Article(id=1236345820337984158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345813933289655, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202406141, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718121600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772697413762, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772697413762, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772697413762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697413762, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236345813933289655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772697412236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697498476, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236346175725556508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345813933289655, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236346175725556509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345813933289655, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=41, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236345820606419626, articleId=1236345820337984158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Double-layer optimal allocation of heat storage capacity in combined solar thermal-wind power generation system, columnId=1236345815061557435, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Long-term energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Wind power generation and solar thermal power generation have complementary advantages in terms of time characteristics, and the heat storage system equipped with solar thermal power station can effectively alleviate the peak regulation pressure and improve the wind power absorption capacity. On this basis, a solar thermal-wind combined power generation system is proposed. The Latin hypercube sampling method is used to effectively reduce the uncertainty of wind power output and solar irradiation intensity. Then, a two-stage double-layer optimal allocation method is proposed to rationally allocate the heat storage capacity. The upper layer model aims to minimize the investment cost of comprehensive operation of the system and the lowest curtailment of the system. The optimal heat storage capacity is determined by a fuzzy multi-attribute decision scheme. In the lower layer model, the operation is optimized with the goal of maximizing the net benefit of the cogeneration system in the scenario. The results show that the optimal heat storage capacity of the heat storage system of the solar thermal power station is 906 MW·h, and the comprehensive operating cost for the optimal heat storage capacity configuration is 2 430 000 yuan. Through the comparison between the results of different scenarios, the curtailment of the system with this configuration method reduces by 69.615 MW, and the net revenue of the system increases by 7.7%.

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基于风力发电与光热发电在时间特性上呈互补优势,且光热电站配备的储热系统能够有效缓解调峰压力,提高风电消纳能力,提出太阳能光热-风力联合发电系统。通过拉丁超立方抽样方法有效降低风电出力和太阳辐照强度的不确定性,并提出了一种两阶段双层优化配置方法合理配置储热容量。上层模型以系统综合运行投资成本最低和系统弃电量最低为目标,通过模糊多属性决策方案确定最优储热容量;下层模型以考虑场景内联合发电系统净效益最大为目标优化运行。结果表明:光热电站储热系统的最优储热容量为906 MW·h,最优储热容量配置下的综合运行成本为243万元;通过不同情形的结果对比,该配置方法下系统的弃电量相比之下降低了69.615 MW,系统净收益提高了7.7%。

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马山刚(1983),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为新能源与电力系统优化调度,
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祁延明(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多能源联合发电系统,

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祁延明(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多能源联合发电系统,

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Power Grid and Clean Energy, 2024, 40(4): 143-149., articleTitle=Multi-scale consumption law and attribution analysis of renewable energy in Qinghai Power Grid, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236345829028581536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820337984158, awardId=51865049, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51865049), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236345829116661924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820337984158, awardId=51865049, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(51865049), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236345829187965098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820337984158, awardId=SGQHJY00NYJS2310220, language=EN, fundingSource=Project of Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Power Generation Grid-connected Technology(SGQHJY00NYJS2310220), fundOrder=null, country=null), 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articleId=1236345820337984158, language=CN, label=图7, caption=系统净收益变化曲线, figureFileSmall=L7oR6Gpp9LjyYRvExSi9JQ==, figureFileBig=rvHzNEznqPv1mmEepogu2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236345828110028927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820337984158, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Operating state of the heat storage system with the optimal heat storage capacity, figureFileSmall=H6/wfVSoFxrGjjpPm2+BVw==, figureFileBig=QaVNSQgsJCYlKcDoQ1XZYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236345828198109317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820337984158, language=CN, label=图8, caption=最优储热容量时储热系统运行状态, figureFileSmall=H6/wfVSoFxrGjjpPm2+BVw==, figureFileBig=QaVNSQgsJCYlKcDoQ1XZYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236345828307161223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820337984158, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

System parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
SSF/m213 000M0/(元·(kW·h)–1)200.000
ηth/%40r0.08
ηc/%98R/a25
ηf/%98GW/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.262
ηEH/%98Gcsp/(元·(kW·h)–1)1.350
ew/(元·kW–1)0.180Gi/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.520
ecsp/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.650Rcsp,u/(MW·h)70
), ArticleFig(id=1236345828684648591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820337984158, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

系统参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
SSF/m213 000M0/(元·(kW·h)–1)200.000
ηth/%40r0.08
ηc/%98R/a25
ηf/%98GW/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.262
ηEH/%98Gcsp/(元·(kW·h)–1)1.350
ew/(元·kW–1)0.180Gi/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.520
ecsp/(元·(kW·h)–1)0.650Rcsp,u/(MW·h)70
), ArticleFig(id=1236345828797894803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820337984158, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Operational results of different heat storage capacities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储热容量/
(MW·h)
综合运行投资成本/
(×106元)
弃电量/
MW
系统净收益/
(×106元)
8182.2180.407 53.379
9062.4310.792 53.640
1 0132.6803.425
), ArticleFig(id=1236345828894363800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345820337984158, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同储热容量运行结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
储热容量/
(MW·h)
综合运行投资成本/
(×106元)
弃电量/
MW
系统净收益/
(×106元)
8182.2180.407 53.379
9062.4310.792 53.640
1 0132.6803.425
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光热-风力联合发电系统储热容量双层优化配置研究
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祁延明 , 马山刚 , 金福宝 , 周登涛 , 张强 , 谢佳雯
热力发电 | 长时储能技术研究专题 2024,53(10): 41-49
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热力发电 | 长时储能技术研究专题 2024, 53(10): 41-49
光热-风力联合发电系统储热容量双层优化配置研究
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祁延明 , 马山刚 , 金福宝, 周登涛, 张强, 谢佳雯
作者信息
  • 青海大学能源与电气工程学院,青海 西宁 810016
  • 祁延明(1997),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多能源联合发电系统,

通讯作者:

马山刚(1983),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为新能源与电力系统优化调度,
Double-layer optimal allocation of heat storage capacity in combined solar thermal-wind power generation system
Yanming QI , Shangang MA , Fubao JIN, Dengtao ZHOU, Qiang ZHANG, Jiawen XIE
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406141
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基于风力发电与光热发电在时间特性上呈互补优势,且光热电站配备的储热系统能够有效缓解调峰压力,提高风电消纳能力,提出太阳能光热-风力联合发电系统。通过拉丁超立方抽样方法有效降低风电出力和太阳辐照强度的不确定性,并提出了一种两阶段双层优化配置方法合理配置储热容量。上层模型以系统综合运行投资成本最低和系统弃电量最低为目标,通过模糊多属性决策方案确定最优储热容量;下层模型以考虑场景内联合发电系统净效益最大为目标优化运行。结果表明:光热电站储热系统的最优储热容量为906 MW·h,最优储热容量配置下的综合运行成本为243万元;通过不同情形的结果对比,该配置方法下系统的弃电量相比之下降低了69.615 MW,系统净收益提高了7.7%。

光热电站  /  不确定性  /  联合发电系统  /  最优储热容量  /  双层优化

Wind power generation and solar thermal power generation have complementary advantages in terms of time characteristics, and the heat storage system equipped with solar thermal power station can effectively alleviate the peak regulation pressure and improve the wind power absorption capacity. On this basis, a solar thermal-wind combined power generation system is proposed. The Latin hypercube sampling method is used to effectively reduce the uncertainty of wind power output and solar irradiation intensity. Then, a two-stage double-layer optimal allocation method is proposed to rationally allocate the heat storage capacity. The upper layer model aims to minimize the investment cost of comprehensive operation of the system and the lowest curtailment of the system. The optimal heat storage capacity is determined by a fuzzy multi-attribute decision scheme. In the lower layer model, the operation is optimized with the goal of maximizing the net benefit of the cogeneration system in the scenario. The results show that the optimal heat storage capacity of the heat storage system of the solar thermal power station is 906 MW·h, and the comprehensive operating cost for the optimal heat storage capacity configuration is 2 430 000 yuan. Through the comparison between the results of different scenarios, the curtailment of the system with this configuration method reduces by 69.615 MW, and the net revenue of the system increases by 7.7%.

solar thermal power station  /  uncertainty  /  combined power generation system  /  optimal heat storage capacity  /  two-layer optimization
祁延明, 马山刚, 金福宝, 周登涛, 张强, 谢佳雯. 光热-风力联合发电系统储热容量双层优化配置研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (10) : 41 -49 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406141
Yanming QI, Shangang MA, Fubao JIN, Dengtao ZHOU, Qiang ZHANG, Jiawen XIE. Double-layer optimal allocation of heat storage capacity in combined solar thermal-wind power generation system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (10) : 41 -49 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406141
在“双碳”目标的引领下,我国新型电力系统行业逐步向以构建新能源为主体的战略目标迈进,在能源结构中可再生能源的重要性日渐凸显[1]。以太阳能和风力为代表的新能源,取得了突破式发展[2]。然而,太阳能发电与风力发电分别受限于太阳光照强度和风速,其次受天气变化、季节交替等因素影响,故造成了新能源出力的随机性、波动性和间歇性,制约了出力并网消纳率,导致弃风、弃光问题的频发[3-4]。目前,储能系统的运用可以解决上述问题,使得电力系统建设逐步走向智能化、自适应化,实现从传统的“发电-输电-配电-用电”模式向“清洁能源-储能-调峰-应急”的模式转换。
太阳能光热发电(concentrating solar power,CSP)系统配备有一定容量的储热系统,在负荷低谷期时能够对热量进行存储,负荷高峰期时能够释放热能发电,实现了能量的时移,具有与火电机组相近的灵活调峰特性[5]。光热发电与风力发电在时间特性上呈天然互补优势,电加热装置能够将风力发电超出功率转换为热能存储于储热系统中,从而减少弃风现象[6]。从目前的研究来看,储热系统的调峰能力与储热容量呈正相关,但储热容量的增大势必会增加建设成本以及综合运行成本。因此,探究光热电站储热系统储热容量与综合性能的平衡点是光热电站规划运行、储热系统容量优化配置的关键[7-9]
对于太阳能光热电站与其他电源联合发电方面,文献[10]设计光热电站与热电联产机组联合调峰,验证了联合系统在调峰补偿效果上的灵活性。文献[11]基于风光互补耦合光热储能的构想,建立风光热储互补发电系统,并提出一种双层优化配置方法,以新能源弃电率和系统综合运行成本为优化目标,验证所提方法的稳定性。文献[12]为了抑制风电波动和弃风,提出了一种风电-CSP联合发电系统,以最小化输出功率与计划负荷间的偏差作为对比量验证所提方法的有效性。文献[13]构建含有储热系统的光热电站和风电机组联合模型,通过提升系统的风电消纳能力和控制系统的旋转备用成本来实现系统的优化调度。光热电站配置储热系统,相当于配置了一定容量的储能装置,能够有效参与联合发电系统的调峰,具有能与火电机组相媲美的灵活性[14-15]
上述研究主要集中于通过光热电站与其他电源相结合,提高光热电站的调峰特性和新能源消纳能力上,对于光热机组储热容量配置方面的相关研究较少。文献[16]通过合理配置储热容量来缓解火电机组的调峰压力,通过分析光热电站的综合收益指出储热容量配置的必要性,并且能够在一定程度上有效降低系统的调峰成本。文献[17]综合考虑系统的经济性因素,通过仿真分析求得1年内储热系统的最优储热容量,提出的储热容量配置方法在结果分析中的到了验证。文献[18]通过分析储热容量对于系统出力特性的影响,得出合理的配置储热容量能提高太阳能利用率,并且能有效降低系统的不确定性。
综上,现有的研究对于光热电站在与其他新能源联合发电时,储热容量配置的研究较少,多集中于探究光热电站与新能源发电联合后的调峰特性及调度优势。本文在上述已有研究基础上,首先通过建立光热-风力联合发电系统,利用电加热装置使风电、光热电站和储热系统相结合;然后,通过拉丁超立方抽样(latin hypercube sampling,LHS)方法生成多个场景后削减得到风电、负荷预测出力的典型场景[19];最后,建立光热-风电联合发电系统储热容量双层优化配置模型,使用遗传算法进行求解,通过算例结果分析求得储热系统的最优储热容量,验证所提方法的合理性。
太阳能光热-风力联合发电系统运行结构如图1所示,主要由光热电站、风电场、电加热子装置(electric heater,EH)和功率控制模块(power control,PC)组成。光热电站一般由储热系统(thermal energy storage,TES)、光场(solar field,SF)、导热工质(heat-transfer fluid,HTF)组成。
图1中双罐储热系统光热电站基本运行流程为:集热装置收集到光场反射的热量后通过加热导热工质,其中一部分热量通过热力循环系统推动汽轮发电机组发电,多余的热量通过换热装置存储于储热系统中;风电场中,当风电输出功率大于电网要求时,超出功率将通过功率控制模块分流到电加热装置并以热能的形式存储于储热系统,以减少弃风;当联合发电系统输出功率小于电网要求时,储热系统放热以补充功率。故配备最优容量的光场和储热系统是光热电站稳定运行和最大效益的前提[20]
塔式光热电站中集热子系统主要收集光场反射的太阳能,其模型为:
PScsp,t=ηthSSFDt
式中:PScsp,tt时刻集热子系统收集的热能,MW·h;ηth为光-热转换效率,%;SSF为光场面积,m2Dtt时刻太阳辐照强度(solar radiation index,DNI),W/m2
集热子系统中的导热工质被加热后有2个去向:一是流向发电子系统,加热水蒸气通过推动汽轮机发电;二是通过热量交换流向储热子系统用于存储。表达式如下:
PScsp,t=PS-Pt+PS-Tt
式中:PS-Ptt时刻集热子系统中的导热工质流向发电子系统的功率,MW·h;PS-Ttt时刻流入储热系统的热功率,MW·h。
储热子系统充当一部分储能装置,在负荷低谷期将盈余的能量通过换热装置存储于储热子系统中,以应对负荷高峰期时出力不足的问题[21]。其数学模型为:
ETES,t=(1ρΔt)ETES,t1+ηcΔt(PTES,ct+TEH,t)PTES,ftΔtηf
式中:ETES,tt时刻的储热系统容量,MW·h;ρ为耗散系数;Δt为时间间隔;ηcηf分别为储热系统的充、放热效率,%;PTES,ctPTES,ft分别为t时刻储热系统的充、放热功率,MW;TEH,tt时刻的电加热装置输出功率,MW。
电加热装置多用于风-光互补联合发电系统,其原理是在风电出力大于需求负荷时,将盈余输出功率通过此装置转换为热能存储于储热系统中。因此,电加热装置是解决弃风问题的关键设备。其模型为:
TEH,t=ηEHPEH,t
式中:ηEH为电加热装置的转换效率,%;PEH,t为电加热装置输入功率,MW。
风电机组输出功率主要受制于风速的影响,具有较强的随机性和波动性。风电机组和光热机组联合能够有效解决风电机组的弃风问题,提高风电消纳量。文献[22]中风机输出功率表达式简化后得到:
Pwt={0,v<vCPwrvvCvRvC,vCv<vRPwr,vRv<vF 0,vFv  
式中:Pwr为风电机组的额定功率;vvCvRvF分别是风速、风机的切入风速、风机的额定风速和切出风速。
由于风电出力及负荷预测具有不确定性,为了保障系统的安全运行对预测值进行不确定性建模。本文采用拉丁超立方抽样方法生成多个场景,然后用概率距离快速削减法对多个场景进行削减,得到削减处理后的典型场景[23-24]。与蒙特卡洛法不同,拉丁超立方抽样方法改进了采样策略,能够做到在较小采样规模中获得较高的采样精度,属于分层采样技术。
以风电为例,假设风电出力服从正态分布,设置样本采样规模为Y,有N个随机变量kNkN的概率分布函数为:
FN=FN(kN)
场景生成步骤如下。
1)得到FN的概率函数分布曲线后等分为Y个区间,在各区间内抽取1个样本数,抽取的概率函数PNi为:
PNi=(1/Y)ri+(i1)/Y
式中:ri为随机数,取值0~100%。
2)求相应取值区间的采样值KNi
KNi=FN1(PNi)
3)将上述步骤重复Y次,得到Y个采样值。
4)通过随机排序生成Y个场景。
将2.3.1小节生成的Y个场景通过概率距离法进行削减,削减后得到n个典型场景。
1)初始化,即将场景出现的概率函数定义为pi=1/Y,初始化后的场景数缩减为n*=N
2)根据概率距离法计算得到各场景(si, sj)的Kantorovich距离Dk
Dk(si,sj)=(s=1S(Li,tLj,t)2)12
式中:Li,tLj,t为第ij个场景的距离长度。
3)根据上一步得到的sk场景找到与其距离最近的场景sr,然后计算距离与概率的乘积,记为:
PDk(si,sj)=Dk(si,sj)ρr
4)将每个场景按步骤3)操作,并将得到的全部值PDk(si, sj)进行比较,然后剔除PDk(si, sj)小的场景,削减后的场景数为n*=n*-1。
5)重复步骤2)—步骤4),直至削减后的场景数n*=n
太阳辐照强度的不确定性跟上述风电不确定性处理方法一致,故不再赘述。
对于光热-风力联合发电系统中储热容量配置问题,本文建立了双层优化配置模型。上层规划模型以综合运行成本最低和系统弃电量最小为目标,通过模糊多属性决策方案确定最优储热容量;下层运行模型以考虑场景内联合发电系统净效益最大为目标优化运行。
联合发电系统的综合运行投资成本包含总投资成本和系统运维成本。在上层优化模型中以综合运行成本最低和系统弃电量最小为目标。
太阳能光热-风力联合发电系统综合考虑火电机组的发电成本、光热发电和风力发电的运行维护成本、弃电惩罚成本以及光热电站储热系统的建设投资成本:
minf1=F1+F2+F3
式中:f1为联合发电系统综合运行成本;F1为火电机组的发电成本;F2为风电机组、光热电站发电成本;F3为光热电站储热系统的投资建设成本。
火电机组发电成本为:
F1=e1(Pit)+e2(uit)
式中:e1e2分别为火电机组的燃料成本和启停成本;Pit为火电机组it时刻的发电功率;uit为火电机组it时刻的工作状态,当uit为1时机组处于工作状态,当uit为0时机组处于停机状态。
风电机组与光热电站发电成本为:
F2=t=0T(ewPw,t+ecspPcsp,t)
式中:ewPw,t分别为风电机组的发电成本系数和t时刻的输出功率;ecspPcsp,t分别为光热电站的发电成本系数和t时刻的输出功率。
光热电站储热系统投资建设成本为:
F3=M0ETES(1+r)Rr365(1+r)R1
式中:M0为储热单位容量成本;ETES为储热系统的储热容量;r为折现率;R为储热系统的运行年限。
光热电站配置一定容量的储热系统,能够有效解决弃光问题,因此只考虑弃风电量[25]的总弃电量为:
Ploss,t=t=1TPw,t+Pcsp,t+PitPEH,tPload,t
式中:Ploss,t为总弃电量;Pw,tPcsp,tPit分别为t时刻风电机组、光热电站和火电机组的出力;PEH,tt时刻电加热装置输入功率;Pload,tt时刻的负荷功率。
上层规化模型中考虑的约束条件包括储热系统的储热容量约束、充放热功率约束和弃电状态约束:
ETES,minETESETES,max
PTES,minPTESPTES,max
式中:ETES为储热系统储热容量;PTES为储热系统充放热功率;表达式为储热容量和充放热功率的上、下限。
弃电状态约束为:
{Pw,t(1x(t))Pw,maxPw,t(2x(t))Pw,max
式中:x(t)为弃电状态,x(t)=0时未发生弃电,x(t)=1时表示有弃电现象。
下层优化运行模型以考虑场景内联合发电系统净效益最大为目标,目标函数为:
maxf2=t=1T(GwPw,t+GcspPcsp,t+GiPit)f1
式中:f2为考虑场景内联合发电系统的净效益;GwGcspGi分别为风电、光热和火电机组的售电单价。
下层优化运行模型中考虑的约束条件包括风电机组、常规火电机组的运行约束和光热电站的相关约束[26]
风电机组和常规火电机组运行约束为:
Pw,mimPw,tPw,max
Pi,minPi,tPi,max
式中:Pw,minPw,max为风电出力的上下限;Pi,minPi,max分别是常规机组出力的上下限。
光热电站运行约束为:
Pcsp,minPcsp,tPcsp,max,  Ucsp,t=1
Pcsp,t=0,    Ucsp,t=0
式中:Pcsp,minPcsp,max分别为光热电站出力的上、下限;Ucsp,t为光热电站机组运行状态,值为1时表示机组运行,值为0时表示机组停机。
光热电站爬坡约束为:
Pcsp,tPcsp,t1+Ucsp,t1(Pcsp,minRcsp,u)+Ucsp,t(Pcsp,maxPcsp,min)Pcsp,max
Pcsp,t1Pcsp,t+Ucsp,t(Pcsp,minRcsp,u)+Ucsp,t1(Pcsp,maxPcsp,min)Pcsp,max
式中:Pcsp,tPcsp,t-1分别为t时刻、t-1时刻光热机组的发电功率;Ucsp,tUcsp,t-1分别为t时刻、t-1时刻光热机组的运行状态;Rcsp,u为光热电站爬坡速率,要求机组的出力在一定范围内调节。
电加热装置运行约束为:
0TEH,tTEH,max
式中:TEH,max为电加热装置出力上限。
上层规划模型中有系统综合运行投资成本和系统弃电量2个优化目标,属于多目标优化问题,所以采用遗传算法对该问题进行求解,具体流程如图2所示。
在求解该类问题时,多目标优化算法的计算结果有多个,会形成1个解集。所以在求解过程中不仅要考虑优化问题并且还涉及到决策方案,在得到Pareto解集后通过模糊多属性决策方法来合理配置决策方案,以确定最终的优化方案。决策思路是:首先,将问题中的各个属性进行模糊处理;然后,对这些属性的模糊值进行理论计算分析;最后,从计算结果中选取最大值作为决策方案的最优解。
本文基于我国西北某新能源基地构建联合发电系统,其中光热电站装机容量为100 MW,风电装机容量为250 MW,联合发电系统具体运行参数见表1
算例中采用拉丁超立方抽样方法,对风电出力和太阳能辐照强度进行不确定性建模处理,削减后的场景如图3图4所示。
图3图4通过2.3节所述不确定性方法处理后,得到10个典型的风电出力和DDNI光照强度场景,将此数据输入上层规划模型生成确定性模型。然后,采用遗传算法进行求解,设置仿真调度时间步长为1 h,种群大小为50,最大迭代次数为50次,求解得到Pareto解集如图5所示。
图5可以看出,综合运行投资成本最小和弃电量最小这2个对立的优化目标,当追求综合运行投资成本最低时无法满足弃电量的优化目标,反之亦然。故需找到综合运行投资成本和弃电量之间的平衡点,通过合理配置达到目标的最优解。通过上述第4节提到的模糊多属性决策方法求解,计算出50个方案中的多属性决策指标值,选取最优解。
为了验证所提最优储热容量配置的合理性,设置3种情形:1)仅考虑系统综合运行投资成本最小;2)配置最优储热容量;3)仅考虑系统弃电量最小。不同情形下各机组出力情况如图6所示。
图6可知:情形1中01:00—03:00及21:00—24:00时段,光热电站保持最小出力运行,风电出力大于外送负荷故造成部分弃电;13:00时外送负荷减小,系统开始向下调峰;在15:00时光热电站满负荷运行,风电出力大于外送负荷造成弃电。情形2中除了22:00—23:00时段有少量弃电现象外,其余时间段如10:00—18:00由于配置了最优储热容量的储热系统,系统能够在风电出力大于负荷时将剩余输出功率通过电加热装置转换为热能后存储于储热系统中。情形3在不计经济成本的前提下,由于配置了足够容量的储热系统,系统在任意时段均无弃电现象。
系统净收益变化曲线如图7所示。
图7可知,随着储热容量的增加系统净收益呈先增大后减小的趋势,当储热容量达到906 MW·h时系统净收益达到364万元。
储热容量较小时光热电站的调峰能力下降,风电过负荷造成的弃电会减少系统净收益;随着储热容量增大,储热系统存储的热量可备用,减少系统发电成本,增加系统净收益;当储热容量大于906 MW·h时,配置储热系统的成本会高于它所能带来的经济效益,故系统净收益随之减少。
综合考虑系统的弃电量、综合运行投资成本及系统净收益,计算得到储热系统的最优储热容量为906 MW·h。不同储热容量的运行结果见表2
仅考虑综合运行投资成本最优时,系统的弃电量较大,不符合上层优化模型的目标。该配置方法虽然增大了系统综合运行成本,但弃电量相比之下降低了69.615 MW,并且系统净收益增加了7.7%。如果优化目标要求系统弃电量降至为零,则需要配置更大容量的储热系统,但是综合考虑性价比,这种配置方法不仅增加了10.3%的综合运行投资成本,而且会减少系统净收益。
图8为最优储热容量配置下储热系统的储热功率和储热量。由图8可知:储热系统在无光照期间01:00—07:00时段及20:00—24:00时段进行放热,提供输出功率满足负荷需求;在08:00—19:00时段有太阳光照的情况下进行储热,从而实现能量的时移。
本文通过建立光热-风力联合发电系统中储热容量2阶段优化配置模型,合理配置储热系统的储热容量,让系统在考虑经济性因素的同时满足系统新能源消纳需求。采用算例仿真验证了所提方法的合理性,得到以下结论。
1)首先通过LHS方法对风电出力、太阳能辐照强度进行不确定性建模处理,生成10个典型场景。有效降低了风电出力波动性和太阳能辐照强度不确定性对优化配置结果的影响。
2)采用本文配置方法得到,装机容量为100 MW的光热电站在联合发电系统的优化配置中最优储热容量为906 MW·h,此时系统的综合运行成本为243万元,系统净收益为364万元。
3)通过该配置方法优化,在光热电站储热系统和电加热装置的稳定运行下,系统综合运行投资成本和弃电量明显降低,同时也增加了系统净收益,充分发挥能量时移特性,提高了新能源的消纳量。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51865049)
  • 青海省光伏发电并网技术重点实验室课题项目(SGQHJY00NYJS2310220)
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2024年第53卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406141
  • 接收时间:2024-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-12
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51865049)
国家自然科学基金项目(51865049)
Project of Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Power Generation Grid-connected Technology(SGQHJY00NYJS2310220)
青海省光伏发电并网技术重点实验室课题项目(SGQHJY00NYJS2310220)
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    青海大学能源与电气工程学院,青海 西宁 810016

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马山刚(1983),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为新能源与电力系统优化调度,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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