Article(id=1236345816076571190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345813933289655, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202403053, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709740800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772697412747, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772697412747, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772697412747, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697412747, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236345813933289655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772697412236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697498476, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236346175725556508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345813933289655, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236346175725556509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345813933289655, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=21, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236345816378561080, articleId=1236345816076571190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Optimal dispatching strategy and evaluation of wind-solar-storage combined power generation system based on hybrid energy storage, columnId=1236345815061557435, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Long-term energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the electricity demand of users and the power generation of renewable energy, an optimal scheduling model of grid-connected wind-optical-battery-waste mine pumped storage combined power generation system is established, with the optimization objective of minimizing the total operating cost of the system. Moreover, the results of the optimal scheduling are measured with the evaluation indexes of the equivalent load variance, the fluctuation rate of the contact line, and the power supply loss rate. The optimal solution is performed using CPLEX solver for the scheduling model. Through simulation on the optimal scheduling models of three different energy storage forms, it is concluded that the total cost of the hybrid energy storage in the form of storage battery and abandoned mine pumped storage reduces by 62.21% and 49.18% compared with that of the battery alone and abandoned mine pumped storage alone, respectively. The optimization results are ranked and evaluated by using the combined entropy weight rank sum ratio method, and the weighted rank-sum ratio of the wind-solar-battery-abandoned mine pumped storage combined power generation system is 0.833, with the highest score ranking. The results show that the proposed model not only improves the operation economy of the system, but also enhances the reliability of the system power supply, which verifies the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed model.

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针对用户用电需求和可再生能源发电情况,建立以系统总运行成本最小为优化目标的并网型风-光-蓄电池-废弃矿井抽蓄联合发电系统优化调度模型,以等效负荷方差、联络线波动率、供电损失率为评价指标衡量优化调度结果,利用CPLEX求解器对调度模型进行最优求解。对3种不同储能形式的优化调度模型进行仿真对比,结果显示:储能形式为蓄电池和废弃矿井抽蓄的混合储能时的总成本相比蓄电池与废弃矿井抽蓄分别减少了62.21%与49.18%;利用组合熵权秩和比法对优化结果进行排序评价,风-光-蓄电池-废弃矿井抽蓄联合发电系统加权秩和比值为0.833,评分排序最优。所提模型在提升系统运行经济性的同时,提高了系统供电的可靠性,验证了所提模型的合理性与有效性。

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姚静(2001),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源系统优化,
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田松峰(1966),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为新能源发电系统,

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articleId=1236345816076571190, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The unit operation and maintenance costs

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机组运行和维护成本/(元·(MW·h)–1)
风电场30.0
光伏电站40.0
蓄电池储能电站充电28.7
蓄电池储能电站放电28.7
废弃矿井抽蓄电站抽水60.0
废弃矿井抽蓄电站发电46.0
), ArticleFig(id=1236345823315940169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345816076571190, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

机组运行和维护成本

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机组运行和维护成本/(元·(MW·h)–1)
风电场30.0
光伏电站40.0
蓄电池储能电站充电28.7
蓄电池储能电站放电28.7
废弃矿井抽蓄电站抽水60.0
废弃矿井抽蓄电站发电46.0
), ArticleFig(id=1236345823420797779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345816076571190, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of the storage batteries and abandoned mine pumped storage power station

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蓄电池储能电站数值废弃矿井抽蓄电站数值
充电功率/MW15抽水功率/MW22
发电功率/MW15发电功率/MW22
容量/(MW·h)60库容/(MW·h)180
充电效率η10.90抽水效率η30.87
发电效率η20.90发电效率η40.85
初始容量/(MW·h)12初始库容/(MW·h)25
), ArticleFig(id=1236345823521461082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345816076571190, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

蓄电池、废弃矿井抽蓄电站的参数

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蓄电池储能电站数值废弃矿井抽蓄电站数值
充电功率/MW15抽水功率/MW22
发电功率/MW15发电功率/MW22
容量/(MW·h)60库容/(MW·h)180
充电效率η10.90抽水效率η30.87
发电效率η20.90发电效率η40.85
初始容量/(MW·h)12初始库容/(MW·h)25
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The time-of-use electricity price parameters

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时段类型时段购电价格售电价格
峰时段09:00—11:001 5001 200
14:00—16:00
平时段06:00—08:00800550
12:00—13:00
17:00—19:00
谷时段00:00—05:00400300
20:00—24:00
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分时电价参数

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时段类型时段购电价格售电价格
峰时段09:00—11:001 5001 200
14:00—16:00
平时段06:00—08:00800550
12:00—13:00
17:00—19:00
谷时段00:00—05:00400300
20:00—24:00
), ArticleFig(id=1236345823827645302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345816076571190, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Evaluation index values of different models

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模型等效负荷方差/MW2联络线波动量/MW供电损失率
1367.146 0199.382 60.065 5
2225.667 5207.210 80.050 6
3185.482 1206.594 50.045 8
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不同模型评价指标值

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模型等效负荷方差/MW2联络线波动量/MW供电损失率
1367.146 0199.382 60.065 5
2225.667 5207.210 80.050 6
3185.482 1206.594 50.045 8
), ArticleFig(id=1236345824033166218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345816076571190, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Rank values corresponding to evaluation indexes

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模型秩次值加权秩和比值排序
等效负荷方差联络线波动量供电损失率
11310.6672
22120.5003
33230.8331
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评价指标对应的秩次值

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模型秩次值加权秩和比值排序
等效负荷方差联络线波动量供电损失率
11310.6672
22120.5003
33230.8331
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基于混合储能的风光储联合发电系统优化调度策略及评价
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田松峰 1, 2 , 姚静 1, 2 , 杨智好 1, 2 , 徐琛 1, 2 , 刘旭 1, 2
热力发电 | 长时储能技术研究专题 2024,53(10): 21-31
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热力发电 | 长时储能技术研究专题 2024, 53(10): 21-31
基于混合储能的风光储联合发电系统优化调度策略及评价
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田松峰1, 2 , 姚静1, 2 , 杨智好1, 2, 徐琛1, 2, 刘旭1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学动力工程系,河北 保定 071003
  • 2.华北电力大学河北省低碳高效发电技术重点研究室,河北 保定 071003
  • 田松峰(1966),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为新能源发电系统,

通讯作者:

姚静(2001),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源系统优化,
Optimal dispatching strategy and evaluation of wind-solar-storage combined power generation system based on hybrid energy storage
Songfeng TIAN1, 2 , Jing YAO1, 2 , Zhihao YANG1, 2, Chen XU1, 2, Xu LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Power Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 2.Hebei Provincial Key Research Laboratory of Low Carbon and High Efficiency Power Generation Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403053
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针对用户用电需求和可再生能源发电情况,建立以系统总运行成本最小为优化目标的并网型风-光-蓄电池-废弃矿井抽蓄联合发电系统优化调度模型,以等效负荷方差、联络线波动率、供电损失率为评价指标衡量优化调度结果,利用CPLEX求解器对调度模型进行最优求解。对3种不同储能形式的优化调度模型进行仿真对比,结果显示:储能形式为蓄电池和废弃矿井抽蓄的混合储能时的总成本相比蓄电池与废弃矿井抽蓄分别减少了62.21%与49.18%;利用组合熵权秩和比法对优化结果进行排序评价,风-光-蓄电池-废弃矿井抽蓄联合发电系统加权秩和比值为0.833,评分排序最优。所提模型在提升系统运行经济性的同时,提高了系统供电的可靠性,验证了所提模型的合理性与有效性。

联合发电系统  /  优化调度  /  混合储能  /  评价指标

In view of the electricity demand of users and the power generation of renewable energy, an optimal scheduling model of grid-connected wind-optical-battery-waste mine pumped storage combined power generation system is established, with the optimization objective of minimizing the total operating cost of the system. Moreover, the results of the optimal scheduling are measured with the evaluation indexes of the equivalent load variance, the fluctuation rate of the contact line, and the power supply loss rate. The optimal solution is performed using CPLEX solver for the scheduling model. Through simulation on the optimal scheduling models of three different energy storage forms, it is concluded that the total cost of the hybrid energy storage in the form of storage battery and abandoned mine pumped storage reduces by 62.21% and 49.18% compared with that of the battery alone and abandoned mine pumped storage alone, respectively. The optimization results are ranked and evaluated by using the combined entropy weight rank sum ratio method, and the weighted rank-sum ratio of the wind-solar-battery-abandoned mine pumped storage combined power generation system is 0.833, with the highest score ranking. The results show that the proposed model not only improves the operation economy of the system, but also enhances the reliability of the system power supply, which verifies the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed model.

co-generation system  /  optimal dispatch  /  hybrid energy storage  /  evaluation indexes
田松峰, 姚静, 杨智好, 徐琛, 刘旭. 基于混合储能的风光储联合发电系统优化调度策略及评价. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (10) : 21 -31 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403053
Songfeng TIAN, Jing YAO, Zhihao YANG, Chen XU, Xu LIU. Optimal dispatching strategy and evaluation of wind-solar-storage combined power generation system based on hybrid energy storage[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (10) : 21 -31 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403053
由于“碳达峰”、“碳中和”目标的提出,我国能源转型进程不断加快。据国家能源局统计,2023年全年我国风电装机容量约4.4亿kW,同比增长20.7%;光伏发电装机容量约6.1亿kW,同比增长55.2%[1]。然而,受风、光资源自然属性的制约,风、光发电具有随机性和波动性,容易对电网安全运行造成冲击。引入储能设备能够有效缓解风、光等新能源发电给系统带来的负面影响。其中,蓄电池作为功率性储能具有响应速度快、功率密度高的优点[2],但也存在寿命短、成本高和环境污染等问题[3];抽水蓄能作为能量型储能具有容量大、成本低和放电持续时间长的优点,但很大程度上受限于地理位置。与此同时,我国存在大量的废弃矿井,其丰富的地下空间资源及地下水资源为适用于微电网的小型抽水蓄能电站改造创造了可能[4]。功率密度型和能量密度型的混合储能形式能够提高供电的持续性和可靠性,蓄电池作为功率型储能,用于平抑风光并网功率的波动;废弃矿井抽水蓄能作为能量型储能,用于补偿风光出力的间歇性。蓄电池储能电站和废弃矿井抽蓄电站协同运行,结合了2种储能技术的不同特性,合理发挥了不同储能设备的运行优势,可实现不同能源系统内能量和功率的双方面平衡,使系统具有更好的灵活性、高效性和可靠性。
针对风-光-混合储能联合发电系统协调运行优化调度问题,国内外学者进行了一些研究。文献[5]针对风光互补发电系统中储能容量优化配置的问题,提出了一种以抽水蓄能为基础,蓄电池和超级电容参与的混合储能系统模型,明显改善了发电系统输出功率波动情况和电能消纳能力。文献[6]根据可再生能源发电情况以及用户电力需求,提出了一种包括蓄电池、重力势能储能以及超级电容器的混合储能系统容量优化配置策略,大幅提升了用电系统的经济性和灵活性。文献[7]针对混合储能中蓄电池在运行阶段的使用寿命,提出一种风储双层优化配置策略,降低了规划期间储能配置成本并且延长了电池使用寿命。文献[8]针对风电功率的波动性和不平衡性,提出一种风电并网混合储能系统优化配置策略,分析了不同功率波动情况下混合储能配置的经济性。文献[9]比较了风电、光伏和蓄电池、抽水蓄能、混合储能的各种组合方式,结果表明混合储能系统能以最低的成本实现系统最高的可靠性。文献[10]针对光储充电站直流微电网系统,提出一种飞轮储能和蓄电池储能组成的混合储能形式,让整个系统更加灵活可靠运行。然而,以往的研究多集中于蓄电池和超级电容组合的混合储能与风光发电联合系统的容量优化配置、运行调度优化方面,并没有专门针对蓄电池和废弃矿井抽蓄组合的混合储能。本文以并网型风-光-蓄电池-废弃矿井抽蓄联合发电系统为研究对象,建立以系统总运行成本最小为优化目标的优化调度模型,为衡量联合发电系统可靠性,提出等效负荷方差、联络线波动率、供电损失率等评价指标,应用CPLEX软件对调度模型进行优化求解,利用组合熵权秩和比法对优化结果排序评价,通过算例仿真验证模型的有效性。
联合发电系统主要由风电场、光伏电站、蓄电池储能电站、废弃矿井抽蓄电站、逆变器构成,经母线、变压器等联络装置与电网连接,将外部电网作为备用电源。当有负荷需求时,通过联合发电系统出力侧进行供给。联合发电系统结构如图1所示。
风电场出力主要受风速影响,其表达式[11]为:
Pwt={0                    v<vonvvoffPrvvonvrvon      von v<vrPr                   vrv<voff   
式中:Pwt为风电场的输出功率,MW;Pr为风电场的额定功率,MW;v为实时风速,m/s;vonvrvoff为启动风速、额定风速和停机风速,m/s。
光伏电站出力影响因素较多,如太阳能辐射、环境温度、阴影和负载的阻抗等,其表达式[12]为:
Ppv=PTRTRSTC[1+k(TCTSTC)]
式中:Ppv为光伏电站输出功率;PT为标准条件下光伏电站额定输出功率;RT为实际太阳辐射强度,W/h;RSTC为标准测试条件下太阳辐射强度;k为功率温度系数;TC为实际工作温度,℃;TSTC为标准测试条件下工作温度。
蓄电池储能电站出力与蓄电池本身特性如容量、电流密度、放电深度、充放电效率以及温度等因素有关。
系统充电:
SSOC(t)=SSOC(t1)+η1Pbec(t)ΔtEbe
系统放电:
SSOC(t)=SSOC(t1)Pbed(t)ΔtEbeη2
式中:SSOC(t)为蓄电池储能电站在t时刻结束时的荷电状态,用来反映蓄电池的剩余容量;Pbec(t)Pbed(t)为蓄电池储能电站在t时刻的充电和放电功率,MW;η1η2为蓄电池的充电和发电效率;Ebe为蓄电池的额定容量,MW·h;Δt为充电或发电的时间,由于调度时段为1 h,因此Δt=1。
在对废弃矿井抽蓄电站出力建模时,废弃矿井抽蓄电站在负荷低谷期通过水泵抽水将电能转化为水的势能存储,在负荷高峰期通过存储的水带动水轮机将水的势能转换为电能发电[13]。抽水蓄能机组调节系统结构示意如图2所示。
当运行在水泵抽水工况时,水泵抽水功率[14]为:
Ppsc(t)=ρgΔhΔQcη3Δt
式中:ρ为水密度,取1.0×103 kg/m3g为重力加速度,取9.8 m/s2;ΔQc为水泵流量,m3;Δh为水柱高度变化量,m;η3为充电效率。
当运行在水轮机发电工况时,水轮机发电功率为:
Ppsd(t)=ρgΔhΔQdη4Δt
式中:ΔQd为水轮发电机组水流量;η4为发电效率。
本文综合考虑联合发电系统运行维护成本、废弃矿井抽蓄电站水泵机组的启停费用、购电成本和售电收益,典型日内调度模型以系统总运行成本最低为目标来进行优化,优化调度的目标函数可以表示为:
minF=COM+Cqt+CbuyCsell
式中:F为系统总运行成本,元;COM为运行维护成本;Cqt为设备启停成本;Cbuy为购电成本;Csell为售电收益。
1)运行维护成本
系统运行过程中需要定期对发电单元进行维护管理,以保证风电场、光伏电站、蓄电池储能电站和废弃矿井抽蓄电站能够稳定运行,期间所有支出为运行维护成本,其表达式为:
COM=t=1T[kwtPwt(t)+kpvPpv(t)+XbeckbecPbec(t)+XbedkbedPbed(t)+XpsckpscPpsc(t)+XpsdkpsdPpsd(t)]
式中:T为典型日内时段数;Pwt(t)、Ppv(t)、Pbe(t)、Pps(t)为风电场、光伏电站、蓄电池储能电站和废弃矿井抽蓄电站在t时刻的功率,MW;kwtkpv为风电场、光伏电站运行和维护成本,元/(MW·h);kbeckbedkpsckpsd为蓄电池储能电站充电和放电、废弃矿井抽蓄电站抽水和发电的运行和维护成本;XbedXbecXpsdXpsc为蓄电池储能电站和废弃矿井抽蓄电站的运行状态,是0—1变量,XbedXbec=0,XpsdXpsc=0。
2)设备启停成本
废弃矿井抽蓄电站水泵机组启动和停机产生的费用,其表达式为:
Cqt=t=1T[Fst(t)+Fdw(t)]
式中:Fst(t)、Fdw(t)为抽蓄电站水泵机组在t时段启停1次的成本,元/(MW·h)。
3)购电成本
在负荷需求增加、可再生能源和储能系统发出电能不足时,需要向电网购电,以保证整个系统稳定运行。购电产生的费用即购电成本,其表达式为:
Cbuy=t=1Tkbuy(t)Pbuy(t)
式中:Pbuy(t)为t时刻向电网的购电量;kbuy(t)为购电价格,元/(MW·h)。
4)售电收益
当风、光资源较好时,可再生能源发电量大于负荷需求,负荷和储能系统都无法全部消纳当天的发电量,向电网售电可减少资源浪费,并且降低成本。售电收益表达式为:
Csell=t=1Tksell(t)Psell(t)
式中:Psell(t)为t时刻向电网的售电量;ksell(t)为售电价格。
当系统运行时,系统内外功率处于平衡,系统运行的相关约束为:
Pload(t)=Ppv(t)+Pwt(t)+Pps(t)+Pbe(t)+PTL(t)
式中:Pload(t)为t时刻负荷需求功率;PTL(t)为t时刻联合发电系统与电网联络线交换功率,购电为正,售电为负。
0Pwt(t)Pwtmax
0Ppv(t)Ppvmax
式中:PwtmaxPpvmax为风电场和光伏电站的最大预测出力。
1)蓄电池储能电站充放电功率约束
0Pbed(t)PbemaxXbed
0Pbec(t)PbemaxXbec
式中:Pbemax为蓄电池储能电站的最大功率。
2)蓄电池储能电站剩余容量约束
SSOCminSSOC(t)SSOCmax
式中:SSOCminSSOCmax为蓄电池储能电站最小和最大剩余容量;SSOC(t)为蓄电池储能电站在t时刻的实际剩余容量。
1)废弃矿井抽蓄电站功率约束
Ppsd,minXpsdPpsd(t)Ppsd,maxXpsd
Ppsc,minXpscPpsc(t)Ppsc,maxXpsc
式中:Ppsd,min为废弃矿井抽水蓄能电站的最小发电功率;Ppsd,max为废弃矿井抽水蓄能电站的最大发电功率;Ppsc,min为最小抽水功率;Ppsc,max为最大抽水功率。
2)废弃矿井抽蓄电站库容约束
VuminVu(t)Vumax
VdminVd(t)Vdmax
式中:Vumin为废弃矿井抽水蓄能电站上水库的最小容积,m3Vumax为上水库的最大容积;Vdmin为下水库的最小容积;Vdmax为下水库的最大容积;Vu(t)Vd(t)为上水库和下水库在t时刻的实际容积。
蓄电池短时间内频繁地充放电会影响电池寿命,所以必须限制蓄电池充放电次数,其表达式为:
t=1T{[Xbed(t)Xbed(t1)]+[Xbec(t)Xbec(t1)]}2Nbe
式中:Nbe为限制蓄电池充放电转换的最大次数。
废弃矿井抽水蓄能设备的启停次数过多,容易出现水泵电机损坏、设备寿命减少、能源浪费等情况,导致运行维护成本增加。所以,必须限制废弃矿井抽蓄机组的启停次数[15],其表达式为:
t=1T{[Xpsd(t)Xpsd(t1)]+[Xpsc(t)Xpsc(t1)]}2Nps
式中:Nps为限制废弃矿井抽蓄机组启停的最大次数。
联合发电系统与电网进行交易,在系统内部供电不足时,系统向电网进行购电;在系统内部风光出力大于负荷需求和储能容量时,系统将多于的电量出售给电网。
|PTL(t)|PTLmax
式中:PTLmax为系统与电网联络线允许交换的最大功率。
联合发电系统的削峰填谷能力由等效负荷体现,等效负荷方差通过计算等效负荷在一个调度周期内的离散程度来表示负荷整体波动程度[16]。联合发电系统通过调整机组出力及负荷需求,使其波动程度最小[17]。等效负荷方差表达式为:
Sel2=1Tt=1T[Pload(t)Ppv(t)Pwt(t)+Pps(t)+Pbe(t)Pel]2
Pel=1Tt=1T[Pload(t)Ppv(t)Pwt(t)+Pps(t)+Pbe(t)]
式中:Sel2为调度周期T内联合发电系统的等效负荷方差,Sel2越小系统供电越可靠,MW2Pel为等效负荷均值,MW。
在电网调度工作中,为了方便电网制定和调整发电计划,会对联络线的波动进行要求,通过平抑风光出力的波动,来提升电网的运行效率,同时减少备用容量[18]。联络线波动总量表达式为:
D=t=1T1|PTL(t+1)PTL(t)|
式中:D为运行时段内联络线波动总量,D越小系统供电越可靠,MW。
联合发电系统运行的首要目标是满足负荷需求,而当负荷需求大于可再生能源和储能系统供电上限时,供电损失率可反映风光储联合发电系统供电的可靠性。供电损失率表达式为
ηLPSP=t=1T{Pload(t)[Ppv(t)+Pwt(t)+Ppsd(t)+Pbed(t)]}t=1TPload(t)
式中:ηLPSP为供电损失率,ηLPSP越小系统供电越可靠。
联合发电系统调度策略通过对系统各部分出力优化调度,保证系统供电的平稳性和可靠性。风光储联合发电系统能量调度策略实现流程如图3所示。
当风力和光伏发电供给大于负荷需求时,利用蓄电池储能电站和废弃矿井抽蓄电站储存多余的电能,若混合储能系统达到额定容量后仍有剩余,则向电网售出。t时刻售给电网的功率为:
Psell(t)=Ppv(t)+Pwt(t)Pps(t)Pbe(t)Pload(t)
当风力和光伏发电不足以满足负荷需求时,可基于分时电价选择储能系统放电或者向电网购电。当处于峰时电价时,首先选择蓄电池储能电站和废弃矿井抽蓄电站放电,放电之后若还不能满足负荷需求,则选择向电网购电用来供给负荷;谷、平电价时,则直接向电网购电,而将混合储能存储的电量保留下来,作为下一时刻的备用电。t时刻向电网购电的功率表达式如下。
峰时电价,即c(t)≥ch
Pbuy(t)=Pload(t)[Ppv(t)+Pwt(t)+Pps(t)+Pbe(t)]
谷、平电价,即c(t)<ch
Pbuy(t)=Pload(t)[Ppv(t)+Pwt(t)]
式中:c(t)t时刻电价;ch为峰时电价。
CPLEX是由IBM公司开发的一款用于解决各种优化问题的高性能数学规划求解器,能够针对线性规划、混合整数规划、二次规划以及二次约束规划等大规模数学规划问题进行高效、稳定的求解,并与多种优化软件和语言兼容[19]。本文所建立的并网型风-光-蓄电池-废弃矿井抽蓄联合发电系统优化调度模型是混合整数线性规划问题,通过在MATLAB界面调用YALMIP工具箱创建决策变量,添加约束条件,并使用CPLEX求解器进行参数配置对目标函数进行优化求解。
利用组合熵权秩和比法[20]评价不同模型的优化调度结果。组合熵权秩和比法是将熵权法和秩和比法组合,先利用熵权法求出各项指标的权重值,再利用秩和比法求出各项指标的加权秩和比值,从而进行综合评价。
熵权法是一种客观赋权法,通过计算个体的熵和熵权重得到个体权重值。熵是热力学中表示系统混乱程度的物理量,熵权法将统计熵理论应用于信息学,利用信息熵衡量信息源的不确定性[21]。若指标的信息熵越小,说明系统的混乱程度越小,则该指标提供的信息量越大,在评价体系中的作用越大,对应的权重就越高[22]。因此,可先利用熵计算出各评价指标的权重。
熵权法确定指标权重的步骤如下:
该数据包含m个模型样本,n个评价指标,数据矩阵为R=(rij)m×n
1)数据标准化处理
Rij1=rijmin(rj)max(rj)min(rj)
Rij2=max(rj)rijmax(rj)min(rj)
式中:Rij1为正向指标;Rij2为负向指标。
2)计算第j个指标下第i个模型的比重矩阵
nij=rij'i=1mrij'
3)计算第j个指标的熵值
ej=1lnmi=1mnijlnnij
4)计算第j个指标的熵权,即为j指标的权重
wj=(1ej)j=1n(1ej)
秩和比法是以非参数法为基础,广泛适用于多种评价对象的统计信息分析方法。秩和比将多项指标综合成1个丰富的统计量,表明不同计量单位多个指标的综合水平,具有0~1区间连续变量的特征。秩和比法综合评价的步骤如下:
1)编秩
m个模型样本的n个评价指标构成矩阵R=(rij)m×n,然后对指标进行一致化处理,并根据指标的正负向对指标编秩。其中,正向指标从小到大编秩,负向指标从大到小编秩,得到秩矩阵R*=(r*ij)m×n
2)计算各评价对象的加权RRSR
wRRSRi=(1m)×j=1pwj×Rij*
3)通过比较wRRSR的大小,对不同模型进行综合排序。
风光储联合发电系统优化调度结果的评价流程如图4所示。
为了验证所提策略的有效性,以西北地区某废弃矿区为背景,以包含装机容量为100 MW的风电场、100 MW的光伏电站、15 MW的蓄电池储能电站、22 MW的废弃矿井抽蓄电站[23]的联合发电系统为例,构造算例进行分析。将1天分为24个时段作为1个调度周期,该地区典型日内风电、光伏以及负荷预测出力如图5所示。
另外,限制蓄电池充放电转换的最大次数为4次,废弃矿井抽蓄机组启停的最大次数为2次。废弃矿井抽蓄电站水泵机组启动和停机1次的成本各为20元/(MW·h)。各机组运行和维护成本[23]表1,蓄电池储能电站和废弃矿井抽蓄电站参数[23-24]表2,与电网联络线交换功率的分时电价[25]表3
为对比不同储能形式对并网型风光储联合发电系统运行的影响,设立3种优化调度模型:模型1为风-光-蓄电池联合运行;模型2为风-光-废弃矿井抽蓄联合运行;模型3为风-光-蓄电池-废弃矿井抽蓄联合运行。
在分时电价背景下,典型日内3种模型仿真结果如图6所示。
图6可以看出:在风-光-蓄电池联合运行时,蓄电池主要在02:00—05:00和12:00—13:00时段充电以储存电量,在09:00—10:00和14:00—16:00时段放电对负荷供电;在风-光-废弃矿井抽蓄联合运行时,废弃矿井抽蓄电站主要在00:00—8:00时段抽水以储存电量,在09:00—11:00和14:00—16:00时段放电对负荷供电。废弃矿井抽水蓄能机组每次充电或放电的时间比蓄电池均有所增加,这是因为蓄电池功率和容量较小,3~4 h就能将蓄电池充电或放电完全;而废弃矿井抽蓄电站的额定功率和水库容量较大,7~8 h才能抽水或放电完全。
在风-光-蓄电池-废弃矿井抽蓄联合运行时,系统主要在00:00—08:00和12:00—13:00时段对混合储能电站充电,混合储能电站放电主要在09:00—11:00和14:00—16:00时段。这是因为此优化调度模型会根据电价的高低调整各部分出力,风光出力不能满足负荷需求时,在电价峰值时优先让蓄电池和废弃矿井抽蓄电站联合供电,电价谷平时段直接向电网购电,而将混合储能存储的电量保留下来,作为下一时刻的备用电,以达到成本最低;风光出力大于负荷需求时,在电价谷平时段优先给混合储能电站充电,2个储能电站优先使用储能效率更高的蓄电池储存多余电量,废弃矿井抽蓄电站作为补充,在电价峰值时直接向电网售电,以达到收益最高。
不同模型成本对比如图7所示。由图7可知,模型3总运行成本最低,为43 699元,模型2其次,总成本为85 988元,模型1总运行成本最高,为115 650元。
由各部分成本可知,蓄电池储能电站虽然运行和维护的成本较低且没有设备启停成本,但蓄电池储能的功率和容量较小,可以储存和释放的电能也相对有限,为了满足用户的负荷需求,必须向电网购买更多的电量,导致购电成本较高,可售电量也受到储存容量的限制,售电收益相对较低。混合储能电站联合运行相比于单一储能形式,虽然运维成本较高,但是结合了2种储能技术的运行优势,储能容量和功率增加,可以储存和释放的电能更多,从而减少了购电成本,增加了售电收益,总运行成本也因此减少。模型3的总运行成本最低,本文所提并网型风-光-蓄电池-废弃矿井抽蓄联合发电系统优化调度模型具有一定的经济性。
不同模型评价指标值见表4。由表4可知,储能形式为蓄电池和废弃矿井抽蓄电站联合运行时等效负荷方差最小,供电损失率最小,联络线波动量指标略大于蓄电池储能。储能容量和功率更小的蓄电池储能电站联络线波动量最小,这是因为蓄电池储能作为功率型储能响应速度快、调节频率高,可以有效平抑风光并网功率的波动,减少与电网间联络线波动量。而废弃矿井抽水蓄能作为能量型储能,容量大、放电持续时间长,主要用于补偿风光出力的间歇性,所以等效负荷方差和供电损失率指标都优于蓄电池储能。
基于不同模型下的评价指标值,利用组合熵权秩和比法评价。先利用熵权法求取3个评价指标的权重值;再利用秩和比法求取各项指标的加权秩和比值,从而对3个模型进行排序综合评价。等效负荷方差、联络线波动量、供电损失率均为负向指标,利用熵权法得到这3个评价指标的权重值分别为0.249 1、0.500 8、0.250 1。
根据3个评价指标的权重值和每个模型的评价指标值,利用秩和比法编秩得到不同模型下各评价指标对应的秩次值见表5
基于权重值和秩次值,得到储能形式为蓄电池、废弃矿井抽蓄、蓄电池和废弃矿井抽蓄联合运行时的加权秩和比值0.667、0.500、0.833,评分排序为2、3、1。
从评价指标排序结果看,模型3的等效负荷方差和供电损失率的秩次值均为3,联络线波动量的秩次值为2。模型3的评价指标排序结果最优,其次是模型1,最后是模型2。混合储能结合了功率型储能和能量型储能2种储能技术的不同特性,合理发挥了不同储能设备的运行优势,既能平抑风光并网功率的波动,又能补偿风光出力的间歇性。本文所提并网型风-光-蓄电池-废弃矿井抽蓄联合发电系统调度模型有效提高了系统供电的可靠性。
蓄电池充放电转换次数和废弃矿井抽蓄启停次数会影响联合发电系统的优化调度结果。图8给出了蓄电池充放电转换次数和废弃矿井抽蓄启停次数与联合发电系统总运行成本的关系。由图8可知,随着蓄电池充放电转换次数的增加,总运行成本总体先呈下降趋势,之后趋于平稳。
这是因为蓄电池充放电转换次数增加,可以储存和释放更多的能量,在蓄电池充放电转换4次时已满足系统储能需求,次数继续增加不会改变调度结果且会影响蓄电池寿命,故而应适当限制蓄电池充放电转换次数。随着废弃矿井抽蓄启停次数的增加,总运行成本呈先减少后增加的趋势,在启停2次时成本达到最低。这是因为废弃矿井抽蓄启停次数增加,可以储存和释放更多的能量,但启停次数过多容易损坏水泵电机,减缓设备寿命,增加水头损失造成能源浪费,并导致运行成本增加。
本文基于蓄电池和废弃矿井抽蓄的混合储能,建立了以总运行成本最小为目标的并网型风光储联合发电系统优化调度模型,对比不同储能形式的优化调度结果并评价排序,通过分析结果,得出以下结论。
1)从成本看,储能形式为蓄电池和废弃矿井抽蓄的混合储能时总成本最低,为43 699元,相比蓄电池与废弃矿井抽蓄分别减少了62.21%与49.18%。本文所提并网型风-光-蓄电池-废弃矿井抽蓄联合发电系统优化调度模型有效提高了系统的经济性。
2)储能形式为蓄电池、废弃矿井抽蓄、蓄电池和废弃矿井抽蓄混合储能的加权秩和比值分别为0.667、0.500、0.833。并网型风-光-蓄电池-废弃矿井抽蓄联合发电系统调度模型综合评价指标最优,本文所提模型提升了系统供电的可靠性。
3)通过分析蓄电池充放电转换次数和废弃矿井抽蓄启停次数等敏感性因素,适当限制蓄电池充放电转换次数和废弃矿井抽蓄启停次数,可有效降低成本。
本文所提的含蓄电池-废弃矿井抽蓄混合储能的风光储联合发电系统优化调度模型,既提高了系统运行的经济性,又保证了供电的可靠性,对于风光储联合发电系统的稳定运行和优化调度的经济性具有重要的参考价值。
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2024年第53卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202403053
  • 接收时间:2024-03-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-07
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    1.华北电力大学动力工程系,河北 保定 071003
    2.华北电力大学河北省低碳高效发电技术重点研究室,河北 保定 071003

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姚静(2001),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为新能源系统优化,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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