Article(id=1236345820694500014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345813933289655, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202403050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711036800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772697413847, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772697413847, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772697413847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697413847, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236345813933289655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772697412236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697498476, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236346175725556508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345813933289655, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236346175725556509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345813933289655, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=144, endPage=150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236345820983907002, articleId=1236345820694500014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on carbon emission reduction via co-firing biomass in circulating fluidized bed boilers, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Decarbonization in thermal power industry is directly related to the realization of the “double carbon” target, while the circulating fluidized bed boiler has the advantages of wide fuel applicability and can carry out large-scale fuel blending. Biomass fuel is a renewable “zero-carbon” energy source, its blending can greatly reduce the carbon emissions of thermal power plants. Based on the existing circulating fluidized bed boilers and coal-fired conditions, biomass co-firing tests were conducted, and comprehensively evaluation was also carried out on combustion stability, pollutant emissions, and thermal efficiency. The co-firing experiments results showed that, as the co-firing ratio increased, the coal consumption rate per unit of steam production significantly decreased, with stable combustion conditions maintained throughout the process. Under co-firing conditions, the consumption of limestone decreased to approximately 4.5 kg for 1 ton steam production, with SO2 emissions meeting the standards. Blending raised the furnace temperature, elevated the exhaust temperature, increased the fly ash content, and slightly increased the heat loss. Through regulating the air volume ratio, material layer pressure difference and excess air coefficient, the overall thermal efficiency closely approached the design value. Under long-term operating conditions, the blending ratio of biomass reached about 30%, and the emissions of SO2 and NOx were qualified. The tail heat exchanger was not corroded obviously, and the CO2 emission reduction amount reached about 480 kg for 1 ton steam production.

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火电行业的降碳工作直接关系到“双碳”目标的实现,而循环流化床炉具有燃料适用性广的优势,能够大比例掺烧可再生“零碳”能源-生物质燃料,大幅降低火电厂碳排放。在役循环流化床炉和燃煤条件,进行生物质混合掺烧试验,并对燃烧稳定性、污染物排放及热效率进行了综合评估。掺烧试验结果表明:生产单位蒸汽煤耗量随掺烧比增大显著降低,燃烧工况稳定;掺烧条件下单位石灰石耗量降至4.5 kg/t蒸汽左右,SO2排放量达标;掺烧后炉内温度升高,排烟温度升高,而飞灰量增大,使热损失有所增大;通过调控风量配比、料层差压及过量空气系数,总体热效率接近设计值;长期运行条件下,生物质掺烧比达到约30%,SO2和NOx排放量合格,尾部受热面未受明显腐蚀,1 t蒸汽减排CO2量约480 kg。

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金余其(1971),男,研究员,主要研究方向为工程热物理和固废焚烧技术,
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吴丽萍(1975),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为油田稠油热采设备、技术管理,燃煤流化床注汽锅炉技术,燃气直流注汽锅炉技术,油田水处理技术等,

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吴丽萍(1975),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为油田稠油热采设备、技术管理,燃煤流化床注汽锅炉技术,燃气直流注汽锅炉技术,油田水处理技术等,

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吴丽萍(1975),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为油田稠油热采设备、技术管理,燃煤流化床注汽锅炉技术,燃气直流注汽锅炉技术,油田水处理技术等,

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Energy & Fuels, 2017, 31(8): 7941-7951., articleTitle=Investigation on blended ash fusibility characteristics of biomass and coal with high silica-alumina, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236345823336911692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820694500014, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236345823345300302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820694500014, companyId=1236345823336911692, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Xinjiang Yucheng Thermal Power Co., Ltd., Karamay 834000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236345823349494606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820694500014, companyId=1236345823336911692, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.新疆宇澄热力股份有限公司,新疆 克拉玛依 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language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The situation of tail heating surface conditions before and after co-firing, figureFileSmall=ZM0T1P6wc5NOe72VMQMZnQ==, figureFileBig=/1wkAutPoK0nNUnsdFkZJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236345827157921880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820694500014, language=CN, label=图6, caption=掺烧前后尾部受热面情况, figureFileSmall=ZM0T1P6wc5NOe72VMQMZnQ==, figureFileBig=/1wkAutPoK0nNUnsdFkZJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236345827422163036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820694500014, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The CO2 emission reduction status, figureFileSmall=xM4Qrp1oG2C8vkwoapv3/g==, figureFileBig=FVFSBxeYGg7pSXmglpoc/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236345827514437730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820694500014, language=CN, label=图7, caption=CO2减排情况, figureFileSmall=xM4Qrp1oG2C8vkwoapv3/g==, figureFileBig=FVFSBxeYGg7pSXmglpoc/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236345827627683943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820694500014, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Proximate analysis for biomass and coal

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种类编号war(A)/%war(V)/%war(FC)/%war(M)/%war(S)/%低位发热量/(MJ·kg–1)
生物质1(秸秆)10.158.318.49.00.314.55
2(杂木)5.970.315.85.10.117.14
3(松木)1.079.614.95.9018.33
115.037.128.119.80.418.07
29.834.239.816.221.88
315.434.633.017.00.519.26
418.435.128.518.00.517.41
), ArticleFig(id=1236345827766095977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820694500014, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

生物质和煤工业分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类编号war(A)/%war(V)/%war(FC)/%war(M)/%war(S)/%低位发热量/(MJ·kg–1)
生物质1(秸秆)10.158.318.49.00.314.55
2(杂木)5.970.315.85.10.117.14
3(松木)1.079.614.95.9018.33
115.037.128.119.80.418.07
29.834.239.816.221.88
315.434.633.017.00.519.26
418.435.128.518.00.517.41
), ArticleFig(id=1236345827862564975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820694500014, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The boiler parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目第一供汽站第二供汽站
额定蒸发量/(t·h–1)130130
额定蒸汽压力/MPa14.00 9.81
额定蒸汽温度/℃350332
锅炉排烟温度/℃50%负荷≥120≥120
100%负荷≤140≤140
锅炉保证热效率/%≥90≥90
锅炉运行负荷范围/(t·h–1)39~13039~130
锅炉安全稳定运行工况范围30%~100%B-MCR30%~100%B-MCR
排污率/%≤10≤10
蒸汽过热度/℃10~3010~30
), ArticleFig(id=1236345827984199797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820694500014, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

锅炉参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目第一供汽站第二供汽站
额定蒸发量/(t·h–1)130130
额定蒸汽压力/MPa14.00 9.81
额定蒸汽温度/℃350332
锅炉排烟温度/℃50%负荷≥120≥120
100%负荷≤140≤140
锅炉保证热效率/%≥90≥90
锅炉运行负荷范围/(t·h–1)39~13039~130
锅炉安全稳定运行工况范围30%~100%B-MCR30%~100%B-MCR
排污率/%≤10≤10
蒸汽过热度/℃10~3010~30
), ArticleFig(id=1236345828068085883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820694500014, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Fuel characteristics of phase one

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号试验日期生物质
掺烧比/%
低位发热量/(MJ·kg–1)硫质量
分数/%
2-2号炉15.21—5.24916.050.39
25.25—6.021517.320.33
36.03—6.142017.590.28
2-1号炉46.15—6.171617.340.26
56.18—7.102516.900.24
67.02—7.182917.720.33
), ArticleFig(id=1236345828193915009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820694500014, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

第一阶段燃料特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号试验日期生物质
掺烧比/%
低位发热量/(MJ·kg–1)硫质量
分数/%
2-2号炉15.21—5.24916.050.39
25.25—6.021517.320.33
36.03—6.142017.590.28
2-1号炉46.15—6.171617.340.26
56.18—7.102516.900.24
67.02—7.182917.720.33
), ArticleFig(id=1236345828265218181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820694500014, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Ash residue and flue gas heat losses in phase one and phase two

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验
阶段
灰渣含碳
质量分数/%
不完全燃烧
热损失/%
排烟热
损失/%
热效率/%排烟
温度/℃
4.451.6611.1085.64151
2.400.749.2087.46144
), ArticleFig(id=1236345828349104266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820694500014, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

第一、二阶段灰渣及排烟热损失

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验
阶段
灰渣含碳
质量分数/%
不完全燃烧
热损失/%
排烟热
损失/%
热效率/%排烟
温度/℃
4.451.6611.1085.64151
2.400.749.2087.46144
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循环流化床炉生物质掺烧降碳技术研究
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吴丽萍 1 , 李民杰 2 , 陈思雨 2 , 高江鹏 1 , 金余其 2
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024,53(10): 144-150
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2024, 53(10): 144-150
循环流化床炉生物质掺烧降碳技术研究
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吴丽萍1 , 李民杰2, 陈思雨2, 高江鹏1, 金余其2
作者信息
  • 1.新疆宇澄热力股份有限公司,新疆 克拉玛依 834000
  • 2.浙江大学能源清洁利用国家重点实验室,杭州 310027
  • 吴丽萍(1975),女,高级工程师,主要研究方向为油田稠油热采设备、技术管理,燃煤流化床注汽锅炉技术,燃气直流注汽锅炉技术,油田水处理技术等,

通讯作者:

金余其(1971),男,研究员,主要研究方向为工程热物理和固废焚烧技术,
Study on carbon emission reduction via co-firing biomass in circulating fluidized bed boilers
Liping WU1 , Minjie LI2, Siyu CHEN2, Jiangpeng GAO1, Yuqi JIN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xinjiang Yucheng Thermal Power Co., Ltd., Karamay 834000, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403050
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火电行业的降碳工作直接关系到“双碳”目标的实现,而循环流化床炉具有燃料适用性广的优势,能够大比例掺烧可再生“零碳”能源-生物质燃料,大幅降低火电厂碳排放。在役循环流化床炉和燃煤条件,进行生物质混合掺烧试验,并对燃烧稳定性、污染物排放及热效率进行了综合评估。掺烧试验结果表明:生产单位蒸汽煤耗量随掺烧比增大显著降低,燃烧工况稳定;掺烧条件下单位石灰石耗量降至4.5 kg/t蒸汽左右,SO2排放量达标;掺烧后炉内温度升高,排烟温度升高,而飞灰量增大,使热损失有所增大;通过调控风量配比、料层差压及过量空气系数,总体热效率接近设计值;长期运行条件下,生物质掺烧比达到约30%,SO2和NOx排放量合格,尾部受热面未受明显腐蚀,1 t蒸汽减排CO2量约480 kg。

循环流化床  /  生物质  /  碳排放

Decarbonization in thermal power industry is directly related to the realization of the “double carbon” target, while the circulating fluidized bed boiler has the advantages of wide fuel applicability and can carry out large-scale fuel blending. Biomass fuel is a renewable “zero-carbon” energy source, its blending can greatly reduce the carbon emissions of thermal power plants. Based on the existing circulating fluidized bed boilers and coal-fired conditions, biomass co-firing tests were conducted, and comprehensively evaluation was also carried out on combustion stability, pollutant emissions, and thermal efficiency. The co-firing experiments results showed that, as the co-firing ratio increased, the coal consumption rate per unit of steam production significantly decreased, with stable combustion conditions maintained throughout the process. Under co-firing conditions, the consumption of limestone decreased to approximately 4.5 kg for 1 ton steam production, with SO2 emissions meeting the standards. Blending raised the furnace temperature, elevated the exhaust temperature, increased the fly ash content, and slightly increased the heat loss. Through regulating the air volume ratio, material layer pressure difference and excess air coefficient, the overall thermal efficiency closely approached the design value. Under long-term operating conditions, the blending ratio of biomass reached about 30%, and the emissions of SO2 and NOx were qualified. The tail heat exchanger was not corroded obviously, and the CO2 emission reduction amount reached about 480 kg for 1 ton steam production.

circulating fluidized bed  /  biomass  /  carbon emissions
吴丽萍, 李民杰, 陈思雨, 高江鹏, 金余其. 循环流化床炉生物质掺烧降碳技术研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (10) : 144 -150 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403050
Liping WU, Minjie LI, Siyu CHEN, Jiangpeng GAO, Yuqi JIN. Study on carbon emission reduction via co-firing biomass in circulating fluidized bed boilers[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (10) : 144 -150 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403050
在全球气候变化的严峻形势下,我国积极承担大国责任,提出“双碳”目标[1],这对我国能源结构的优化升级提出了更高要求。虽然风、光新能源已取得长足发展,但其调节能力存在先天不足,无法独立保障我国电力能源的安全稳定[2]。基于我国以煤电为主的电力产供销结构,燃煤机组的低碳转型与减排效果直接关系到“双碳”目标的实现[3]。为此,能源行业提出“前端降碳、中端替碳、后端固碳”的发展思路,其中“中端替碳”为攻关生物质混合燃料掺烧技术,降低燃煤消耗量。
生物质是“零碳”燃料,能够替代燃煤燃烧,达到降碳作用,已应用于多种燃烧方式[4-5]。在燃煤锅炉中,循环流化床锅炉具有燃料种类适应性广、经济性好及运行范围灵活等优势[6],对掺烧生物质具有良好的适应性[7]。因此,能源行业为实现“双碳”目标,构建以新能源为主体的火电厂稠油热采系统,需要发挥流化床锅炉的灵活性优势,发展生物质掺烧新技术[8]
本文根据当地生物质燃料供应情况,选取杂木生物质颗粒作为燃料,基于已建成的循环流化床锅炉和现有燃煤条件开展掺烧试验,通过分析对燃料特性、热效率、污染物排放、受热面情况及减碳量,得到了实际工程中生物质掺烧方式的减碳效果及其对循环流化床锅炉综合影响数据,为后续研究和掺烧方式的推广提供了改进方向和应用策略。
当地生物质企业主要提供秸秆、杂木和松木生物质颗粒,生物质颗粒照片如图1所示,表1为生物质和煤的工业分析。根据表1的数据可知,杂木松木生物质燃料的发热量接近现用煤,且含硫量较低,掺烧时对锅炉的影响最小。图1b)显示,秸秆和杂木颗粒压制后均呈现密实的状态;图1c)则显示,杂木颗粒更易产生明火,这与更高的挥发分含量有关。考虑到杂木颗粒经济性更好,因此本次掺烧试验选用杂木生物质颗粒作为生物质燃料。将杂木颗粒压制成柱状满足循环流化床锅炉对物料粒径(≤10 mm)的要求,以适用于现有上料系统。
表1可见:掺烧用煤热值达到17 MJ/kg以上;其中1号煤水分、硫分稍高,性价比最高;2号煤热值高,价格也高,可与低热值煤掺混使用;3号和4号煤热值、价格适中。
本研究试验平台包括2个供汽站,4台燃煤锅炉。其中,第一、二供汽站均包含2台锅炉,即1-1号炉和1-2号锅炉,以及2-1号锅炉和2-2号锅炉,涉及锅炉参数见表2
试验所用掺混方法为,每隔12 h使用装载机分别将煤与生物质燃料按比例铲入落煤口内,最终汇入炉前煤仓后,通过给煤机进入炉膛参与燃烧。2022年5月—7月进行第一阶段掺烧试验,用于评估掺烧对锅炉的影响,确定掺烧比,结果见表3。其中,每铲生物质质量约2.2 t,每铲煤质量约3.5 t。2023年进行第二阶段长期连续运行试验,生物质掺烧比为25%~30%,采用预先掺混方式,使低位热值稳定在19.3 MJ/kg左右。
生物质燃料碳排放按生物质折算标煤的碳排放量计算。生物质折算标煤量为:
FCsc,sub=FCb×NCVbNCVsc
式中:FCsc,sub为生物质的标准煤替代量,t;FCb为生物质的消耗量,t;NCVb为生物质低位发热量每天检测值,取周平均进行计算,GJ/t;NCVsc为标准煤低位发热量,取值为29.3 GJ/t。
燃煤碳排放量为:
ER=FCsc.sub×EFsc
式中:ER为生物质燃料碳排放量,t;EFsc为燃煤的二氧化碳排放因子,CO2排放质量与标准燃煤质量比,取2.54。
图2为第一阶段试验掺烧配比和煤单耗(生产1 t蒸汽所需燃煤量)变化情况。试验1—6分别对应81.52、82.63、86.49、93.27、96.44、89.65 t/h负荷。由图2可见:掺烧比每上升5%,煤单耗降低1~3 kg/t;相比于负荷区间81~87 t/h,负荷区间90~96 t/h内煤单耗的降幅更大。生物质掺烧比越大,煤单耗越低,降碳效果越好[9-12],但增大掺烧量引起的不利影响也会变得更明显[13-16]。根据第一阶段试验结果,生物质掺烧量达到25%~30%时,不会对设备造成明显不利影响。
2023年第二阶段试验采用预先掺混方式,掺烧比为25%~30%,定期对煤、生物质、飞灰、底渣4项进行化验分析,结合生物质底渣少、挥发分高的特性,优化控制掺烧比每周对关键参数进行优化调整。图3为第二阶段试验中1、2号供汽站煤单耗和产量趋势。
图3可见,2023年第一季度出现煤单耗高的现象。为此,试验采取“一炉一策”即对每台锅炉的风量配比、料层差压及过量空气系数进行单独反馈调控。在后续生产中该问题得到了有效解决,其中第三季度1、2号供汽站生物质总体掺烧比例为23.43%,1号供汽站标煤单耗稳定在97±1 kg/t,2号供汽站标煤单耗则稳定在99±2 kg/t,煤单耗趋于稳定。
与燃煤相比,生物质燃料自身的灰分较低[17-18],另外掺烧后石灰石用量会降低,因此底渣量也会减少,但生物质燃料燃烧产生低密度的灰烬会更多,因此飞灰增多[16]图4为第一阶段试验得到的燃烧温度及排烟热损失。由图4a)可见,生物质掺烧比约30%时,入炉物料的灰分减少约2%,底渣量减少约0.8 t/h,灰渣物理热损失降低约0.1%,飞灰量则增加约0.7 t/h,机械不完全燃烧热损失上升约0.6%。
生物质燃料的热值低于燃煤,但热量释放时间短[19],因此掺烧生物质时,床温变化速率快,中心区域温升较高,且所需的空气量更多[15]。由图4b)可见,生物质掺烧量约30%时,炉膛中心温度上升17 ℃,过量空气系数升高0.23,排烟温度上升8 ℃,排烟热损失值增大约0.2%。
为降低灰渣含碳量和排烟温度,对第二阶段试验进行了调整和优化。表4为第一、二阶段灰渣及排烟热损失。由表4可见,调控有效降低了灰渣物理热损失和排烟热损失,提高了热效率。第二阶段试验中,1号供汽站锅炉热效率实测为89%,已接近设计效率。8月、9月2号供汽站基本只运行了2-2号锅炉,且受水质及设备情况影响,将中级省煤器上部集箱管线跨接至上级省煤器上部集箱管线,舍弃了上级省煤器蛇形管,导致热效率有所降低,实际热效率为87.46%。若受热面完整,掺烧条件下的热效率将高于此数值。综上,掺烧生物质后锅炉的热效率有所降低,但总体接近设计值。
掺混生物质燃料可降低入炉硫分,同时,燃烧飞灰所含碱性物质还对SO2具有一定捕获作用[20]。因此,掺烧生物质有利于SO2减排,减少石灰石用量[21]。第一阶段试验中的烟气SO2排放量及石灰石用量情况如图5所示,运行期间SO2未超标。由图5可见:试验1—5掺烧比每增加5%,入炉燃料硫分约降低0.06%;但试验6出现了燃料硫分和SO2排放值升高的现象,这是由于燃煤煤质变化。
后续试验中改进了掺混方式,有效解决了该问题。在2023年第三季度试验中,石灰石单耗降为4.24 kg/t,SO2排放达标,说明长期掺烧运行达到了降低石灰石用量的效果。
生物质燃料的掺烧对NOx排放量的影响尚不明确[22]。一方面,生物质氮含量一般低于原煤,主要以氨基形式存在,但氨基向NOx的转化率不高[20]。此外,生物质燃料热解产生的CHi基团和NHi基团能够将NOx还原为HCN或N2[20]。另一方面,试验平台采用选择性非催化还原(SNCR)脱硝工艺,虽然烟气温度小幅升高有利于NOx的还原反应发生,但炉膛温度上升可能使热力型NOx生成量提高,引起NOx产量波动[10,17,23]图5c)显示,在第二阶段试验中,NOx排放量与掺烧量表现出一定正相关性,说明掺烧量提高时,NOx排放量略有提高。
生物质燃料中的Na、K及Cl等元素含量高,但可提高灰熔点的Al含量却很低[16],可能加剧受热面的积灰、腐蚀[24-25]。经过第一阶段58天的掺烧试验后,对锅炉尾部受热面情况在掺烧试验前后的积灰、腐蚀情况进行对比,结果如图6所示。
图6可以发现,蒸发管束、过热器、省煤器、空气预热器表面无明显变化,管束上都为浮灰及松软的灰粘结,未出现尾部受热面管束表面板结、结焦或严重腐蚀情况。可见,掺烧生物质不会在短期内引起严重的腐蚀、积灰现象,但需要重视除灰工作以避免粘结的灰长期累积。
图7为CO2减排情况。由图7a)可见,在第三季度试验中,燃料单位消耗水平与负荷呈负相关,而CO2减排量的变化趋势则与掺烧量变化趋势相同。第三季度累计生产蒸汽23.4万t,平均标煤单耗95.97 kg/t,能耗水平低于第一、二季度。第三季度CO2减排量达到1.1万t,平均减排量为179.8 t/d,折合约480 kg/t蒸汽。10月—11月能耗水平略有提高,故7月—11月平均标煤单耗达到98.14 kg/t,期间CO2减排量达到2.1万t,平均减排量为128.8 t/d。此外,图7a)还显示,SO2的排放量与掺烧量变化存在正相关,虽然排放并未超标但需要加强运行控制。
生物质作为一种“零碳”燃料,在燃煤替代方面具有良好的应用前景,而循环流化床燃煤锅炉能够充分发挥适应性强的优势,达到大比例稳定掺烧。循环流化床锅炉掺烧生物质时,应加强风量配比、料层差压及过量空气系数的反馈调控,并确保入炉燃料热值稳定,从而使锅炉运行状况稳定,提高热效率。
1)在25%~30%生物质掺烧比工况下,锅炉运行稳定,受热面未明显积灰、腐蚀,污染物排放达标。CO2减排量达到约480 kg/t蒸汽,理论SO2排放量下降,石灰石用量降低。
2)与未进行生物质掺烧相比,底渣量减少,冷渣机负荷降低,提高了锅炉带负荷能力。在锅炉内循环渣量下降的情况下,通过调整一、二次风量配比,使掺烧料层低于原煤料层,达到了节电效果。
3)可根据锅炉需求,调控掺烧热值,调整经济运行负荷区间。
但掺烧生物质也存在以下问题:1)生物质热量释放时间短,着火点高,不适用于点炉初期,不利于长期在煤仓中混存;2)炉内温度升高,排烟温度升高,排烟热损失增大,存在高温腐蚀以及尾部受热面腐蚀加剧的可能性;3)飞灰量增大,除尘器磨损增加,机械不完全燃烧热损失升高,且飞灰碱金属氯化物含量增大,可能加剧腐蚀。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403050
  • 接收时间:2024-03-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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    1.新疆宇澄热力股份有限公司,新疆 克拉玛依 834000
    2.浙江大学能源清洁利用国家重点实验室,杭州 310027

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金余其(1971),男,研究员,主要研究方向为工程热物理和固废焚烧技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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