Article(id=1236323805434540855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202411253, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730476800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772692165000, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772692165000, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772692165000, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692165000, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236323797054312545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772692163003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692223569, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=154, endPage=163, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236323806743163740, articleId=1236323805434540855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Experiment on removal performance of SO3 from coal-fired flue gas using typical base-type absorbents, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The formation and emission of SO3 in coal-fired flue gas pose serious threats to both the safe and economical operation of power plants and the atmospheric environment. To solve this problem, the SO3 removal performance of sodium-based, calcium-based and magnesium-based absorbents is investigated, and the performance variations of Na2CO3, Ca(OH)2 and CaO under different operating conditions are studied. The results indicate that, under the coexistence of SO2 and SO3, the absorbers would react with SO3 in the flue gas preferentially, and the effectiveness of SO3 removal by various absorbents ranked from highest to lowest is as follows: Na2CO3>NaHCO3>Mg(OH)2>MgO>Ca(OH)2>CaO. Under certain experimental conditions, the SO3 removal efficiencies of all the absorbents could reach higher than 80% when the chemical equivalent ratio of absorbent to SO2 reached 2:1. Pre-calcination treatment for the absorbents enhanced their pore structures, facilitating SO3 diffusion into the absorbent and improving the SO3 absorption efficiency. Increasing reaction temperature, chemical equivalent ratio, and initial SO3 mass concentration can promote the SO3 removal. Additionally, a moderate increase in H2O volume fraction aided SO3 removal. When the absorbent is significantly excessive, external diffusion is the main controlling step affecting the chemical reaction rate, while the type of absorbent has a relatively minor impact on it.

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燃煤烟气中SO3的生成与排放严重威胁着电厂的安全经济运行与大气环境。为此研究了钠基、钙基与镁基吸收剂对SO3脱除性能,以及Na2CO3、Ca(OH)2与CaO 3种碱基吸收剂在不同运行工况下的SO3脱除性能变化。结果表明:在SO2与SO3共存的条件下,吸收剂均会优先与烟气中的SO3发生反应,各种吸收剂对SO3的脱除效果从高到低顺序为Na2CO3>NaHCO3>Mg(OH)2>MgO>Ca(OH)2>CaO;在一定实验条件下,当吸收剂与SO2化学当量比达2:1后,所有吸收剂对SO3的脱除效率均可达80%以上;对NaHCO3、Ca(OH)2、CaO 3种吸收剂进行煅烧预处理后,其对SO3的脱除率略有提高;反应温度、化学当量比和SO3初始质量浓度等参数的增加均有利于吸收剂对SO3的脱除,而在适当范围内提高H2O体积分数有利于吸收剂对SO3的脱除;吸收剂显著过量时,外扩散是影响化学反应速率的主要控制步骤,而吸收剂类型对其影响较小。

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卿梦霞(1993),女,博士,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为燃烧及污染物控制、生物质以及固废等资源的高效热利用与转化,
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李泽华(1979),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为能源高效清洁利用,

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李泽华(1979),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为能源高效清洁利用,

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李泽华(1979),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为能源高效清洁利用,

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the rate-controlled model for CaO, figureFileSmall=ZWF0GihEaRLoz5Wx0AjaQA==, figureFileBig=dUMPbqelTLnnY9jf8XnpGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323821037351322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323805434540855, language=CN, label=图10, caption=CaO速率控制内-外扩散耦合模型拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=ZWF0GihEaRLoz5Wx0AjaQA==, figureFileBig=dUMPbqelTLnnY9jf8XnpGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323821125431710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323805434540855, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Experimental operating conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸收剂温度/℃SO2质量浓度/(mg·m–3)SO3质量浓度/(mg·m–3)O2体积分数/%H2O体积分数/%粒径/μm
NaHCO3280、320、350、4002 860143、286、57235、10、20、30、180~255
Na2CO3
Ca(OH)2
CaO
Mg(OH)2
MgO
), ArticleFig(id=1236323821234483617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323805434540855, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸收剂温度/℃SO2质量浓度/(mg·m–3)SO3质量浓度/(mg·m–3)O2体积分数/%H2O体积分数/%粒径/μm
NaHCO3280、320、350、4002 860143、286、57235、10、20、30、180~255
Na2CO3
Ca(OH)2
CaO
Mg(OH)2
MgO
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典型碱基吸收剂对燃煤烟气中SO3的脱除性能实验
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李泽华 1 , 周俊波 2 , 郭彦君 2 , 王睿东 1 , 李晓宇 1 , 张鑫 3 , 李新奥 3 , 卿梦霞 3
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(9): 154-163
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(9): 154-163
典型碱基吸收剂对燃煤烟气中SO3的脱除性能实验
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李泽华1 , 周俊波2, 郭彦君2, 王睿东1, 李晓宇1, 张鑫3, 李新奥3, 卿梦霞3
作者信息
  • 1.国家电投集团内蒙古白音华煤电有限公司坑口发电分公司,内蒙古 锡林郭勒盟 026000
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 3.长沙理工大学能源与动力工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114
  • 李泽华(1979),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为能源高效清洁利用,

通讯作者:

卿梦霞(1993),女,博士,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为燃烧及污染物控制、生物质以及固废等资源的高效热利用与转化,
Experiment on removal performance of SO3 from coal-fired flue gas using typical base-type absorbents
Zehua LI1 , Junbo ZHOU2, Yanjun GUO2, Ruidong WANG1, Xiaoyu LI1, Xin ZHANG3, Xin’ao LI3, Mengxia QING3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Power Investment Corporation Inner Mongolia Baiyinhua Coal Power Co., Ltd. Kengkou Power Generation Branch, Xilingol League 026000, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 3.College of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411253
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燃煤烟气中SO3的生成与排放严重威胁着电厂的安全经济运行与大气环境。为此研究了钠基、钙基与镁基吸收剂对SO3脱除性能,以及Na2CO3、Ca(OH)2与CaO 3种碱基吸收剂在不同运行工况下的SO3脱除性能变化。结果表明:在SO2与SO3共存的条件下,吸收剂均会优先与烟气中的SO3发生反应,各种吸收剂对SO3的脱除效果从高到低顺序为Na2CO3>NaHCO3>Mg(OH)2>MgO>Ca(OH)2>CaO;在一定实验条件下,当吸收剂与SO2化学当量比达2:1后,所有吸收剂对SO3的脱除效率均可达80%以上;对NaHCO3、Ca(OH)2、CaO 3种吸收剂进行煅烧预处理后,其对SO3的脱除率略有提高;反应温度、化学当量比和SO3初始质量浓度等参数的增加均有利于吸收剂对SO3的脱除,而在适当范围内提高H2O体积分数有利于吸收剂对SO3的脱除;吸收剂显著过量时,外扩散是影响化学反应速率的主要控制步骤,而吸收剂类型对其影响较小。

燃煤烟气  /  SO3  /  碱基吸收剂  /  脱除性能

The formation and emission of SO3 in coal-fired flue gas pose serious threats to both the safe and economical operation of power plants and the atmospheric environment. To solve this problem, the SO3 removal performance of sodium-based, calcium-based and magnesium-based absorbents is investigated, and the performance variations of Na2CO3, Ca(OH)2 and CaO under different operating conditions are studied. The results indicate that, under the coexistence of SO2 and SO3, the absorbers would react with SO3 in the flue gas preferentially, and the effectiveness of SO3 removal by various absorbents ranked from highest to lowest is as follows: Na2CO3>NaHCO3>Mg(OH)2>MgO>Ca(OH)2>CaO. Under certain experimental conditions, the SO3 removal efficiencies of all the absorbents could reach higher than 80% when the chemical equivalent ratio of absorbent to SO2 reached 2:1. Pre-calcination treatment for the absorbents enhanced their pore structures, facilitating SO3 diffusion into the absorbent and improving the SO3 absorption efficiency. Increasing reaction temperature, chemical equivalent ratio, and initial SO3 mass concentration can promote the SO3 removal. Additionally, a moderate increase in H2O volume fraction aided SO3 removal. When the absorbent is significantly excessive, external diffusion is the main controlling step affecting the chemical reaction rate, while the type of absorbent has a relatively minor impact on it.

coal-fired flue gas  /  SO3  /  base absorbents  /  removal performance
李泽华, 周俊波, 郭彦君, 王睿东, 李晓宇, 张鑫, 李新奥, 卿梦霞. 典型碱基吸收剂对燃煤烟气中SO3的脱除性能实验. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (9) : 154 -163 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411253
Zehua LI, Junbo ZHOU, Yanjun GUO, Ruidong WANG, Xiaoyu LI, Xin ZHANG, Xin’ao LI, Mengxia QING. Experiment on removal performance of SO3 from coal-fired flue gas using typical base-type absorbents[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (9) : 154 -163 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411253
国内燃煤电厂烟气中的NOx、SO2与颗粒物等常规污染物已实现超低排放,但伴随燃烧与选择性催化还原(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)脱硝过程衍生的污染物SO3尚未得到有效关注,且其危害日益凸显,是未来燃煤烟气污染物控制的重要方向之一[1]。针对燃煤电厂烟气中SO3含量升高所带来的一系列问题,寻找一种有效脱除SO3的方法显得尤为重要。
燃煤电厂现有的SO3脱除方法主要分为炉内控制技术与烟气中SO3脱除技术[2-3]。炉内控制技术可通过改变燃烧条件控制SO3生成量,或向炉内喷入钙基或镁基吸收剂以脱除炉内生成的SO3[2]。目前,此方法能将炉内生成的SO3在SCR装置之前脱除,并使SCR脱硝系统处于低SO3含量工况下运行,降低机组低负荷运行对脱硝系统的危害,但脱硝过程中催化剂表面也存在SO2向SO3的催化氧化反应,炉膛内高温喷射的碱基吸收剂难以作用于脱硝系统的尾部烟道内,该方法难以控制此过程生成的SO3[4]。烟气中SO3脱除技术包括低低温电除尘技术、湿法脱硫技术、湿式电除尘技术等物理脱除方法及碱基吸收剂喷射技术等化学脱除方法[5-6]。其中,物理脱除方法效果较好,但无法解决SO3对脱硝除尘等设备的危害,并会带来如何处理脱硫废水等后续问题,且需较大占地面积与投资成本[5]。碱基吸收剂喷射技术能在有效脱除SO3的同时减少其对锅炉尾部设备的腐蚀,但该方法目前仍存在吸收剂利用率低、SO3脱除效率不高等问题。
相对而言,在现有的SO3控制技术中,碱基喷射技术对已建成的燃煤电厂锅炉设备改动最小,具有较高的可行性[7]。但燃煤锅炉尾部烟道中不同位置的烟气温度变化显著,且烟气组分复杂,不同条件下碱基吸收剂对SO3的脱除性能存在较大差异[8-10]。尽管前期已开展相关研究,但相关实验数据仍难以完全支撑该技术在工程中的实际应用,吸收剂用量、反应温度、反应速率等关键参数需进一步探究,开展相关参数优化研究对该技术的发展与应用具有重要意义。
本文基于固定床反应实验系统,研究了6种典型碱基吸收剂(NaHCO3、Na2CO3、Ca(OH)2、CaO、Mg(OH)2和MgO)的SO3脱除性能,主要探究反应温度、化学当量比、反应时间、H2O体积分数和SO3初始质量浓度等因素对SO3脱除性能的影响,旨在探明锅炉不同运行工况下碱基吸收剂的SO3吸收性能,并基于实验结果深入研究了典型吸收剂对SO3吸收过程中的速率控制步骤,以期为燃煤电厂SO3脱除工程实际应用提供参考。
实验所用碱基吸收剂样品(NaHCO3、Na2CO3、Ca(OH)2、CaO、Mg(OH)2、MgO)均购买于国药集团,纯度均为实验室分析纯化学试剂(AR)。
采用碱基吸收剂的SO3脱除反应实验系统如图1所示。
该实验装置由供气系统、反应系统与尾气处理系统组成。其中,供气系统向反应系统提供质量浓度1 000 mg/m3 SO2、体积分数3%O2,N2作为平衡气。实验中混合气体总流速为1 L/min,各气体质量流量计控制体积分数。SO3气体通过加热稀H2SO4的方式产生,使用高精度注射泵向高温加热带处注射配制好的稀H2SO4溶液,高温加热带温度设置为350 ℃,在此温度下稀H2SO4会热分解成SO3和H2O气体。
SCR脱硝装置与空气预热器(空预器)间烟气温度通常在300~400 ℃,本文主要研究SCR装置与空预器间碱基吸收剂对SO3的脱除性能[9]。实验中尾气处理系统由蛇形冷凝管和2个洗气瓶组成。实验过程中冷凝管置于85 ℃的水浴加热锅中,并将冷凝管主体部分完全浸没在水浴锅水面以下,使烟气中的SO3能够完全冷凝。装有体积分数5%H2O2溶液的洗气瓶用来吸收尾气中的SO2,以防止其对外界环境造成污染。通入SO3后开始计时采样,以10 min/次进行采样,每个样品工况进行一次实验周期,实验周期为60 min。每次气体收集完成后,收集冷凝管与洗气瓶中的SO3,用去离子水对其进行定容,采用分光光度计检测定容后溶液SO42–质量浓度,求得SO3物质的量n。实验工况见表1
SO3的脱除率η计算公式为:
η=(n0n)n0×100%
式中:η为SO3的脱除率,%;n0为实验系统中通入SO3总物质的量,mol;n为与吸收剂反应后收集到的尾部烟气中SO3物质的量,mol。
由于实际烟气工况条件下存在SO2和SO3,SO2与SO3之间会竞争与吸收剂反应,本研究中同时也关注了吸收剂对SO2的脱除率,通过式(2)定义:
h2=(1m/m0)×100%
式中:η2为SO2的脱除率,%;m0为初始通入SO2的物质的量,mol;m为与吸收剂反应后洗气瓶中收集到的SO2的物质的量,mol。
对于本研究中选用的6种碱基吸收剂:NaHCO3、Na2CO3、Ca(OH)2、CaO、Mg(OH)2和MgO,其与SO3反应的化学式为:
Na2CO3+ SO3(g) = Na2SO4+ CO2(g)
2NaHCO3+SO3(g)=Na2SO4+ 2CO2(g) + H2(g)
Mg (OH)2+ SO3(g) = Mg SO4+ H2(g)
MgO + SO3(g) = MgSO4
Ca(OH)2+ SO3(g) = CaSO4+ H2(g)
CaO + SO3(g) = CaSO4
为探究不同吸收剂与SO3的化学反应活性,在化学当量比为1:1、2:1和5:1,温度350 ℃,H2O体积分数为10%,O2体积分数为3%,SO2质量浓度为2 860 mg/m3,SO3质量浓度为286 mg/m3的条件下开展了SO3脱除实验。不同碱基吸收剂对SO3/SO2的脱除率如图2所示。
可以发现,所有吸收剂在初始反应阶段中对SO3的脱除率均较高,且随反应时间增加呈下降趋势。造成这一现象的主要原因是,本实验中选用固定床反应系统,在反应初始阶段吸收剂过量较多,且与SO3完全接触,随着反应不断进行,吸收剂与SO3反应生成的硫酸盐会包裹在吸收剂颗粒表面,阻碍SO3与吸收剂的接触,导致SO3脱除率逐渐降低。
图2所示,选用的典型吸收剂与SO3化学当量比的增加均有利于提升其对SO3的脱除性能。化学当量比越大,SO3脱除率越高,但在实际工程应用中应综合考虑经济性与SO3脱除性能,选取合适的吸收剂喷入量。通过整体比较3种化学当量比下各吸收剂的脱除率大小得出:Na2CO3脱除性能最好,所有条件下对SO3的脱除率均高于80%;CaO脱除性能最差,但当化学当量比大于2:1后,其SO3脱除率也可达80%以上。综合对比各化学当量比下吸收剂对SO3的脱除效率,发现在模拟烟气条件下各种碱基吸收剂对SO3的脱除性能由大到小依次为:Na2CO3>NaHCO3>Mg(OH)2>MgO>Ca(OH)2> CaO,表明上述吸收剂与SO3间的化学反应活性也基本服从上述规律。
在本实验中,不同吸收剂对SO2的脱除作用存在差异,且在反应达到10 min,各吸收剂对SO2的脱除率均显著降低,其总体脱除率远低于对SO3的脱除率,说明吸收剂整体对SO3选择性较好。对比发现Ca(OH)2与CaO对SO3脱除率最低,对SO2脱除率最高,其对SO3的选择性较低,CaO(Ca(OH)2高温条件下分解后也是以CaO形式存在)在脱除SO3的同时易受到SO2的干扰[9]。Ca(OH)2与CaO对SO3的选择性脱除性能相对较低,实际工程中若要保证较高的SO3脱除率,在应用该类吸收剂时应选择相对较高的化学当量比。
尽管在SO3脱除效率与选择性上钙基吸收剂相对于其他2类吸收剂性能较差,但其在实际燃煤电厂烟气SO2脱除工艺中应用更为普遍且价格低廉。为探究反应条件对SO3脱除过程的影响,在后续的研究中选用性能较好的钠基吸收剂与价格较低的钙基吸收剂进行对比分析。
在燃煤电厂烟气SO3的化学脱除工艺中,吸收剂通常在空预器前的烟道内喷入,此时燃煤烟气仍具有较高温度。对于本研究中选用的钠基与钙基吸收剂,其在高温条件下可能会发生分解或脱水反应,从而可能改变吸收剂的内部孔隙结构。为探究此过程对吸收剂的SO3脱除性能的影响,本研究中将NaHCO3、Na2CO3、Ca(OH)2和CaO 4种吸收剂置于350 ℃马弗炉中煅烧4 h,对比分析了该煅烧过程对吸收剂SO3脱除性能影响,结果如图3所示。
图3所示,4种吸收剂煅烧反应后,对SO3的脱除效率均有所提高,该提升作用在反应初期差异并不显著,但随着反应时间的增加脱除率差异逐渐增大。反应后期除Na2CO3外,NaHCO3、Ca(OH)2和CaO煅烧后对SO3的脱除率提高5%左右。造成这一现象的主要原因是,NaHCO3与Ca(OH)2吸收剂在煅烧过程中存在分解反应,该过程伴随气体的释放会存在造孔效应,使吸收剂孔隙结构增多,有利于SO3进入吸收剂内部与其反应,从而提升反应性能[14]。尽管CaO本身不存在分解反应,但由于其具有较强吸湿性,在常规储存条件下易与H2O反应生成Ca(OH)2,因此其变化趋势与Ca(OH)2类似。相对而言,Na2CO3的吸湿性较弱,因此煅烧后脱除率变化不大。但相较于吸收剂本身化学性能的影响,煅烧反应带来孔隙结构的变化对吸收反应过程总体性能的影响并不显著。吸收剂对SO3的脱除性能从高到低为Na2CO3>NaHCO3>Ca(OH)2>CaO。在实际应用中,尽管喷射位置会对吸收剂的SO3脱除性能有所影响,在较高的烟温条件下喷入有利于提升SO3脱除效果,但是该条件并不影响吸收剂类型的选择。对于特定类型的吸收剂,若为了提升其对SO3的脱除性能而进行煅烧等预处理,尽管可能提升SO3的脱除效率,但考虑到整体工艺的能耗与经济性,该方案的可行性较低。
在现有的燃煤电厂深度调峰背景下,燃煤锅炉不同运行工况的烟气温度、烟气组分等参数也将随之改变。通过2.1节与2.2节的研究,发现对于本研究中选用的6种吸收剂,钠基吸收剂效果最好,钙基吸收剂效果最差但是价格最低且是现有燃煤电厂较为常用的脱硫剂。而对于效果最好的钠基吸收剂,通过2.2节的预处理实验发现,在脱硝系统尾部烟气中,NaHCO3易被分解为Na2CO3,这2种钠基吸收剂在燃煤烟气中对于SO3吸收反应过程的本质一样,且工业上Na2CO3相对NaHCO3应用成本更低。综合考虑效果与经济性,后续选择Na2CO3、Ca(OH)2和CaO 3种吸收剂进一步研究不同反应条件对吸收剂脱除SO3效率的影响。
为探究反应温度对吸收剂脱除性能影响,选择实验温度区间为280~400 ℃。图4为Na2CO3、Ca(OH)2和CaO 3种吸收剂在不同温度条件下对SO3脱除性能的影响。
图4可见,随着反应温度的上升,吸收剂对SO3的脱除率均有所提高,同一种吸收剂不同温度条件下随着温度增加对SO3脱除效果也不断提高。反应温度从280 ℃增加到400 ℃,反应60 min后,Na2CO3对SO3脱除率提高约10百分点,Ca(OH)2和CaO对SO3脱除率相应提高5百分点左右。在温度作为单一变量时,活化分子数是决定化学反应速率的重要因素。由气固反应阿伦尼乌斯方程可知,反应温度升高,反应物的活化分子百分数增加,吸收剂与SO3有效碰撞几率增加,这大大加快了吸收剂与SO3的反应速率。因此,温度上升能促进反应进行,使吸收剂对SO3的脱除率增加,并且随着温度的升高吸收剂对SO3的选择性逐渐增强[11]
燃煤电厂烟气常含有一定量的水蒸气,通常认为水蒸气的含量是脱硫的主要因素之一[12]。体积分数5%、10%、20%和30%的H2O下SO3脱除性能的变化如图5所示。
图5可见,Na2CO3、Ca(OH)2和CaO 3种吸收剂对SO3脱除性能均在H2O体积分数为10%时最好,SO3脱除率可达85%以上。相较于高H2O体积分数,H2O体积分数为5%时吸收剂的脱除SO3性能也更佳,这是由于H2O的存在会使反应机理发生改变,同时促使SO3反应生成H2SO4[13-14]。水蒸气过量容易形成水膜覆盖在吸收剂表面隔绝反应气体,从而会影响吸收剂脱硫效率[15]。在相同条件不同H2O体积分数下,3种吸收剂中Na2CO3对SO3的选择性仍然较高。
不同SO3初始质量浓度对吸收剂SO3脱除性能的影响如图6所示。
图6可看出,SO3初始质量浓度从143 mg/m3增加到572 mg/m3时,3种吸收剂对SO3的脱除率均呈下降趋势。在SO3初始质量浓度143、286 mg/m3条件下,吸收剂对SO3脱除率均在85%以上;当SO3初始质量浓度提高到572 mg/m3后,吸收剂对SO3的脱除效率下降显著,其中Na2CO3最为明显,其对SO3脱除率降低10%左右。造成这一现象的原因可能是,相同质量的吸收剂与SO3反应时,SO3质量浓度增大但是单位时间内吸收剂与SO3反应的量存在极值,随着SO3的质量浓度继续增大会导致部分SO3并未接触到吸收剂就随着烟气气流排出反应器,从而降低SO3的脱除率。在实际燃煤电厂中,烟气中SO3质量浓度低于572 mg/m3,本研究中选用的3种吸收剂仍具有较为理想的SO3脱除性能。
常规条件下Na2CO3、Ca(OH)2和CaO等纯碱基吸收剂均为致密的晶体结构,晶体内部缺少发达的孔隙结构,在反应速率控制步骤研究中常基于缩核反应模型进行计算。该模型的数学表达式为:
t=ρpRp3hDCgx+ρpRp26DeCg[13(1x)23+2(1x)]+     ρpRpksCg[1(1x)13]
式中:t为反应时间,s;x为反应后吸收剂颗粒的转化率,%;Rp为颗粒初始半径,m;ρp为固体颗粒浓度,mol/m3hD为外扩散系数,m/s;Cg为主气流中气体浓度,mol/m3De为内扩散系数,m2/s;ks为界面反应化学反应速率常数,m/s;右边3项分别表示外扩散、内扩散与界面反应对反应速率的影响。当SO3脱除反应中其反应速率受某一阻力主导时,其他阻力可忽略,可简化采用相应的部分进行模拟。
根据不同反应时间下吸收剂对SO3的脱除率实验数据计算得到不同反应时间下,3种吸收剂在350 ℃、不同化学当量比条件下的硫化率,结果如图7所示。
图7可见,3种吸收剂的SO3硫化率均与反应时间呈正相关,其中在反应初始阶段呈明显线性相关性。相较于Ca(OH)2和CaO,Na2CO3在整个SO3吸收反应过程中的硫化率与反应时间为线性相关,Na2CO3与SO3反应生成的Na2SO4对SO3的吸收反应过程影响基本可忽略,可初步认为该反应的速率控制步骤为外扩散。
基于此,利用外扩散模型对Na2CO3与SO3的吸收反应过程进行线性拟合,结果如图8所示。在3种不同化学当量比下,外扩散模型均可准确表达该吸收反应过程,说明外扩散确实为Na2CO3与SO3吸收反应的速率控制步骤。通过计算图8拟合曲线的斜率,得到化学当量比为1:1、2:1、5:1条件下SO3从主气流中扩散到Na2CO3表面的外扩散系数分别为0.037、0.019、0.007 m/s。
利用上述扩散控制模型对Ca(OH)2与SO3的吸收反应过程进行计算,结果如图9所示。
图9可发现,Ca(OH)2的硫化率与反应时间基本呈正相关。相对于Na2CO3,Ca(OH)2在高化学当量比下的硫化率与反应时间为明显的线性相关。但在化学当量比为1:1时,外扩散模型仅可准确描述该吸收反应的前40 min,当反应时间进一步增加后,Ca(OH)2的实际硫化率与模型计算结果偏差较大,反应后期Ca(OH)2与SO3的吸收反应的速率不是由外扩散单一控制。采用内扩散模型对反应后期(40~60 min)进行拟合,其拟合结果仍与实验测试结果存在较大偏差。为进一步准确表达该反应过程,利用内-外扩散耦合模型对硫化率与反应时间进行拟合,发现此模型的计算结果与实验结果间差别最小(图9a))。在Ca(OH)2与SO3的反应过程中,生成的CaSO4产物层随反应进行逐渐增厚,会导致吸收反应的速率由单一的外扩散控制变为内扩散与外扩散共同控制。在吸收剂完全过量的条件下,Ca(OH)2对SO3吸收反应的仍由外扩散占主导。
CaO速率控制内-外扩散耦合模型拟合曲线如图10所示。由图10可见,CaO对SO3的吸收反应过程与Ca(OH)2基本一致,但反应过程中反应速率由外扩散单一控制的时间变短。在化学当量比为1:1时,反应速率仅在前30 min由外扩散单一控制;当反应时间大于30 min后,CaO硫化率的增速明显减缓,反应后期CaO硫化率的实验测试结果与外扩散模型计算数值之间的偏差相对Ca(OH)2而言更大,内扩散对反应速率的控制作用逐渐增加。在化学当量比为2:1条件下,外扩散在前50 min仍为CaO与SO3反应的速率控制步骤;当反应进行至50 min后,随产物层厚度增加导致内扩散阻力增加,显著影响了反应速率。
在反应初期,SO3的吸收反应主要发生在吸收剂的外表面,反应气体并不需要透过产物层与吸收剂晶体间进行反应,因此外扩散在3个吸收反应初期均为单一的速率控制步骤。
而随着反应的进行,产物层会逐渐包裹在吸收剂颗粒表面,SO3需穿透产物层才能与吸收剂发生反应。如式(3)与式(7)—式(8)所示,相较于Na2CO3、Ca(OH)2 2种吸收剂,CaO对SO3的吸收过程无气体产物释放,反应后其随着产物层包裹厚度增加,气体向颗粒内扩散阻力增加,导致内扩散阻力在反应后期对反应速率的影响更为显著。而Na2CO3与SO3的吸收反应中,CO2作为反应产物存在持续释放的过程,导致形成的Na2SO4产物层相对较为疏松,SO3气体穿过产物层与吸收剂反应的阻力相对较小,内扩散阻力对反应速率的影响较小。Ca(OH)2在与SO3的反应中,既可能存在吸收剂本身分解导致的H2O分子释放,也可能存在由于吸收反应生成的H2O释放,最终使Ca(OH)2吸收过程中SO3的内扩散相对CaO更易。
综上所述,吸收剂与SO3本身的反应特性对反应速率控制步骤存在很大影响。反应初期吸收剂相对烟气中SO3含量显著过量,外扩散是SO3吸收反应的速率控制步骤。反应后期,当吸收反应过程中无气体产物释放时,产物层较为致密,内扩散影响逐步增加将导致反应速率由内外扩散共同控制,甚至终将逐步转变为内扩散控制。为方便测量与实验开展,本研究中采用的实验系统为固定床反应器。SO3气体与吸收剂颗粒间的传质过程与实际电厂不同,实验中计算得到的相关外扩散传质系数相对实际过程可能偏高。此外,相对于本研究开展的长时间实验过程,实际电厂尾部烟道中吸收剂的停留时间极短,本实验中反应初期的相关数据更为符合实际,因此可以认为实际电厂运行过程中吸收剂对SO3的脱除速率主要受外扩散影响。
为提高碱基吸收剂对烟气中SO3的吸收速率,可增加吸收剂的喷入量,或增强烟气扰动来提高吸收剂与SO3分子间接触的概率,从而改变传质系数促进外扩散的进行。此外,通过对比分析发现,尽管钙基吸收剂在燃煤电厂SOx脱除技术中应用较广,但对比于钠基与镁基吸收剂而言,其对SO3的选择性较差,在相同SO3脱除效率的前提下所需的投加量更大。实际应用中,选择吸收剂除考虑吸收剂本身的SO3脱除性能外,也需综合其储藏方式、售价、投加难易等多种因素。
为探究不同类型吸收剂对SO3的脱除性能及其影响因素,本研究选用钠基、钙基和镁基吸收剂(NaHCO3、Na2CO3、Ca(OH)2、CaO、Mg(OH)2和MgO)在固定床反应系统中开展SO3脱除性能实验,探究了Na2CO3、Ca(OH)2和CaO 3种吸收剂的反应温度、化学当量比、反应时间、H2O体积分数和SO3初始质量浓度等因素对SO3脱除性能的影响,得出以下结论。
1)吸收剂本身的化学反应活性是影响其SO3脱除性能的关键,本研究选用的6种吸收剂对SO3脱除性能及其选择性从高到低顺序为Na2CO3> NaHCO3>Mg(OH)2>MgO>Ca(OH)2>CaO。
2)吸收剂煅烧预处理后会使吸收剂孔隙结构增多,有利于SO3进入吸收剂内部与其反应,会略微提高对SO3的脱除率。
3)反应温度、化学当量比、反应时间和SO3初始浓度增加均有利于促进吸收剂与SO3间的化学反应,而在适当范围内(5%~10%)提高H2O浓度会提高SO3的脱除率,但过高的H2O浓度对SO3的脱除过程无益。
4)在SO3的吸收反应过程中,吸收剂显著过量条件下外扩散是反应速率的控制步骤。在吸收剂投加量相对较低的条件下,随着反应增加产物层会逐渐变厚,导致内扩散阻力的逐渐增加会影响吸收反应的进行。CaO等类型的吸收剂在反应过程中无气体释放,其产物层较为致密,反应后期的速率将由内外扩散共同控制。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52106131; 52476102)
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2025年第54卷第9期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411253
  • 接收时间:2024-11-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-02
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106131; 52476102)
国家自然科学基金项目(52106131; 52476102)
作者信息
    1.国家电投集团内蒙古白音华煤电有限公司坑口发电分公司,内蒙古 锡林郭勒盟 026000
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    3.长沙理工大学能源与动力工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114

通讯作者:

卿梦霞(1993),女,博士,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为燃烧及污染物控制、生物质以及固废等资源的高效热利用与转化,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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