Article(id=1236345967650336935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202410224, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729094400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772697448885, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1750780800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772697448885, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772697448885, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697448885, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236345965947449499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='210', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772697448479, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697609456, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236346641175859638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236346641175859639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345965947449499, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=48, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236345967889412266, articleId=1236345967650336935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Assessment of carbon emission reduction benefits in thermal power plants based on novel chemical chain mineralization carbon dioxide technology, columnId=1236345966777921692, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Carbon resource utilization and conversion technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The ecological, environmental, and social issues caused by greenhouse gas emissions, mainly CO2, are receiving increasing attentions and concerns from human beings. At present, the carbon sequestration technology using flue gas from thermal power plants as CO2 source is still in the pilot and industrial development stage, but there is no standardized methodology and accounting method for carbon reduction benefits of the carbon sequestration process. Combining the industrialization practice of the first domestic “CCUS Technology Research and Demonstration Project for Carbon Dioxide Chemical Chain Mineralization Utilization in Thermal Power Plants” constructed and operated by a power plant, the carbon emission reduction benefits of the CCUS technology pathway for chemical chain mineralization utilization were calculated and evaluated using the life cycle assessment (LCA) carbon emission factor method. The annual CO2 processing capacity of the above demonstration project is 1 364.56 tons, which can achieve a net reduction of 708.12 tons of CO2, reaching a net emission reduction rate of 52%. By scaling up the annual processing capacity of demonstration project to 100 000 tons, the net reduction rate of CO2 emission in the project can be increased to 76%. The research method has broad prospects for carbon reduction applications and can provide technical support for China to achieve carbon neutrality goals.

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以CO2为主的温室气体排放所带来的生态、环境和社会问题正逐渐受到人们的重视。目前,以火电厂烟气为CO2气源的固碳技术仍处于中试和工业化开发阶段,但针对固碳过程的碳减排效益尚未有标准化的方法学及核算方法。结合某电厂建设运行的国内首套“火电厂二氧化碳化学链矿化利用碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术研究与示范项目”的矿化固碳路线工业化实践,采用全生命周期(LCA)碳排放因子法对化学链矿化利用CCUS技术路径的碳减排效益进行核算及评估。该示范项目年处理CO2量为1 364.56 t,能够实现708.12 t CO2的净减排,净减排率达到52%;将示范项目年处理量放大到10万吨级规模,CO2净减排率可提升至76%。研究方法具有广阔的碳减排应用前景,可为我国实现碳中和目标提供技术支持。

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蔡力宏(1969),男,博士,主要研究方向为二氧化碳矿化技术及工业应用,
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白静平(1984),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为“碳中和”技术,

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白静平(1984),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为“碳中和”技术,

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Digital Economy, 2024(8): 44-49., articleTitle=Digital empowerment: building a new green and low carbon power system, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236390478858473921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236390478866862530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, companyId=1236390478858473921, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Guodian Power Datong Power Generation Co., Ltd., Datong 037046, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236390478871056835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, companyId=1236390478858473921, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.国电电力大同发电有限责任公司,山西 大同 037046)]), 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, companyId=1236390479055606225, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236390479063994835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, companyId=1236390479055606225, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.清华大学化学工程系,北京 100084)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236390482440409783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Process flow diagram of chemical chain mineralization CO2 in power plant, figureFileSmall=vByO6mU2Tv4WZQ20fYoXFQ==, figureFileBig=cnc4G56dJn/8+lhZLddg0Q==, tableContent=null), 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articleId=1236345967650336935, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The influence of CO2 volume fraction in flue gas, figureFileSmall=NhFrj/lcT1MJpbYzHIh2og==, figureFileBig=XjQFuVLnl6jKkC2KSPiO8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236390483073749714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=CN, label=图3, caption=烟气CO2体积分数的影响, figureFileSmall=NhFrj/lcT1MJpbYzHIh2og==, figureFileBig=XjQFuVLnl6jKkC2KSPiO8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236390483207967444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The influence of raw material transportation distance, figureFileSmall=HifZalq0EpE3tn1N5eBuLw==, figureFileBig=NFC/W3gHlCuLmar8YFku2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236390483308630744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=CN, label=图4, caption=原料运输距离的影响, figureFileSmall=HifZalq0EpE3tn1N5eBuLw==, figureFileBig=NFC/W3gHlCuLmar8YFku2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236390483447042781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The influence of electricity carbon emission factor, figureFileSmall=wshog2uj6NBK3kEKGmFhiw==, figureFileBig=xVPdY5eGZDv31qaxZYxysw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236390483598037728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=CN, label=图5, caption=电力碳排放因子的影响, figureFileSmall=wshog2uj6NBK3kEKGmFhiw==, figureFileBig=xVPdY5eGZDv31qaxZYxysw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236390483715478247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The CO2 emissions from production of raw materials for chemical chain mineralization industrial test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料类别年用量/t排放因子/(t·t-1)碳排放量/t
电石渣3 247.6500
氯化铵184.221.18217.38
总计217.38
), ArticleFig(id=1236390483870667495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

化学链矿化工业试验原料生产过程的碳排放

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料类别年用量/t排放因子/(t·t-1)碳排放量/t
电石渣3 247.6500
氯化铵184.221.18217.38
总计217.38
), ArticleFig(id=1236390483958747883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The CO2 emissions from transportation of raw materials for chemical chain mineralization industrial test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料类别年用量/t距离/km排放因子/(×10–5·t·(t·km)–1)碳排放量/t
电石渣3 247.65504.97.96
氯化铵184.22504.90.45
总计8.41
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484067799793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

化学链矿化工业试验原料运输过程的碳排放

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料类别年用量/t距离/km排放因子/(×10–5·t·(t·km)–1)碳排放量/t
电石渣3 247.65504.97.96
氯化铵184.22504.90.45
总计8.41
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484168463091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The CO2 emissions from energy consume process of chemical chain mineralization industrial test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
能源类别年用量标准煤系数排放因子碳排放量/t
751.87 MW·h0.570 3 t/(MW·h)428.79
818.74 t/m30.000 257 1 t/t0.000 630 0 t/t0.52
仪表风13 645.60 t/m3
(标准状况)
0.000 040 0 t/m30.000 098 4 t/m31.34
总计430.65
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484290097911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

化学链矿化工业试验能源消耗过程的碳排放

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
能源类别年用量标准煤系数排放因子碳排放量/t
751.87 MW·h0.570 3 t/(MW·h)428.79
818.74 t/m30.000 257 1 t/t0.000 630 0 t/t0.52
仪表风13 645.60 t/m3
(标准状况)
0.000 040 0 t/m30.000 098 4 t/m31.34
总计430.65
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484411732732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The monitoring data and carbon utilization quantity during chemical chain mineralization CO2 process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
入口烟气流量(标准状况下)/(m3·h–1)1 036
出口烟气流量(标准状况下)/(m3·h–1)878.17
入口烟气CO2体积分数/%9.92
出口烟气CO2体积分数/%0.92
CO2捕集流量/(t·h–1)0.18
年可利用量/t1 480
CO2净回收利用率/%92.20
碳利用量/t1 364.56
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484512396030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

化学链矿化CO2工艺过程监测数据及碳利用量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
入口烟气流量(标准状况下)/(m3·h–1)1 036
出口烟气流量(标准状况下)/(m3·h–1)878.17
入口烟气CO2体积分数/%9.92
出口烟气CO2体积分数/%0.92
CO2捕集流量/(t·h–1)0.18
年可利用量/t1 480
CO2净回收利用率/%92.20
碳利用量/t1 364.56
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484625642244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The CO2 emission reduction benefit of chemical chain mineralization CO2 process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排放源影响因素CO2排放量/t占比/%
原料生产原料种类、生产工艺217.3833.11
原料运输运输距离、运输方式8.411.28
能源消耗能源种类、排放因子430.6565.60
工艺减排工艺效率、烟气性质1 364.56
总计-708.12
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484730499846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

化学链矿化CO2工艺碳减排效益

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排放源影响因素CO2排放量/t占比/%
原料生产原料种类、生产工艺217.3833.11
原料运输运输距离、运输方式8.411.28
能源消耗能源种类、排放因子430.6565.60
工艺减排工艺效率、烟气性质1 364.56
总计-708.12
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484835357451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Engineering consumptions for large scale chemical chain mineralization CO2 process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别数值
电石渣用量/(t·a–1)23 800
氯化铵用量/(t·a–1)4 000
电用量/(MW·h·a–1)59 200
水用量/(t·a–1)60 000
仪表风用量(标准状况下)/(m3·a–1)1 000 000
), ArticleFig(id=1236390484969575185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

大规模化学链矿化CO2工艺工程消耗

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别数值
电石渣用量/(t·a–1)23 800
氯化铵用量/(t·a–1)4 000
电用量/(MW·h·a–1)59 200
水用量/(t·a–1)60 000
仪表风用量(标准状况下)/(m3·a–1)1 000 000
), ArticleFig(id=1236390485087015701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

The CO2 emission reduction benefit of large scale chemical chain mineralization CO2 process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排放源影响因素CO2排放量/t占比/%
原料生产原料种类、生产工艺4 720.0021.14
原料运输运输距离、运输方式592.902.65
能源消耗能源种类、排放因子17 017.2376.21
工艺减排工艺效率、烟气性质92 200.00
总计-69 869.87
), ArticleFig(id=1236390485208650525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345967650336935, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

大规模化学链矿化CO2工艺碳减排效益

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排放源影响因素CO2排放量/t占比/%
原料生产原料种类、生产工艺4 720.0021.14
原料运输运输距离、运输方式592.902.65
能源消耗能源种类、排放因子17 017.2376.21
工艺减排工艺效率、烟气性质92 200.00
总计-69 869.87
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The influence of CO2 volume fraction in flue gas on electricity consumption

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烟气中CO2体积分数对用电量的影响

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基于新型化学链矿化二氧化碳工艺的火电厂碳减排效益评估
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白静平 1 , 吴雪怡 2 , 马海琪 1 , 尹纪峰 2 , 李起明 1 , 蔡力宏 2, 3
热力发电 | 碳资源化利用与转化技术 2025,54(6): 48-54
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热力发电 | 碳资源化利用与转化技术 2025, 54(6): 48-54
基于新型化学链矿化二氧化碳工艺的火电厂碳减排效益评估
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白静平1 , 吴雪怡2, 马海琪1, 尹纪峰2, 李起明1, 蔡力宏2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.国电电力大同发电有限责任公司,山西 大同 037046
  • 2.原初科技(北京)有限公司,北京 100016
  • 3.清华大学化学工程系,北京 100084
  • 白静平(1984),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为“碳中和”技术,

通讯作者:

蔡力宏(1969),男,博士,主要研究方向为二氧化碳矿化技术及工业应用,
Assessment of carbon emission reduction benefits in thermal power plants based on novel chemical chain mineralization carbon dioxide technology
Jingping BAI1 , Xueyi WU2, Haiqi MA1, Jifeng YIN2, Qiming LI1, Lihong CAI2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Guodian Power Datong Power Generation Co., Ltd., Datong 037046, China
  • 2.Yuanchu Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100016, China
  • 3.Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2025-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410224
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以CO2为主的温室气体排放所带来的生态、环境和社会问题正逐渐受到人们的重视。目前,以火电厂烟气为CO2气源的固碳技术仍处于中试和工业化开发阶段,但针对固碳过程的碳减排效益尚未有标准化的方法学及核算方法。结合某电厂建设运行的国内首套“火电厂二氧化碳化学链矿化利用碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术研究与示范项目”的矿化固碳路线工业化实践,采用全生命周期(LCA)碳排放因子法对化学链矿化利用CCUS技术路径的碳减排效益进行核算及评估。该示范项目年处理CO2量为1 364.56 t,能够实现708.12 t CO2的净减排,净减排率达到52%;将示范项目年处理量放大到10万吨级规模,CO2净减排率可提升至76%。研究方法具有广阔的碳减排应用前景,可为我国实现碳中和目标提供技术支持。

CCUS  /  化学链矿化  /  生命周期分析  /  碳排放  /  循环经济

The ecological, environmental, and social issues caused by greenhouse gas emissions, mainly CO2, are receiving increasing attentions and concerns from human beings. At present, the carbon sequestration technology using flue gas from thermal power plants as CO2 source is still in the pilot and industrial development stage, but there is no standardized methodology and accounting method for carbon reduction benefits of the carbon sequestration process. Combining the industrialization practice of the first domestic “CCUS Technology Research and Demonstration Project for Carbon Dioxide Chemical Chain Mineralization Utilization in Thermal Power Plants” constructed and operated by a power plant, the carbon emission reduction benefits of the CCUS technology pathway for chemical chain mineralization utilization were calculated and evaluated using the life cycle assessment (LCA) carbon emission factor method. The annual CO2 processing capacity of the above demonstration project is 1 364.56 tons, which can achieve a net reduction of 708.12 tons of CO2, reaching a net emission reduction rate of 52%. By scaling up the annual processing capacity of demonstration project to 100 000 tons, the net reduction rate of CO2 emission in the project can be increased to 76%. The research method has broad prospects for carbon reduction applications and can provide technical support for China to achieve carbon neutrality goals.

CCUS  /  chemical chain mineralization  /  life cycle analysis  /  carbon emissions  /  circular economy
白静平, 吴雪怡, 马海琪, 尹纪峰, 李起明, 蔡力宏. 基于新型化学链矿化二氧化碳工艺的火电厂碳减排效益评估. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (6) : 48 -54 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410224
Jingping BAI, Xueyi WU, Haiqi MA, Jifeng YIN, Qiming LI, Lihong CAI. Assessment of carbon emission reduction benefits in thermal power plants based on novel chemical chain mineralization carbon dioxide technology[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (6) : 48 -54 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410224
IPCC发布的《全球1.5 ℃增暖特别报告》建议将全球气温上升限制在1.5 ℃以内,实现这一目标迫切需要国际社会迅速采取大规模减排措施[1]。碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术是一种将CO2从排放源中分离出来,然后进行利用或封存的技术过程。与碳捕集与封存(CCS)相比,强调将捕获的CO2加以利用并创造经济价值[2]。CCUS技术一方面可以减少化石燃料燃烧和其他工业过程中CO2排放,另一方面能够提供多种途径来封存或将捕获的CO2加以利用[3]。在各种CCUS工艺路线中,矿化固碳技术正逐渐成为主流技术之一。《中国能源展望2060》(2024年版)指出,在我国CCUS业务路径的发展规模中,矿化利用技术将提供30%~40%的减排规模[4]
国内外学者在碳减排效益分析方面取得了一定成果,主要包括碳排放测算、分解、影响因素研究等。目前,研究主要集中在工业行业,但已逐步扩展到农业、交通运输业等领域。未来需进一步完善和统一方法体系,以提高研究的实用性和准确性。目前,针对矿化固碳技术的碳减排效果并未建立统一的方法学和评价标准,根据《温室气体-产品碳足迹-量化要求及指南》ISO14067:2018,碳足迹的计量可以作为直观并量化展示减排效果的工具[5]。本研究以国内某电厂进行的化学链矿化工业试验为基础(化学链矿化是指通过循环物质的反应与再生,将CO2通过化学反应转化成稳定的矿物质或化合物的过程),并基于排放因子法[6]对工业实验数据进行评估计算,量化矿化固碳技术在实际应用中的减排效果。该研究结果以期为未来在更大规模上的应用提供理论计算基础和工程指导。
本评估计算基于国内某电厂年处理1 000 t CO2的化学链间接矿化示范项目,工艺流程如图1所示。处理流程主要包括溶矿工段和矿化工段。溶矿工段是将矿化原料电石渣(主要成分为Ca(OH)2)和循环介质溶液(主要成分为NH4Cl)在浸取反应器内混合,从而实现Ca2+的提取。反应方程式如下:
Ca(OH)2+2NH4Cl=CaCl2+2NH3H2O
其中电石渣不溶物固体经沉降过滤得到粗品滤饼(主要成分为CaCO3、SiO2等),粗品滤饼作为副产品送至电厂脱硫池作为脱硫剂使用,过滤清液(矿化液)和火电厂经脱硫脱硝后的烟气均送至矿化工段的矿化反应器中。烟气中CO2与矿化液混合发生矿化反应,生成CaCO3沉淀,同时实现循环介质氯化铵溶液的再生,反应方程式如下:
CO2+CaCl2+2NH3H2O=CaCO3+2NH4Cl+H2O
其中生成的微米级CaCO3颗粒经沉降过滤后得到碳酸钙产品。过滤清液(主要成分为NH4Cl水溶液)返回溶矿工段循环使用,碳酸钙产品送出界区,脱除CO2后的烟气送出界区外返回电厂烟气管道。
针对电厂的矿化固碳技术碳足迹的核算范围包括原料生产、原料运输、生产过程中的能源消耗。因矿化产品下游应用对产品的含水率要求不同,故不考虑矿化产品烘干过程能源消耗造成的碳排放[7]
本项目碳减排效益评估测算范围的示意如图2所示。首先,基于排放因子法对测算范围内各个活动数据涉及的碳排放量进行单独计算,基于ISO 14064标准体系所述,测算范围不包含项目建设期间的碳排放;然后,将项目实际利用的CO2量减掉各活动产生的碳排放总量数据,得到项目本身的净碳减排效益。
根据《基于项目的温室气体减排量评估技术规范 通用要求》(GB/T 33760—2017),上述过程涉及的净碳减排效益计算公式为:
Cjp=Csc+Cys+CnyCly
式中:Cjp为净碳减排效益;Csc为原料生产过程碳排放总量;Cys为原料运输过程中碳排放总量;Cny为能源消耗所带来的碳排放总量,Cly为过程中碳的净利用量。
其中原料生产过程碳排放总量Csc按照式(4)计算:
Csc=i1nEsc,iFsc,i
式中:Csc为原料生产过程中碳排放总量,kg;Esc,i为原料生产阶段第i种原料总用量,kg;Fsc,i为第i种原料的碳排放因子,kg/kg。
原料运输过程碳排量Cys按照式(5)计算:
Cys=i1nEys,iFys,i
式中:Cys为原料运输过程中碳排放总量,kg;Eys,i为原料运输阶段第i种原料的总运输距离,km;Fys,i为第i种原料运输的碳排放因子,即将1 kg原料运输1 km产生的CO2,kg/(kg·km)。
能源消耗过程碳排量Cny按照式(6)计算:
Cny=i1nEny,iFny,i
式中:Cny为能源消耗所带来的碳排放总量,kg;Eny,i为生产阶段中第i种能源的总消耗量,kW·h或m3(标准工况下)或t;Fny,i为第i种能源消耗的碳排放因子,kg/(kW·h)或kg/m3或kg/t。
过程中碳的净利用量Cly按照式(7)计算:
Cly=Mlyηly
式中:Cly为过程中碳的净利用量,kg;Mly为处理的CO2的总量,t;ηly为CO2的净回收利用率,%。
项目的净减排率ηp按照式(8)计算:
ηp=|Cjp|Cly×100%
本模型的构建是基于国内某电厂“化学链矿化火电厂二氧化碳捕集利用技术工业试验”(以下简称化学链矿化工业试验)装置运行8 000 h的实际生产物料和能源消耗数据,以及物料在生产和运输过程中产生的碳排放数据。这些数据反映了项目的实际运行情况,为模型提供了可靠的数据基础,确保了碳减排效益计算的准确性和实用性。
化学链矿化工业试验,采用电石渣为矿化原料,利用氯化铵为循环助剂,提取出电石渣中的钙,并与电厂烟气中的CO2反应生成稳定的碳酸钙从而实现碳的减排利用。所需的原料为电石渣与氯化铵。其中电石渣主要来自电石生产乙炔过程所产生的固废,我国每年约生产4 000万吨电石渣,大部分都处于积累性堆放,占用土地并对环境带来负面影响[8-9]。因此作为对固废的再利用,使用电石渣不会引起额外的碳排放。氯化铵作为化学链矿化工业试验的循环介质,虽然在反应过程不会被消耗,但在固液分离等工艺操作过程中会产生一些损失,而目前的化学链矿化工业试验未设立氯化铵回收系统。氯化铵作为一种化学工业产品,其生产过程必然会直接或间接导致温室气体的排放。因此,原料生产过程中的碳排放需将其考虑在内,其碳排放因子约为每生产1 t氯化铵将排放1.18 t CO2[10]
化学链矿化工业试验的原料消耗见表1。项目每年需要消耗3 247.65 t电石渣,并额外补充184.22 t氯化铵,项目每年因原料生产过程产生的碳排放为217.38 t。
在化学链矿化工业试验期间,电石渣和氯化铵均在电厂所在地采购,并采用公路运输的方式运送至生产车间,平均运输距离约为50 km。碳排放因子选择山西省重型货车的道路交通CO2排放因子,即运输1 t物料1 km将产生0.000 049 t CO2的排放[11],具体见表2,原料运输过程产生的碳排放为8.41 t。
在化学链矿化工业试验运行期间,主要耗能介质包括电、生产水和仪表风。依据实际检测数据(表3),装置全年用电751.87 MW·h,用水818.74 t,仪表风13 645.60 m3(标准工况下),依据国家电网平均碳强度,每使用1 MW·h将产生0.570 3 t CO2的排放[12]。用水及仪表风的使用则按照国家标准使用标准煤系数进行折算[13-14]。在整个化学链矿化工业试验运行期间,使用能源所带来的碳排放量为430.65 t。
表4为化学链矿化工业试验期间所获得的平均运行监测数据。CO2净回收利用率按式(9)计算:
L=Fin×CinFout×CoutFin×Cin×100%
式中:L为CO2净回收利用率,%;Fin为入口烟气流量,m3/h;Cin为入口烟气CO2体积分数,%;Fout为出口烟气流量,m3/h;Cout为出口烟气CO2体积分数,%。
试验运行负荷可实现年处理1 480 t CO2,CO2的净回收利用率为92.2%,实现净CO2利用量Cly为1 364.56 t。
根据碳减排效益评估的范围与计算方法,对化学链矿化工业试验的各个活动数据产生的排放进行了详细评估和计算,具体见表5。由表5可见:在各个活动数据中,过程中能源消耗占碳排放总量的比值最高,达到了65.60%,这是基于项目所使用的能源形式以及能源所对应的排放因子计算得到的,清洁低碳能源占比越高则碳排放量越低;其次是原料的生产,占总碳排放量的33.11%。根据净碳减排效益的计算公式(式(3)及式(8)),化学链矿化工业试验项目的净减排率为52%。
为进一步验证化学链矿化工艺在万吨级工业化应用方面的潜力,基于前述千吨级工业试验碳减排效益分析结果,以年处理量为10万吨级化学链矿化工艺作为参考标准进行碳减排效益预测。
通过对10万吨级化学链矿化工艺模型的布局和物料平衡计算,预测了工艺过程中原辅材料和公用工程的消耗量,具体见表6。这些数据反映了整个工艺运行过程中的资源和能源需求,并作为基础数据用于分析工艺的碳足迹、资源效率,以及可能的环境影响。
在10万吨级化学链矿化工艺模型中,考虑未来的电力能源结构可能发生转变,尤其是绿色能源比例的增加[15]。因此在计算中引入了一个假设条件,即50%的电力需求由绿色能源(如太阳能)来满足。目前光伏电力的碳排放因子为0.054 t /(MW·h),使用不同电力能源消耗所带来的碳排放采用式(4)分别计算。表7展示了10万吨级化学链矿化CO2工艺的碳减排效益的详细数据。结果表明,能源消耗依然是整个工艺的碳排放大户,占整个工艺总碳排放量的76.21%,原料生产碳排放排在其后,占整个工艺总碳排放量的21.14%。依据净碳减排效益的计算公式(式(3)及式(8)),10万吨级化学链矿化工艺可以实现76%的净减排率。
根据化学链矿化工业试验及10万吨级化学链矿化工艺碳减排效益的评估,碳减排效益影响的因素主要为过程的工艺减排能力、能源消耗、原料生产和原料运输。影响工艺碳减排能力的主要因素为工艺效率、烟气性质,影响能源消耗碳减排能力的主要因素为能源种类和低碳能源的比例,影响原料的碳减排能力的主要因素为原料的种类、生产工艺及运输距离。
烟气中CO2的体积分数对工艺碳减排的能力影响较大[16]表8列举了矿化不同体积分数CO2烟气所需的气体压缩机的轴功率及矿化1 t CO2所需要的用电量。由表8可见,烟气中CO2体积分数越高,所需气体压缩机的功率越小,矿化1 t CO2所需要的用电量越少。这是由于在相同CO2处理量下,CO2体积分数较低时需要增加风量,这不仅增加了能源的消耗还会降低烟气中CO2的净回收利用率。
根据式(3)的计算,年处理1 000 t不同体积分数CO2烟气的用电量和净碳减排效益随CO2体积分数的变化曲线如图3所示。
图3可知,当处理的烟气中CO2体积分数较低时,年用电量明显高于CO2体积分数高时的年用电量,净碳减排效益明显低于CO2体积分数高时的净碳减排效益。通过对烟气进行提纯净化可以提高CO2的体积分数对净碳减排效益有利,但提纯过程本身会增加新的能耗或物耗。因此实际的工艺过程是否需要对CO2进行提纯净化需要综合考虑工艺、设备的工程化难度以及对项目净碳减排效益的影响程度。
原料对工艺碳减排能力的影响主要包含原料的类型、原料自身的生产工艺所带来的碳排放以及原料自生产工厂运输至项目目的地车间所带来的运输过程碳排放。对因原料自身生产带来的碳排放应择优选择生产同品质原料碳排放较低的生产企业,以降低原料端带来的范围三碳排放[17];另外原料距离项目工艺车间的运输距离也是不容忽视的一个重要环节[18]图4为原料运输距离对净碳减排效益的影响。从图4中可以看出,随着运输距离的增加,净碳减排效益明显呈下降趋势。因此应尽可能选择距离工艺装置较近的原料供应地,以减少运输过程中产生的碳排放。此外各厂家电石渣中活性组分含量的高低也会影响电石渣的用量,影响电石渣的运输和过程能耗,从而间接影响碳排放量。
在我国,随着可再生能源的快速发展,电网中的绿色电力(即来自太阳能、风能等可再生能源电力)占比在逐年增加[19]。如果在项目中较多地使用这些绿色电力代替基于化石燃料燃烧的传统电力,可以进一步减少因能源使用带来的碳排放,从而提升整体的减排效益。图5为使用不同的电力碳排放因子计算得到的净碳减排效益。由图5可知,电力的碳排放因子与碳减排效益之间存在线性关系。即碳排放因子越低,电力生产过程中的碳排放越少。因此,为提高项目整体的碳减排效益,应优先考虑使用低碳或无碳类型的电力。随着我国绿色电力技术的不断进步、成本的不断降低[20-21],使用绿色电力将成为提升项目碳减排效益的重要手段。
结合某电厂建设运行的国内首套“火电厂二氧化碳化学链矿化利用CCUS技术研究与示范项目”的矿化固碳路线工业化实践,对化学链矿化利用CCUS技术路径的碳减排效益进行了详细评估和核算,综合整个示范项目全生命周期的碳排放计算,该示范项目年处理量为1 364.56 t CO2,能够实现708.12 t CO2的净减排,达到52%的净减排率,将示范项目年处理量放大到10万吨级,项目CO2的净减排率可提升至76%。
影响碳减排效益的主要因素包括过程的工艺减排能力、能源消耗、原料生产和原料运输。影响工艺碳减排能力的主要因素为工艺效率、烟气性质,必要的烟气预处理以及适宜的CO2体积分数需要综合考虑工艺、设备的工程化难度以及对项目净碳减排效益的影响程度;影响能源消耗碳减排能力的主要因素为能源种类和低碳能源的比例,为了提高项目整体的碳减排效益,应优先考虑使用低碳或无碳类型的电力;影响原料碳减排能力的主要因素为原料的种类、生产工艺及运输距离,应优先选择生产同品质原料碳排放较低的生产企业,以降低原料端带来的范围三碳排放,并且应尽可能选择距离工艺装置较近的原料供应地,以减少运输过程中产生的碳排放。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202410224
  • 接收时间:2024-10-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-17
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    1.国电电力大同发电有限责任公司,山西 大同 037046
    2.原初科技(北京)有限公司,北京 100016
    3.清华大学化学工程系,北京 100084

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蔡力宏(1969),男,博士,主要研究方向为二氧化碳矿化技术及工业应用,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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