰(90 ℃-20 min)2.9730.66894.75
), ArticleFig(id=1236390486999626412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971429397007, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样品的孔隙特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品BET比表面积/(m2·g–1)孔容积/(×10–2 cm3·g–1)平均孔径/nm
粉煤灰原料9.5671.55463.92
粉煤灰(60 ℃-20 min)7.0861.02654.81
粉煤灰(90 ℃-20 min)2.9730.66894.75
), ArticleFig(id=1236390487104484019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971429397007, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Experimental design with three factors and three levels

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因素名称因素水平
-10+1
A气流量/(L·min–1)123
B固液比/(g·L–1)200350500
C温度/℃304560
), ArticleFig(id=1236390487213535930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971429397007, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三因素三水平实验设计

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因素名称因素水平
-10+1
A气流量/(L·min–1)123
B固液比/(g·L–1)200350500
C温度/℃304560
), ArticleFig(id=1236390487330976447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971429397007, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Carbonation degrees of the experimental group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号气流量/(L·min–1)固液比/(g·L–1)温度/℃δ/%
113503015.05
212004522.67
313506015.75
41500457.96
523504521.05
623504521.21
725006014.25
823504521.37
922003027.24
1022006028.93
1123504521.97
1223504522.08
1325003012.52
1433506024.55
1533503023.71
1632004531.40
1735004516.71
), ArticleFig(id=1236390487452611270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971429397007, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

实验组的碳酸化度

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序号气流量/(L·min–1)固液比/(g·L–1)温度/℃δ/%
113503015.05
212004522.67
313506015.75
41500457.96
523504521.05
623504521.21
725006014.25
823504521.37
922003027.24
1022006028.93
1123504521.97
1223504522.08
1325003012.52
1433506024.55
1533503023.71
1632004531.40
1735004516.71
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准东高钙粉煤灰的常压直接湿法碳酸化工艺研究
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马晓春 1 , 梁芳 1 , 邓向瑞 1, 2
热力发电 | 碳资源化利用与转化技术 2025,54(6): 38-47
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热力发电 | 碳资源化利用与转化技术 2025, 54(6): 38-47
准东高钙粉煤灰的常压直接湿法碳酸化工艺研究
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马晓春1 , 梁芳1, 邓向瑞1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.新疆维吾尔自治区计量测试研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
  • 2.中国计量科学研究院,北京 100029
  • 马晓春(1980),男,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂烟气污染物控制,

通讯作者:

邓向瑞(1978),男,研究员,主要研究方向为精确计量,
Research on atmospheric pressure direct wet carbonation process of Zhundong high calcium fly ash
Xiaochun MA1 , Fang LIANG1, Xiangrui DENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Research Institute of Measurement and Testing of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China
  • 2.National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501031
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新疆准东煤储量丰富且碱土金属元素含量较高,其燃烧产生的高钙粉煤灰是优良的CO2封存原料。采用常压直接湿法碳酸化法,针对烟气流量、温度、固液比等关键参数,对高钙粉煤灰碳酸化展开研究与寻优分析;构建碳酸化动力学模型,确定关键因素与控制步骤,同时评估该工艺脱氯及去除重金属的性能。研究发现:增大烟气流量、降低固液比能有效提升单位质量粉煤灰的碳酸化度;在快速碳酸化阶段(0~20 min),低温虽利于提升碳酸化度,但效果不显著;快速碳酸化区粉煤灰反应主要受固膜扩散控制,相关系数为0.917 37,活化能为10.36 kJ/mol;经响应曲面法优化最佳工况参数为温度57.1 ℃、烟气流量2.86 L/min、液固比200.0 g/L,此时实际碳酸化度平均值达30.2%;按此参数处理后的粉煤灰氯含量符合JC/T 409—2016标准中配筋制品要求,对砷、铜等典型重金属脱除率分别达88.4%、55.6%等,表明该工艺具备一定脱毒能力。因此,准东高钙粉煤灰的常压湿法碳酸化具有一定的应用潜力。

粉煤灰  /  湿法碳酸化  /  动力学  /  工艺寻优  /  重金属

Xinjiang Zhundong coal has abundant reserves and contains a relatively high content of alkaline earth metal elements. The high-calcium fly ash generated from its combustion serves as an excellent raw material for CO2 sequestration. By adopting the atmospheric pressure direct wet carbonation process, research and optimization analysis were carried out on the carbonation of high-calcium fly ash, focusing on key parameters such as flue gas flow rate, temperature, and solid-liquid ratio. A kinetic model was constructed to determine the key factors and rate-controlling steps. Meanwhile, the performance of this process in chlorine removal and heavy metal removal was evaluated. It was found that, increasing the flue gas flow rate and reducing the solid-liquid ratio can effectively enhance the degree of carbonation per unit mass of fly ash. During the rapid carbonation stage (0~20 min), low temperature is beneficial for increasing the degree of carbonation, but the effect is not significant. In the rapid carbonation zone, the reaction of fly ash is mainly controlled by solid-film diffusion, with a correlation coefficient of 0.917 37 and an activation energy of 10.36 kJ/mol. After optimization by the response surface method, the optimal operating condition parameters are as follows: temperature of 57.1 ℃, flue gas flow rate of 2.86 L/min, and solid-liquid ratio of 200.0 g/L. Under these conditions, the average actual degree of carbonation reaches 30.2%. The chlorine content of the fly ash processed according to these parameters meets the requirements for reinforced products in the JC/T 409—2016 standard. For typical heavy metals such as arsenic and copper, the removal rates reach 88.4% and 55.6% respectively, indicating that this process has a certain detoxification ability. Therefore, the atmospheric wet carbonation of high calcium fly ash in Zhundong has great potential for application.

fly ash  /  wet carbonation  /  kinetics  /  process optimization  /  heavy metals
马晓春, 梁芳, 邓向瑞. 准东高钙粉煤灰的常压直接湿法碳酸化工艺研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (6) : 38 -47 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501031
Xiaochun MA, Fang LIANG, Xiangrui DENG. Research on atmospheric pressure direct wet carbonation process of Zhundong high calcium fly ash[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (6) : 38 -47 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501031
随着全球工业化进程不断推进,化石能源的广泛应用排放大量温室气体CO2、CH4[1]。中国气象局2023年11月的观测数据显示,过去10年,CO2对辐射强迫增幅的贡献达79%。与此同时,大气中CO2的年平均量从工业化前(约1750年)的278.3 μL/L增长至2022年的417.9 μL/L[2]
在我国能源体系中,煤电将长期扮演“压舱石”的重要角色[3],其能够有效缓解可再生能源供电过程中的间歇性与波动性问题。为实现“双碳”目标,研发适配我国能源格局的经济高效捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术成为关键[4]
新疆准东煤田储量丰富,达3 900亿吨,约占新疆和全国煤炭储量的17.8%和7.2%[5]。准东煤具有低灰、低硫、高挥发分的特性,使其成为动力用煤和化工原料的优质选择。然而,由于准东煤碱金属和碱土金属含量较高,在直燃时极易引发锅炉换热面沾污结渣问题[6]。当前,电厂主要通过混煤掺烧、添加添加剂以及合理布置吹灰器等方式,实现准东高碱煤的稳定直燃[7]。值得注意的是,燃烧准东高碱煤所产生的粉煤灰富含钙元素,这种碱性固废可作为CCUS技术中CO2碳酸化的重要原料,替代天然矿石用于CO2的捕集与封存,为CCUS技术的应用提供重要的资源途径[8]
在碱性固废矿化封存领域,可根据反应介质分为干法和湿法2类[9]。干法碳酸化受多种因素综合影响:高温提升反应速率,高压利于分子碰撞与平衡移动,CO2浓度决定传质效率,这些因素相互作用,影响反应进程;湿法碳酸化是在碱性固废浆体或溶液中与CO2反应的体系,其效率同样与工艺参数直接相关,但相比于干法,湿法的液相分散性、流动性优势可增大接触面积,加快溶解速度,显著提升CO2吸收量[10]
由此,国内外众多学者对碱性固废的湿法碳酸化开展了研究。Ji和Jaschik等人[11-12]对多炉型粉煤灰原料的湿法碳酸化潜力和工况影响开展研究。Ukwattage等人[13]研究发现,20~40 ℃升温时,CO2矿化量大幅提升;40~60 ℃升温时,矿化量无显著变化;80 ℃时,矿化量略微减少。Wang等人[14]发现,温度的升高一定程度上有利于碱土金属浸出,溶液pH会随而升高,有利于矿化反应。Mayoral等人[15]发现,扰动可避免碳酸盐产物在原料表面的沉积,搅拌速度在500~1 000 r/min时,碳酸化度随搅拌速率的增大而显著增加。孙伟吉等[16]探究了搅拌速度、碳化时间和液固比对镁渣碳酸化反应和固碳效率的影响。Miao等人[17]研究了温度、CO2分压、气体扰动等参数对电石渣浆碳酸化效率的影响。
以上研究表明,在低温(<90 ℃)、低压(0~1.0 MPa)温和条件下,直接湿法碳酸化作为低能耗的固碳技术,具有工业化潜力。然而,针对新疆准东高钙粉煤灰这一典型固废,其在该碳酸化技术中的反应特性及传质强化机制尚不明确。此外,工艺参数对高钙粉煤灰中碱土金属溶出效率、CO2矿化固定速率与有害元素脱除的协同机制仍需深入探究。
基于此,本研究针对新疆准东高碱粉煤灰,通过双膜理论构建碳酸化度在反应核心时间窗口期的动力学模型,解析关键影响因素及控制步骤。针对常压湿法碳酸化工艺开展寻优分析,并对氯元素的脱除能力及重金属赋存形态的稳定化效果进行评价。
实验前,为避免粉煤灰原料与空气中水分及CO2发生反应,将其置于105 ℃真空干燥箱中干燥12 h,随后转移至干燥器中密封保存,以备后续实验及检测使用。粉煤灰的化学组成、XRD物相分析、孔隙结构参数及粒径分布分别列于表1图1表2图2。实际燃烧过程中,虽通过掺烧一定比例低碱煤缓解高碱煤直燃导致的沾污结渣问题,但粉煤灰中CaO+MgO的质量分数仍高达34.1%,属于高钙粉煤灰,表明该原料具备良好的碳酸化潜力。
粉煤灰常压直接湿法碳酸化实验装置由进气系统、鼓泡式涡流反应器和样品数据采集3部分组成,具体如图3所示。进气系统在质量流量计(CM-802LD,深圳弗罗迈)的控制下,可配置体积分数为85%N2和15%CO2的混合气。该混合气经湿度发生器(STA-HG,苏州众好)后,能够在目标实验温度(30~90 ℃)获得相对湿度约为90%的模拟烟气,实现燃煤电厂湿法脱硫后烟气的主要组成与温度条件。反应器为自制的涡流自扰动气−液−固三相反应器,容积1.5 L。模拟烟气从反应器底部通入,在曝气头的作用下,烟气被分散为微米气泡,呈气泡流状态,气泡流夹带灰浆在反应器倾角结构下实现涡流扰动。反应器外壁包裹伴热带,实现对灰浆的反应温度控制,反应器上层盖板预设取样器和pH计探头(PHS-2F型,E-201F型复合电极,上海雷磁)开口,便于在线监测与取样。取样器取得的灰浆经过0.22 μm滤膜抽滤实现固液分离,固体样品放置在真空干燥箱中干燥后用于后续检测。实验步骤如下:先向反应器内注入1 L去离子水,开启并设置伴热带及湿度发生器温度,待温度稳定后,投入预设固液比的粉煤灰并开启计时。
粉煤灰重金属浸出遵照《固体废物 浸出毒性浸出方法 醋酸缓冲溶液法》(HJ/T 300—2007)。具体方法如下:固液比1:20,将浸洗液与粉煤灰置于翻转式振荡器,以0.5 r/s振荡18 h并离心。上清液滴加硝酸酸化,而后通过电感耦合等离子体−质谱法(ICP-MS)检测。另外,重金属的赋存形态分析采用改进的BCR法测定粉煤灰中重金属的弱酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态[18]
借助德国BRUKER Inc.公司生产的M4 TORNADO型微聚焦X射线荧光能谱仪(X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry,u-XRF)检测粉煤灰组成。使用荷兰帕纳科公司(PANalytical B.V.)生产的Empyrean型X射线衍射仪(X-ray Diffraction, XRD)检测粉煤灰物相。条件为:Cu-Ka射线(λ=0.154 2 nm),速率为4°/min,扫描2θ范围为15°~80°。借助美国Quantachrome公司生产的Autosorb iQ型比表面积及孔径分析仪,采用氮气吸附/脱附法对样品1~100 nm范围内的孔隙结构进行检测。通过英国马尔文公司生产的Mastersize 2000分析仪检测样品粒径分布。
采用热失重法测算粉煤灰中碱土金属氧化物的碳酸化度,全文以Ca表示。为降低取样带来的误差,选取(3.0±0.1)g真空干燥后的固体样品,借助同步热分析仪(STA 449 F3型,德国Netzsch),在20 mL/min的氩气气氛下进行热解实验。实验温度为30~1 000 ℃,升温速率为10 ℃/min。
在此过程中,失重曲线的失重率即为碳酸盐分解量C,如式(1)所示:
C=Δm500~950m105×100%
式中:Δm500~950 ℃为样品在500~950 ℃的质量差;m105 ℃为样品在105 ℃下的质量。
样品的碳酸化度δ通过式(2)计算得到:
Δ=C100C×M(Ca)M(CO2)×w(Ca)
式中:M(Ca)和M(CO2)分别为Ca和CO2的摩尔质量,g/mol;w(Ca)为粉煤灰原样中的Ca的质量分数,g/g。
使用PerkinElmer生产的ELAN DRC-e型ICP-MS对粉煤灰样品的消解液进行检测。计算氯及重金属的脱除率R,如式(3)所示:
R=FCarbonationFRaw×100%
式中:FCarbonationFRaw分别为碳酸化后粉煤灰和原样经微波消解成液体后测得的目标元素总量,mg/kg。
在粉煤灰的常压直接湿法碳酸化中涉及气−液−固三相的化学反应。存在CO2溶解、碳酸电离、氢氧化物生成、碳酸化等,如式(4)—式(9)所示。
CO2,(g)溶解CO2
CO2+H2OH2CO3
H2CO3H++HCO3
HCO3H++CO32
CaO+H2OCa(OH)2+CO32CaCO3
MgO+H2OMg(OH)2+CO32MgCO3
在碳酸化过程中,除了化学反应本身,常需借助强化传质等操作增大固−液相、气−液相之间的传质推动力,进而提升碳酸化度与碳酸化效率[19]。基于此原理,本研究针对碳酸化工艺里气流量、固液比和温度等关键参数展开深入探究。
气流量是影响鼓泡式涡流反应器内扰动情况的重要参数。在30 ℃、固液比200 g/L下开展研究,结果如图4所示。
图4可知,实验全程气流量与碳酸化度δ呈正相关。当气流量为1.0 L/min时,30 min的碳酸化度仅为17.6%,而3.0 L/min的碳酸化度为27.2%,提升约54.5%。此外,在相同气流量下,碳酸化度还与时间呈现出先快速升高而后趋于稳定的趋势。因粉煤灰碳酸化反应起始于颗粒表面,随着溶液不断浸润,反应逐渐深入孔隙内部,直至产物堵塞孔隙,反应终止。大流量烟气产生的气泡流除了可以增强固−液相扰动外,还具有为碳酸化反应提供CO32–的能力,促进化学反应正向移动[20]。然而,由于低烟气流量供CO32–能力较弱,延缓了碳酸盐对粉煤灰孔隙的阻塞,所以在反应后期(60~120 min),1.0 L/min下的碳酸化度仍可提升3.9%,而3.0 L/min仅为1.8%。考虑强化传质和提升碳酸化度等因素,选择气流量为3.0 L/min开展后续研究。
基于气流量的实验结果,在气流量3.0 L/min、30 ℃的条件下开展固液比的研究,结果如图5所示。由图5可知,相同时间下,碳酸化度除了在固液比100 g/L和200 g/L间的差距不明显外,其他固液比间的差值均较大。如60 min时,碳酸化度从100 g/L的31.3%分别降低至300、400、500 g/L的26.1%、21.3%、15.5%。另外,固液比为500 g/L时,需要120 min才能使碳酸化度达到20.7%;而300、400 g/L分别仅需30、60 min即可达到22.2%、21.3%。以上都说明高固液比还会显著降低碳酸化效率。因此,选用固液比200 g/L开展后续研究。
鉴于燃煤电厂烟气经过除尘、脱硫工段后,其出口温度主要集中在55~90 ℃,同时考虑到烟气消白、浸洗液和粉煤灰的加热、季节等因素,将反应温度的研究范围扩大至30~90 ℃。在气流量设定为3.0 L/min、固液比200 g/L的条件下开展实验,结果如图6所示。
图6可知,不同温度下,碳酸化度在实验全程的变化趋势较为接近,都是快速上升而后趋于平缓。具体可分为0~20 min的快速碳酸化区、20~120 min的缓慢提升区2个主要阶段。
值得注意的是,在这2个区间内,相同时间下,粉煤灰的碳酸化度与温度并非线性关系,而是存在峰值。如快速碳酸化区的10 min时,30、45、60 ℃的碳酸化度分别为22.3%、23.9%、24.3%,呈正相关;但温度继续升高至75、90 ℃后,碳酸化度分别降低至21.7%、18.4%,呈负相关。另外,在缓慢提升区也存在相似的规律。
造成上述现象的原因主要有以下几个方面:在传质方面,温度升高会抑制CO2在水中的溶解度,但会提升碱土金属的浸出效率;在化学反应方面,温度升高对碳酸根电离的影响较弱,但由于碱土金属碳酸化反应放热而表现为抑制作用。由此可知,温度对粉煤灰碳酸化度的影响复杂,很难从单一层面阐述该工艺参数对碳酸化度的影响机制。因此,有必要借助宏观动力学开展深入研究。
粉煤灰的常压湿法碳酸化涉及复杂的传质和化学反应,存在制约关系,这使得关键工艺参数与碳酸化度之间并非呈现简单的线性关系。
未反应收缩核模型常用于描述矿物在酸性体系中的浸出行为。可通过此模型确定该过程的最慢控制步骤,从机理层面优化工艺参数。控制步骤分为液膜扩散、界面化学反应、固膜扩散[21]。相关动力学方程和表观活化能如式(10)—式(13)所示:
Δ=kft
1(1Δ)1/3=krt
12Δ/3(1Δ)2/3=ket
lnk=E/RT+Cs
式中:t为浸洗时间,min;kfkrke分别为液膜扩散、界面化学反应、固膜扩散的表观速率常数,1/min;T为实验温度,K;R为理想气体常数,取8.314 J/(mol·K);E为活化能,kJ/mol;Cs为温度无关的积分常数。
由前文关键工艺参数的影响研究可知,碳酸化度的快速提升主要集中在60 min前。出于实际工业化需求,有必要关注碳酸化效率,碳酸化效率体现在碳酸化反应的核心时间窗口期上。因此,对实验全程的pH值变化开展监测,具体如图7所示。
图7可知:在30、75、90 ℃条件下,pH值在快速碳酸化区(0~20 min)迅速降低,并在30 min时趋于平稳;45、60 ℃时,pH值下降过程与30、75、90 ℃类似,但略微滞后,pH值变化的拐点集中在40 min前。
对于高温反应(75、90 ℃),其pH值整体低于30 ℃。在40 min时,75、90 ℃的pH值分别为7.4、7.6,而30 ℃pH值为7.8。这是因为高温促进碱土金属溶出,使得碳酸盐快速生成并阻塞孔隙,抑制粉煤灰内部可溶碱的进一步溶出,当碳酸化反应基本结束后,溶液pH值会在烟气作用下降低。中温反应(45、60 ℃)在30 min前,其pH值均高于30 ℃,随着时间延长,pH值降低并跨过30 ℃曲线后继续下降。这是因为温度促进碱土金属溶出的强化传质作用与碳酸盐生成的阻碍作用之间存在最优的温度区间。从图6中各温度下碳酸化度的实验结果也能得到验证:对比30 min和120 min之间的碳酸化度提升情况,90 ℃时仅为0.7%,而60 ℃时为4.3%。
作为气−液−固多相反应体系,反应初期,粉煤灰中的碱土金属活性组分快速与CO2进行碳酸化反应,碳酸化效率随反应时间的增加呈指数型增长[10];然而,随着反应的进行,生成的碳酸盐产物在颗粒表面形成致密覆盖层,阻碍扩散的发生,导致反应速率骤降并逐渐趋于平衡。因此,合理调控反应时间可确保活性组分的充分转化,同时避免因过度反应引起的能耗增加及设备效率下降。进一步结合本节实验结果可知,碳酸化反应的核心时间窗口期在反应前期,即0~20 min的快速碳酸化区。因此,对此时间内的粉煤灰碳酸化机制开展宏观动力学研究最具针对性。
控制步骤与活化能的计算结果如图8所示。通过图8a)—图8c)可知,在3种控制步骤的相关性R2分析中,液膜扩散和界面化学反应在45 ℃的数值偏低,分别仅为0.887 21和0.893 59。进一步通过Arrhenius方程积分式计算表观活化能E判定最符合的控制步骤(图8d)—图8f))。
界面化学反应的E为11.62 kJ/mol,不符合该控制的合理区间(40~200 kJ/mol)。液膜扩散和固膜扩散的E分别为11.87、10.36 kJ/mol,符合扩散作用范围(8~20 kJ/mol),但液膜扩散的R2仅为0.821 26,远低于固膜扩散的0.917 37。说明在核心时间窗口期内,反应受固膜扩散控制。
进一步,结合样品的孔隙特性(表2)和粒径分布曲线(图2)可知:60 ℃-20 min时,粉煤灰的比表面积从原样的9.567 m2/g快速降至7.086 m2/g,孔容积由1.554×10–2 cm³/g缩减至1.026×10–2 cm³/g,小孔隙被碳酸化产物选择性填充,导致平均孔径从63.92 nm降至54.81 nm;随着温度升高,90 ℃-20 min时,粉煤灰比表面积进一步骤降至2.973 m2/g,孔容积仅剩0.668×10–2 cm³/g,平均孔径反增至94.75 nm,这说明大孔结构被保留但孔隙连通性严重受损。与此同时,粒径分布曲线随反应时间延长整体右移,说明颗粒团聚效应在核心时间窗口期内持续加剧,表面积平均粒径从9.15 μm增至32.46 μm,体积平均粒径达143.72 μm,形成厚度递增的致密碳酸盐固体膜。固体膜层与孔隙堵塞共同构成传质屏障,发生固膜扩散控制。这表明在此过程中,粉煤灰固体颗粒中碱土金属活性组分与溶液中CO32–在颗粒内部的扩散是该反应中最慢的步骤。
基于前文的动力学和孔隙与粒径分析可知,在核心时间窗口期内粉煤灰碳酸化反应主要受固膜扩散控制。因此,强化传质是研究的重点。
工业上常用的强化传质手段主要包括原料端的二次研磨、筛分预处理以及工艺端的扰动调控、固液比优化和温度控制等。由于粉煤灰的粒径普遍小于1.0 mm,原料端预处理的成本显著高于烟气余热利用与气液流量调控成本,且会延长工艺流程。因此,在反应器内部通过适当提升温度增强扩散速率、利用烟气鼓泡产生的气液扰动强化传质系数,以及优化固液比以提高单位质量粉煤灰的碳酸化度,是更为经济可行的方案。基于此,建立基于强化传质与温度控制相关的关键工艺参数模型更具工业化价值。
在模型构建前,需判定强化传质的寻优区间。在2.1.1节和2.1.2节中分别研究了气流量与固液比对碳酸化度的影响,结果均显示两者与碳酸化度呈正相关关系,且随着参数值的增大,碳酸化度呈现先快速上升后增速趋缓的变化趋势。另外,在2.1.3节中发现高温(75、90 ℃)会抑制粉煤灰碳酸化,且在图2中90 ℃-20 min条件下的粉煤灰出现明显团聚,传质受阻。基于此,将气流量范围设定为1~3 L/min;固液比范围设定为200~500 g/L;温度范围限定为30~60 ℃开展寻优分析。借助Design Expert软件中的BBD模块开展研究。三因素三水平的实验设计和实验组见表3表4
使用二次方程模型拟合,结果表明,决定系数R2大于0.98,P值小于0.000 1,说明因素影响显著。本模型中的Adeq Precision值为71.008,远大于4.000,说明拟合结果可靠[22]。根据方差分析结果获得显著参数的二元回归方程。
Δ=17.11+9.89A0.04B+0.18C1.41A2
响应曲面与各因素间的交互作用如图9所示。通过该模型,确定的最优反应工艺参数为:温度57.1 ℃、气流量2.86 L/min、液固比200.0 g/L。此工艺参数下粉煤灰的碳酸化度预测结果为31.4%。进行3次平行试验,所得实际碳酸化度平均值为30.2%,与模拟值间的误差仅为3.8%,验证了模型预测性。
基于2.3节的碳酸化工艺寻优方案,在最优工况下对粉煤灰中氯与典型重金属元素脱除率及赋存形态开展研究,结果分别如图10图11所示,图11中重金属-R、重金属-CO2,分别代表碳酸化前后样品。
粉煤灰中的氯元素主要以水溶态的氯盐(NaCl等)为主。从图10中可知,在强化传质的碳酸化最优工况下,粉煤灰中约78.9%的氯元素被脱除,实现了氯的高效脱除。结合表1可知,处理后的粉煤灰中氯含量满足《硅酸盐建筑制品用粉煤灰》(JC/T 409—2016)标准中配筋制品的要求,即氯质量分数≤0.06%。
对于重金属元素,砷的脱除率高达88.4%,这一方面归因于反应初期粉煤灰中碱性氧化物溶解形成的碱性环境促进As(V)溶出,另一方面源于碳酸化过程对As(III)的高效脱除作用。铜、镍、锰的脱除率介于45%~63%,即使脱除率最低的汞,仍达到32.8%。这主要归因于上述元素在CO32–作用下易形成纳米级沉淀[23],在固液分离中实现脱毒。
进一步考察重金属赋存形态可以发现,碳酸化后粉煤灰中的重金属弱酸提取态含量降低显著,可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态基本无变化。弱酸提取态和可还原态属于不稳定态,具有较高的危害性。可氧化态和残渣态稳定性强,属于稳定形态[24]。碳酸化后,以上几种重金属的不稳定态从26.5%~94.4%下降至10.1%~34.9%,反映出碳酸化过程对重金属风险形态的定向调控作用显著。
本文考察了关键工艺参数对准东高钙粉煤灰的常压直接湿法碳酸化度的影响。研究发现,气流量的增大和固液比的降低均有利于提升单位质量粉煤灰的碳酸化度。温度的影响较为复杂,在快速碳酸化区(0~20 min),低温更有利于碳酸化度的提升,但效果并不显著。
宏观动力学研究结果显示,粉煤灰在快速碳酸化区受固膜扩散控制影响,其R2E分别为0.917 37和10.36 kJ/mol。基于响应曲面法优化得到的工况参数为:温度57.1 ℃、气流量2.86 L/min、液固比200.0 g/L。此条件下实际碳酸化度平均值为30.2%。
寻优工艺参数下的粉煤灰氯含量满足JC/T 409—2016标准中配筋制品要求。典型重金属,如砷、铜、镍、锰、汞的脱除了也分别高达88.4%、55.6%、62.6%、45.8%、32.8%。赋存形态分析显示重金属不稳定态从26.5%~94.4%下降至10.1%~34.9%,说明碳酸化过程对重金属风险形态的定向脱毒效果显著。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学计划项目(202203003)
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2025年第54卷第6期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501031
  • 接收时间:2025-01-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-16
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Natural Science Program Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(202203003)
新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学计划项目(202203003)
作者信息
    1.新疆维吾尔自治区计量测试研究院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
    2.中国计量科学研究院,北京 100029

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邓向瑞(1978),男,研究员,主要研究方向为精确计量,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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