Article(id=1236345968979931323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202501005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736352000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772697449201, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772697449201, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772697449201, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697449201, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236345965947449499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772697448479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697609456, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236346641175859638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236346641175859639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=168, endPage=177, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236345969319669965, articleId=1236345968979931323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Progress of research on heat integration of coal-fired power plants with carbon dioxide capture, columnId=1236345969239978183, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=System integration, sequestration and policy- economic analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chemical absorption using amine solution takes the dominant position for post combustion CO2 capture of coal-fired power plants, the regeneration of amine is thermally driven, consuming large amount of steam extracted from turbine units, which results in severe power generation efficiency penalty and higher power generation cost. This limitation restricts its large-scale application in terms of both single-unit capacity and project quantity. Optimizing the heat application method in the system is an important approach to address the aforementioned issues. Focusing on the thermal energy integration utilization between the carbon capture subsystem and the power plant system, discussions and investigations are performed from the perspectives of thermal integration optimization theory and engineering energy system optimization. In terms of thermal integration optimization theory, the principles, usage methods, application results and the limitations of the exergy analysis and the pinch point analysis method in coal-fired carbon capture systems are discussed, and the suggested research interests are proposed. In the aspect of engineering energy system optimization, the beneficial effects of steam extraction parameters optimization, superheated steam utilization methods, condensate waste heat utilization methods, carbon capture and compression waste heat utilization methods, and various auxiliary machine application methods are analyzed, as well as the feasibility and economic problem of the mentioned methods during implementations. The research can provide references and ideas for further reducing system energy consumption of carbon capture of coal-fired power plants.

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有机胺化学吸收法是目前应用于燃煤电厂最主要的碳捕集技术。有机胺再生过程由热驱动,需消耗大量取自汽轮机组的蒸汽,导致燃煤电厂发电效率下降,发电成本大幅升高,限制了碳捕集技术在单机容量和配置数量2个层面的规模化应用。优化系统能量热集成利用是改善上述问题的重要途径。以碳捕集子系统和电厂系统间的热能集成利用方式为主要目标,从热集成优化理论和工程能量系统优化两方面出发进行讨论与分析。在热集成优化理论方面,分别阐述了㶲分析法和夹点分析法的原理、使用方法,和在煤电碳捕集系统应用的成果以及局限性,提出了建议研究方向;在工程能量系统优化方面,分析了蒸汽抽汽参数优化、蒸汽过热度利用方式、凝结水余热利用方式、碳捕集与压缩余热利用方式和多种辅机应用方式的有益效果,讨论了相关方案在工程实施中可能面临的可行性和经济性问题。文中对相关内容的讨论可为进一步降低系统能耗提供参考与思路。

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王润宇(1991),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为煤电碳捕集技术,

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燃煤电厂二氧化碳捕集系统热集成研究进展
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王润宇 1 , 赵兴春 1 , 马欣强 1 , 黄艳 2 , 杨亚利 2 , 赵晓辉 1
热力发电 | 系统集成、封存及政策经济分析 2025,54(6): 168-177
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热力发电 | 系统集成、封存及政策经济分析 2025, 54(6): 168-177
燃煤电厂二氧化碳捕集系统热集成研究进展
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王润宇1 , 赵兴春1, 马欣强1, 黄艳2, 杨亚利2, 赵晓辉1
作者信息
  • 1.中国电力工程顾问集团西北电力设计院有限公司,陕西 西安 710075
  • 2.国能锦界能源有限责任公司,陕西 榆林 719319
  • 王润宇(1991),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为煤电碳捕集技术,

Progress of research on heat integration of coal-fired power plants with carbon dioxide capture
Runyu WANG1 , Xingchun ZHAO1, Xinqiang MA1, Yan HUANG2, Yali YANG2, Xiaohui ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Northwest Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd. of China Power Engineering Consulting Group, Xi’an 710075, China
  • 2.Guoneng Jinjie Energy Co., Ltd., Yulin 719319, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501005
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有机胺化学吸收法是目前应用于燃煤电厂最主要的碳捕集技术。有机胺再生过程由热驱动,需消耗大量取自汽轮机组的蒸汽,导致燃煤电厂发电效率下降,发电成本大幅升高,限制了碳捕集技术在单机容量和配置数量2个层面的规模化应用。优化系统能量热集成利用是改善上述问题的重要途径。以碳捕集子系统和电厂系统间的热能集成利用方式为主要目标,从热集成优化理论和工程能量系统优化两方面出发进行讨论与分析。在热集成优化理论方面,分别阐述了㶲分析法和夹点分析法的原理、使用方法,和在煤电碳捕集系统应用的成果以及局限性,提出了建议研究方向;在工程能量系统优化方面,分析了蒸汽抽汽参数优化、蒸汽过热度利用方式、凝结水余热利用方式、碳捕集与压缩余热利用方式和多种辅机应用方式的有益效果,讨论了相关方案在工程实施中可能面临的可行性和经济性问题。文中对相关内容的讨论可为进一步降低系统能耗提供参考与思路。

二氧化碳捕集  /  系统热集成  /  能量优化

Chemical absorption using amine solution takes the dominant position for post combustion CO2 capture of coal-fired power plants, the regeneration of amine is thermally driven, consuming large amount of steam extracted from turbine units, which results in severe power generation efficiency penalty and higher power generation cost. This limitation restricts its large-scale application in terms of both single-unit capacity and project quantity. Optimizing the heat application method in the system is an important approach to address the aforementioned issues. Focusing on the thermal energy integration utilization between the carbon capture subsystem and the power plant system, discussions and investigations are performed from the perspectives of thermal integration optimization theory and engineering energy system optimization. In terms of thermal integration optimization theory, the principles, usage methods, application results and the limitations of the exergy analysis and the pinch point analysis method in coal-fired carbon capture systems are discussed, and the suggested research interests are proposed. In the aspect of engineering energy system optimization, the beneficial effects of steam extraction parameters optimization, superheated steam utilization methods, condensate waste heat utilization methods, carbon capture and compression waste heat utilization methods, and various auxiliary machine application methods are analyzed, as well as the feasibility and economic problem of the mentioned methods during implementations. The research can provide references and ideas for further reducing system energy consumption of carbon capture of coal-fired power plants.

carbon dioxide capture  /  system heat integration  /  energy optimization
王润宇, 赵兴春, 马欣强, 黄艳, 杨亚利, 赵晓辉. 燃煤电厂二氧化碳捕集系统热集成研究进展. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (6) : 168 -177 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501005
Runyu WANG, Xingchun ZHAO, Xinqiang MA, Yan HUANG, Yali YANG, Xiaohui ZHAO. Progress of research on heat integration of coal-fired power plants with carbon dioxide capture[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (6) : 168 -177 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501005
二氧化碳减排关系到政治、能源、经济等多方面社会议题。包括中国在内的世界主要经济体都提出了实现碳中和的时间表,全球已经有130个国家提出“零碳”或“碳中和”目标,覆盖全球85%的人口,92%的GDP和88%的碳排放。2023年,中国能源产业二氧化碳排放量接近110亿吨[1],其中燃煤发电为主要来源。电力行业碳减排任重道远,碳捕集、利用与封存(carbon capture, utilization and storage,CCUS)是实现化石能源近零排放的重要技术选择。煤电和生物能源CCUS有望在深度减排中发挥重大作用,可累计贡献减排量的25%~39%[2]
燃煤电厂的碳捕集方法包括燃烧前捕集、富氧燃烧和燃烧后捕集。燃烧前捕集指通过气化和重整等步骤将化石燃料中的碳转化为浓度较高的CO2,然后通过分离技术将CO2进一步分离,如煤气化联合循环(integrated gasification combined cycle,IGCC);富氧燃烧指用氧气取代或部分取代空气作为助燃剂,由于燃烧过程N2参与量减少,燃烧后混合气体的CO2浓度升高,更易实现CO2的富集[3];燃烧后捕集指利用化学吸收法、物理吸附法或膜分离等方法从燃烧后的烟气中分离CO2[4]。其中,基于化学吸收法的燃烧后碳捕集技术是目前应用最广,也是对现有电厂进行减碳改造的最佳方式[5]
化学吸收剂再生循环利用过程需要消耗大量热量,该部分热量一般从电厂汽轮机级间抽取蒸汽提供。然而,抽汽将使进入下一级汽轮机的蒸汽量减少,降低汽轮机发电能力,导致发电效率和经济性大幅下降。以一台超临界600 MW机组为参考,配置碳捕集系统后,在相同运营条件下机组年发电总费用增幅为64.7%,发电成本增幅为65.6%[6]。因此,通过热集成减少抽汽对机组运行成本的影响对该技术的推广至关重要。
对此,本文首先介绍了化学吸收法碳捕集技术的研究现状及系统热集成优化的意义,然后分析了2种用于碳捕集系统优化的理论方法及应用效果,最后详细讨论了具体的碳捕集热集成和优化方法,包括蒸汽及凝结水的工艺方案、碳捕集系统的余热利用方案和辅机的作用等。
化学吸收法利用CO2与吸收剂化学反应平衡随温度的变化规律,通过低温吸收、高温释放的循环实现CO2从烟气的脱除。吸收剂主要包括氨水、KOH/K2CO3溶液、有机胺溶液和离子液体等[7]。目前以MEA、MDEA、TEA、PZ等有机胺的应用为主。在现有工程应用中,碳捕集系统以独立单元形式存在于热电厂,通过烟气管道/脱碳后烟气管道和蒸汽抽汽管道/凝结水管道2套回路与电厂系统连接。应用于电厂的碳捕集系统基础流程如图1所示。烟气经过预洗塔降温除杂后进入吸收塔,吸收剂在吸收塔内吸收烟气中CO2后形成富液,富液经贫富液换热器回收贫液的余热后进入再生塔受热分解出高纯CO2,再生塔的热量由再沸器提供,脱除CO2的贫液经热回收和冷却后进入吸收塔循环利用。
开发高效吸收剂和开展碳捕集系统内部能量优化是被广泛关注的降低碳捕集再生热耗和电厂效率折损的2种途径[8]。高效吸收剂可采用复配的混合胺吸收剂,混合胺兼顾了伯仲胺的高反应速率以及叔胺的高捕集容量和低反应热的优势,如MEA/MDEA和PZ/MDEA等[9];两相吸收剂[10]因其可降低进入再生塔的吸收剂流量也是当前研究应用的热点。碳捕集工艺的有效优化手段包括吸收塔内部冷却、富液分流和闪蒸压缩等[11]。经过长时间研究,目前基于混合胺溶液的二氧化碳捕集再生热耗已从MEA吸收剂基础流程的3.6 GJ/t(以单位质量CO2计,下同)[12]降至2.4 GJ/t以下[13]。Zhao等人[14]采用PZ/MDEA混合胺吸收剂和碳捕集优化工艺流程,将再沸器热负荷由采用MEA优化流程的3.1 GJ/t[15]降至2.24 GJ/t,使得电厂净效率由29.27%提升至31.32%。然而,许朋江等[16]通过计算烟气组成分离前后的系统熵,计算了二氧化碳捕集的理论极限能耗,实现100%二氧化碳的分离至少将使厂用电率增加4.22百分点。
根据Sgouridis等人[17]的计算,当前配置碳捕集热电厂的能量回报率比配置储能的可再生能源项目低50%左右;魏宁等[18]的计算则表明,满足50%碳捕集率、具备250 km内CCUS全流程源汇匹配条件的燃煤电厂在达到50美元/t及以下平准化净减排成本时,煤电碳捕集与风电相比具有成本竞争优势。由于碳捕集过程能耗每减少1%,成本就可对应降低0.7%~1.0%[19],开展CCUS技术研究与应用,实现技术迭代,是保障煤电碳捕集技术经济性在2030年仍保持与新能源发电技术竞争的必要条件[20],在通过新型吸收剂开发和化学工艺优化进一步降低系统热耗程度有限的情况下,进行全厂系统能量耦合优化,减少碳捕集对系统效率的影响十分必要。
配有碳捕集的燃煤电厂由热力发电主系统、碳捕集子系统和CO2压缩干燥子系统组成。将碳捕集子系统与电厂热力系统进行深度耦合,强化整体热集成,可进一步降低碳捕集成本。类似跨系统的热集成研究还见于碳捕集子系统与CO2压缩子系统间的集成,碳捕集系统与注井驱油工艺间的集成,多个系统间的集成,增加辅机系统的热集成等。
通过理论研究对配置碳捕集电厂的用能情况进行分析,可以揭示系统能量损失情况,指导系统改造与优化工作。
㶲指系统在给定环境条件下能够做的最大有用功,它不仅考虑能量的数量,还关注能量的品质,可以反映能量的可用性。其计算公式为:
EX=(HH0)T0(SS0)
式中:HS分别是系统的焓和熵;H0S0分别是系统在环境条件下的焓和熵;T0是环境温度。
㶲效率是系统中有用㶲输出与输入㶲的比值。Xie等人[21]对碳捕集系统进行了㶲分析,结果表明,再生塔的㶲损失最大,占37.14%,其后依次为冷却器(13.81%)、吸收塔(6.87%)和换热器(3.59%)等。Julio等人[22]得到了相同的结论,并提出通过升高再生塔温度降低再生塔㶲损失的方法,其原理是,升温后,再生塔内压力和水分压升高,气液平衡增加了对CO2的选择性,提高了效率。Feyzi等人[23]的研究结果与前两者不同,碳捕集系统各部分㶲损失的大小顺序为:再生气气液闪蒸罐(31.50%)、吸收塔(26.90%)、再生塔(25.00%)、贫富液换热器(16.50%)和泵(0.14%)。导致差异的原因可能是吸收剂的不同,前两项工作采用的碳捕集流程均基于MEA,而后者是对PZ活化的MDEA碳捕集吸收流程进行㶲分析。Olaleye等人[19,24]对配置碳捕集的550 MW非再热机组进行了全流程的㶲分析,结果表明,引入碳捕集优化工艺(吸收塔级间冷却、贫富液分流、再生塔级间加热和贫液闪蒸压缩等)可有效降低系统㶲损失。Ali等人[25]通过理论分析了一种加压吸收的碳捕集子系统的用能情况,并根据烟气压缩㶲损较大的情况引入能量回收装置,提高了系统效率。㶲分析法不但能评价系统能量的利用程度,还能准确揭示过程有效能的损失情况,指导系统优化的改进方向。
由Linnhoff等人[26]提出的夹点分析法是一种成熟的基于热力学原理的换热网络优化方法。根据系统各物流的起始温度和热容流率,建立如图2所示的平衡组合曲线和总组合曲线,可以得到系统所需的最小冷热用量等换热网络信息。在平衡组合曲线(图2a))中,上方为热流体,下方为冷流体,各折线段代表了在相应温区内的热量变化情况。总组合曲线(图2b))叠加了冷热流股组成,正斜率部分表示冷流股为主导,负斜率部分则表示热流股为主导,图中阴影部分表示工艺系统中已存在的热回收。通过匹配冷热流股参数优化换热器设置方式,可以减少工艺系统对外部能源的需求。该方法对化工、钢铁、电厂及利用富氧燃烧技术进行碳捕集的电厂的能量效率提升作用显著[27],但是将碳捕集考虑至换热系统内部的优化研究也十分有限[28-29]
Halilpour和Abbas[30]建立了包含锅炉系统、汽轮机组、CO2压缩机组和以MEA为有效组分的碳捕集系统的300 MW全流程模型,并通过夹点分析法分析了全厂能量回收利用的方式,得到了2种提高系统效率的方式(利用155.2 ℃的烟气为再沸器部分供热,和利用CO2压缩机组110 ℃左右的余热加热锅炉给水);经过优化,净发电量增加了10.0 MW。Harkin等人[31]通过夹点分析提出利用余热干燥燃煤的方法提高系统效率,并研究了最小换热温差对系统效率的影响。Leng等人[32]对配置基础流程碳捕集的燃煤电厂进行了换热系统分析,但受换热阈值的影响,优化方式仅有利用烟气加热再沸器一种,通过优化,低压蒸汽的抽取量由35.2%降至24.6%。刘中良等[33]基于夹点分析提出了3种烟气余热利用方案:1)加热吸收剂补液;2)依次加热富液和吸收剂补液;3)利用循环水间接加热富液。烟气余热利用[34]是夹点分析优化换热系统最主要的结论,但烟气余热利用过程产生的疏水及腐蚀性问题,换热器体积、选材与成本,大流量烟气输送管道工程可行性方案等问题值得进一步研究。
张克舫等[35-37]结合夹点原理考察了夹点处、夹点之上和夹点之下应用热机、热泵和制冷机的降耗效果,结果表明,系统最大节能潜力为19.0%,优化后节能率为17.8%。利用夹点分析优化系统时还应特别注意经济性,例如,当系统换热温差减小时,能量回收率必然提高,但不可避免地造成换热器面积和投资成本的增加。在Hanak的研究中,当换热温差由10 ℃降低至5 ℃时,系统能效仅增加了0.02%,与之伴随的是总成本增加了3.2%[38]
目前,在化学吸收法碳捕集领域应用夹点分析进行全厂换热系统优化的研究仅基于基本捕集流程,并不涉及级间冷却、富液分流等工艺优化,这也是限制研究成果的原因之一,通过对采用优化工艺的电厂进行夹点分析,有望得到合理可行的优化方式。借助夹点分析得到的组合曲线也可在一定程度上指导工艺参数的选定,如通过调整塔压改变再沸器温度,进而克服跨夹点换热,减少冷热公用工程用量[39]。在碳捕集技术中,可通过选用抗热降解性强的吸收剂(如PZ的使用温度可达160 ℃[40])增大再生塔操作压力的变化范围,扩大再生塔进出口物流的温度变化范围,为系统提供弹性并拓展余热利用的空间。
夹点分析法的应用主要局限于碳捕集工艺系统内部,未见将煤电复杂热力系统纳入分析的报道,建立更详细的模型是实现更优的系统能量梯级利用方法的前提。
电厂配置碳捕集后的净效率汇总如图3所示。当电厂配置碳捕集系统时,从汽轮机组中压缸排汽抽出部分蒸汽用于吸收剂再生将导致发电效率下降7.4~12.4百分点。发电机出力660 MW的无碳捕集电厂在扣除厂用电后的净出力为629 MW,配置全容量碳捕集(指烟气全部进入碳捕集装置,碳捕集率为90%)后的净出力仅有552 MW[41]。通过抽汽参数和碳捕集工艺参数的适配选择可减少能量损失,例如,再生塔压力是影响再生热耗的关键因素,随着再生塔压力的升高,再生热耗降低,但将工艺与电厂耦合时,更高的再沸器温度需要抽取更高温度的蒸汽,因此反而会导致系统效率的降低,发电效率最高点为200 kPa的再生塔压力(不考虑吸收剂的热降解)[42]
选择安全、稳定、合理、可行的再沸器供热方案是保障碳捕集系统运行的前提;探索合理的蒸汽抽取方法、利用方式和回流途径也是进一步提高配置碳捕集系统电厂的效率的研究方向。
汽轮机抽汽位置是影响系统效率的最主要因素。Romeo等人[43]对比了碳捕集率为65%时,不同抽汽方式对一台净效率为36.93%(LHV)、发电量为362.98 MW的机组的影响程度。从第一级低压缸出口抽取280 kPa、208.5 ℃蒸汽,减温为饱和蒸汽后供热,系统发电量降至290.57 MW;第2种方式从中压缸排汽抽取730 kPa的蒸汽,经背压机做功膨胀至300 kPa后供热,发电量为284.65 MW。显然,抽汽压力越低,系统发电效率越高[44]。但在实际运行中,通过固定抽汽口抽取的蒸汽压力会随系统的变负荷运行而改变,因此,应当充分考虑余量,在较高压力处设置抽汽口。对于已建成机组,难以通过低压缸大量抽汽,可通过中压缸排汽和低压缸抽汽混合供热的方案[35],在克服低压缸抽汽量不足问题的同时,减少中压缸抽汽量,提高系统效率。
当捕集系统匹配全机组烟气量时,中压缸排汽的大部分将用于再沸器,使得进入低压缸的蒸汽最多减少2/3[51]。Lucquiaud和Gibbins[45,52]研究了利用中压缸排汽的3种连接方式:1)离合式低压缸,通过低压缸支管阀门控制使蒸汽仅进入其中的某一路或某几路低压缸做功,富余蒸汽用于给再沸器供热(图4a));2)节流式低压缸,在低压缸入口设置节流阀,当需要抽汽为碳捕集提供热量时,通过节流阀调整联络管压力保证系统的稳定性(图4b));3)根据碳捕集蒸汽要求,配置适当压力的中低压缸联络管和中低压缸(图4c))。其中,方案1仅适用于蒸汽流量需求是进入某一列低压缸蒸汽的整数倍,且需要考虑平衡轴向推力等问题;方案2在碳捕集溶液再生蒸汽条件发生变化需要调节时,范围最低,操作方便,但系统总热经济性较差;方案3调整中低压缸联络管压力的方式在提高系统效率方面具有显著优势,在一台亚临界550 MW机组上采用再生热耗为3.21 GJ/t的碳捕集工艺,当联络管压力由930 kPa降至510 kPa时,发电效率由节流式的27.9%增至29.2%[46](作为参照,再生热耗为3.57 GJ/t时节流式低压缸的系统效率为26.5%),然而这种方式会导致汽轮机与其原始热循环条件的错配,因此仅适用于新建配有碳捕集工艺的电厂,且在再生条件随吸收剂技术发展变化时(如再生温度升高,导致再沸器蒸汽压力提高时)无法适应。
当采用中压缸排汽作为再沸器热源时,蒸汽压力远高于再沸器换热所需蒸汽的压力,必须选择适当的方式将蒸汽减温减压,防止过高温度造成的吸收剂降解。常采用的方式包括:1)通过节流阀满足再沸器入口条件;2)喷水工质减温减压;3)经背压机做功膨胀。利用节流阀和喷水的方式均会直接造成能量浪费,可利用锅炉给水或再沸器凝结水对蒸汽进行减温减压,而前者的效率低于后者[48]。增加背压机可使固定参数运行的系统效率最高,但在考虑灵活性时并非优选方式,因为不论是中压缸排汽参数的变化还是后期再生温度的变化均会影响系统的稳定运行[45]。王立健等[53]提出了一种利用蒸汽过热度加热CO2气液分离器中冷凝液的路线,可实现热力系统和碳捕集工艺系统间的能量利用。
蒸汽经再沸器放热后凝结,常见有2种不同的返回给水系统的方式:1)利用再沸器凝结水余热加热锅炉给水,并作为锅炉给水直接进入除氧器[54];2)经冷却后进入凝汽器[55]。Hanak等人[56]基于一台发电量为580.4 MW的超临界机组,研究了再沸器凝结水(161.1 ℃)返回回热系统不同位置的系统效率,结果表明,再沸器凝结水温度与返回处主机凝结水温度越接近,效率越高,并在返回除氧器时达到效率最高值,发电量由返回末级低压加热器时的460.6 MW增加至返回除氧器时的467.3 MW。
再沸器主要利用蒸汽的相变焓,凝结后仍有部分余热可以回收利用。利用部分再沸器凝结水与抽汽混合的方式不但可以实现抽汽的减温减压,还能在减少抽汽量的同时回收余热,提高系统效率[47]图5a))。Gibbins和Crane[48]直接利用抽汽的过热度(460 kPa,373.9 ℃)加热部分再沸器凝结水(约占总量的65%),使其直接进入省煤器入口(295 ℃),剩余部分凝结水(约35%)进入除氧器。这种方式减少了高、中压缸对高压加热器加热的抽汽量,因此系统效率更高,但仅适用于新建电厂,且在变负荷运行时的灵活性不足。再沸器凝结水的余热利用方式还包括使用其级间加热部分富液或半富液[57]图5b)),通过能量梯级利用提高进入再生塔流股的总焓值,进而降低再沸器热负荷。2种操作方式的优选结果应结合综合效率及改造或建设的难易程度综合考虑。
再生塔塔顶的CO2再生气含有大量水分和胺分子,需要经过冷却分离后才能满足进入压缩机组的要求,三菱重工(MHI)基于KS吸收剂设计了利用CO2再生气的余热加热汽轮机凝结水以减少碳捕集冷却水并节约低压加热器蒸汽用量的KM-CDR工艺[58]。根据作者在实际项目中的经验,再生气参数波动性较大(10 ℃以上),采用KM-CDR工艺会对热力系统的稳定运行带来较大挑战。
在CCUS技术中,得到的纯化CO2产品需要经过压缩后才能运输,不论是液化罐装(约2 MPa,-25 ℃)还是超临界管输(CO2临界压力为7.1 MPa,通常压缩至10 MPa以上),CO2压缩机都需要消耗巨大的能量,压缩机能耗仅次于碳捕集系统中的再沸器。对一台净效率为39.15%的超临界660 MW机组配置全容量碳捕集系统后,效率降至29.70%。其中,再沸器供热、CO2压缩机和其他辅机分别使效率降低6.62%、2.50%和0.23%[38]。压缩机做功产生的热量需要及时从压缩机组间移除,合理利用此部分废热可以提升系统能效。当目标压力确定时,压缩级数越少,级间余热品位越高,余热利用效果越好[59],但压缩机效率更低、电耗更高[38]。压缩机组的各级压比应保持一致[44],将CO2压缩至11 MPa的机组可分为9级,各级间气体温度范围为81.6~84.5 ℃,由于余热品位远低于烟气,所以和相同的烟气余热利用方式相比,其效率低0.1%[37]。Remeo等人[49]设置了3段压缩将CO2由0.02 kPa增压至0.10 kPa,各段出口温度分别为160.8、180.8、167.7 ℃,通过对凝结水的分级换热,将级间CO2冷却至50 ℃,通过余热加热凝结水,取消了部分低压加热器和低压缸抽汽,全容量CO2捕集时的系统净效率由无优化时的33.97%~39.36%提高至34.84%~40.61%(捕集工艺再生热耗越小,优化程度越显著)。此类压缩余热利用方案在工程实际应用的主要问题是如何将高温CO2引接至机组热力系统,或如何将凝结水引接至压缩机组。由于压缩机组级间余热品位在保证高压缩机等熵效率时较低,该方案产生的经济效益有待详细论证。
Esquivel-Patiño等人[60]利用将CO2压缩至超临界压力以上(15.3 MPa)时产生的热量,将其供给低温发电以实现能量的回收,有机朗肯循环以R245FA为工质,研究考察了不同级数压缩机的余热利用效果,通过换热系统分析对部分冷热流股进行了匹配以提高能量利用率。结果表明,在不采用热集成时,八级压缩的功耗更低,故系统能效更高,但引入热集成方法后,四级压缩更高的级间温度在有机朗肯循环中输出了更高的电功,使得系统效率更高。
在碳捕集燃煤电厂系统集成时,部分能量的直接利用存在不匹配的问题,还有部分能量无法直接利用。利用辅机可以更好地实现能量的梯级利用,提高系统效率。
在抽汽至再沸器的管路上设置背压机是最常见的辅机应用方式(图6)。通过其做功使蒸汽膨胀至所需压力是抽汽能量利用效果较好的方式,在Liu等人[47]的研究中,引入背压机的系统效率为31.85%,高于其余多种蒸汽利用及余热回收方法的最高值(28.6%)。这一结论也在多个研究[45,56]中得到支持。但在工程应用中,背压机增加了系统复杂度,特别是在未来以煤电为调峰机组的定位下,匹配低负荷运行的背压方案应是研究的重点。工程设计中采用背压机还需要考虑轴封漏气和管道连接等问题,背压机方案提高效率带来的经济收益和工程成本投入的平衡值得进一步分析。
汽汽引射器的工作原理是利用高温高压蒸汽喷射产生的高速气流卷吸低温低压蒸汽,通过局部低压克服低压蒸汽和目标蒸汽的压差,并混合形成满足再沸器需要温压参数的蒸汽(图6b))。应用引射器时应结合引射系数考虑可操作性与节能率。Xu等人[61]研究了多种抽汽组合的引射方案,通过引射,中压缸抽汽量最多可降低50%左右,降低㶲损失35%。Reddick等人[62]研究了凝结水、贫液和富液分别作为被引射介质的节能效果,结果表明,前两者可分别节能10%和14%,但富液作为被引射介质时无法提高能量利用率。张克舫[35]研究了中压缸抽汽(第4段,1.035 MPa,371 ℃)引射再沸器凝结水闪蒸蒸汽和中压缸排汽(第5段抽汽,418 kPa,257 ℃)引射再沸器凝结水闪蒸蒸汽2种方案,结果表明,尽管更低压力抽汽的引射系数更低,考虑发电量后更低蒸汽的节能效果更好,但引射器的节能效果整体不如增加背压机的方案。
利用热泵技术对低温热源提升能量品位可取代部分蒸汽,提高机组效率。根据夹点分析法的原理,仅当冷热端温度跨越夹点时才具有降耗作用。吸收式热泵分为2类:第1类吸收式热泵需要消耗高温热源来提升低温热源,由于碳捕集系统的余热温度很低,所以利用第1类吸收式热泵的供热温度通常难以达到再沸器的要求,故节能率不佳[35];第2类吸收式热泵利用中低温热源产生较高温度的热源,因此又被称作升温型热泵,其代价是排出部分热量。Duan等人[50]利用单级升温型热泵回收贫液余热,减少抽汽量,经过优化,系统发电量由453.04 MW增至480.10 MW。
为避免抽汽对汽轮机组运行性能造成的不良影响,配置辅助热源为再沸器供热是一种可行方案。美国的Petra Nova(设计规模140万吨/年)项目采用一台额外的70 MW的燃气轮机用于吸收剂再生(超额电量上网)[63]。Mantripragada等人[63]以Boundary Dam和Petra Nova的系统方案为基础,研究了不同供汽方案的效果。二者碳捕集率均为90%,用于驱油增产。结果表明,使用燃气轮机为再生单元供热及供电的方式在性能表现和操作费用方面均优于从原始热力系统抽汽方式。类似方案还有引入风、光和辅助锅炉供热等方式[64]供给再生热耗等方法,本文不再具体介绍,但整体都有效避免了碳捕集对原有系统的影响。
基于有机胺的化学吸收法是目前最具规模化工业应用前景的燃煤电厂碳捕集技术。尽管吸收剂改进和捕集工艺优化已大幅降低了碳捕集的能量消耗率,但由于全厂能量不匹配的问题,电厂在配置碳捕集时仍会造成发电效率的显著下降。实现碳捕集与电厂热力系统的能量集成与优化是降低系统效率折损的另一重要研究方向,本文从理论研究和集成与优化方式两方面进行了论述。
㶲分析法和夹点分析法是常见的能量分析与优化技术,前者可以获取系统㶲损失的关键信息并说明优化方向与降耗潜力,后者可以指导换热网络的优化,二者为现有的能量利用方法提供了有效指导。但已有研究通常仅局限于发电热力系统或碳捕集工艺系统内,缺少跨系统的优化分析,难以实现全系统的能量梯级利用,开展有关工作有望弱化抽汽对机组运行的不利影响。
从汽轮机组抽汽为再沸器供热是碳捕集子系统和热力系统连接的核心,由于能量品级的不匹配,蒸汽热量和再沸器凝结水余热的利用方式的选取至关重要,背压机的应用是提高系统效率的最佳方案,但其在工程方案的应用可行性有待详细的技术经济性分析确认。烟气余热和CO2压缩机组余热的利用对提高系统效率具有明显影响,但是同样需要综合考虑气体换热造成设备成本增加和效率增加的平衡选择。
本文介绍的能量集成与优化基本均基于碳捕集基础流程开展,但现有工程已广泛采用更复杂的碳捕集优化工艺流程,有必要在未来的研究中采用更复杂的优化工艺流股数据,才能探寻更真实的系统热集成与优化方向。此外,还应在方案可行性、投资成本、灵活性操作等多方面综合考虑,并尽可能地为新型吸收剂的应用预留调整空间。
  • 陕西省博士后科研项目(2023BSHGZZHQYXMZZ19)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202501005
  • 接收时间:2025-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-09
基金
Postdoctoral Research Project in Shaanxi Province(2023BSHGZZHQYXMZZ19)
陕西省博士后科研项目(2023BSHGZZHQYXMZZ19)
作者信息
    1.中国电力工程顾问集团西北电力设计院有限公司,陕西 西安 710075
    2.国能锦界能源有限责任公司,陕西 榆林 719319
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202501005
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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