Article(id=1236345818140176702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345813933289655, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202402039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708876800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772697413239, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772697413239, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772697413239, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697413239, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236345813933289655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772697412236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697498476, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236346175725556508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345813933289655, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236346175725556509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345813933289655, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=122, endPage=133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236345818471526737, articleId=1236345818140176702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Operation optimization for thermal and electrical systems composed of cogeneration, photovoltaic power and power storage based on mixed variable objective decomposition model, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For the integrated energy system composed of photovoltaic power generation, energy storage battery storage and discharge, and coal-fired heating boiler and cogeneration, the power and heat power systems operate in isolation. To analyze the relationship between the information interaction and economic coordination and dispatch of the integrated energy system, by using the J.F.Benders mixed variable target decomposition method, the physical model of the cogeneration photovoltaic storage thermal power system is decomposed according to the main thermal system and the power subsystem. The information interaction between the sub-objectives is analyzed by the objective function and the system boundary conditions, and the mathematical model of the coordinated scheduling operation of photoelectric consumption and storage and cogeneration is obtained. The protection information is isolated and redirected, and the multi-dimensional variable problem of mixed integer programming is iteratively calculated by Gurobi solver. Based on the case of the integrated energy system, three operating conditions under different load requirements of power and heat are analyzed, and it is found that, the economic benefits of the thermal power operation system are synergistic and complementary, and the information interaction expands the space for photovoltaic consumption. The net load of the system reduces by 13.63% on average, the interactive power loss decreases by 9.480 7 million yuan/year, and the energy utilization efficiency rises by 4.48 percentage points, which shows that this model can serve the economic coordination and scheduling optimization and energy efficiency improvement of the integrated energy system.

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光伏、储能电池、燃煤热电联产机组组成的综合能源系统,其电力热力系统间孤立运营,为分析其热力电力系统间的信息交互与经济协调调度的关系,依据J.F.Benders混合变量目标分解法对热电联产光储热力电力系统的物理模型按照热力主系统和电力子系统进行分解,通过目标函数和系统边界条件分析子目标之间的信息交互情况,得出光电消纳储存与热电联产协调调度运行的数学模型,并对保护信息加以隔离重定向,以Gurobi求解器迭代计算混合整数规划多维变量问题。基于综合能源系统案例分析了电力热力不同负荷需求下的3种运行工况,发现热力电力运营系统间经济效益协同互补,且信息交互扩大了光电的消纳空间,系统净负荷平均降低了13.63%,交互功率损失每年减少了948.07万元,能源利用效率提高了4.48百分点,可见本模型可以服务于综合能源系统的经济协调调度优化和提高能效。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张春定(1974),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂热力系统节能经济管理,
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赵志军(1993),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为多能互补与热管理,

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Energy Conversion and Management, 2013, 71: 21-31., articleTitle=A Benders decomposition approach for a combined heat and power economic dispatch, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236345833298391138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=52, issue=null, pageStart=3457, pageEnd=3464, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=34, authorNames=CHUNG K H, KIM B H, HUR D, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHUNG K H, KIM B H, HUR D. Distributed implementation of generation scheduling algorithm on interconnected power systems[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2011, 52: 3457-3464., articleTitle=Distributed implementation of generation scheduling algorithm on interconnected power systems, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236345829720650733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation Project, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236345829833896946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=2022-k66, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236345829917783031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, awardId=gjk023-203-09, language=EN, fundingSource=Science & Technology Project of Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bureau of Gansu Province(gjk023-203-09), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236345830031029243, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Definition of independent variables of the power equipment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统变量含义
子系统xx1从主网购电承担电负荷电量
x2光伏承担电负荷的电量
x3光伏上网售电量
x4储能电池承担电负荷的电量
x5光伏给储能电池的充电量
x6储能电池向电网售电量
x7从主网购给储能电池充电量
主系统yy1热电联产向电网售电量
y2热电联产给电负荷供电量
y3热电联产给储能电池充电量
y4热电联产给热负荷侧供热量
y5燃煤锅炉给热负荷侧供热量
), ArticleFig(id=1236345827665441697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

动力设备自变量定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统变量含义
子系统xx1从主网购电承担电负荷电量
x2光伏承担电负荷的电量
x3光伏上网售电量
x4储能电池承担电负荷的电量
x5光伏给储能电池的充电量
x6储能电池向电网售电量
x7从主网购给储能电池充电量
主系统yy1热电联产向电网售电量
y2热电联产给电负荷供电量
y3热电联产给储能电池充电量
y4热电联产给热负荷侧供热量
y5燃煤锅炉给热负荷侧供热量
), ArticleFig(id=1236345827782882211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Dual form parsing information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目指标函数边界条件内部信息
子系统minfy=dTyAdx+DdybddA=[Ad Ar Ard]
bd
brd
主系统minfx=cTxArx+DrybrcD=[Dd Dr Drd]
br
合系统Ardx+Drdybrd
), ArticleFig(id=1236345827896128424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

对偶形式解析信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目指标函数边界条件内部信息
子系统minfy=dTyAdx+DdybddA=[Ad Ar Ard]
bd
brd
主系统minfx=cTxArx+DrybrcD=[Dd Dr Drd]
br
合系统Ardx+Drdybrd
), ArticleFig(id=1236345827992597420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Basic parameters of the equipment in cogeneration system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目采暖期非采暖期全年
供蒸汽功率/(t·h–1)150120138
供暖量/(GJ·a–1)4.8×1064.8×106
上网供电量/kW22.4×1072.1×10724.5×107
小时标煤耗量/(t·h–1)761352
热电比/%611699617
供热热效率/%83.784.283.9
发电热效率/%66.179.166.5
全厂热效率/%94.085.993.1
), ArticleFig(id=1236345828076483506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

热电联产系统设备基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目采暖期非采暖期全年
供蒸汽功率/(t·h–1)150120138
供暖量/(GJ·a–1)4.8×1064.8×106
上网供电量/kW22.4×1072.1×10724.5×107
小时标煤耗量/(t·h–1)761352
热电比/%611699617
供热热效率/%83.784.283.9
发电热效率/%66.179.166.5
全厂热效率/%94.085.993.1
), ArticleFig(id=1236345828210701238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Heat load parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
工业蒸汽热负荷流量/(t·h–1)150
工业蒸汽热负荷压力/MPa1.3
采暖热负荷/MW350
), ArticleFig(id=1236345828311364539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

热负荷参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
工业蒸汽热负荷流量/(t·h–1)150
工业蒸汽热负荷压力/MPa1.3
采暖热负荷/MW350
), ArticleFig(id=1236345828609160125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The grid power balance parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目供电负荷/MW电源出力/MW光伏/MW电力亏盈/MW
夏期117.57~139.8694.36~180.070-45.50~62.50
夏14 h133.14137.9343.574.79
冬期130.00~155.4342.89~128.600-112.54~-1.40
冬13 h140.1486.4643.57-53.69
), ArticleFig(id=1236345828693046208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

电网电力平衡参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目供电负荷/MW电源出力/MW光伏/MW电力亏盈/MW
夏期117.57~139.8694.36~180.070-45.50~62.50
夏14 h133.14137.9343.574.79
冬期130.00~155.4342.89~128.600-112.54~-1.40
冬13 h140.1486.4643.57-53.69
), ArticleFig(id=1236345828806292422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Parameters of energy storage batteries

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项目数值
容量/(MW·h)18
维护成本/(元·kW–1)0.018
充电效率/%0.97
放电效率/%0.92
最大充放电功率/MW15
SOC荷电状态0.10~0.85
初值/(MW·h)50
), ArticleFig(id=1236345828898567112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

储能电池参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
容量/(MW·h)18
维护成本/(元·kW–1)0.018
充电效率/%0.97
放电效率/%0.92
最大充放电功率/MW15
SOC荷电状态0.10~0.85
初值/(MW·h)50
), ArticleFig(id=1236345829053756369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Parameters of coal-fired heating boilers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
维护成本/(元·kW–1)0.025
容量/MW1×84+2×58
煤炭热值/((kW·h)·kg–1)0.39~0.48
燃煤价格/(元·t–1)1 323
), ArticleFig(id=1236345829150225368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

燃煤供热锅炉参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
维护成本/(元·kW–1)0.025
容量/MW1×84+2×58
煤炭热值/((kW·h)·kg–1)0.39~0.48
燃煤价格/(元·t–1)1 323
), ArticleFig(id=1236345829238305755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345818140176702, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Photovoltaic power generation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
维护成本/(元·kW–1)0.024
光伏装机容量/MW57.93
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光伏发电参数

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Energy efficiency under operating conditions

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工况ABC
能效φ/%86.6285.4889.96
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运行工况能效

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基于混合变量目标分解模型的热电联产光储热力电力系统运行优化
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赵志军 1 , 张春定 2 , 刘凯 1 , 贾永宏 1 , 许强强 3
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024,53(10): 122-133
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2024, 53(10): 122-133
基于混合变量目标分解模型的热电联产光储热力电力系统运行优化
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赵志军1 , 张春定2 , 刘凯1, 贾永宏1, 许强强3
作者信息
  • 1.中国建筑西北设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710018
  • 2.中国中煤西安设计工程有限责任公司,陕西 西安 710000
  • 3.定西市陇西县住房和城乡建设局,甘肃 定西 748100
  • 赵志军(1993),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为多能互补与热管理,

通讯作者:

张春定(1974),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂热力系统节能经济管理,
Operation optimization for thermal and electrical systems composed of cogeneration, photovoltaic power and power storage based on mixed variable objective decomposition model
Zhijun ZHAO1 , Chunding ZHANG2 , Kai LIU1, Yonghong JIA1, Qiangqiang XU3
Affiliations
  • 1.China Northwest Architecture Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710018, China
  • 2.China Coal Xi’an Design Engineering Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710000, China
  • 3.Longxi County Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bureau, Dingxi 748100, China
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402039
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光伏、储能电池、燃煤热电联产机组组成的综合能源系统,其电力热力系统间孤立运营,为分析其热力电力系统间的信息交互与经济协调调度的关系,依据J.F.Benders混合变量目标分解法对热电联产光储热力电力系统的物理模型按照热力主系统和电力子系统进行分解,通过目标函数和系统边界条件分析子目标之间的信息交互情况,得出光电消纳储存与热电联产协调调度运行的数学模型,并对保护信息加以隔离重定向,以Gurobi求解器迭代计算混合整数规划多维变量问题。基于综合能源系统案例分析了电力热力不同负荷需求下的3种运行工况,发现热力电力运营系统间经济效益协同互补,且信息交互扩大了光电的消纳空间,系统净负荷平均降低了13.63%,交互功率损失每年减少了948.07万元,能源利用效率提高了4.48百分点,可见本模型可以服务于综合能源系统的经济协调调度优化和提高能效。

电热协调运行  /  信息交互  /  混合变量分解  /  协调调度  /  信息隔离重定向

For the integrated energy system composed of photovoltaic power generation, energy storage battery storage and discharge, and coal-fired heating boiler and cogeneration, the power and heat power systems operate in isolation. To analyze the relationship between the information interaction and economic coordination and dispatch of the integrated energy system, by using the J.F.Benders mixed variable target decomposition method, the physical model of the cogeneration photovoltaic storage thermal power system is decomposed according to the main thermal system and the power subsystem. The information interaction between the sub-objectives is analyzed by the objective function and the system boundary conditions, and the mathematical model of the coordinated scheduling operation of photoelectric consumption and storage and cogeneration is obtained. The protection information is isolated and redirected, and the multi-dimensional variable problem of mixed integer programming is iteratively calculated by Gurobi solver. Based on the case of the integrated energy system, three operating conditions under different load requirements of power and heat are analyzed, and it is found that, the economic benefits of the thermal power operation system are synergistic and complementary, and the information interaction expands the space for photovoltaic consumption. The net load of the system reduces by 13.63% on average, the interactive power loss decreases by 9.480 7 million yuan/year, and the energy utilization efficiency rises by 4.48 percentage points, which shows that this model can serve the economic coordination and scheduling optimization and energy efficiency improvement of the integrated energy system.

coordinated operation of electricity and heat  /  information interaction  /  mixed variable decomposition  /  coordinate scheduling  /  information isolation redirection
赵志军, 张春定, 刘凯, 贾永宏, 许强强. 基于混合变量目标分解模型的热电联产光储热力电力系统运行优化. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (10) : 122 -133 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402039
Zhijun ZHAO, Chunding ZHANG, Kai LIU, Yonghong JIA, Qiangqiang XU. Operation optimization for thermal and electrical systems composed of cogeneration, photovoltaic power and power storage based on mixed variable objective decomposition model[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (10) : 122 -133 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402039
近20年以来电力热力行业可再生能源迅速发展改变了能源市场格局,原来传统能源提供的产能与需求基本匹配的局面如今变为产能过剩,导致传统发电利用小时数总体减少[1]。煤电在新型电力系统中的职能由原来提供基础性和主体性电能转变为仅提供基础保障和削峰填谷的辅助电源,使得电网调度逐渐去中心化[2-3]。火电为主体的电力体系与间歇性和波动性较明显的风电光电的匹配性较差,因此风光大规模入网对电网的安全稳定运行、可靠供应和复杂状况调度均有很大挑战。
综合能源系统面对的负荷组成多样,导致能源系统调度和输配也复杂多样,而且负荷本身具有时变性,使得能源供给与负荷需求的稳定匹配更加困难[4-5]。煤电机组参与“深度调峰”受制于电网交互功率的影响,一般深度调峰的负荷率为35%~53%[6-7]。热电联产机组以热定电、热电耦合,机组的调峰能力受到承担的热负荷限制,发电上网配额还会限制光伏入网,导致光热矛盾;供热期以热定电致使电力供应与电力交互功率匹配度差。热电解耦技术路线参与深度调峰,借助电热锅炉与热网负荷需求二者的特点实现实时连续调整[8]。“三改联动”与热力耦合提升拓展了煤电机组的灵活性和电力热力信息的交互匹配,调节负荷速率等性能指标实现了电网安全经济功率交互要求[9-10]。热力电力能源领域配套信息化与大数据采集分析等计算机技术,使得能源动力物理系统之间可以通过电子信息技术得以密切交互联系,逐渐形成信息化的多能互补新能架构体系,为不同运营主体的信息交互奠定了物理基础[2, 11]
为了综合能源系统运行平稳并且能够保证初始能源的利用率,热电联产系统调度和运行需要以最低的燃料成本实现电力和热力生产,使2个系统之间的产出与社会需求相配。Benders分解方法(Benders decomposition,BD)被用于分析综合能源系统电力热力系统的混合整数规划(mixed integer programming,MIP)多维变量问题,在各自信息隐私保护的情况下,分析系统运行全局最优和设备最佳运行参数[12-13]。MIP问题的求解速度通过分解协调技术提高,典型的是基于拉格朗日松弛分解法。其目标函数中包含多决策变量的优化问题求解。MIP问题寻优求解方法还有人工智能算法、差异进化算法、神经网络算法、多准则决策分析方法等,这些方法在一定程度上取得较好效果,但过于依赖初始值和寻优路径,且局部搜索能力弱,容易在局部极值附近提早收敛,所以现阶段多采用分支定界法或割平面法求解[13-14]。割平面法的优化求解目前典型的方法是BD分解降维计算法,BD分解算法是把整数和实数变量隔离做分解,然后有比较地选取初始约束以及逐步增加约束。BD分解算法是J.F. Benders在1962年提出的,算法将具有复杂变量的规划问题分解为线性规划和整数规划,用割平面法分解出主问题与子问题,通过迭代求解最优值[12]。BD分解算法分析电热综合能源系统不同运营系统的优化调度,发现其激励相容,并实现联合优化调度和最大化总体效用,促进可再生能源消纳[13-15]
本文基于Benders模型混合变量目标分解方法对热电联产光储热力电力系统的物理模型按照热力主系统和电力子系统进行分解,依物理模型定义分解函数模型,结合系统边界条件分析多子目标之间的交互关系,建立光电消纳存储与热电联产协调运行关系数学模型。由于热力电力系统运营信息的独立性,需要对无需直接传输共享的信息进行隔离重定向,以实现独立运营主体各自的信息保护,同时保证内在信息的交互,在此基础上分析综合能源系统的经济协调调度和能效的提高策略。
本项目综合能源系统(integrated energy system,IES)物理模型包含光伏发电系统(photovoltaic,PV)、蓄电池系统(battery energy storage system,BESS)、供热燃煤锅炉系统(coal-fired heat-supply boiler plant,CFH)和热电联产系统(cogeneration, combined heat and power,CHP)。热电联产设备的热能电能之间的转换功能将热力系统和电力系统耦合起来,综合能源系统能源转换关系及变量划分原则如图1所示,图1中动力设备各自变量定义见表1
对于热电联产背压机组,需要承担服务区域的热负荷,机组采用“以热定电”的运行策略,配备储能系统缓解热电联产机组“以热定电”的电力供应约束。在用电高峰期增大光伏发电入网,调峰供热锅炉在弃光时段可避免热电联产背压机组超负荷运行,在用电低谷电时段储电,对弃光消纳提供余地;同时燃煤锅炉可承担一定的热负荷,分担热电联产机组承担热负荷,以保证光电入网。
图1可见,热力设备运行参数会正反馈给电力系统,参数传递到发电设备从而影响其运行。同时发电设备运行信息又会负反馈给热力设备影响其运行,以此关系建立新的混合变量目标之间信息反馈机制。在热电解耦运行情况下,综合能源系统的热力电力系统的运行优化是互不相干且平等的,解耦系统最优出力需要既能满足混合变量目标分解模型割约束,还要能实现初始化迭代求解,完成主、子问题迭代的最终收敛,此时模型就能够实现且可以优化运行。对于子系统,热能动力设备的工况决定了电力净负荷工况的变化特性,间接映射到电负荷侧设备的运行工况。主系统电力设备运行工况回代满足混合变量目标分解模型约束,其信息也可传递反馈到燃煤供热锅炉和热电联产系统运行工况中[8,13-14]
本项目以满足电热功率需求等边界条件为前提,并建立以主系统和子系统本身进行优化的模型,优化运行指标为最小化经济运行成本指标和能效指标,经传递迭代热力电力系统耦合参数,使系统的生产成本最小。
1)主系统经济运行目标函数
对热力主系统,经济运行成本指标函数为:
minfcy=CR+CWg+CWHh
式中:fcy为热力最小化经济运行成本指标,元;CR为燃料成本,元;CWg为主电网售电收益,元;CWHh为维护成本,元。
a)热力系统成本
本项目燃煤供热锅炉是通过燃烧煤粉产生热,热电联产机组是通过燃烧煤粉产生热与电,其燃料成本为燃煤消耗成本,计算公式为:
CR=CMGMi
Ca=ηMGMi
式中:CM为煤炭价格,元;GMi为煤炭消耗量,kg,i取1表示热电联产系统,i取2表示燃煤供热锅炉系统;Ca为煤炭燃烧发热量,GJ;ηM为煤炭热值,GJ/kg。
热力系统耗能量计算公式为:
{GM1=y4ηMGM2=y5ηM
b)主电网售电收益
热电联产系统发电上网售电计算公式为:
CWg=CSPW
式中:CS为上网电价,元/(kW·h);PW为上网功率,数值等于y1,kW。
c)热力系统运营维护成本
热力系统运营维护成本计算公式为:
CWHh=iCWHh.iPi
式中:CWHh.i为单位热功运行维护成本,元;Pi为发电系统不同时段做功量,GJ;i取1表示热电联产系统,i取2表示燃煤锅炉系统。
Pi=y1+y2+y3
2)子系统经济运行目标函数
电力子系统指标函数计算公式为:
minfcx=CWd+CWHd
式中:fcx为发电最小化经济运行成本指标,元;CWd为电网交互价格差收益,元;CWHd为电力维护成本,元。
a)主电网交互收益
CWd=CgPgCSPS
式中:Cg为从电网购买电的价格,元/(kW·h);CS为发电上网的价格,元/(kW·h);Pg为从电网购电量,kW·h;PS为发电上网量,kW·h。
{Pg=x1+x7PS=x3+x6
b)电力系统维护成本
CWHd=iCWHd.i×Pi
式中:CWHd.i为单位电力运行维护成本,元,i取3表示光伏发电系统,i取4表示储能电池系统。
{P3=PGdx2+x3+x5P4=x4+x6
式中:PGd为光伏系统发电量,kW·h。
3)能效性能指标函数
综合能源系统能量消耗与能量产出之比可体现系统的能效,能源资源折合以标准煤为基准,并且运行消耗的燃料按照收到基低位发热量折算,系统能效满足最低限制[15],综合能效指标函数为:
φ=εd(x1+x2+x4)+εm(y4+y5)εmk(y1+y2+y3)+εmk(y4+y5)
式中:εd为电功率标煤折算系数;εm为动力煤标煤折算系数;k为发电机组发电煤耗系数。
计算综合能效指标函数可以反映系统负荷量与供给量,能效性能目标优化方向与经济性目标优化方向相反,因此后文中取能效性目标倒数以保证所有目标优化方向相同。
1)电力系统边界条件
取电力系统边界条件孤立于热力主系统变量,定义为电力系统内部边界条件,表达式为Adx+Ddybd,其不含热力系统变量参数,故Dd为0,Adx和边界条件bd分为以下3种情况。
a)光伏发电边界条件
光伏对电力系统的输入受光伏发电功率约束,可表示为:
x2+x5+x3PGd
b)主电网购电功率边界条件
从电网购电下网功率边界条件为:
x1+x7Pxw
式中:Pxw为主电网输配电能力上限,kW。
c)储能电池最大放电功率边界条件
储能电池充电放电应当符合功率平衡边界条件,其释放的电能分为转移到电力负荷侧和上网出售到主电网2个部分,储能电池工作状态受制于电池的荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)。
{Pfd=x4+x60PfdPmax,fd
式中:Pfd为储能电池放电功率,kW;Pmax,fd为储能电池工作状态的放电功率上边界,kW。
2)热力系统边界条件
取热力系统边界条件孤立于电力系统变量,热力系统内部边界条件表达式为Arx+Drybr,由于热力系统不含电力系统变量参数,故Ar为0,Dry和边界条件br分为以下3种情况。
a)产热功率与热负荷平衡边界条件
对于换热首站而言,实际热负荷和延程热损失均包含在内,其模型为:
{y4+y5=Prlcmβ(TgTh)=Prl
式中:Prl为综合能源系统需要承担的热负荷,kW;c为水的定压比热,kJ/(kg·℃);m为换热首站的流量,kg/s;TgTh分别为换热首站的供水温度、回水温度,℃;β为换热系数。
b)热电联产系统运行边界条件
热电联产系统实际运行受制于额定功率的上限和上网电功率的限制,热电联产系统某一时刻的汽轮机制热功率与发电机发电功率之比为热电比,此函数关系为:
{y4=λ(y1+y2+y3)Pmin,chpy1+y2+y3Pmax,chp
式中:λ为热电联产系统热电比;Pmax,chp为热电联产系统产电最大功率,kW;Pmin,chp为热电联产系统产电最小功率,kW。
c)汽轮机运行边界条件
热电联产机组应在在有界功率与热界面上运行,则汽轮机在功率变化梯级边界条件之内运行,则有:
{[y1,t+y2,t+y3,t][y1,(t1)+y2,(t1)+y3,(t1)]Pup,chp[y1,(t1)+y2,(t1)+y3,(t1)][y1,t+y2,t+y3,t]Pdown,chp
式中:Pup,chp为汽轮器功率的增大梯级最大幅值,kW;Pdown,chp为汽轮器功率的减小梯级最大幅值,kW。
3)电力热力耦合系统边界条件
热电联产设备的热能电能之间的转换功能将热力系统和电力系统耦合起来,其表达式为Ardx+Drdybrd。耦合系统电力系统变量参数ArdDrdy和边界条件brd分以下4种情况。
a)电功率平衡边界条件
x1+x2+x4+y2=Pd
式中:Pd为综合能源系统需要承担的电负荷,kW。
b)系统发电上网售电功率边界条件
x3+x6+y1Pmax,W
式中:Pmax,w为系统上主电网售电功率上限,kW。
c)储能电池最大充电功率边界条件
储能电池充电放电应当符合功率平衡边界条件,光伏发电、主电网的电和热电联产发电都可作为储能电池的充电电源,其工作状态区间存在充电功率边界。
{Pcd=x5+x7+y30PcdPmax,cd
式中:Pcd为储能电池充电功率,kW;Pmax,cd为储能电池工作状态区间充电功率上边界,kW。
d)储能电池电量边界条件
储能电池电量边界条件与电池荷电状态相关。
{Ptd,t=Pyd,tΔt+αcdPcdαfd/PfdPmin,tdPtd,tPmax,tdPtd,t|t=0=Ptd,t|t=ecd
式中:Ptd,tt时刻储能电池电荷容量,Ah;Ptd,tttt时刻之前储能电池电荷余量,Ah;αcd为储能电池充电功率转换率;αfd为储能电池放电功率转换率;Pmax,td为储能电池储电荷容量上限,Ah;Pmin,td为储能电池储电荷容量下限,Ah;Ptd,t|t=0为运行周期初始时刻荷电状态,kW·h;Ptd,t|t=ecd为运行周期终止时刻荷电状态,kW·h。
4)隔离重定向边界条件
综合上述边界条件则有边界条件式(24),基于隔离技术对过程参数电价信息、热负荷信息、光伏发电信息和热电联产电热负荷信息以常数常量进行重定向,以实现独立运营主体各自的信息保护,同时不影响信息交互。
{bd=kd[Pxw  PGd  Pmax,fd]br=kr[Prl  0  Pmax,chp  Pup,chp  Pdown,chp]brd=krd[Pd  Pmax,W  Pmax,cd  Pmin,tdPt-Dt,yd  Pmax,tdPt-Dt,yd]
式中:k为重定向常数常量。
通过隔离重定向技术,可以将电价信息、热负荷信息、光伏发电信息和热电联产电热负荷信息进行加密共享,不必加密的其他数据参数电力热力运营主体直接传输共享。
热电联产光储能源系统之间的耦合存在交互频率低、非直接影响和时滞性影响效应[16]。由于热电联产经济调度问题目标函数可分解,将电力调峰调度问题表述为2个目标函数的线性约束优化问题,其优化模型可由J.F. Benders混合变量目标分解模型为依据,作为本文综合能源系统联合运行调度优化和分系统独立优化的方法[13-14]
基于J.F.Benders的混合变量目标分解模型分析本文复杂线性优化问题[12,17-18],综合能源系统联合经济运行定义为元问题,其分解为热力主系统和电力子系统2个问题,热力系统和电力系统一般孤立运行且信息隔离,实际在最佳时客观存在信息交集。本文采用J.F.Benders混合变量目标分解模型进行求解,既可以实现热力系统问题独立优化、割裂信息交换,又可通过迭代程序整体分析、迭代计算得到元问题的解析[17,19-21]。电力系统问题可转化为本身对偶形式的解析信息,如表2所示。三维向量A=[Ad Ar Ard]、D=[Dd Dr 2Drd]、b=[bd br brd]优化的过程就是实现整体优化的收敛,元问题目标函数收敛是主子问题的收敛边界,这其中涵盖了子主系统目标函数和边界条件,混合变量目标分解模型求解原理如图2所示。割平面法受制于约束不等式,首先从很小一部分不等式开始算主问题,然后对子问题附加边界条件,如此循环,子问题找不到新的不等式了,就出现最优解。
{fx=cTx=[CMηMy4+CMηMy5CSy1+CWHd.3(y1+y2+y3)+CWHd.4y5]x=[CSCWHh.2CWHh.2CSCgCg]xfy=dTy=[Cg(x6+x4)+CS(x3+x7)+CWHh.2(x4+x5)]y=[CWHd.3CWHd.4CMηMCWHd.4CSCWHh.4+CMηM]y
式中:fx为不含热电联产维护成本CWHh.1与燃煤锅炉维护成本CWHh.2信息和煤炭热值ηMfy为不含光伏CWHd.3、储能电池CWHd.4与从电网购买电的价格Cg。交叉部分的购电价格与售电点价格不予隐匿。
热力系统问题下界解收敛后,仍需要以电力系统问题核验,若热力系统问题的解在电力各项边界条件内,则可减少热力系统附加的边界条件数。如果电力系统问题可迭代,则计算元问题上界解析,此时产生了优化热力系统的新目标函数。若其中任意的电力系统子问题不能继续迭代,则热力系统问题中引入非边界条件的不可行边界条件中,然后重新计算具有多一层边界条件的热力系统问题,得到元问题一个新的下界解,经过热力电力系统之间的迭代产生的界限解趋于渐近收敛,即可得到最优解。
基于Benders分解算法的最终解需要在主问题和子问题之间进行迭代。当上界和下界足够接近时,得到原问题的最优解,对于热电联产机组而言,迭代过程如图3所示。
图3可见,v时刻的供热量hm,v对应发电上界限Pmax,v和下界限Pmin,v,迭代时不出现界限解,则进入下一步迭代v+1时刻的供热量hm,v+1对应发电上界限Pmax,v+1和下界限Pmin,v+1,直到迭代出现终解。
对于子问题Ad xbDdŷ,热力电力内部边界条件和电热耦合边界条件为:
{Adx bdDdy^Arx brDry^Ardx brdDrdy^
此处定义Ed=DdŷEr=bh-DdŷErd=Drdŷ,则式(26)转变为式(27):
{AdxbdEdAdxErArdxbrdErd
式中:A=[Ad Ar Ard],E=[bd-Ed Er brd-Erd],即AxE,其中EdErErd在热力系统里产生后再反馈到电力系统中。
子系统的对偶可分解出式(28):
{s(bdDdy)Tu^s(brdDrdy)Tu^
子问题定为式(29):
{mincTxs.t.AxHx0
对其对偶处理有式(30):
{maxHTus.t.ATucu0
同时主系统中分解出式(31):
s(brDry)Tu^
主问题定义为:
{mindTy+ss.t.s(bDy)Tu^
根据模型可知目标函数是独立单元成本函数的总和,而约束与特定的单元相关联。方案采用两级策略,底层解决给定功率和热量的单机经济调度问题,上层通过敏感系数更新反馈变量,重复迭代,直到满足热量和电力需求。混合变量目标分解模型的电力子系统和热力主系统各自问题的迭代反馈时需注意以下问题。
1)热力主系统混合变量目标分解时逐次迭代向电力子系统反馈的信息是热能动力设备优化计算参数y^的局部最优解下限Pl
2)电力子系统混合变量目标分解进程时逐次迭代向热力主系统反馈信息,这是电力系运行对偶处理后的变量u和电力系统局部最优解上限Pu
割平面法优化求解器需用到callback函数,对于Gurobi和cplex等求解器内含callback函数有关函数的算例,本文参考Gurobi算例的源代码进行混合整数规划模型求解。
本文基于某热电联产、光伏发电和调峰燃煤供热锅炉配备储能电池组建的电力热力综合能源系统为物理模型,其中热电联产配置为2×260 t/h高温高压循环流化床锅炉配套2×B30 MW背压机组和2×130 t/h高温高压循环流化床锅炉配套2×B12 MW背压机组,其中2×260 t/h锅炉在采暖期用于生物医药工业蒸汽、民用建筑采暖和发电,1台130 t/h锅炉在非采暖期用于生物医药工业蒸汽和发电。热电联产系统基本参数见表3
本地发电优先送110 kV变电站升压承担当地电负荷,余电外输或由储能电池储电,维护成本为0.03元/kW,向上向下爬坡的爬坡速率取50%,热负荷参数见表4,当地电网电力平衡参数见表5。根据表5电量平衡计算结果可见,电网电量缺额约3.97亿kW·h。
近些年随着光电出力的逐步增加,电力缺口逐渐减小,电网内新增电源和新能源电量优先考虑在电网就地消纳,冬季电力缺口需要通过330 kV枢纽降压供电以适应当地用户端负荷需求,但因电网电源结构特点所限,新能源出力不能全部在地方电网内消纳,且消纳存在明显的季节性,需要储能电池给予迟滞缓冲和存储。储能电池参数见表6,燃煤供热锅炉参数见表7,光伏发电基本参数见表8,甘肃省分时电价如图4所示。
本项目基于最优成本角度考虑,热电联产发电与光伏发电承担电力负荷不予分级,即就热电联产机组发电和光伏发电110 kV变电后承担当地负荷和长输外送对于运行成本无异。
混合变量分解模型的主问题和子问题数学语言和规则机制遵循Gurobi软件,运行变量值代入求解,得出孤立系统和全局最优的混合数据规划模型。综合能源系统联运调度时间段数量NT为24 h,单位调度时间∆t为1 h。电负荷、热负荷和光伏发电分布情况如图5所示。
光伏发电先承担电负荷,但由于光伏发电受制于日照,所以系统20:00—06:00需向电网购电,07:00—19:00光伏发电可承担部分电负荷。光电负荷较低时段无法上网时将余电储存起来,需要充分发挥电、热两系统互补优势,电力交互信息从当地电力调度获取。
1)工况A
燃煤锅炉独立运行承担民用供暖负荷,电负荷由主电网供给,储能电池削峰填谷。电负荷平衡及电储能SOC变化曲线如图6所示。
综合能源系统自主发电上网与购电下网时,线路产生交互功率,受制于电网配置条件限制,交互功率在每个调度时区内均大于0,光伏发电虽承担了一部分电负荷,但仍需从电网大量购电。净电负荷为本地电力负荷需求与本地电源供电可以承担相应电负荷能力的区间差。由图6可见,电力缺额明显。储能电池正值为充电,负值为放电,储能电池充电时段为10:00—17:00,与低谷电价和光伏发电时间段吻合;大功率放电时间段主要在05:00—09:00和17:00—23:00,近接高峰电价时段,储能电池调峰能缓解电力系统负荷波动与供应不匹配的困难。热负荷与热力供应如图7所示。
图7可见,现有燃煤锅炉独立运行与民用热负荷之间有很大差距,热负荷最大缺额出现在凌晨05:00前后为152 MW,说明现有燃煤锅炉不足以承担具有集中供暖条件的民用建筑热负荷。随着目前城镇化的建设,现有热源难以满足城市发展需要,所以需要配备其他热源形式。但目前部分时段具有集中供暖条件的居民采用分布式电采暖,加之区域内无集中采暖条件的居民采用电采暖,增加用电负荷,这加剧了当地的电力缺额。
工况A热力供热单一热源参数作为热力系统孤立信息,可以进行信息隔离独立优化的参数,指导其设备运行。在综合能源系统联合运行中,是实现经济运行求解的变量组成。
2)工况B
热电联产系统“以热定电”电热耦合调度方式接入综合能源系统,热负荷缺额由燃煤锅炉补足,电负荷优先由光伏发电及电储能承担。储能电池充放电,主电网购售电交互,热电联产机组发电,电负荷平衡及电储能SOC变化如图8所示。
热电联产背压机组为承担服务区域的热负荷需求,生物医药企业工业生产蒸汽需要机组连续运行,所以采取“以热定电”的运行策略,但是热电联产机组承担热负荷同时发电承担电负荷,高热负荷时段热电联产机组供电能力也随之剧增,此时运行发电功率波动很小,其电力调峰能力被限制,但同时也限制了光电上网空间,造成严重弃光,最大时刻弃光率达到光伏发电功率的85.6%。因此,须配备蓄电装置以缓解热电联产机组“以热定电”的硬性约束。
对比图8图6可见,当地电力负荷需求与主电网、光伏和热电联产电源之间的净电负荷有所减小。07:00—10:00和18:00—23:00用电高峰时段,也是光伏发电和热电联产发电不足的时段,该时段的电力交互功率幅度依然明显,净负荷随用电负荷的波动依然明显,说储能电池削峰填谷的联调联动作用比较小。
用电高峰时段与光伏发电高效时间段09:00—17:00正好错位,低谷时段储能电池充电,优先由光伏发电提供电源,做好调度以减少交互损失,储能电池在适当时间段承担一定的电负荷,做好补给。峰谷期时段储电和提高光电入网,用电高峰期释放蓄电池电量,降低外部电网的输配负荷。热负荷与热力供应如图9所示。
图9可见,工况B调峰供热锅炉应对供热负荷的波动,调峰供热锅炉高热负荷时段高功率工作,填补热电联产机组电热并发高功率运行造成能源损失。白天电负荷可由光伏发电承担,对热电联产机组电能需要较少,此时若为了满足热负荷而高功率运行产生的电能可能会造成能源浪费,因此低谷电价时刻的热负荷可主要由调峰锅炉承担。
相对工况A系统接入热电联产机组,电力交互功率转变为有正有负,蓄电池也有工作,但削峰填谷缓冲作用与电力调度不匹配,可见热电孤立运行并不会实现好的运行效果与经济性,因此系统需要联调联动。本项目调峰燃煤锅与热负荷相关,电负荷与热负荷通过热电机组存在关联,将子系统内部的变量隔离转换为综合系统的内部关联,实现电热统一调度,以减少电网的运行投入。
3)工况C
据工况A和工况B分析可知,热电联产机组发电与光伏发电充盈时需售电上网,因电网配置限制,存在互相抵制,所以热力侧配备了调峰供热燃煤锅炉,电力侧配备了储能电池。谷电价时段光伏发电上网或者储能,峰电价时期利用储能电池承担相应电负荷。高电负荷时段,地方电源供电不足,需从电网购电产生交互功率,根据工况A和工况B的运行分析,工况C采用电热统一联合调度,图10为电网电负荷平衡及电储能SOC变化。
经过对热电成本解析计算,由图10可见,以目标函数对综合能源系统进行联合调度,在满足边界条件下,使得逐时净负荷降低,热负荷承担也能满足,且调峰锅炉和储能电池的缓冲作用发挥充分。由图10中光伏与热电起伏趋势可见,低电价时段电能信息反馈到热力调度,使热电联产机组满足工业用蒸汽需要的边界条件进行电力调节,给光伏发电上网提供了空间,实现热力信息也能反馈到电力系统。光伏发电成本低,波动明显,调节难度增大,储能电池主要以光伏发电为电源。根据图10的SOC变化可见,储能电池根据负荷实现灵活充电放电,由储能电池的变化与交互功率的变化可见,其缓冲作用明显,且避开高电价时段,使得电力交互损失相对图8平均下降14.7%。受制于电力上网功率,在储能电池满容量时存在弃光空间,储能电池充电放电速率与容量对光电消纳存在限制。调峰锅炉故障停运易导致热电联产机组超负荷运行,其发电上网压缩了光电上网外输空间,导致光电难消纳而弃光。由图10系统交互功率与光伏发电间的变化可见,光伏发电得到了最大限度的利用,达到75.2%,将弃光空间进行了大幅度压缩,热电联产因调峰锅炉辅助,对电力调度有间接贡献,减少了光电热电相互抵制的现象,经过联调弃电空间,总体降到了最低,平均为10.81 MW,实现了电力总成本的经济运行。
热负荷与热力供应如图11所示。由图11可见,相较于工况B,调峰锅炉与热电联产机组独立运行联合供热,联调使得热力系统运行曲线与热负荷曲线时刻紧密贴合,说明热力供应得到了保证,蒸汽供应也得到了保障。调峰锅炉辅助热电联产同时参与到了当地电力调度,热电机组通过改变运行功率适应电负荷变化,承担了光伏发电的调峰和当地电力的备用,提高了光电消纳率,减少了当地电力交互损失。
根据上述3种工况分析,发现电负荷分布构成情况可反馈电价、热力负荷和光伏发电信息,储能调节分担电网调节余量指标可用弃电率表示,系统联调联动和信息反馈机制如图12所示。
光伏发电的波动特性与热负荷波动均需要平抑,热电和灵活的储能电池调节余量不足会限制光电消纳,造成限电弃电和净负荷空间大,所以光电全额消纳需要有充足灵活的电源与负荷调节空间,即综合能源调度需要为电源和负荷波动留出余量。
基于工况A、工况B和工况C得到运行工况能效见表9。由表9可见,工况A效率比工况B高,费用最低,但热力电力负荷与本地供给之间缺额太大,不能满足需要;工况B弥补了需求供给之间的缺额,但由于运行调度导致能量交互损失大,其综合能效低于工况A,费用比工况C高出2.43%;结合图8图10,工况C系统运行缩小了热力电力需求供给落差,经联调联动使净负荷平均降低了13.63%,减少了交互功率损失费用948.07万元,使得其能效得以提高。
本文对热电联产光储热力电力综合能源系统的经济调度和信息交互问题进行探讨,电热联合调度需要将热力电力系统进行耦合和信息交互分析,然后由联合调度模型系统边界条件分析,发现热电负荷供应设备之间运行参数交互反馈可提高综合能源系统的能效,实现经济协调调度。
1)本文采用J.F.Benders混合变量目标分解模型解决了综合能源系统电力热力系统的混合整数规划多维变量问题,依BD分解法得到主系统与子系统,然后基于目标分解模型及其边界条件函数,对模型进行信息隔离重定向与内部机制反馈交互迭代,建立了系统优化协调调度模型,以此分析热力电力系统的经济调度空间,实现了独立电力热力系统运营主体间的信息交互和信息保护,为综合能源系统联合调度提供了网源数据互动技术基础。
2)对物理模型3种工况分析可知,热力电力系统之间效益互补协同,热力电力联调联动保证了负荷承担分配的灵活互补性。通过J.F.Benders模型,工况C相对工况B综合能源系统能源利用效率提高了4.48百分点,且扩大了光电消纳空间,缓解了电网的输配压力,年交互功率损失费减少948.07万元。可见Benders分解法用于分析综合能源系统电力热力系统的混合整数规划多维变量问题,既能保护各运营主体的信息隐私,又可以提供热力电力系统运行全局最优时的设备运行参数,对系统的协调调度和经济高效运营提供帮助。
3)后续将在MATLAB Simulink中搭建仿真系统模型,结合J.F.Benders模型,进一步研究热电联产光储热电系统的运行优化。
  • 2022-k66
  • 甘肃省住建局科技项目(gjk023-203-09)
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2024年第53卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402039
  • 接收时间:2024-02-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-26
基金
Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation Project
2022-k66
Science & Technology Project of Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bureau of Gansu Province(gjk023-203-09)
甘肃省住建局科技项目(gjk023-203-09)
作者信息
    1.中国建筑西北设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710018
    2.中国中煤西安设计工程有限责任公司,陕西 西安 710000
    3.定西市陇西县住房和城乡建设局,甘肃 定西 748100

通讯作者:

张春定(1974),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂热力系统节能经济管理,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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