Article(id=1236345971089666346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202411229, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730908800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772697449705, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772697449705, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772697449705, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697449705, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236345965947449499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772697448479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697609456, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236346641175859638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236346641175859639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=194, endPage=203, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236345971597177168, articleId=1236345971089666346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Process optimization of post-combustion carbon capture for NGCC power plants based on waste heat recovery and liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization, columnId=1236345969239978183, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=System integration, sequestration and policy- economic analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Post-combustion carbon capture is the underpinning technology and necessary choice for low-carbon power generation, yet its integration into natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants will significantly reduce the plants’ power generation efficiency. In order to reduce the efficiency penalty of the power plants integrated with decarbonization system and improve the energy utilization efficiency of the integrated system, a novel post-combustion carbon capture process that comprehensively recovers the waste heat and liquefied natural gas cold energy is innovatively proposed. Firstly, the key operating parameters of the conventional carbon capture process, including stripper pressure and lean solvent loading, are optimized with sensitivity analysis. On this basis, design and evaluation of novel process is performed. In the novel process, a back-pressure turbine is utilized to recover the pressure energy of the extracted low-pressure steam and assist the lean vapor compression as well as recover the inter-cooling heat of CO2 compression to heat the reflux condensate of the stripper, which reduces the minimum regeneration energy consumption by 17.3% (to 3.35 GJ) at the flash pressure drop of 90 kPa. Furthermore, the extracted low-pressure steam is reduced from 68.40 kg/s to 48.95 kg/s by recovering the superheat of steam extraction. Aiming at solving the problems of high energy consumption of the conventional CO2 compression process and the waste of cold energy in the liquefied natural gas regasification process, a novel CO2 two-stage compression and intermediate liquefication process is proposed, reducing compression work by 34.5%, and the cooling load and the number of equipment were significantly decreased. Exergy analysis results show that the exergy efficiencies of the novel carbon capture process and CO2 compression process increase from 23.12% and 62.19% to 29.48% and 65.96%, respectively. The simulation results show that, the net power output of the plant integrated with the novel carbon capture process increases from 341.93 MW to 358.75 MW, resulting in a significant energy saving by increasing the net power output efficiency from 48.85% to 51.25% and decreasing the efficiency penalty from 13.77% to 9.53%.

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燃烧后碳捕集工艺是实现低碳发电的兜底技术和必然选择,然而其整合至天然气联合循环电厂会大幅降低电厂发电效率。为了降低集成脱碳系统电厂的效率惩罚以及提高整体系统能源利用效率,提出一个综合回收系统余热和液化天然气冷能的新型燃烧后碳捕集流程。首先,对常规碳捕集工艺的关键操作参数包括再生塔压力和贫液载荷进行灵敏度分析得到最佳运行参数,在此基础上开展新型流程的设计及分析。新型流程利用小汽轮机回收低压抽汽的压力,能辅助贫液蒸气压缩并回收CO2压缩中间冷却热加热再生塔冷凝回流水,在90 kPa的闪蒸压降下每吨CO2最低再生能耗为3.35 GJ,降低了17.3%。此外,通过回收抽汽过热使低压抽蒸汽量从68.40 kg/s降低至48.95 kg/s。针对常规CO2压缩工艺能耗高和液化天然气气化过程中冷能浪费的问题,提出一种新型CO2两级压缩中间液化工艺,使压缩功降低了34.5%,并大幅减少冷却负荷和设备数量。㶲分析结果表明,新型碳捕集工艺和CO2压缩工艺的㶲效率分别从23.12%和62.19%升至29.48%和65.96%。模拟结果显示,整合新型碳捕集工艺的发电机组净输出功从341.93 MW增至358.75 MW,净发电效率从48.85%升至51.25%,效率惩罚从13.77%降至9.53%,节能效果十分显著。

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梁友才(1985),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为热力循环设计及优化,
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雷霆(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为碳捕集系统能量集成,

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ArticleFig(id=1236390486555022158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=CN, label=图10, caption=新型CO2压缩工艺设备的㶲损失占比, figureFileSmall=Mrel5SD3Jggypz2odY55bA==, figureFileBig=P3LLQN4Rozwm+lRVOMb+rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236390486668268371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of feed streams

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项目空气天然气
质量流量/(kg·s–1)635.0014.74
压力/MPa0.101 33.000 0
温度/℃15.010.0
低位热值/(kJ·kg–1)47 493
N277.301.47
O220.74
H2O1.01
摩尔分数/%CO20.030.68
Ar0.92
CH487.08
C2H67.83
C3H82.94
), ArticleFig(id=1236390486764737365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

进口流股参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目空气天然气
质量流量/(kg·s–1)635.0014.74
压力/MPa0.101 33.000 0
温度/℃15.010.0
低位热值/(kJ·kg–1)47 493
N277.301.47
O220.74
H2O1.01
摩尔分数/%CO20.030.68
Ar0.92
CH487.08
C2H67.83
C3H82.94
), ArticleFig(id=1236390486886372188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Basic components and key parameters of the NGCC power plant

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件项目数值
燃气轮机装置空压机压缩比15.4
空压机等熵效率/%88.0
空压机机械效率/%99.0
燃烧室出口温度/℃1 405.0
燃气轮机进口温度/℃1 328.0
燃气轮机出口温度/℃615.0
余热锅炉装置高压蒸汽温度/℃565.0
中压蒸汽温度/℃297.0
低压蒸汽温度/℃295.0
高压/中压/低压夹点温度/℃10.0/10.0/10.0
蒸汽轮机装置高压/中压/低压进口压力/MPa9.88/2.40/0.40
高压/中压/低压等熵效率/%87.0/91.0/89.0
凝汽器压力/kPa7.4
冷却水进口温度/℃25.0
冷却水温升/℃10.0
发电机发电机效率/%98.5
), ArticleFig(id=1236390486991229790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

NGCC电厂组成部件及关键参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件项目数值
燃气轮机装置空压机压缩比15.4
空压机等熵效率/%88.0
空压机机械效率/%99.0
燃烧室出口温度/℃1 405.0
燃气轮机进口温度/℃1 328.0
燃气轮机出口温度/℃615.0
余热锅炉装置高压蒸汽温度/℃565.0
中压蒸汽温度/℃297.0
低压蒸汽温度/℃295.0
高压/中压/低压夹点温度/℃10.0/10.0/10.0
蒸汽轮机装置高压/中压/低压进口压力/MPa9.88/2.40/0.40
高压/中压/低压等熵效率/%87.0/91.0/89.0
凝汽器压力/kPa7.4
冷却水进口温度/℃25.0
冷却水温升/℃10.0
发电机发电机效率/%98.5
), ArticleFig(id=1236390487100281699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Basic parameters of the CO2 capture system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
吸收塔压力/MPa0.11
再生塔压力/MPa0.20
吸收剂摩尔分数/%H2O0.655
CO20.055
MEA0.290
再沸器温度/℃120
), ArticleFig(id=1236390487217722215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

碳捕集系统基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
吸收塔压力/MPa0.11
再生塔压力/MPa0.20
吸收剂摩尔分数/%H2O0.655
CO20.055
MEA0.290
再沸器温度/℃120
), ArticleFig(id=1236390487326774121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Validation of the model of NGCC power plant

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目模拟文献[16]误差/%
燃气轮机净输出功/MW254.34253.650.27
空压机耗功/MW249.24249.580.14
燃气轮机总输出功/MW507.45507.090.07
蒸汽轮机净输出功/MW142.19139.871.63
高压缸/MW29.9528.495.12
中压缸/MW48.0847.940.29
低压缸/MW65.4866.261.16
循环泵/MW1.321.330.76
电厂净输出功/MW396.53393.470.77
电厂效率/%56.6556.210.77
), ArticleFig(id=1236390487452603248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

NGCC电厂模型验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目模拟文献[16]误差/%
燃气轮机净输出功/MW254.34253.650.27
空压机耗功/MW249.24249.580.14
燃气轮机总输出功/MW507.45507.090.07
蒸汽轮机净输出功/MW142.19139.871.63
高压缸/MW29.9528.495.12
中压缸/MW48.0847.940.29
低压缸/MW65.4866.261.16
循环泵/MW1.321.330.76
电厂净输出功/MW396.53393.470.77
电厂效率/%56.6556.210.77
), ArticleFig(id=1236390487582626674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Validation of the model of post-combustion carbon capture process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能模拟文献[24]误差/%
CO2捕集率/%89.690.00.45
热耗量/MW142.11382.88
每吨CO2再生能耗/GJ4.094.110.49
), ArticleFig(id=1236390487687484281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

燃烧后碳捕集模型验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能模拟文献[24]误差/%
CO2捕集率/%89.690.00.45
热耗量/MW142.11382.88
每吨CO2再生能耗/GJ4.094.110.49
), ArticleFig(id=1236390487830090623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Exergy balance of each carbon capture process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
常规碳捕集工艺新型碳捕集工艺
输入㶲进口烟气5.745.74
低压抽汽55.4239.69
补充溶液4.234.24
电能0.360.47
净㶲输入65.7550.14
输出㶲出口烟气9.439.43
再生塔出口气体1.421.42
再沸器冷凝水4.353.11
小汽轮机净功0.82
净㶲输出15.2014.78
㶲效率/%23.1229.48
), ArticleFig(id=1236390487934948229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2种碳捕集工艺的㶲平衡

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
常规碳捕集工艺新型碳捕集工艺
输入㶲进口烟气5.745.74
低压抽汽55.4239.69
补充溶液4.234.24
电能0.360.47
净㶲输入65.7550.14
输出㶲出口烟气9.439.43
再生塔出口气体1.421.42
再沸器冷凝水4.353.11
小汽轮机净功0.82
净㶲输出15.2014.78
㶲效率/%23.1229.48
), ArticleFig(id=1236390488056583049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Power consumption of each CO2 compression process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备常规CO2压缩工艺新型CO2压缩工艺
压缩机13 005.03 362.0
压缩机23 117.03 526.0
压缩机32 893.0
压缩机42 358.0
CO2563.3
总耗功11 373.07 451.3
), ArticleFig(id=1236390488174023564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

2种CO2压缩工艺的耗功量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备常规CO2压缩工艺新型CO2压缩工艺
压缩机13 005.03 362.0
压缩机23 117.03 526.0
压缩机32 893.0
压缩机42 358.0
CO2563.3
总耗功11 373.07 451.3
), ArticleFig(id=1236390488270492562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Exergy balance of each CO2 compression process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
常规CO2压缩工艺新型CO2压缩工艺
输入㶲/kW进口CO21 423.941 423.94
进口冷凝回流水13.16
压缩机13 005.003 362.00
压缩机23 117.003 527.00
压缩机32 893.00
压缩机42 358.00
CO2563.50
LNG13 936.83
净㶲输入12 796.9422 826.43
输出㶲/kW出口冷凝回流水784.41
液态CO27 957.807 709.95
天然气6 561.44
净㶲输出7 957.8015 055.80
㶲效率/%62.1965.96
), ArticleFig(id=1236390488383738774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

2种CO2压缩工艺的㶲平衡

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
常规CO2压缩工艺新型CO2压缩工艺
输入㶲/kW进口CO21 423.941 423.94
进口冷凝回流水13.16
压缩机13 005.003 362.00
压缩机23 117.003 527.00
压缩机32 893.00
压缩机42 358.00
CO2563.50
LNG13 936.83
净㶲输入12 796.9422 826.43
输出㶲/kW出口冷凝回流水784.41
液态CO27 957.807 709.95
天然气6 561.44
净㶲输出7 957.8015 055.80
㶲效率/%62.1965.96
), ArticleFig(id=1236390488484402075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Performance comparison between the novel and conventional carbon capture unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目常规碳捕集机组新型碳捕集机组
燃气轮机净输出功/MW254.34254.34
燃气轮机总输出功/MW507.45507.45
空气压缩机耗功/MW249.24249.24
蒸汽轮机净输出功/MW99.32111.51
高压缸输出功/MW29.9529.95
中压缸输出功/MW48.0848.08
低压缸输出功/MW22.6134.80
循环水泵耗功/MW1.321.32
抽蒸汽量/(kg·s–1)68.4048.95
碳捕集热耗/MW148.6119.3
碳捕集电耗/MW0.360.47
CO2压缩电耗/MW11.377.45
小汽轮机净输出功/MW0.82
电站净输出功/MW341.93358.75
电站净发电效率/%48.8551.25
效率惩罚/%13.779.53
), ArticleFig(id=1236390488614425500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345971089666346, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

新型碳捕集机组和常规碳捕集机组的性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目常规碳捕集机组新型碳捕集机组
燃气轮机净输出功/MW254.34254.34
燃气轮机总输出功/MW507.45507.45
空气压缩机耗功/MW249.24249.24
蒸汽轮机净输出功/MW99.32111.51
高压缸输出功/MW29.9529.95
中压缸输出功/MW48.0848.08
低压缸输出功/MW22.6134.80
循环水泵耗功/MW1.321.32
抽蒸汽量/(kg·s–1)68.4048.95
碳捕集热耗/MW148.6119.3
碳捕集电耗/MW0.360.47
CO2压缩电耗/MW11.377.45
小汽轮机净输出功/MW0.82
电站净输出功/MW341.93358.75
电站净发电效率/%48.8551.25
效率惩罚/%13.779.53
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基于余热回收和液化天然气冷能利用的NGCC电厂燃烧后碳捕集工艺优化
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雷霆 , 梁友才 , 朱雁 , 叶凯 , 凌珣杰 , 丁锦能 , 胡成贤
热力发电 | 系统集成、封存及政策经济分析 2025,54(6): 194-203
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热力发电 | 系统集成、封存及政策经济分析 2025, 54(6): 194-203
基于余热回收和液化天然气冷能利用的NGCC电厂燃烧后碳捕集工艺优化
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雷霆 , 梁友才 , 朱雁, 叶凯, 凌珣杰, 丁锦能, 胡成贤
作者信息
  • 华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510640
  • 雷霆(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为碳捕集系统能量集成,

通讯作者:

梁友才(1985),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为热力循环设计及优化,
Process optimization of post-combustion carbon capture for NGCC power plants based on waste heat recovery and liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization
Ting LEI , Youcai LIANG , Yan ZHU, Kai YE, Xunjie LING, Jinneng DING, Chengxian HU
Affiliations
  • School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411229
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燃烧后碳捕集工艺是实现低碳发电的兜底技术和必然选择,然而其整合至天然气联合循环电厂会大幅降低电厂发电效率。为了降低集成脱碳系统电厂的效率惩罚以及提高整体系统能源利用效率,提出一个综合回收系统余热和液化天然气冷能的新型燃烧后碳捕集流程。首先,对常规碳捕集工艺的关键操作参数包括再生塔压力和贫液载荷进行灵敏度分析得到最佳运行参数,在此基础上开展新型流程的设计及分析。新型流程利用小汽轮机回收低压抽汽的压力,能辅助贫液蒸气压缩并回收CO2压缩中间冷却热加热再生塔冷凝回流水,在90 kPa的闪蒸压降下每吨CO2最低再生能耗为3.35 GJ,降低了17.3%。此外,通过回收抽汽过热使低压抽蒸汽量从68.40 kg/s降低至48.95 kg/s。针对常规CO2压缩工艺能耗高和液化天然气气化过程中冷能浪费的问题,提出一种新型CO2两级压缩中间液化工艺,使压缩功降低了34.5%,并大幅减少冷却负荷和设备数量。㶲分析结果表明,新型碳捕集工艺和CO2压缩工艺的㶲效率分别从23.12%和62.19%升至29.48%和65.96%。模拟结果显示,整合新型碳捕集工艺的发电机组净输出功从341.93 MW增至358.75 MW,净发电效率从48.85%升至51.25%,效率惩罚从13.77%降至9.53%,节能效果十分显著。

天然气联合循环电厂  /  燃烧后碳捕集  /  工艺改进  /  效率惩罚  /  液化天然气冷能利用

Post-combustion carbon capture is the underpinning technology and necessary choice for low-carbon power generation, yet its integration into natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants will significantly reduce the plants’ power generation efficiency. In order to reduce the efficiency penalty of the power plants integrated with decarbonization system and improve the energy utilization efficiency of the integrated system, a novel post-combustion carbon capture process that comprehensively recovers the waste heat and liquefied natural gas cold energy is innovatively proposed. Firstly, the key operating parameters of the conventional carbon capture process, including stripper pressure and lean solvent loading, are optimized with sensitivity analysis. On this basis, design and evaluation of novel process is performed. In the novel process, a back-pressure turbine is utilized to recover the pressure energy of the extracted low-pressure steam and assist the lean vapor compression as well as recover the inter-cooling heat of CO2 compression to heat the reflux condensate of the stripper, which reduces the minimum regeneration energy consumption by 17.3% (to 3.35 GJ) at the flash pressure drop of 90 kPa. Furthermore, the extracted low-pressure steam is reduced from 68.40 kg/s to 48.95 kg/s by recovering the superheat of steam extraction. Aiming at solving the problems of high energy consumption of the conventional CO2 compression process and the waste of cold energy in the liquefied natural gas regasification process, a novel CO2 two-stage compression and intermediate liquefication process is proposed, reducing compression work by 34.5%, and the cooling load and the number of equipment were significantly decreased. Exergy analysis results show that the exergy efficiencies of the novel carbon capture process and CO2 compression process increase from 23.12% and 62.19% to 29.48% and 65.96%, respectively. The simulation results show that, the net power output of the plant integrated with the novel carbon capture process increases from 341.93 MW to 358.75 MW, resulting in a significant energy saving by increasing the net power output efficiency from 48.85% to 51.25% and decreasing the efficiency penalty from 13.77% to 9.53%.

natural gas combined cycle power plant  /  post-combustion carbon capture  /  process configuration modification  /  efficiency penalty  /  liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization
雷霆, 梁友才, 朱雁, 叶凯, 凌珣杰, 丁锦能, 胡成贤. 基于余热回收和液化天然气冷能利用的NGCC电厂燃烧后碳捕集工艺优化. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (6) : 194 -203 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411229
Ting LEI, Youcai LIANG, Yan ZHU, Kai YE, Xunjie LING, Jinneng DING, Chengxian HU. Process optimization of post-combustion carbon capture for NGCC power plants based on waste heat recovery and liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (6) : 194 -203 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411229
作为传统化石能源向清洁能源转换过程中的一种过渡能源,天然气具有燃烧效率高和温室气体排放量低等优点[1]。目前,天然气联合循环(natural gas combined cycle,NGCC)电厂占全球发电量的25%以上[2],净发电效率可达55%~60%[3],而且单位发电量产生的CO2仅为燃煤电厂的一半[4]。尽管NGCC电厂的碳排放量相对于燃煤电厂已经有所降低,但为了实现将本世纪末全球气温增幅控制在2 ℃以内的目标,仍需要采取有效的碳减排措施进一步减少碳排放量。碳捕集、利用和封存(carbon capture, utilization and storage,CCUS)技术是有效控制温室气体排放并确保电能持续供应的关键技术之一[5]
通常电厂中采取的CCUS技术主要包括燃烧前捕集、富氧燃烧捕集和燃烧后捕集。燃烧后捕集由于技术相对成熟,可在原有电厂基础上改造而得到广泛应用[6]。以醇胺溶液为代表的化学吸收法已经实现了商业化运行,然而其仍然存在再生能耗高、设备投资大等问题。为此许多学者在工艺流程改进和流程热集成方面展开了大量的研究,并取得一定进展。
有学者认为对于中国来说,开发新型碳捕集流程的收益更高[7]。目前常见的流程改进包括吸收塔中间冷却、富液分流和贫液蒸气压缩等。Li等人[8]通过采取吸收塔中间冷却、富液分流和再生塔中间加热方法对碳捕集流程进行改进,使由每吨CO2的再生能耗从3.6 GJ降低至3.1 GJ。Oh等人[9]使用超结构优化方法对吸收塔中间冷却、烟气分流、半贫液和多股溶剂进料的组合性能进行研究,结果表明烟气分流可以减少7.4%的能耗。郭李恒等[10]提出了2种基于蒸气压缩和富液分流的碳捕集工艺流程,结果表明最高可以降低21.6%的总能耗。陆诗建等[11]通过模拟计算得出最佳节能工艺组合为压缩式热泵、MVR热泵、分流解吸和级间冷却,节能率可达39.75%。李杨等[12]提出了一种集成富液分流、贫液闪蒸压缩和蒸汽过热度回收的碳捕集系统,降低了碳捕集机组的能耗并改善了热经济性。李青等[13]采用超临界CO2循环热泵对再沸器供热,降低了CO2减排成本。
一些研究者对化石燃料电厂和碳捕集流程耦合过程中不同温度的余热进行回收以降低电厂的效率损失。Hu等人[14]采用烟气再循环技术使烟气中CO2含量上升,结合再沸器冷凝水回收抽汽余热,再生塔出口蒸气压缩后进入再沸器供热,回收烟气显热用于驱动跨临界CO2循环使555 MW的NGCC电厂效率惩罚降低了2.63%。冯凌杰等[15]对燃气蒸汽联合循环和碳捕集耦合方案进行研究,结果表明小汽轮机加回热的热效率最高。Bao等人[16]提出两级冷凝朗肯循环回收NGCC电厂耦合碳捕集流程的余热和液化天然气(liquefied natural gas,LNG)冷能,使391 MW的NGCC电厂效率惩罚从11.4%降低至7.9%。Sultan等人[17]回收LNG气化过程中的冷能降低CO2压缩过程的耗功,使效率惩罚从6.1%降低至4.8%。戴宇泽等[18]使用双吸收式热泵将低温蒸汽升温后进入再沸器供热,结果表明在53.65%的碳捕集率下电厂效率相对于常规捕集方案提高了2.06%。
根据上述文献,大部分研究对碳捕集工艺的流程改进及其和电厂整合时产生的余热回收往往是分开进行的,两者并没有有机整合,没有充分发挥余热回收的优势,系统的效率损失仍然很大。此外,对于NGCC电厂,LNG冷能通常没有回收利用或者仅用于发电,这不仅带来了额外的设备投资,还增加了整体流程的复杂程度,对整体系统的稳定运行造成影响。填补这些研究空白可以提高能量利用效率和系统的操作稳定性。因此本文针对NGCC电厂和燃烧后碳捕集流程耦合时抽汽品位与再沸器不匹配造成有效能损失,以及LNG冷能浪费的问题,提出了一种基于余热回收和LNG冷能利用的新型碳捕集流程,优化碳捕集和压缩过程中的能流分布以减少溶剂再生所需的低压蒸汽量和压缩耗功,大幅降低碳捕集系统与电厂整合造成的效率惩罚和设备投资。
耦合传统碳捕集工艺的NGCC电厂流程如图1所示。LNG作为天然气的液态形式,在进入NGCC电厂燃烧前必须在LNG蒸发器中吸热气化为天然气,期间会释放约830 kJ/kg(230 (kW·h)/t)的冷能[19]。NGCC电厂主要由燃气轮机机组、蒸汽轮机机组和三压再热的余热锅炉组成。燃气轮机机组以布雷顿循环的形式发电,而蒸汽轮机机组以蒸汽朗肯循环的形式发电。空气和天然气参数见表1。天然气进入燃烧室和经过空压机压缩的空气混合燃烧,产生高温高压的燃气推动燃气轮机做功,并带动发电机产生电能。做功后燃气轮机出口的高温乏气进入余热锅炉加热来自凝汽器的给水。给水通过不同压力的给水泵压缩后依次进入省煤器、蒸发器和过热器,产生不同压力的蒸汽。高压过热蒸汽经过高压缸膨胀后和来自中压过热器的中压蒸汽混合进入再热器产生蒸汽推动中压缸做功。中压缸出口蒸汽和来自低压过热器的低压蒸汽混合,并分成两股:一股经过节流阀和减温器后变成130 ℃的饱和蒸汽进入再生塔底部的再沸器供热,其余蒸汽进入低压缸膨胀做功。再沸器出口的冷凝液经过减温器冷却至合适温度后返回蒸汽轮机机组的冷凝器完成循环。NGCC电厂的运行参数见表2[16]。传统化学吸收法碳捕集装置主要包括吸收塔和再生塔,其基本参数见表3
余热锅炉出口的烟气首先冷却至40 ℃后进入吸收塔,和吸收塔顶部的贫液逆流接触发生化学反应脱除CO2,净化后的烟气从吸收塔顶部排出。富液经过富液泵增压后进入贫富液换热器被来自再生塔底部的高温贫液加热,升温后进入再生塔进行CO2解吸。再生塔底部再沸器所需的热量由从蒸汽轮机机组中低压缸连接管处抽取的低压蒸汽提供。再生塔顶部出口的流股由CO2和水蒸汽组成,水蒸汽通过冷凝器冷凝后返回再生塔,高纯度的CO2经过四级压缩中间冷却增压至15 MPa后变成液态,通过管道运输至封存地点。再生塔底部贫液经过贫液泵和贫液冷却器冷却至40 ℃后返回吸收塔完成循环。
本文提出的新型碳捕集工艺如图2所示,主要改造总结如下。
1)使用小汽轮机回收抽汽节流损失辅助贫液蒸气压缩。贫液蒸气压缩基于“热泵效应”,其目的是通过闪蒸将再生塔底部高温贫液的潜热转化为气体的显热补充到再生塔中,减少再沸器的热负荷。然而压缩机的引入也导致了额外的电能损耗,影响工艺的节能效果。由于从电厂抽取的低压蒸汽压力高于再沸器需要的饱和蒸汽压力,因此通常使用减压阀来调节压力,这种方法虽然简单可行,但也造成了节流损失。为了实现抽汽能量的梯级利用,使用小汽轮机取代节流阀回收抽汽的压力能驱动贫液蒸气压缩工艺中的压缩机,剩余的作为电能输出。此外,由于膨胀后蒸汽的温度仍然高于再沸器的温度要求,这部分余热可以通过循环一部分再沸器冷凝水与过热蒸汽混合产生饱和蒸汽来回收。
2)利用LNG冷能降低CO2的液化压力,减少压缩级数和电能损耗。常规的CO2四级压缩工艺会消耗大量的电能,显著降低电厂的发电效率。如果能够将气态CO2转化为液体,再通过泵加压,将有效降低CO2压缩能耗。LNG使用前必须气化,利用其气化过程中释放的冷能液化CO2在理论上是可行的。从捕集装置中获得的气态CO2压力为0.2 MPa,为了防止CO2在降温过程中凝华,需要通过两级压缩将其增压至三相点压力以上。与LNG换热后液化的CO2温度在0 ℃以下,为了使液态CO2在管道运输中保持稳定单相流动,需要将其升温至30 ℃。因此使用一个多流股换热器取代中间冷却器整合气态CO2的中间冷却过程和液态CO2的加热过程,实现冷热流股的匹配。
3)常规CO2捕集流程中,再生塔塔顶出口流股中水蒸气通过冷凝器冷凝后回流至再生塔中以减少水损耗。此外,回流水在再生塔中需要被加热至再沸器温度以产生汽提蒸汽用于CO2解吸。为了减少该部分显热以及回收系统余热,本文采用多流股换热器回收CO2压缩的中间冷却热加热回流水,将其加热至再沸器温度后从再生塔底部通入系统。
NGCC电厂的净输出功由燃气轮机装置和蒸汽轮机装置的净输出功两部分组成,如式(1)所示:
WNGCC,net=WGT,net+WST,net
式中:WGT,net为燃气轮机装置的净输出功,等于燃气轮机总输出功与空压机耗功的差,MW;WST,net为蒸汽轮机装置的净输出功,等于蒸汽轮机总输出功减去循环泵耗功,MW。
整合碳捕集工艺后,电厂的净输出功为:
WNGCC+CCS,net=WNGCC+CCSWcapture&compress
式中:WNGCC+CCS为抽取一部分低压蒸汽用于吸收剂再生后电厂的净输出功,MW;Wcapture&compress 为贫、富液泵和多级压缩机耗功,MW。
电厂净发电效率表示电厂净输出功与进入电厂的天然气质量流量及低位热值的乘积的比值。效率惩罚(efficiency penalty)ηEP表示由于碳捕集装置的增加而造成的电厂净发电效率损失的比例[20],如式(3)所示:
ηEP=ηnet,NGCCηnet,NGCC+CCSηnet,NGCC
式中:ηnet,NGCC为没有整合碳捕集流程的NGCC电厂净发电效率,%;ηnet,NGCC+CCS为整合碳捕集流程的NGCC电厂净发电效率,%。
㶲表示系统所能做出的最大有用功,㶲分析揭示了能源转换系统中不可逆损失的位置和原因,并指明了系统性能改进的方向[21]。㶲包括物理㶲和化学㶲,如式(4)所示:
e=eph+ech
比物理㶲eph可以通过式(5)计算:
eph=hh0T0(ss0)
式中:hs分别为特定状态点的比焓(kJ/kg)和比熵(kJ/(kg·K));h0s0分别为参考状态(25 ℃,101.3 kPa)下流股的比焓和比熵。
比化学㶲可以通过式(6)[22]计算:
ech=i=1kxiech,i+RT0i=1kxilnxi
式中:xi为第i个组分的摩尔分数;ech,i为第i个组分的标准摩尔化学㶲,kJ/kmol;R为气体摩尔常数,其值为8.314 J/(mol·K)。本文使用的MEA的标准摩尔化学㶲为1 975 173 kJ/kmol[23]
系统的㶲平衡如式(7)—式(9)所示:
Ex,in,Net=Ex,in+Win
Ex,out,Net=Ex,out+Wout
Ex,out,Net=Ex,in,NetI
式中:Ex,in,Net为净㶲输入;Ex,in为㶲输入;Win为输入功,kW;Ex,out,Net为净㶲输出;Ex,out为㶲输出;Wout为输出功,kW;I为㶲损,kW。
系统的㶲效率ηex可以通过式(10)计算:
ηex=Ex,out,NetEx,in,Net
本文使用Aspen HYSYS软件模拟NGCC电厂和碳捕集流程,Peng-Robinson状态方程用于燃气轮机单元和CO2压缩流程中物流物性的计算,蒸汽轮机单元则使用ASME蒸汽物性包。NGCC电厂的模拟结果通过与文献[16]的数据进行对比,结果如表4所示。结果显示燃气轮机和蒸汽轮机的仿真结果与文献数据匹配较好,误差分别为0.27%和1.63%。此外,利用NGCC电厂模型数据计算得出的净输出功和净发电效率分别为396.53 MW和56.65%,误差为0.77%,模型的准确性得到了验证。
CO2捕集流程建模参数取自文献[24]。CO2捕集率和单位捕集能耗是碳捕集流程的2个关键参数,分别代表吸收过程和再生过程的性能,因此将计算结果与文献[24]数据对比并汇总在表5。结果表明CO2捕集率和单位捕集能耗的误差分别为0.45%和0.49%,表明所建立的模型可以准确反映CO2捕集系统的性能。因此,本文建立的NGCC电厂和CO2捕集模型可以用于进一步的研究。
在不同的运行条件下,碳捕集流程的能耗也会有很大的差异。因此,本文选择2个关键操作参数如再生塔压力和贫液载荷进行灵敏度分析以得到最优运行参数。
图3为再生塔压力对反应热、显热、无用热和总单位再生能耗的影响,图4为再生塔压力对总单位再生能耗和再沸器温度的影响,再生塔压力的变化范围为150~210 kPa。从图3中可以看出,随着再生塔压力的上升,每吨CO2再生能耗从4.44 GJ降低至4.12 GJ。这主要是因为再生塔压力越高,塔顶气相中CO2和水的分压比增加,因此用于使水蒸发的无用热也随之降低[25]。然而随着再生塔压力的增大,再沸器的温度也会升高,如图4所示。因此再沸器温度与进入再生塔的富液温度之差也随之增大,这导致了溶剂再生过程中显热的增大。由于CO2的解吸热只与吸收剂的种类有关,因此反应热保持不变。由于无用热的下降幅度大于显热的上升幅度,因此每吨CO2再生能耗随着再生塔压力的上升而降低。然而再生塔压力并不是越高越好,由于MEA在温度高于120 ℃时会发生严重的降解,因此再沸器温度必须限制在120 ℃以下。综上,最佳再生塔压力选择为200 kPa。
贫液载荷表示富液解吸的程度,贫液载荷越小表明富液解吸得越彻底,图5为贫液载荷对吸收剂流量和单位再生能耗的影响,图6为贫液载荷对再沸器温度的影响。从图5中可以看出,随着贫液负荷的增大,再生能耗呈现先降低后增大的趋势。这主要是因为贫液载荷越小,其吸收CO2的推动力越大,因此在相同的CO2捕集率下所需的吸收剂流量就越少,然而相应的再沸器负荷就越大。当贫液载荷每摩尔MEA小于0.2 mol CO2时,吸收剂流量减小的影响大于再沸器负荷增大的影响,因此再生能耗随着贫液载荷增大而降低。当贫液载荷每摩尔MEA大于0.2 mol CO2时,吸收剂流量增大影响大于再沸器负荷减小的影响,因此再生能耗逐渐上升。在贫液载荷每摩尔MEA为0.2 mol CO2时,再生能耗每吨CO2取得最小值3.75 GJ。然而贫液载荷不能过小,如图6所示,再沸器温度随着贫液载荷减小而逐渐增大,为使再沸器温度低于120 ℃,最佳贫液载荷设置为每摩尔MEA 0.245 mol CO2,对应的每吨CO2最小再生能耗为4.17 GJ。
模拟结果表明,优化后的碳捕集流程溶剂再生需要从电厂中抽取68.40 kg/s的低压蒸汽,使低压缸净输出功从65.48 MW降低至22.61 MW,电厂的净发电效率从56.65%降低至48.85%,效率惩罚为13.77%。
本文提出的新型碳捕集流程包括压缩机消耗的电能和再沸器中低压蒸汽冷凝释放的热能2种不同类型的能量消耗。为了在统一基准下进行比较,需要把热能转换成当量功,即再沸器中抽汽所能通过原发电系统膨胀向外输出的功量。小汽轮机的总输出功首先用于驱动贫液蒸气压缩工艺中的压缩机,剩余的作为电能输出抵消一部分碳捕集系统消耗的当量功。
热贫液的闪蒸压力是贫液蒸气压缩工艺的关键参数,可以通过控制减压阀的压降调节。由于吸收塔压力和再生塔压力分别为110 kPa和200 kPa,因此闪蒸压降调节范围为0~90 kPa,间隔取10 kPa。首先,研究闪蒸压降对再生能耗、小汽轮机总输出功和压缩机耗功的影响,图7为闪蒸压降对单位再生能耗和功的影响。从图7中可以看出,随着闪蒸压降的增大,单位再生能耗逐渐降低,小汽轮机总输出功减少,压缩机耗功增大。这是因为压降越大,闪蒸罐中闪蒸出的贫液蒸气越多,补充到再生塔的高温蒸气随之增加,因此再生能耗降低。随着再生能耗降低,溶剂再生所需的低压抽汽量减少,小汽轮机总输出功下降。此外,闪蒸压降越大,闪蒸出的贫液蒸气越多且压力越低,因此压缩机的耗功显著增加,从0.02 MW上升至3.20 MW。
由于闪蒸压降增大会导致再生能耗减小和压缩机耗功增加,因此需要研究系统净耗功随闪蒸压降的变化规律。图8为闪蒸压降对抽汽当量功和系统净耗功的影响,可以看到随着闪蒸压降的增大,抽汽当量功和小汽轮机净功呈现减小的趋势。这是因为随着再生能耗的降低,低压抽汽量减少,因此抽汽当量功减小。由于小汽轮机总输出功减小而压缩机耗功增大,小汽轮机净功也逐渐减小。此外,抽汽当量功相较于小汽轮机净功减小的幅度更大,因此系统总耗功逐渐减小,在闪蒸压降90 kPa时取得最小值33.6 MW,相应的再生能耗为每吨CO2 3.345 GJ。计算结果表明,相较于常规碳捕集工艺,新型流程的低压蒸汽量从68.40 kg/s降至48.95 kg/s,减少了28.4%。
为了进一步探讨新型碳捕集工艺节能原因,对常规碳捕集工艺和新型碳捕集工艺进行㶲平衡分析,2种碳捕集工艺的㶲平衡结果见表6。由于小汽轮机辅助贫液蒸气压缩工艺和抽汽过热的回收,新型工艺低压抽蒸汽量从68.40 kg/s减至48.95 kg/s,低压抽汽输入㶲相较于常规碳捕集工艺从55.42 kW降低至39.69 kW。此外由于增设小汽轮机带来的净功输出增加了一部分系统的净㶲输出,因此㶲效率从23.12%升高至29.48%。
本文提出的新型CO2压缩流程通过回收LNG气化过程中释放的冷能降低CO2的液化压力,使其在中间压力下液化,然后用泵将其增压至15 MPa。不同工艺的设备耗功量对比见表7,CO2两级压缩中间液化的设备总耗功为7.45 MW,比常规CO2压缩工艺降低了34.5%。2种流程的㶲分析结果见表8,由于LNG的冷㶲输入,新型CO2压缩流程中的净㶲输入增加。此外,CO2两级压缩的中间冷却热通过多流股换热器回收用于加热再生塔顶的冷凝回流水,其输出㶲为784.41 kW,结果表明㶲效率从62.19%上升至65.96%。多流股换热器内部流股的冷、热组合曲线如图9所示,CO2两级压缩中间冷却热负荷为9 161.89 kW,其中35.75%用于将液态CO2从-9.58 ℃加热至30.00 ℃,45.63%用于将再生塔冷凝回流水从40.00 ℃加热至120.00 ℃,剩余的热量被冷却水带走。
图10展示了新型CO2压缩工艺中不同设备的㶲损失及其占比。由图10可见,CO2冷凝器的㶲损失最大,为5 532.9 kW,占总设备㶲损失的73.21%。这是由于CO2冷凝器中冷热流股之间的大换热温差,CO2和LNG的温度分别为30 ℃和-162 ℃,因此换热过程中会造成较大的不可逆损失。而多流股换热器的㶲损失为785.4 kW,占比为10.39%。
常规碳捕集机组和新型碳捕集机组的性能对比见表9。由表9可见,相同的90%的CO2捕集率下,新型机组的单位再生能耗从每吨CO2 4.17 GJ降低至3.45 GJ,降低了17.3%。此外,小汽轮机额外增加了0.82 MW的净输出功。由于抽汽过热和CO2压缩中间冷却热回收,低压抽汽量从68.40 kg/s降低至48.95 kg/s,低压缸的净输出功从22.61 MW增至34.80 MW。整合LNG冷能回收的CO2压缩级数从4级降至2级,压缩功从11.37 MW降至7.45 MW,中间冷却负荷从79.16 GJ/h降低至6.14 GJ/h。新型机组的净输出功为358.75 MW,相较于常规碳捕集机组增加了16.82 MW,净发电效率从48.85 %上升至51.25%,效率惩罚从13.77%降低至9.53%。
为进一步突出本文提出的新型工艺的优越性,将其与其他学者研究结果[3-4,14]中获得的耦合燃烧后碳捕集技术的NGCC电厂效率惩罚进行对比,结果显示本文效率惩罚低于文献10.75%~14.08%的范围,表明该技术具有显著的节能效果。
本文提出了一种用于NGCC电厂的新型燃烧后碳捕集工艺流程,通过小汽轮机回收低压抽汽的压力能驱动贫液蒸气压缩工艺的压缩机,实现了能量梯级利用和热电联产;此外利用CO2压缩中间冷却热加热再生塔冷凝回流水,使再生能耗降低了17.3%。在此基础上,通过回收抽汽过热使低压抽汽量从68.40 kg/s降至48.95 kg/s,减少了28.4%。针对CO2多级压缩能耗高和LNG气化过程中冷能浪费的问题,使用多流股换热器回收LNG冷能降低CO2的液化压力,使压缩功降低了34.5%,冷却负荷从79.16 GJ/h降低至6.14 GJ/h,在节省公用工程需求量同时大幅降低设备的投资成本和占地面积。
研究结果表明,新型碳捕集机组的净输出功从341.93 MW增至358.75 MW,使得净发电效率从48.85%上升至51.25%,效率惩罚从13.77%降低至9.53%,热经济性得到了有效的改善。本文提出的新型工艺为解决碳捕集工艺再生能耗高,耦合电厂效率损失大等痛点问题提供了一种有效思路,期望为促进NGCC电厂的节能减排和加速实现“双碳”目标做出贡献。
  • 广东省高水平人才项目(2021QN02L165)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2024ZYGXZR019)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411229
  • 接收时间:2024-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-07
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Guangdong High-level Talent Project(2021QN02L165)
广东省高水平人才项目(2021QN02L165)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2024ZYGXZR019)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2024ZYGXZR019)
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    华南理工大学电力学院,广东 广州 510640

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梁友才(1985),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为热力循环设计及优化,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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