Article(id=1236345968518557875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202412271, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735574400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772697449092, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772697449092, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772697449092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697449092, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236345965947449499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772697448479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697609456, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236346641175859638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236346641175859639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=105, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236345968774410426, articleId=1236345968518557875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Carbon capture performance and mechanism of MCA/EG steric hindrance non-aqueous absorbent, columnId=1236345968304640424, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Innovation and process optimization of carbon capture technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carbon capture, utilization and storage technology is an important way to realize the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals in China. Among them, the non-aqueous phase absorbents have great energy-saving potential, and it is suitable for the existing mixed amine reactor, which has a large development potential. However, there are still problems such as high viscosity of CO2 saturated solution and low circulating load. In this regard, a non-aqueous absorption system with low viscosity and regeneration temperature was constructed using secondary amine MCA as the absorbing component and EG as the organic solvent. The absorption and regeneration performance of MCA/EG was investigated. The results showed that, the absorption load of 3 mol/L MCA/EG solvent was up to 2.14 mol/L, and the viscosity was only 44.19 mPa∙s. Under the condition of absorption at 40 ℃ for 30 min and regeneration at 80 ℃ for 25 min, the cyclic load was as high as 0.98 mol/L, which is 1.46 times of the cyclic load of 30% MEA/H2O solution at 105.5 ℃. The reaction heat of the absorbent was measured to be -82.85 kJ/mol by C80 microcalorimeter, which was lower than that of the MEA/H2O solution. The reaction mechanism of CO2 capture by MCA/EG was explored by 13C NMR and quantum chemical calculations. It was found that the stability of the reaction products was reduced for the steric hindrance effect of MCA. The carbamates transform into alkyl carbonate by reacting with EG to realize the regeneration at low temperatures. MCA/EG can realize the stable operation of non-aqueous phase absorbent and expand the scope of waste heat utilization in absorbent regeneration, which has a great advantage of energy reduction.

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碳捕集、利用与封存技术是我国实现“双碳”目标的重要途径,其中非水吸收剂具有巨大的节能潜力,且适配现有吸收法混胺反应器,具有较大应用潜力,但存在CO2饱和溶液黏度大、循环负荷低等问题。对此,以仲胺MCA为吸收组分,EG为有机溶剂,构建了低黏度、低温再生非水吸收体系,并考察了MCA/EG的吸收、再生性能。结果表明:3 mol/L MCA/EG吸收剂的吸收负荷可达2.14 mol/L,黏度仅为44.19 mPa∙s;在40 ℃吸收30 min、80 ℃再生25 min条件下,循环负荷高达0.98 mol/L,为质量分数为30%的MEA/H2O溶液在105.5 ℃再生条件下循环负荷的1.46倍。通过C80微量热仪测试得到吸收剂的反应热为–82.85 kJ/mol,低于MEA/H2O溶液。结合13C NMR与量子化学计算,探究了吸收剂捕集CO2的反应机理,发现MCA的空间位阻效应降低了反应产物的稳定性,使氨基甲酸酯与EG进一步反应转化为烷基碳酸酯,降低了再生难度,实现了低温再生。该吸收体系可实现非水吸收剂的稳定运行,并扩大吸收剂再生中的余热利用范围,具有较大的降能耗优势。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张立麒(1972),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为热能工程,
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范永胜(1969),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂热能动力工程,

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范永胜(1969),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂热能动力工程,

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范永胜(1969),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂热能动力工程,

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figureFileBig=cyCyZC54citlLRU6hGQFqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236390483715486199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345968518557875, language=CN, label=图10, caption=分子表面的双描述符势等值面, figureFileSmall=IauFFIpUFErF0x5M1LnFlw==, figureFileBig=cyCyZC54citlLRU6hGQFqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236390483862286844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345968518557875, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of viscosity between MCA/EG and other absorbents

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吸收剂温度/K饱和溶液黏度/(mPa·s)备注
MCA/EG313.1547.94本研究
[EMIM][Gly]/[EMIM][Ac]313.15240.30Chen等人[20]
TETA/AMP/ethanol313.15198.30Liu等人[21]
Trigly-MEA313.15105.00李杰杰[22]
), ArticleFig(id=1236390483925201407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345968518557875, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MCA/EG与其他吸收剂的黏度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸收剂温度/K饱和溶液黏度/(mPa·s)备注
MCA/EG313.1547.94本研究
[EMIM][Gly]/[EMIM][Ac]313.15240.30Chen等人[20]
TETA/AMP/ethanol313.15198.30Liu等人[21]
Trigly-MEA313.15105.00李杰杰[22]
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484000698884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345968518557875, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of reaction heat between MCA/EG solution and MEA/H2O solution

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吸收剂总放热量/JCO2负荷/(mol·mol–1)反应热/(kJ·mol–1)反应热/(GJ·t–1)
MCA/EG989.190.662–82.851.88
MEA/H2O674.960.638–88.222.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484105556490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345968518557875, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

MCA/EG与MEA/H2O的反应热对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸收剂总放热量/JCO2负荷/(mol·mol–1)反应热/(kJ·mol–1)反应热/(GJ·t–1)
MCA/EG989.190.662–82.851.88
MEA/H2O674.960.638–88.222.00
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MCA/EG空间位阻非水体系碳捕集性能及机理研究
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范永胜 1 , 龚海艇 2 , 李偲 2 , 陈臻 2 , 高晓艺 1, 3 , 李目一 3 , 李小姗 3 , 张立麒 3
热力发电 | 碳捕集技术创新与工艺优化 2025,54(6): 105-112
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热力发电 | 碳捕集技术创新与工艺优化 2025, 54(6): 105-112
MCA/EG空间位阻非水体系碳捕集性能及机理研究
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范永胜1 , 龚海艇2, 李偲2, 陈臻2, 高晓艺1, 3, 李目一3, 李小姗3, 张立麒3
作者信息
  • 1.国家能源集团江苏电力有限公司,江苏 南京 210024
  • 2.国家能源集团泰州发电有限公司,江苏 泰州 225327
  • 3.华中科技大学煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 范永胜(1969),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电厂热能动力工程,

通讯作者:

张立麒(1972),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为热能工程,
Carbon capture performance and mechanism of MCA/EG steric hindrance non-aqueous absorbent
Yongsheng FAN1 , Haiting GONG2, Cai LI2, Zhen CHEN2, Xiaoyi GAO1, 3, Muyi LI3, Xiaoshan LI3, Liqi ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangsu Power Co., Ltd., CHN Energy, Nanjing 210024, China
  • 2.Taizhou Power Generation Co., Ltd., CHN Energy, Taizhou 225327, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412271
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碳捕集、利用与封存技术是我国实现“双碳”目标的重要途径,其中非水吸收剂具有巨大的节能潜力,且适配现有吸收法混胺反应器,具有较大应用潜力,但存在CO2饱和溶液黏度大、循环负荷低等问题。对此,以仲胺MCA为吸收组分,EG为有机溶剂,构建了低黏度、低温再生非水吸收体系,并考察了MCA/EG的吸收、再生性能。结果表明:3 mol/L MCA/EG吸收剂的吸收负荷可达2.14 mol/L,黏度仅为44.19 mPa∙s;在40 ℃吸收30 min、80 ℃再生25 min条件下,循环负荷高达0.98 mol/L,为质量分数为30%的MEA/H2O溶液在105.5 ℃再生条件下循环负荷的1.46倍。通过C80微量热仪测试得到吸收剂的反应热为–82.85 kJ/mol,低于MEA/H2O溶液。结合13C NMR与量子化学计算,探究了吸收剂捕集CO2的反应机理,发现MCA的空间位阻效应降低了反应产物的稳定性,使氨基甲酸酯与EG进一步反应转化为烷基碳酸酯,降低了再生难度,实现了低温再生。该吸收体系可实现非水吸收剂的稳定运行,并扩大吸收剂再生中的余热利用范围,具有较大的降能耗优势。

CO2捕集  /  非水吸收剂  /  空间位阻胺  /  低温再生

Carbon capture, utilization and storage technology is an important way to realize the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals in China. Among them, the non-aqueous phase absorbents have great energy-saving potential, and it is suitable for the existing mixed amine reactor, which has a large development potential. However, there are still problems such as high viscosity of CO2 saturated solution and low circulating load. In this regard, a non-aqueous absorption system with low viscosity and regeneration temperature was constructed using secondary amine MCA as the absorbing component and EG as the organic solvent. The absorption and regeneration performance of MCA/EG was investigated. The results showed that, the absorption load of 3 mol/L MCA/EG solvent was up to 2.14 mol/L, and the viscosity was only 44.19 mPa∙s. Under the condition of absorption at 40 ℃ for 30 min and regeneration at 80 ℃ for 25 min, the cyclic load was as high as 0.98 mol/L, which is 1.46 times of the cyclic load of 30% MEA/H2O solution at 105.5 ℃. The reaction heat of the absorbent was measured to be -82.85 kJ/mol by C80 microcalorimeter, which was lower than that of the MEA/H2O solution. The reaction mechanism of CO2 capture by MCA/EG was explored by 13C NMR and quantum chemical calculations. It was found that the stability of the reaction products was reduced for the steric hindrance effect of MCA. The carbamates transform into alkyl carbonate by reacting with EG to realize the regeneration at low temperatures. MCA/EG can realize the stable operation of non-aqueous phase absorbent and expand the scope of waste heat utilization in absorbent regeneration, which has a great advantage of energy reduction.

CO2 capture  /  non-aqueous phase absorbent  /  steric hindrance amine  /  low-temperature regeneration
范永胜, 龚海艇, 李偲, 陈臻, 高晓艺, 李目一, 李小姗, 张立麒. MCA/EG空间位阻非水体系碳捕集性能及机理研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (6) : 105 -112 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412271
Yongsheng FAN, Haiting GONG, Cai LI, Zhen CHEN, Xiaoyi GAO, Muyi LI, Xiaoshan LI, Liqi ZHANG. Carbon capture performance and mechanism of MCA/EG steric hindrance non-aqueous absorbent[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (6) : 105 -112 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412271
全球气候变暖已成国内外广泛关注的环境问题。联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)报告显示,二氧化碳(CO2)作为最主要的温室气体,其减排成效将直接影响温控目标的实现[1-3]
我国以煤为主的能源结构决定了燃煤电厂是CO2减排的关键领域,而碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术作为燃煤电厂低碳化改造的核心手段,其技术经济性亟待提升[4-5]
燃烧后CO2捕集技术因改造灵活性强、设备兼容性高,已成为电厂碳捕集的主流选择[6]。其中,有机胺化学吸收法凭借高选择性和成熟工艺占据主导地位,国内外已建成多个示范项目。国际上,2014年底,加拿大边界大坝碳捕集与封存项目在燃煤电厂部署世界上第一个商业规模的燃烧后CCS项目。国内,2008年7月中国华能集团有限公司于北京热电有限责任公司建成并投运我国第一套电厂CO2捕集装置,年捕集3 000吨CO2;2019年11月国能锦界能源有限责任公司成功试运营15万吨/年CO2捕集示范工程[7];2023年6月国家能源集团泰州发电有限公司成功投运50万吨/年燃烧后碳捕集示范项目,运行至今。
但有机胺化学吸收法一直面临着再生能耗高的问题。比如,美国于2017年投运的年捕集140万吨CO2的Petra Nova项目,因整体运行成本过高而停运。目前,以上已投运项目几乎全部使用第二代化学吸收剂——混合胺溶液。为降低再生能耗,不断有学者开发出第三代新型吸收剂。第三代新型吸收剂主要分为相变吸收剂[8-9]、非水/少水吸收剂[10-12]等。与相变吸收剂相比,非水/少水吸收剂仍适配第二代吸收剂碳捕集反应器,在现阶段具有较大的发展优势。
非水/少水吸收剂使用比热容低、沸点高的有机溶剂完全或部分替代第二代吸收剂中的溶剂水,以降低吸收剂的再生显热和潜热。比如Cheng等人[13]以仲胺N-乙基乙醇胺(EMEA)为主吸收组分,叔胺N,N-二乙基乙醇胺(DEEA)为有机溶剂,构建了非水吸收体系,结果表明,质量分数为40% EMEA非水吸收剂的CO2吸收负荷为0.68 mol CO2/mol胺(mol/mol),再生量为0.62 mol/mol,与MEA水溶液相比可降低68%再生能耗。Lv等人[14]选用N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)作有机溶剂,空间位阻胺2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇(AMP)为主吸收剂,二元仲胺N-(2-羟乙基)乙二胺(AEEA)为吸收促进剂构建非水吸收剂,结果表明,该体系的CO2负荷为1.65 mol CO2/kg吸收剂(mol/kg),即使在第4个再生周期后仍有1.48 mol/kg,具有良好的循环应用性能,且其在120 ℃下再生能耗只有MEA水溶液的一半。可见,非水吸收剂具有较大的节能潜力。
目前,非水吸收剂普遍面临着饱和溶液黏度高、吸收负荷低的问题。比如李锦秀[15]构建的1 mol/L [TETAH]NO3/PEG200非水吸收体系在捕集CO2前40 ℃下黏度已高达140 mPa∙s。Xiao等人[16]构建的非水吸收剂N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)/1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM]BF4)和MDEA/1-丁基-3-乙基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BEIM]BF4)吸收CO2前黏度分别为49.46、49.79 mPa∙s,吸收CO2后黏度增加至63.40、77.77 mPa∙s。溶液黏度升高将抑制吸收剂传质,降低反应速率及负荷。Bougie等人[17]测试了多种有机溶剂下质量分数为30% MEA的碳捕集效果,结果表明,MEA在有机溶剂下的吸收负荷(0.47~0.50 mol/mol)略低于水溶液下(0.5 mol/mol),但在N-甲基甲酰胺(NMF)下再生性能(0.28 mol/mol)优于水溶剂下(0.18 mol/mol)。综上,开发兼具低黏度、高负荷及易再生特性的新型非水吸收剂是实现有机胺法规模化应用的重要突破口。
针对上述技术难点,本文提出一种新型低黏度非水吸收剂设计策略:1)选用具有空间位阻效应的仲胺N-甲基环己胺(MCA)作为吸收组分,其空间位阻和仲胺结构可降低CO2反应热;2)引入高沸点、低比热容溶剂乙二醇(EG)替代水,通过降低潜热与显热损耗降低能耗;3)通过反应适配性设计,充分发挥吸收组分的空间位阻效应,促进溶剂质子传递并参与反应,增强CO2负载容量,降低产物稳定性,降低再生温度。
通过实验表征与理论计算相结合,系统揭示MCA/EG体系的吸收-解吸机制,证实其在保持2.14 mol/L高吸收负荷的同时,可达到80 ℃下低温再生。实现CO2捕集过程的热量仅靠电厂余热再利用,无需额外能量输入,捕集热成本近零。本研究为开发新一代低能耗非水吸收剂提供了理论依据与材料设计范式。
本章实验所用CO2(纯度99.9%)和N2(纯度99.9%)气体由武汉华尔文实业有限公司提供。使用的有机胺试剂N-甲基环己胺(MCA,纯度99%)、乙二醇(EG,纯度AR≥98%)均由上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司提供,分子结构如图1所示。所有化学试剂均未通过进一步纯化。
CO2吸收-解吸实验装置如图2a)所示。进气口气体通过质量流量控制器(北京七星华创流量计有限公司,CS200-A,±1.0%)控制进气流速;吸收性能实验中,纯CO2以80 mL/min流速进入反应器;反应器置于恒温磁力搅拌水浴装置(大龙兴创实验仪器股份公司,MS7-H550-Pro,±0.1 ℃,±1 r/min)中;反应器出口气体经冷凝管后由数字质量流量控制器(北京七星华创流量计有限公司,D07,±1.5%)读取并记录流量。吸收性能实验中,设定反应温度为40 ℃,为保证吸收剂吸收完全,设定反应时间为1 h;循环吸收-解吸实验中,为模拟实际工业条件,保证吸收剂的高效利用,设定循环条件为40 ℃下吸收30 min,80 ℃下解吸25 min;磁子搅拌速率始终稳定在300 r/min;吸收剂体积均为50 mL。为了确保质量流量计所记录数据的可靠性,同时使用自制的Chittick装置通过酸解法进一步确认吸收负荷,并定义为滴定负荷,装置如图2b)所示。若无特殊说明,本文中的CO2负荷数据均经滴定校正。
本研究使用的纯水及超纯水均通过反渗透超纯水设备(四川优普超纯科技有限公司)。吸收剂的CO2反应热通过微量热仪(法国SETARAM仪器公司,C80,±0.4%)直接测量,具体操作:首先,向反应池内注入6 mL新鲜待测溶液;随后,设置程序温度,使样品温度精确保持在313.19~313.27 K;然后,启动测量程序,实时记录热流随时间的变化情况;最后,当热流稳定在0,样品温度稳定在所需温度时,CO2以20 mL/min的气速被引入反应池进行反应,直至热流信号再次稳定。
使用数显式黏度计(美国Brookfield公司,DV2T,±0.25%)于40 ℃恒温环境下测试吸收剂溶液黏度,测试设置3组平行实验取平均值。通过核磁碳谱(13C NMR)分析仪(瑞士Bruker公司,AscendTM 600 MHZ)表征吸收剂反应过程中分子类型的变化,待测样品溶解在氘代氯仿(CDCl3)中进行磁场锁定。
CO2反应速率r为:
r=QinQout
式中:QinQout分别为反应器进、出气口的CO2气体流速,mL/min。
CO2吸收负荷为:
LV=0tr60dr1000×22.4×V
Lmol=LV×Vnamine
式中:LV为单位吸收剂体积下CO2吸收负荷,mol CO2/L吸收剂,mol/L;Lmol为单位有机胺物质的量下CO2吸收负荷,mol/mol;t为反应时间,s;V为吸收剂体积,L;namine为吸收剂中有机胺的物质的量,mol。
循环负荷Lcir为:
Lcir=0tr60dr1000×22.4×V
滴定负荷α为:
α=V1V0VHCl22.4×CHCl×V0,HCl×273.15273.15+T
式中:V0V1分别为量气瓶的初始和最终液体体积,mL;VHCl为消耗盐酸的体积,mL;CHCl为滴入盐酸的浓度,mol/L;V0,HCl为滴定至变色所需盐酸体积,mL;T为室温,℃。
CO2反应热ΔHabs
ΔHabs=0th(t)dtαnamine×106
式中:h(t)为瞬时热通量,mW。
本研究通过molclus程序[18]调用Gaussian 16软件包在B3LYP/6-31G(d)水平展开构象搜索,获得MCA和EG的最低能量结构。为进一步提高计算精度,在B3LYP/6-311+G(d, p)水平优化分子结构并计算振动频率。采用通用隐式溶剂模型(SMD)模拟EG溶剂效应。通过Multiwfn程序[19]计算MCA和MCA氨基甲酸酯(MCACOO)表面双描述符势(DDP)。双描述符(DD)是概念密度泛函理论(CDFT)框架下表征反应初期反应物的外势分布特征的方法,用于预测亲电和亲核反应位点。
吸收剂的配比对吸收剂捕集CO2的性能影响大,本研究分别考察了MCA在1、2、3、4、5 mol/L的浓度下,吸收剂的吸收速率、吸收负荷与黏度变化,以确定MCA/EG的最佳配比。
不同配比下吸收剂的吸收速率如图3所示。由图3可见:吸收开始后,吸收剂吸收速率逐渐增加,随后迅速上升至最大值;而后,随着吸收的进行,吸收速率逐渐降低,且随MCA浓度的增高,吸收速率的降低逐渐减缓,这种减缓在MCA浓度由2 mol/L增加到3 mol/L时最为明显。
不同配比下吸收剂的吸收负荷如图4所示。由图4可见,不同配比下,单位体积MCA的CO2负荷排序依次为5 mol/L>4 mol/L>3 mol/L>2 mol/L>1 mol/L,即随MCA浓度的增大,CO2受体量增加,因此吸收剂的总CO2负载量增大。值得注意的是,在MCA浓度由1 mol/L增加至3 mol/L的过程中,CO2负荷由0.92 mol/L大幅增加至2.14 mol/L。然而,当MCA浓度由3 mol/L继续增加至5 mol/L,吸收剂的CO2负荷仅增加了0.26 mol/L。
这说明,当吸收剂中吸收组分MCA的浓度达到3 mol/L后,继续提高浓度并无法得到较大吸收负荷收益,这与吸收速率的变化规律一致。单位物质的量的MCA的CO2负荷随MCA浓度的增大而降低,由大到小依次为1 mol/L>2 mol/L>3 mol/L>4 mol/L>5 mol/L。这是由于随着吸收剂中有机胺浓度的增加,溶液黏度和传质阻力也逐渐增大。同时,根据勒夏特列原理,单位体积吸收剂中吸收组分的浓度增加,CO2产物总量随之增大,单位有机胺的利用率下降。因此,单位物质的量的CO2负荷下降。值得注意的是,吸收剂的吸收负荷在约前30 min内增长最为迅速,为主要吸收阶段。
不同浓度下MCA/EG的CO2饱和溶液黏度变化如图5所示。图5中:1、2 mol/L的饱和溶液黏度较低,分别为16.44、22.50 mPa·s,具有较高的流动性;3 mol/L的饱和溶液黏度为44.19 mPa·s,黏度适中;4、5 mol/L的饱和溶液黏度较高,分别为81.72、112.53 mPa·s。高溶液黏度会降低吸收剂的传质效率,因此,当MCA浓度大于3 mol/L时,随吸收组分浓度增加,单位物质的量MCA的CO2负荷逐渐降低。相应地,吸收剂吸收速率与总CO2负荷并未明显增加。表1对比了其他已报导非水吸收剂的黏度,可见MCA/EG具有较大的黏度优势。
综合吸收速率、负荷、黏度各方面吸收性能,本研究将以3 mol/L为最佳浓度配比,并在此基础上开展后续研究。在3 mol/L浓度下,单位吸收剂体积下CO2吸收负荷为2.14 mol/L,单位物质的量下CO2吸收负荷为0.71 mol/mol,饱和溶液黏度为44.19 mPa·s。
为实现捕集过程中的再生热耗仅由电厂余热提供这一目标,循环实验中的再生条件设置为在80 ℃下再生25 min。以空间位阻胺MCA为吸收组分,构建的MCA/EG体系可实现在80 ℃下低温再生。为考察吸收剂捕集CO2的循环应用性能,在40~80 ℃下对MCA/EG进行了4次连续吸收-解吸实验,结果如图6所示。
图6可以看出:MCA/EG吸收剂在第1、2次循环中的吸收负荷均高达1.70 mol/L,循环负荷为0.98 mol/L;在第3、4次循环中,吸收剂的吸收负荷仍高达1.68、1.66 mol/L,循环负荷分别为0.95、0.93 mol/L。值得注意的是,吸收剂的CO2捕集量损失主要发生在首次循环过程中。这主要是由于在80 ℃下再生25 min的条件下,吸收剂并未达到完全解吸。在此条件下,3 mol/L的MCA/EG溶液的循环负荷仍为5 mol/L的MEA水溶液在105.5 ℃再生条件下循环负荷的1.46倍[23],为30%的MEA非水吸收剂在90 ℃再生条件下循环负荷的1.13倍[24]。这说明吸收剂MCA/EG在低温再生条件下具有良好的循环应用性能。吸收剂在80 ℃下实现高效再生将大大降低吸收剂的再生显热和潜热,同时增加工业应用中碳捕集过程的余热利用率,回收低品位热量,进而大幅降低CO2捕集成本。
通过C80微量热仪直接测量3 mol/L MCA/EG的反应热,结果如图7所示。为方便对比,同时测试了5 mol/L MEA/H2O溶液的反应热。相关参数的测定结果如表2所示。可见,40 ℃下吸收剂捕集CO2的反应热为–82.85 kJ/mol,即1.88 GJ/t,这低于MEA/H2O溶液的2.00 GJ/t;另外,MCA/EG作为非水吸收剂,溶剂EG在40 ℃下的比热容为2.45 J/(g∙℃),仅为水(4.20 J/(g∙℃))的58.3%,具有较低的再生显热;同时EG的沸点高达197.3 ℃,表明吸收剂具有极低的蒸发潜热。因此,MCA具有巨大的降耗优势。
利用13C NMR表征吸收过程中产物类型的变化。MCA/EG吸收CO2过程中反应物的分子结构、产物的分子类型及分子中的C在13C NMR图谱中对应标号如图8所示,13C NMR谱图如图9所示。
图8图9可见,随吸收的进行,163.18~163.37 ppm(本文ppm指化学相对位移)与159.32~159.27 ppm处酯基C的共振峰逐渐出现并增强,说明产物MCACOO和烷基碳酸酯(EGCOO)在不断生成[25]。这说明有机溶剂EG作为CO2载体参与了反应。对应地,EG中2个甲基上的C原子受酯基影响,共振峰分别向高场和低场发生位移至1′和1′′。同理,MCA捕集CO2后,生成产物MCACOO与质子化MCA(MCAH+),使分子内C原子周围电子云密度降低,共振峰2—6向低场位移至2′—6′。
通过量子化学计算表征了MCA与MCACOO分子表面的双描述符势,如图10所示。其中:蓝色区域为负福井势,易发生亲电反应;绿色区域为正福井势,易发生亲核反应。由图10可见,MCA内部可发起亲电攻击的–NH基团被六元环外的正福井势阻挡,因此存在较大的空间位阻效应。这导致CO2与MCA的反应产物MCACOO具有较低的稳定性与较高的反应活性。
13C NMR表征与量子化学计算结果可知,MCA与CO2的反应产物为MCACOO和MCAH+,根据两性离子机理[26],反应过程如下:
MCA+CO2MCA+COO
MCA与CO2反应生成中间产物两性离子(MCA+COO),同时,另一MCA作为质子受体参与反应,与MCA+COO生成MCAH+。由于MCA分子内的空间位阻效应,中间产物MCA+COO的分子稳定性较低,可与EG进一步反应生成EGCOO
MCA+COO+MCAMCAH++MCACOO
MCA+COO+EGMCAH++EGCOO
同理,MCACOO也具有较高的反应活性,因此推测部分MCACOO也与EG进一步反应生成EGCOO
MCACOO+EGMCA+EGCOO
1)在3 mol/L的最佳配比下,吸收剂饱和溶液CO2负荷为2.14 mol/L,黏度为44.19 mPa∙s。
2)在40 ℃吸收30 min、80 ℃解吸25 min的循环实验条件下,吸收剂可保持稳定性能,第4次循环容量为0.93 mol/L,是30% MEA/H2O溶液在105.5 ℃再生温度下循环负荷的1.46倍。
3)40 ℃下吸收剂捕集CO2的反应热为-82.85 kJ/mol。
4)MCA的空间位阻效应使部分产物由氨基甲酸酯转化为烷基碳酸酯,实现80 ℃下低温再生。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52106143)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412271
  • 接收时间:2024-12-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-31
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106143)
国家自然科学基金项目(52106143)
作者信息
    1.国家能源集团江苏电力有限公司,江苏 南京 210024
    2.国家能源集团泰州发电有限公司,江苏 泰州 225327
    3.华中科技大学煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074

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张立麒(1972),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为热能工程,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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