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Article(id=1236345815548096705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345813933289655, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202402019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708963200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772697412621, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1729785600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772697412621, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772697412621, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697412621, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236345813933289655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='162', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772697412236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772697498476, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236346175725556508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345813933289655, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236346175725556509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236345813933289655, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=72, endPage=80, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236345815921389768, articleId=1236345815548096705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on peaking performance and thermal economy of thermal power unit coupled with molten salt thermal storage system, columnId=1236345815061557435, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Long-term energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid advancement of renewable energy power generation, thermal power units need to take on major peaking tasks. Molten salt thermal storage technology, as a prominent method for thermal power peaking, can effectively improve peaking performance of the units. The Ebsilon software is employed to model a subcritical 300 MW unit integrated with coupled molten salt thermal storage system. Considering the operational conditions of supplying industrial steam to external entities, several indexes such as the storage/exothermic thermal efficiency, load variation and thermoelectric conversion rate of three heat storage/exothermic schemes are investigated comparatively. The results indicates that, during the heat storage process, the heat storage scheme 3 (the heat source for heat storage is the main steam, reheat steam and medium-pressure cylinder exhaust, and the exothermic medium-pressure cylinder exhaust goes directly to the condenser) exhibits the highest load variation, reaching up to 102.63 MW. Meanwhile, the heat storage scheme 1 (employing main steam and reheat steam as the heat source for storage) demonstrates the superior thermal efficiency at 28.76%. During the discharge process, exothermic scheme 2 (heat from high-temperature molten salt is used to supply industrial steam and preheat condensate) has the largest load variation, release thermal efficiency, and thermoelectricity conversion rate, which are 34.69 MW, 46.14%, and 59.07%, respectively. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the study of peak performance and thermal economy of thermal power units coupled with molten salt thermal storage system.

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随着可再生能源发电的迅速发展，火电机组需要承担主要的调峰任务，熔盐储热技术作为主要的火电调峰方式之一，可以有效提高机组的调峰性能。采用Ebsilon软件对耦合熔盐储热系统亚临界300 MW机组进行建模，考虑机组对外供应工业蒸汽工况，对比研究了3种储/放热方案的储/放热热效率、负荷变化量和热电转化率等指标。结果表明：在储热过程中，当储热功率为80 MW时，储热方案3（储热热源为主蒸汽、再热蒸汽以及中压缸排汽，且放热后的中压缸排汽直接进入冷凝器）的负荷变化量最大，可达到102.63 MW；当储热功率为50 MW时，储热方案1（储热热源为主蒸汽和再热蒸汽）的储热热效率最高，为28.76%；在放热过程中，当放热效率为80 MW，放热方案2（高温熔盐的热量用于供应工业蒸汽和预热凝结水）的负荷变化量和放热热效率最大，分别为34.69 MW和46.14%；当放热效率为50 MW时，放热方案2的热电转化率最大，为59.07%。该研究可为耦合熔盐储热系统的火电机组调峰性能和热经济性研究提供理论指导。

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高明（1977），男，博士，教授，主要研究方向为高效储能及氢能利用技术，。
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贾振国（1980），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为熔盐储热技术，。

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贾振国（1980），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为熔盐储热技术，。

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贾振国（1980），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为熔盐储热技术，。

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Research on flexible peak load regulation strategy and performance of typical coal-fired units[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2023, 52(9): 94-103., articleTitle=Research on flexible peak load regulation strategy and performance of typical coal-fired units, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236345824674902797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, awardId=51776111, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51776111), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236345824779760403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, awardId=51776111, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(51776111), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236345824872035097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, awardId=ZR2023ME025, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation Project of Shandong Province(ZR2023ME025), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236345824972698398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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label=Fig4, caption=System model diagrams for exothermic scenario 1 and exothermic scenario 2, figureFileSmall=JdsijNS4uSFfCeA1gUJoaQ==, figureFileBig=tqsWUY+Z5Y+pCJ+pTtY7+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236345822351258227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, language=CN, label=图4, caption=放热方案1和放热方案2系统模型, figureFileSmall=JdsijNS4uSFfCeA1gUJoaQ==, figureFileBig=tqsWUY+Z5Y+pCJ+pTtY7+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236345822477087357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=System model diagram for exothermic scenario 3, figureFileSmall=9WKoILzYrA39TwkuEekhzQ==, figureFileBig=p16rvrd+trknpOmlLpz+ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236345822573556359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, language=CN, label=图5, caption=放热方案3系统模型, figureFileSmall=9WKoILzYrA39TwkuEekhzQ==, 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figureFileBig=wmA0oHG/V2XAUWwh7y29nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236345823232062132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Comparison of exothermic efficiency of three exothermic schemes with different exothermic power, figureFileSmall=bG0DTsd2V7in7ZgjLCot1A==, figureFileBig=WQtVW6TIp8zVZoI2WCYkNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236345823328531132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同放热功率下3种放热方案的放热热效率对比, figureFileSmall=bG0DTsd2V7in7ZgjLCot1A==, figureFileBig=WQtVW6TIp8zVZoI2WCYkNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236345823395640001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Comparison of the load changes of the three exothermic schemes with different exothermic powers, 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figureFileBig=fLGX2ge9gkLlrLp1bYHIKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236345823831847643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Table of model parameters for the unit at 100% THA operating conditions

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项目数值
机组功率/MW300.086
主蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)900.900
主蒸汽压力/MPa16.670
主蒸汽温度/℃537.000
再热蒸汽压力/MPa3.179
再热温度/℃537.000
低压缸排汽压力/MPa0.005
锅炉效率/%91
), ArticleFig(id=1236345823924122336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

机组在100%THA工况下模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
机组功率/MW300.086
主蒸汽流量/(t·h–1)900.900
主蒸汽压力/MPa16.670
主蒸汽温度/℃537.000
再热蒸汽压力/MPa3.179
再热温度/℃537.000
低压缸排汽压力/MPa0.005
锅炉效率/%91
), ArticleFig(id=1236345824003814117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Physical properties of Hitec salt

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
组成成分（质量分数）KNO3(53%)+NaNO3(7%)
+NaNO2(40%)
熔点/℃141~145
分解温度/℃450
工作温度/℃160~435
比热容/(J·(g·K)–1)1.3~1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1236345824108671723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Hitec盐物性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
组成成分（质量分数）KNO3(53%)+NaNO3(7%)
+NaNO2(40%)
熔点/℃141~145
分解温度/℃450
工作温度/℃160~435
比热容/(J·(g·K)–1)1.3~1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1236345824200946416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Partial nodal parameters of three thermal storage schemes for 50 MW thermal storage power

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目储热方案1储热方案2储热方案3
主蒸汽抽汽量/(t·h–1)263.50225.00225.00
再热蒸汽抽汽量/
(t·h–1)		76.0076.0076.00
低压缸入口蒸汽温度/℃229.32218.86213.86
发电功率/MW143.80125.36115.83
), ArticleFig(id=1236345824297415418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

储热功率为50 MW时3种储热方案部分节点参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目储热方案1储热方案2储热方案3
主蒸汽抽汽量/(t·h–1)263.50225.00225.00
再热蒸汽抽汽量/
(t·h–1)		76.0076.0076.00
低压缸入口蒸汽温度/℃229.32218.86213.86
发电功率/MW143.80125.36115.83
), ArticleFig(id=1236345824419050242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Partial nodal parameters of three exothermic schemes for 50 MW exothermic power

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
放热方案1放热方案2放热方案3
1号高加出口给水流量500.901 000.90500.90
高压缸抽汽量77.60155.06101.81
中压缸抽汽量98.05108.87103.19
低压缸抽汽量82.7584.0877.98
), ArticleFig(id=1236345824540685062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236345815548096705, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

放热功率为50 MW时3种放热方案部分节点参数

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放热方案1放热方案2放热方案3
1号高加出口给水流量500.901 000.90500.90
高压缸抽汽量77.60155.06101.81
中压缸抽汽量98.05108.87103.19
低压缸抽汽量82.7584.0877.98
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耦合熔盐储热系统的火电机组调峰性能与热经济性研究
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贾振国 1 , 王顺 2 , 管洪军 1 , 李宏伟 1 , 高明 2
热力发电 | 长时储能技术研究专题 2024,53(10): 72-80
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热力发电 | 长时储能技术研究专题 2024, 53(10): 72-80
耦合熔盐储热系统的火电机组调峰性能与热经济性研究
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贾振国1 , 王顺2, 管洪军1, 李宏伟1, 高明2
作者信息
  • 1.中石化胜利石油管理局有限公司胜利发电厂，山东　东营　257087
  • 2.高效储能及氢能利用山东省工程研究中心（山东大学能源与动力工程学院），山东　济南　250061

    • 贾振国（1980），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为熔盐储热技术，。

通讯作者:

高明（1977），男，博士，教授，主要研究方向为高效储能及氢能利用技术，。
Study on peaking performance and thermal economy of thermal power unit coupled with molten salt thermal storage system
Zhenguo JIA1 , Shun WANG2, Hongjun GUAN1, Hongwei LI1, Ming GAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.Shengli Power Plant of China Sinopec Shengli Petroleum Administration Co., Ltd., Dongying 257087, China
  • 2.Shandong Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Energy Storage and Hydrogen Energy Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
出版时间: 2024-10-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402019
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摘要
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随着可再生能源发电的迅速发展，火电机组需要承担主要的调峰任务，熔盐储热技术作为主要的火电调峰方式之一，可以有效提高机组的调峰性能。采用Ebsilon软件对耦合熔盐储热系统亚临界300 MW机组进行建模，考虑机组对外供应工业蒸汽工况，对比研究了3种储/放热方案的储/放热热效率、负荷变化量和热电转化率等指标。结果表明：在储热过程中，当储热功率为80 MW时，储热方案3（储热热源为主蒸汽、再热蒸汽以及中压缸排汽，且放热后的中压缸排汽直接进入冷凝器）的负荷变化量最大，可达到102.63 MW；当储热功率为50 MW时，储热方案1（储热热源为主蒸汽和再热蒸汽）的储热热效率最高，为28.76%；在放热过程中，当放热效率为80 MW，放热方案2（高温熔盐的热量用于供应工业蒸汽和预热凝结水）的负荷变化量和放热热效率最大，分别为34.69 MW和46.14%；当放热效率为50 MW时，放热方案2的热电转化率最大，为59.07%。该研究可为耦合熔盐储热系统的火电机组调峰性能和热经济性研究提供理论指导。

火电机组  /  熔盐储热  /  热效率  /  负荷变化量  /  热经济性

With the rapid advancement of renewable energy power generation, thermal power units need to take on major peaking tasks. Molten salt thermal storage technology, as a prominent method for thermal power peaking, can effectively improve peaking performance of the units. The Ebsilon software is employed to model a subcritical 300 MW unit integrated with coupled molten salt thermal storage system. Considering the operational conditions of supplying industrial steam to external entities, several indexes such as the storage/exothermic thermal efficiency, load variation and thermoelectric conversion rate of three heat storage/exothermic schemes are investigated comparatively. The results indicates that, during the heat storage process, the heat storage scheme 3 (the heat source for heat storage is the main steam, reheat steam and medium-pressure cylinder exhaust, and the exothermic medium-pressure cylinder exhaust goes directly to the condenser) exhibits the highest load variation, reaching up to 102.63 MW. Meanwhile, the heat storage scheme 1 (employing main steam and reheat steam as the heat source for storage) demonstrates the superior thermal efficiency at 28.76%. During the discharge process, exothermic scheme 2 (heat from high-temperature molten salt is used to supply industrial steam and preheat condensate) has the largest load variation, release thermal efficiency, and thermoelectricity conversion rate, which are 34.69 MW, 46.14%, and 59.07%, respectively. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the study of peak performance and thermal economy of thermal power units coupled with molten salt thermal storage system.

coal-fired unit  /  molten salt heat storage  /  thermal efficiency  /  amount of load change  /  thermal economy
贾振国, 王顺, 管洪军, 李宏伟, 高明. 耦合熔盐储热系统的火电机组调峰性能与热经济性研究. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (10) : 72 -80 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402019
Zhenguo JIA, Shun WANG, Hongjun GUAN, Hongwei LI, Ming GAO. Study on peaking performance and thermal economy of thermal power unit coupled with molten salt thermal storage system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (10) : 72 -80 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402019
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近年来，我国可再生能源发电量迅速增加，但火电机组依然是我国主要的电力来源，且短期内现状不会改变[1-3]。此外，由于可再生能源存在波动性大、间歇性强的特点，中国多数地区的“弃风”、“弃光”现象严重，为避免可再生能源的浪费以及可再生能源并网导致电网稳定性降低，火电机组需承担主要的调峰任务[4-6]。火电机组调峰主要分为锅炉侧改造和汽轮机侧改造，锅炉侧改造主要以保持锅炉在低负荷下稳燃为目的，汽轮机侧改造主要有低压缸零出力技术以及储热技术等[7-9]。其中，储热技术中以熔融盐作为储热介质的熔盐储热技术近年来被广泛应用于火电机组的调峰运行中[10]。
熔融盐具有储能密度高、储能周期长且成本较低的优势，因而成为火电机组调峰手段之一[11]。在利用熔盐储热进行火电调峰的研究中，学者对储热热源、放热方式以及熔盐储热系统与热力系统的耦合方式进行了广泛研究。Chen等人[12]研究了耦合熔盐储热系统的热电联产机组热效率和㶲效率，结果表明：耦合系统的热效率随着机组负荷的增加而降低，最高可达51%；在60%THA工况下，耦合系统的㶲效率高于传统热电联产机组。Yong等人[13]采用熔盐储热系统取代锅炉与超临界燃煤机组进行耦合，研究了耦合系统的热经济性，结果表明：耦合系统在满负荷和20%THA工况下的热效率分别比传统燃煤机组高1.50%和3.80%。刘金恺等[14]以600 MW燃煤机组为研究对象，对比分析了8种耦合熔盐储热系统的燃煤机组调峰方案的调峰性能和热经济性，其中，中压缸排汽加热熔盐，熔盐加热旁路给水的方案系统热效率和㶲效率最高，分别为40.95%和40.29%。Zhang等人[15]将储热热源为高温烟气和过热蒸汽的熔盐储热系统和燃煤电厂进行耦合，并研究了耦合系统的调峰性能，结果表明：在储热过程中机组最小发电功率从30%THA降为14.51%THA，往返效率（放热过程中负荷增加量与储热过程中负荷减小量的比值）高达85.17%。Wei等人[16]研究了显热、潜热联合储热的熔盐储热系统对燃煤机组调峰性能的影响，结果显示：燃煤电厂可实现9.86 h/d的最大深度调峰时间，热效率提高了2.55%。宋晓辉等[17]提出了4种熔盐储热系统与火电机组的耦合方案，并对比分析各种方案的热力性能和调峰性能，耦合熔盐储热后机组的最低负荷可降至约17%。Cao等人[18]通过将熔盐储热系统整合为额外的热力循环来提高燃煤电厂的灵活性，结果表明：新型热力系统可获得6.23%的额外发电功率。Li等人[19]利用灰狼算法对耦合熔盐储热系统的火电机组运行参数进行优化，实现了64.10 MW的调峰容量和17.33%的负荷变化率。王辉等[20]建立了百兆瓦级熔盐储能技术在火电机组深度调峰的理论模型，并确定了系统运行参数，系统综合效率高达77.80%。Wang等人[21]对比分析了4种熔盐储热系统与火电机组耦合方式的调峰性能，结果表明：提取再热蒸汽作为储热热源并将蒸汽循环回低压缸模式的热经济性最高，往返效率为36.25%。上述研究主要针对纯凝机组或热电联产机组开展，并没有考虑机组的对外供汽工况。
而火电机组除了承担供电与供热任务，还有可能需要向周围的工业园区提供一定参数的工业蒸汽，此时机组需要保持高负荷运行，这提升了火电机组的调峰难度。因此，在供应工业蒸汽工况下研究耦合熔盐储热系统的火电机组调峰性能和热经济性具有重要意义。
1　耦合熔盐储热系统的火电机组系统模型建立
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1.1　系统模型建立
本文以某亚临界300 MW机组为研究对象，用Ebsilon热力系统建模软件对机组进行仿真建模[22]。基于Ebsilon软件的亚临界300 MW机组仿真模型如图1所示，机组在100%THA工况下的模型参数见表1。由于机组需要用再热管道抽汽对外供应2.60 MPa、300 ℃的工业蒸汽，为保证再热蒸汽达到工业蒸汽参数要求，机组的最低运行负荷工况为75%THA，并在此工况下进行储热。当用户用电量高时，在100%THA负荷的工况下放热，进一步增加机组发电功率。由于机组的主蒸汽和再热蒸汽温度为537 ℃，而Hitec盐的最高工作温度为435 ℃，因此在利用蒸汽加热熔盐时有足够的温差换热。此外，机组5号低压加热器（低加）出口的凝结水温度约为140 ℃，而Hitec盐的最低工作温度为160 ℃，因此在利用熔盐预热凝结水的过程中，既有足够的传热温差，又不会因为传热温差过大造成过多的能量损失。因此，本研究储热材料选用Hitec盐，其物性参数见表2[23]。
1.2　评价指标
本文采用系统热效率、负荷变化量和热电转化率作为评价指标[24]。系统热效率包括耦合系统储热过程的效率（简称储热热效率）和放热过程的效率（简称放热热效率）；负荷变化量是指耦合系统中火电机组在储热过程或放热过程，最小发电功率或最大发电功率分别与75%THA工况和100%THA工况下发电功率的差值；热电转化效率是指放热过程中热能转化为电能的转化程度。其中，在不考虑调峰时间的前提下，火电机组的调峰性能可以通过负荷变化量的大小表示，负荷变化量越大，调峰深度越大。火电机组的热经济性可以通过储热热效率、放热热效率以及热电转化效率表示。
储热热效率和放热热效率的计算式为[25-26]：
ηc=PcQb×100%
ηf=PfQb×100%
式中：ηc和ηf分别为机组的储热热效率和放热热效率，%；Pc和Pf分别为75%THA工况下储热和在100%THA工况下放热时机组的发电功率，MW；Qb为锅炉对机组输出的热负荷，MW。
储热过程和放热过程的负荷变化量定义为[27-28]：
ΔPc=Pmin−Pc
ΔPf=Pf−Pmax
放热过程中的热电转化率定义为[29]：
α=Pf−PmaxQ×100%
式中：Q为机组放热过程中的放热功率，MW；ΔPc和ΔPf分别为机组在储热过程和放热过程的发电功率变化量，MW；ΔPmin和ΔPmax分别为机组在75%THA和100%THA工况下的发电功率，MW。
1.3　储/放热方案
1.3.1　储热方案设计
本节以主蒸汽、再热蒸汽和中压缸排汽作为加热熔盐的热源，并提出了3种储热方案。储热过程系统模型如图2和图3所示。在储热方案1中，主蒸汽和再热蒸汽将低温熔盐加热成高温熔盐，主蒸汽放热后进入再热管道冷段，再热蒸汽放热后进入低压缸做功。在储热方案2中，中压缸排汽先将低温熔盐加热成中温熔盐，主蒸汽和再热蒸汽再将中温熔盐加热成高温熔盐，中压缸排汽放热后进入冷凝器，放热后的主蒸汽和再热蒸汽去向与储热方案1相同。储热方案3在储热方案2的基础上，将放热后的部分中压缸排汽用于预热凝结水，放热后再进入冷凝器。
由于再热蒸汽抽汽的流量过大会影响机组轴向推力的平衡[30]，因此将再热蒸汽加热的熔盐量设置为熔盐总量的40%。为维持锅炉再热器换热平衡，放热后进入再热冷段的主蒸汽温度应与高压缸排汽温度相同。
1.3.2　放热方案设计
本研究根据熔盐在系统中的放热位置不同提出了3种放热方案。放热方案1和放热方案2如图4所示。放热方案1利用高温熔盐和中温熔盐分别预热给水和凝结水。放热方案2利用高温熔盐将给水加热成高温蒸汽用于提供工业蒸汽，放热后成为中温熔盐，中温熔盐的放热过程与放热方案1相同。放热方案3如图5所示，利用高温熔盐预热流经2号高压加热器（高加）的给水，工业蒸汽不再由再热蒸汽供应，而是由高压缸排汽供应，中温熔盐的放热过程与放热方案1相同。
2　结果分析
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2.1　储热过程分析
储热功率分别设定为50、60、70、80 MW，对比分析3种储热方案的储热热效率和负荷变化量在不同储热功率时的变化，结果如图6、图7所示。表3为储热功率为50 MW时3种储热方案部分节点参数。由图6、图7可以看出：当储热功率相同时，3种方案的储热热效率从大到小依次为储热方案1、储热方案2、储热方案3；当储热功率相同时，3种方案的负荷变化量从大到小依次为储热方案3、储热方案2、储热方案1。当储热功率为80 MW时，储热方案3的储热热效率最低，负荷变化量最大，分别为18.10%和102.63 MW。这是因为，在储热方案3中，中压缸排汽在放热后直接进入冷凝器，蒸汽中剩余的热量没有被有效利用，故能量损失最大。储热方案2中部分中压缸排汽放热后用于预热凝结水，回收了部分热能，使得低压缸抽汽量减少，进入低压缸做功的蒸汽量增加，因此发电功率更高，负荷变化量更小。当储热功率为50 MW时，储热方案1的储热热效率最高，负荷变化量最小，分别为28.76%和49.36 MW。这是因为储热方案1中放热后的主蒸汽和再热蒸汽重新进入汽轮机做功，没有额外的能量损失，因此储热热效率最高，负荷变化量最小。
对于同一种储热方案，机组的储热热效率随储热功率的增加而降低，机组的负荷变化量随储热功率的增加而增加。其中，储热方案1的负荷变化量从49.36 MW增到78.97 MW，3种方案中变化量最大，且负荷变化量小于储热功率变化量。这是因为被抽出的部分主蒸汽在熔盐储热系统中放热后进入锅炉再热成为再热蒸汽，再热蒸汽在中压缸的做功量比主蒸汽在高压缸的做功量更多。
在机组运行过程中，再热蒸汽流量变化会影响机组轴向推力平衡，进而影响机组运行的安全性。因此，本节对比了3种储热方案在不同储热功率下的再热蒸汽抽汽量，结果如图8所示。由图8可见：在同一储热方案下，再热蒸汽抽汽量随储热功率的增加而增加；当储热功率相同时，3种方案的再热蒸汽抽汽量从大到小依次为储热方案3、储热方案2、储热方案1。其中，储热功率为80 MW时，储热方案3的再热蒸汽抽汽量达到142 t/h。这是因为再热蒸汽在熔盐储热系统中的放热量不变，故再热蒸汽抽汽量越大，放热后的再热蒸汽焓值越高。而储热方案2和储热方案3利用部分中压缸排汽进行储热，使得进入低压缸的蒸汽量降低，因此储热方案2和储热方案3需要抽取更多的再热蒸汽进入熔盐储热系统，增加放热后再热蒸汽焓值，使得进入低压缸入口蒸汽焓值达到汽轮机安全运行要求。此外，相较于储热方案3，储热方案2还利用放热后的中压缸排汽预热给水，使得5号高压加热器所需的中压缸抽汽量降低，中压缸排汽量更大，再热蒸汽抽汽量更少。综上所述，储热方案1虽然调峰深度较小，但有更高的储热热效率和更小的再热蒸汽抽汽量，热经济性和安全性更好，因此储热方案1为最优储热方案。
2.2　放热过程分析
放热功率分别设定为50、60、70、80 MW，对比分析了3种放热方案的放热热效率、负荷变化量和热电转化率在不同放热功率时的变化。表4为放热功率50 MW时3种放热方案部分节点参数。
图9为不同放热功率下3种放热方案的放热热效率对比。由图9可见：在同一放热方案下，放热热效率随放热功率的增加而增加；当放热功率相同时，3种放热方案的放热热效率从大到小依次为放热方案2、放热方案3、放热方案1，其中放热方案2的放热效率，明显高于其他2种放热方案。当放热功率为80 MW时，放热方案2的放热热效率为46.14%。这是因为放热方案2进入汽轮机中做功的蒸汽量较大，发电功率较高，为297.08 MW；并且放热方案2的锅炉热负荷较低。当放热功率为80 MW时，锅炉热负荷为655 MW。而放热方案1锅炉热负荷最高达到了679 MW，这是因为放热方案1利用高温熔盐预热给水，高压缸抽汽量减少，进入再热冷段的蒸汽量增加，锅炉热负荷增加。虽然放热方案3锅炉负荷最低（651 MW），但进入汽轮机做功的蒸汽量最少，发电功率仅为282.63 MW。这是因为放热方案3的工业蒸汽由高压缸排汽供应，因此进入再热冷段的蒸汽量最小，放热方案2流经高加的给水量比另外2个方案多100 t/h，因此高压缸抽汽量较大，进入再热冷段的蒸汽量较小，锅炉热负荷也较小。
图10为不同放热功率下3种放热方案的负荷变化量对比。由图10可见：当放热功率相同时，3种放热方案的负荷变化量从大到小依次为放热方案2、放热方案1、放热方案3；在同一放热方案下，负荷变化量随放热功率的增加而增加。当放热功率为80 MW时，放热方案2的负荷变化量达到34.69 MW，放热方案3的负荷变化量仅为26.58 MW。这是因为放热方案2中的工业蒸汽由被高温熔盐加热的给水供应，而放热方案1和放热方案3中的工业蒸汽由再热蒸汽供应，因此放热方案2中进入汽轮机做功的蒸汽流量最大，发电功率最高。放热方案3中只对流经2号高加的给水进行预热，减少的抽汽量有限，而放热方案1对流经1号、2号和3号高加的给水进行预热，减少的抽汽量更多，因此放热方案3的负荷变化量最小。
图11为不同放热功率下3种放热方案的热电转化率对比。由图11可知，放热方案1和放热方案2的热电转化率随放热功率的增加而降低，放热方案3的热电转化率随放热功率的增加而升高。这可能是因为放热方案3的放热功率增大，不仅使高压缸第二级抽汽量减小，还增加了1号高加入口的给水温度，使得1号高加所需的高压缸抽汽量也减小，进入汽轮机做功的蒸汽总量增加，因此发电功率增加，热电转化率升高。当放热功率相同时，3种方案的热电转化率由高到低依次为放热方案2、放热方案1、放热方案3，且放热方案3的热电转化率明显小于另外2个方案。放热方案2在放热功率为50 MW时的热电转化率达到了59.07%，而放热方案3热电转化率仅为30.20%。综上所述，放热方案2的调峰深度和热经济性均大于其他2个放热方案，因此放热方案2为最优放热方案。
3　结论
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本文以亚临界300 MW机组为研究对象，针对机组对外供应工业蒸汽的运行工况，耦合熔盐储热系统，提出了3种储热方案和3种放热方案，并通过仿真模拟对比了各方案下机组的调峰性能和热经济性，主要结论如下。
1）在储热过程中，当储热功率为80 MW，储热方案3的负荷变化量最大，为102.63 MW，但储热热效率最低，为18.10%；当储热功率为50 MW，储热方案1的负荷变化量最小，为49.36 MW，但储热热效率最高，为28.76%。此外储热方案1所需的再热蒸汽抽汽量最少，对机组轴向推力的平衡影响最小。因此，储热方案应选择储热方案1。
2）在放热过程中，当放热功率为80 MW，放热方案2的负荷变化量、放热热效率最大，分别为34.69 MW和46.14%；当放热功率为50 MW，放热方案2的热电转化率最高，为59.07%。因此，放热方案应选择放热方案2。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51776111)
  • 山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2023ME025)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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LI Y, WANG N N, GUAN H J, et al. Optimization study of CO2 capture unit for subcritical coal-fired power generation unit based on Ebsilon and Aspen plus[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 269: 116111.
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2024年第53卷第10期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202402019
  • 接收时间：2024-02-27
  • 首发时间：2026-03-05
  • 出版时间：2024-10-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-02-27
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51776111)
国家自然科学基金项目(51776111)
Natural Science Foundation Project of Shandong Province(ZR2023ME025)
山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2023ME025)
作者信息
    1.中石化胜利石油管理局有限公司胜利发电厂，山东　东营　257087
    2.高效储能及氢能利用山东省工程研究中心（山东大学能源与动力工程学院），山东　济南　250061

通讯作者:

高明（1977），男，博士，教授，主要研究方向为高效储能及氢能利用技术，。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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