Article(id=1236323803870065431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202411259, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732636800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772692164627, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772692164627, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772692164627, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692164627, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236323797054312545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772692163003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692223569, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=171, endPage=178, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236323804134306592, articleId=1236323803870065431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on the technology of replacing lean coal with Shenhua bituminous coal for opposed firing boilers, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To solve the problems of slagging and burner burnout caused by lean coal boilers which convert to firing Shenhua bituminous coal, a 600 MW supercritical opposed firing boiler was taken as the research object. Through thermal calculation and numerical simulation analysis, a feasibility study for the combustion system retrofit scheme was carried out with emphasis. The results show that, by adopting differentiated heat load design, inclined installation of side wall burners into the furnace, and multiple dimensions of wall mounted wind, the heat load in the burner area reduced from 1.71 MW/m2 to 1.44 MW/m2, and the flue gas temperature at the furnace outlet decreased from 1 058 ℃ to 1 010 ℃. The performance test results after the retrofit show that at rated load, the unburnt carbon content of coal ash decreased from 6.06% to 1.42%, the boiler efficiency increased from 92.76% to 94.03%, and the NOx emissions at the furnace outlet reduced by 50%~60% at various loads. The boiler can operate safely and efficiently for a long period. The proposed transformation technology scheme has guiding significance for the optimization and retrofit of combustion systems of similar units under the condition of converting low volatile coal to bituminous coal.

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为解决贫煤锅炉改烧神华烟煤造成的结渣、燃烧器烧损等问题,以某超临界600 MW对冲锅炉为研究对象,通过热力计算、数值模拟分析重点开展了燃烧系统改造方案的可行性研究。研究结果表明:采用差异化热负荷设计、边排燃烧器内倾、多维贴壁风等技术,燃烧器区域热负荷从1.71 MW/m2降低到1.44 MW/m2,炉膛出口烟气温度由1 058 ℃降低为1 010 ℃;改造实施后测试结果显示600 MW负荷时,飞灰含碳量从改造前6.06%下降到改造后1.42%,锅炉效率由92.76%提升到94.03%,各负荷下炉膛出口NOx排放质量浓度降低了50%~60%,改造后锅炉能长期安全高效运行。提出的改造技术方案对同类机组在低挥发分煤改烧烟煤条件下的燃烧系统优化改造具有指导意义。

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冉燊铭(1974),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为热能工程与电站锅炉技术,
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贾彦伏(1982)男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧优化及燃煤掺配,

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贾彦伏(1982)男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧优化及燃煤掺配,

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贾彦伏(1982)男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧优化及燃煤掺配,

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Proximate and ultimate analysis of the fuels

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项目原设计煤改造设计煤校核煤
war(C)/%59.3454.6257.19
war(H)/%2.913.193.33
war(O)/%2.379.679.20
war(N)/%0.870.770.82
war(S)/%1.050.270.56
war(M)/%6.8016.3015.33
war(A)/%26.6615.1813.57
wdaf(V)/%11.2437.3436.94
Qnet ,ar/(MJ·kg–1)22.7820.6721.71
灰变形温度DT/℃1 4001 2801 310
灰软化温度ST/℃1 4501 4001 320
灰熔化温度FT/℃1 5001 4501 380
), ArticleFig(id=1236323821083488667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323803870065431, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

燃料的元素分析和工业分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目原设计煤改造设计煤校核煤
war(C)/%59.3454.6257.19
war(H)/%2.913.193.33
war(O)/%2.379.679.20
war(N)/%0.870.770.82
war(S)/%1.050.270.56
war(M)/%6.8016.3015.33
war(A)/%26.6615.1813.57
wdaf(V)/%11.2437.3436.94
Qnet ,ar/(MJ·kg–1)22.7820.6721.71
灰变形温度DT/℃1 4001 2801 310
灰软化温度ST/℃1 4501 4001 320
灰熔化温度FT/℃1 5001 4501 380
), ArticleFig(id=1236323821209317791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323803870065431, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Analysis of the retrofitting scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
需重点解决的问题主要措施
安全燃用神华烟煤燃烧系统改造
炉膛热力指标优化
增加吹灰器
制粉系统适应性防爆改造
调温风扩容
受热面吸热匹配与安全热力计算与壁温计算校核
), ArticleFig(id=1236323821309981090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323803870065431, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

改造方案分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
需重点解决的问题主要措施
安全燃用神华烟煤燃烧系统改造
炉膛热力指标优化
增加吹灰器
制粉系统适应性防爆改造
调温风扩容
受热面吸热匹配与安全热力计算与壁温计算校核
), ArticleFig(id=1236323821377089958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323803870065431, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Main furnace thermal indicators of the boiler

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项目原设计DL/T 831—2015烟煤推荐范围
炉膛断面热负荷/(MW·m–2)4.964.00~4.80
容积热负荷/(kW·m–3)81.9380.00~95.00
燃烧器区壁面热负荷/(MW·m–2)1.711.30~1.80
上层燃烧器距屏底距离/m29.8920.00~23.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236323821460976042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323803870065431, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

锅炉主要炉膛热力指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目原设计DL/T 831—2015烟煤推荐范围
炉膛断面热负荷/(MW·m–2)4.964.00~4.80
容积热负荷/(kW·m–3)81.9380.00~95.00
燃烧器区壁面热负荷/(MW·m–2)1.711.30~1.80
上层燃烧器距屏底距离/m29.8920.00~23.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236323821586805167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323803870065431, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Calculation results of parameters under BMCR condition before and after firing bituminous coal

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项目改造前改造后
炉膛过剩空气系数1.181.15
炉膛总风量/(t·h–1)2 2902 118
炉膛出口烟气流量/(kg·s–1)2 3512 341
炉膛出口烟温/℃1 0581 010
实际燃料消耗量/(t·h–1)242.3263.4
总输入热量/(GJ·h–1)5 3665 412
断面热负荷/(MW·m–2)4.965.01
容积热负荷/(kW·m–3)81.9382.45
燃烧器区域平均热负荷/(MW·m–2)1.711.44
), ArticleFig(id=1236323821691662773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323803870065431, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

锅炉改烧烟煤前后BMCR工况参数计算结果

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项目改造前改造后
炉膛过剩空气系数1.181.15
炉膛总风量/(t·h–1)2 2902 118
炉膛出口烟气流量/(kg·s–1)2 3512 341
炉膛出口烟温/℃1 0581 010
实际燃料消耗量/(t·h–1)242.3263.4
总输入热量/(GJ·h–1)5 3665 412
断面热负荷/(MW·m–2)4.965.01
容积热负荷/(kW·m–3)81.9382.45
燃烧器区域平均热负荷/(MW·m–2)1.711.44
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对冲燃烧贫煤锅炉改神华烟煤技术研究
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贾彦伏 1 , 缪淼 2, 3 , 刘光鹏 3 , 刘广友 1 , 周武 2, 3 , 谢建文 4 , 张建修 1 , 杨章宁 2, 3 , 冉燊铭 2, 3
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(9): 171-178
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(9): 171-178
对冲燃烧贫煤锅炉改神华烟煤技术研究
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贾彦伏1 , 缪淼2, 3, 刘光鹏3, 刘广友1, 周武2, 3, 谢建文4, 张建修1, 杨章宁2, 3, 冉燊铭2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.国家能源聊城发电有限公司,山东 聊城 252000
  • 2.能源清洁低碳热转化利用技术与装备四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 611731
  • 3.东方电气集团东方锅炉股份有限公司,四川 自贡 643001
  • 4.国家能源集团新能源技术研究院有限公司,北京 102211
  • 贾彦伏(1982)男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧优化及燃煤掺配,

通讯作者:

冉燊铭(1974),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为热能工程与电站锅炉技术,
Research on the technology of replacing lean coal with Shenhua bituminous coal for opposed firing boilers
Yanfu JIA1 , Miao MIAO2, 3, Guangpeng LIU3, Guangyou LIU1, Wu ZHOU2, 3, Jianwen XIE4, Jianxiu ZHANG1, Zhangning YANG2, 3, Shenming RAN2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.National Energy Liaocheng Power Generation Co., Ltd., Liaocheng 252000, China
  • 2.Energy Cleaning and Low-Carbon Thermal Conversion Utilization Technology and Equipment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611731, China
  • 3.Dongfang Boiler Co., Ltd., Zigong 643001, China
  • 4.China Energy New Energy Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102211, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411259
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为解决贫煤锅炉改烧神华烟煤造成的结渣、燃烧器烧损等问题,以某超临界600 MW对冲锅炉为研究对象,通过热力计算、数值模拟分析重点开展了燃烧系统改造方案的可行性研究。研究结果表明:采用差异化热负荷设计、边排燃烧器内倾、多维贴壁风等技术,燃烧器区域热负荷从1.71 MW/m2降低到1.44 MW/m2,炉膛出口烟气温度由1 058 ℃降低为1 010 ℃;改造实施后测试结果显示600 MW负荷时,飞灰含碳量从改造前6.06%下降到改造后1.42%,锅炉效率由92.76%提升到94.03%,各负荷下炉膛出口NOx排放质量浓度降低了50%~60%,改造后锅炉能长期安全高效运行。提出的改造技术方案对同类机组在低挥发分煤改烧烟煤条件下的燃烧系统优化改造具有指导意义。

对冲燃烧锅炉  /  煤质适应性  /  差异化热负荷  /  工程验证

To solve the problems of slagging and burner burnout caused by lean coal boilers which convert to firing Shenhua bituminous coal, a 600 MW supercritical opposed firing boiler was taken as the research object. Through thermal calculation and numerical simulation analysis, a feasibility study for the combustion system retrofit scheme was carried out with emphasis. The results show that, by adopting differentiated heat load design, inclined installation of side wall burners into the furnace, and multiple dimensions of wall mounted wind, the heat load in the burner area reduced from 1.71 MW/m2 to 1.44 MW/m2, and the flue gas temperature at the furnace outlet decreased from 1 058 ℃ to 1 010 ℃. The performance test results after the retrofit show that at rated load, the unburnt carbon content of coal ash decreased from 6.06% to 1.42%, the boiler efficiency increased from 92.76% to 94.03%, and the NOx emissions at the furnace outlet reduced by 50%~60% at various loads. The boiler can operate safely and efficiently for a long period. The proposed transformation technology scheme has guiding significance for the optimization and retrofit of combustion systems of similar units under the condition of converting low volatile coal to bituminous coal.

opposed firing boiler  /  coal adaptability  /  differentiated heat release rate  /  engineering verification
贾彦伏, 缪淼, 刘光鹏, 刘广友, 周武, 谢建文, 张建修, 杨章宁, 冉燊铭. 对冲燃烧贫煤锅炉改神华烟煤技术研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (9) : 171 -178 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411259
Yanfu JIA, Miao MIAO, Guangpeng LIU, Guangyou LIU, Wu ZHOU, Jianwen XIE, Jianxiu ZHANG, Zhangning YANG, Shenming RAN. Research on the technology of replacing lean coal with Shenhua bituminous coal for opposed firing boilers[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (9) : 171 -178 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411259
煤炭是我国能源安全的压舱石,煤电技术将向“安全、高效、清洁、低碳、灵活”的目标发展[1],要求燃煤机组节能降耗、减少污染物排放[2]。近年来我国煤炭价格回落,低挥发分煤由于反应性差导致燃烧效率低,高温燃烧产生更多的NOx,部分燃煤电厂更倾向于采购性价比高的烟煤[3],推动燃料从低挥发分煤向烟煤转换。
当贫煤锅炉改烧或掺烧烟煤时,如果对燃料品质把控不当、入炉掺烧方式不当、运行参数控制不准,就容易发生制粉系统积粉、自燃、燃烧器喷口烧损、炉膛大面积结渣、冷灰斗堵焦、受热面严重积灰甚至汽温不足等问题[4-5]
武生[6]通过新增粉管旁路热风送粉,有效控制磨煤机出口粉管温度和送粉风速。董玉贵等[7]在某电厂将钢球磨中仓制热风送粉系统改为中速磨直吹式系统,极大提高了制粉系统安全运行水平。汪华剑等[8]采用抽炉烟干燥制粉和乏气热风复合送粉技术,实现了安全扩烧烟煤和NOx减排60%的效果。
刘平等[9]针对超小断面四角切圆锅炉燃烧系统进行煤质适应性改造研究,改造后烟煤掺烧比例从20%提高到67%~100%。王小龙等[10]对贫煤锅炉配煤掺烧模式下焦炭燃尽率的影响因素进行了数值模拟研究,发现掺烧位置和粒径对焦炭燃尽率影响较大。甘加耀等[11]通过数值模拟和BP神经网络预测模型分析了复杂燃料掺烧情况下炉膛配风、配煤、负荷变化对锅炉燃烧及结渣特性的影响,并开发了防结渣燃烧优化系统。
现有贫煤锅炉改烧烟煤的研究多针对四角切圆燃烧方式,对冲燃烧锅炉的改造研究报道较少。本文以某超临界600 MW对冲燃煤锅炉为研究对象,探讨燃料从贫煤改为神华烟煤的燃烧系统改造技术,通过热力计算、数值模拟研究提出适用于贫煤锅炉的改造方案,以期提高锅炉的安全性、经济性和环保水平,可为同类机组改造提供参考。
该电厂3号机组为超临界600 MW发电机组,锅炉型号为DG1900/25.4-Ⅱ4,采用一次中间再热、变压运行,固态排渣、平衡通风、对冲燃烧,配正压直吹式制粉系统,采用6台BBD4360双进双出磨煤机带动态分离器。炉膛截面为19 419.2 mm (宽)×15 456.8 mm(深)。
原燃烧系统布置如图1所示。前后墙各布置3层旋流煤粉燃烧器,每层4只共24只。燃烧器上方布置一层燃尽风,每层4只燃尽风喷口,并在前、后墙各布置了2只侧燃尽风喷口。
原设计燃料为山西阳泉无烟煤与河北贫煤的混煤,本次改造煤为神华烟煤,设计煤为神混5000和准混4500掺烧比例按质量比7:3的混煤,校核煤为神混和自采烟煤掺烧比例按质量比2:1的混煤。煤质分析见表1
通过煤质特性判别可知,相比于原设计煤,神混煤尤其是神华侏罗纪烟煤具有易结渣、极易着火、极易燃尽的特点,随着神混煤掺烧比例增大,灰熔点偏低的趋势会更为明显。
燃贫煤锅炉采用小断面炉膛,炉膛断面热负荷、燃烧器区域壁面热负荷均较大,改烧烟煤后容易造成热量释放集中,加剧结渣[12];同时烟煤火焰传播速度快[13],贫煤设计的燃烧器改烧烟煤后易发生着火点过近,导致喷口烧损等问题,影响锅炉的安全稳定运行。
该电厂尝试在下层燃烧器掺烧部分烟煤,运行结果表明,飞灰可燃物质量分数超过6%,燃烧效率不高,原因可能是烟煤抢风造成低挥发分煤燃尽差[14];燃烧器及燃尽风喷口区域水冷壁结渣严重,频繁发生大焦掉落,炉膛负压波动大;侧墙中心区域水冷壁灰渣层厚度约100 mm(呈松散状),并存在严重高温腐蚀。日常运行高负荷时炉膛出口NOx质量浓度650~800 mg/m3(标况,O2体积分数6%,下同)。
结合本项目具体条件,采用了燃烧系统改造、增加吹灰器、制粉系统改造等措施。为提高未来对强结渣煤种的适应性,本次改造将结渣风险防控作为首要考虑的问题,改造总体思路见表2。煤质改变后,原燃烧器的风率和风速等参数都不再适用,需要对其进行改造。由于烟煤燃烧较为剧烈,结渣风险也随之增大。为了预防这一问题,一方面可以降低燃烧区域的燃烧强度并优化燃烧器结构,另一方面还可以增加吹灰器,两者相结合可有效预防结渣。钢球磨煤机磨制烟煤时相较贫煤容易爆炸,且出口风粉混合物选取温度更低,因此需增加防爆门并对调温冷风管道扩径。
北仑1号机组等我国早期600 MW机组曾出现过燃神华煤炉膛严重结渣的重大事故,行业内已形成了通过选取较低的炉膛热负荷、适当提高一次风速、优化空气动力场防止火焰刷墙、吹灰器优化等措施解决结渣问题的共识[15]
本项目锅炉原设计炉膛为典型的瘦高型贫煤炉膛,其主要热力指标见表3
与DL/T 831—2015对600 MW锅炉的推荐范围相比,炉膛容积热负荷接近下限,而与燃烧器区域结渣风险密切相关的炉膛断面热负荷、燃烧器区壁面热负荷均接近甚至超出上限,对结渣控制不利。在炉膛尺寸不变、炉膛容积热负荷和断面热负荷无法改变的情况下,可通过增大燃烧器布置间距,降低燃烧器区域热负荷,达到降低燃烧器区域严重结渣风险的目的。本项目上层燃烧器距屏底距离大,为燃烧器上抬拉大层间距创造了有利条件。
燃烧系统改造方案为:
1)燃烧器数量保持不变,采用差异化热负荷设计,即3层燃烧器采用不等层间距布置:炉膛相对低热负荷区域的中下层燃烧器间距小幅拉开0.5 m,高热负荷区域的中上层燃烧器间距加大2.0 m,旨在均衡炉内整体热负荷分布,平抑火焰尖峰温度,降低炉膛结渣风险。不等层间距设计使中下层燃烧器火焰有较好的相互支持能力,有利于维持低负荷下的稳燃能力,也与电厂平时低负荷投中下层燃烧的运行习惯相符。火焰中心位置整体抬升1.25 m,避免因烟煤释放热量快造成水冷壁吸热过多而汽温不足的问题。改造前后炉膛断面热负荷、燃烧器区域热负荷与烟煤锅炉对比如图2所示。
2)更换OPCC燃烧器,燃烧器及配风按神华烟煤重新设计以保证燃烟煤时安全可靠。一次风速由燃烧低挥发分煤的20 m/s提高至24 m/s,确保不回火烧损燃烧器。外二次风扩锥角度按30°选取,避免扩锥角度过大引起气流飞边造成燃烧器周边结渣[16]
3)采用前后墙边排对冲贴壁风+两侧墙条状弥漫式贴壁风的多维贴壁风系统,结合边排燃烧器内倾5°,降低还原性烟气和煤粉冲刷侧墙风险[17],减轻两侧墙水冷壁高温腐蚀。与独立的前后墙布置贴壁风或两侧墙布置贴壁风相比,组合布置贴壁风能更有效改善两侧墙水冷壁近壁区还原性气氛,降低高温腐蚀发生倾向[18]。为避免贴壁风率过大导致未燃尽碳和NOx排放浓度升高,改造方案的贴壁风率选取4.5%。
4)采用燃尽风上下摆动技术调节火焰中心,增加了炉膛出口烟温的调控手段,防止高温受热面结焦。
对改造前后2种燃烧器布置方式BMCR工况进行了锅炉整体热力校核计算,结果见表4
热力计算结果表明:在通流改造后锅炉总输入热量增加,炉膛容积热负荷和断面热负荷小幅度升高。改造方案拉大了燃烧器层间距,燃烧器区域平均热负荷从1.71 MW/m2降低到1.44 MW/m2。尽管燃烧器层间距拉大造成火焰中心抬高,但由于烟煤反应性好释放热量快,炉膛辐射吸热量增加,使得炉膛出口烟气温度由1 058 ℃降低为1 010 ℃,炉膛出口高温受热面结渣风险不大。
为更准确地评估锅炉运行状态及改造技术方案的效果,采用CFD软件进行了数值模拟计算,选用非预混燃烧模型,进出口边界条件根据改造的设计煤种、燃烧器设计风速风温和壁面条件设定,预测炉内燃烧温度分布、污染物排放特性。
将燃烧器与炉膛整体作为研究对象,计算区域为冷灰斗至炉膛烟气出口之间,按该锅炉实际尺寸建立1:1几何模型。为保证计算精度,根据流场特征采用六面体和四面体结合的混合网格划分方法,对复杂流场和燃烧集中区域网格进行加密。在624万、806万、1 066万、1 248万网格数量下开展数值模拟。在806万后随着网格数量的增加,炉膛温度几乎不再发生变化。因此,为了节省计算资源,最终确定网格数为806万。
计算中气相湍流输运模拟采用k-ε湍流模型,煤粉颗粒的跟踪采用stochastic tracking模型,气相湍流燃烧模拟使用单/双混合分数-概率密度函数模型,对煤粉挥发分的析出采用the two competing rates model模型,采用the kinetics/diffusion-limited rate model模拟焦炭的燃烧,辐射传热计算采用P1模型,对NO生成考虑了热力型及燃料型NO。压力-速度的耦合采用SIMPLE法求解。
图3为改造前后炉膛中心剖面温度分布情况。改造前,炉膛高温峰值区域位于中层燃烧器至燃尽风之间,下炉膛充满度较差,与实际运行情况相同;改造后燃烧区域热负荷分布更加均衡,高温区位于炉膛中心位置,近壁面附近温度低于改造前,炉膛中心最高温度从1 723 ℃降低到1 619 ℃,有效降低局部峰值温度,有利于降低热力型NOx生成,同时冷灰斗区域和燃尽风以上高温区减少,有效预防炉膛结渣。
对冲燃烧锅炉左右侧墙壁面温度较高,易造成该区域出现结渣,改烧烟煤后煤粉燃烧速率加快更易导致整体温度升高、结渣概率增大[19]图4对比了改造前后炉膛内水冷壁近壁面0.2 m处温度大于1 350 ℃的区域。由图4可以看出:改造前由于燃烧器布置集中,燃料燃烧热量集中释放,炉内前后墙及两侧墙均有大片区域近壁面温度大于1 350 ℃;改造方案通过燃烧器的差异化拉大层间距、边排燃烧器内倾,改善了炉内气流和火焰的温度分布,且水冷壁近壁面高温区域面积明显减小,降低了炉膛水冷壁结渣风险。
图5为改造前后沿炉膛高度方向截面平均温度分布情况。
随着燃料的分层送入,燃烧器区域温度整体呈升高趋势,还原区温度略有降低,随着燃尽风的补充,未燃尽的煤粉颗粒充分燃烧,在燃尽风区域温度又小幅度升高。改造前燃烧器布置集中,煤粉燃烧速度快,存在明显的局部高温区,导致热量无法及时传递给工质,结果表现为炉膛截面平均温度更高;改造后将中上层燃烧器和燃尽风标高抬高,增大燃烧区域总高度,炉内热负荷分布更加均衡,改善了炉内燃烧和传热过程,提高了炉膛辐射吸热量,尽管火焰中心略有上升,但炉膛截面平均温度相比改造前更低。
图6为炉膛中心剖面煤粉颗粒速度矢量场。可以看出改造前主燃烧区域煤粉颗粒速度较高,导致煤粉颗粒在炉膛内停留时间过短,燃烧不充分;在侧墙区域存在大量低速的煤粉颗粒,增加煤粉颗粒在水冷壁面沉积或结渣风险;冷灰斗区域煤粉下冲动量更大,直接冲刷冷灰斗,加速其磨损。改造后主燃区的燃烧速度得到控制,燃烧更加充分,缓解了煤粉颗粒直接冲刷侧墙和冷灰斗区域。
图7对比了改造前后炉膛内煤粉燃尽程度,模拟结果用DPM Burnout(分散相向连续相的质量交换量)示意,煤粉燃尽率用Char content conversion rate(焦炭转化率)进行结果统计。改造前煤粉燃烧主要集中于主燃烧区,煤粉颗粒在离开燃烧器喷口后容易发生提前着火现象,这是喷口烧损的重要原因。改造后主燃区高度增加,燃烧区域温度分布更加均匀,有利于改善喷口超温和降低热力型NOx生成;边排燃烧器向炉内偏转后,改善了煤粉贴壁燃烧的情况,有利于缓解结渣;改造后燃烧器区域平均热负荷强度下降,导致炉膛出口煤粉燃尽率从99.2%降低到98.7%,但对锅炉效率影响有限。
改造前后炉膛中心剖面NO分布如图8所示。由图8可以看出:改造前由于局部高温区的存在,生成了大量热力型NO,同时煤粉在主燃区停留时间短,NO还原不充分,也可能导致燃料型NO的增加;改造后燃烧器间距拉大,燃烧区域热负荷均匀分布,原始NO生成质量浓度降低,炉膛出口NO质量浓度从343 mg/m3降至286 mg/m3
图9显示了炉膛内近壁面CO摩尔分数分布情况。由图9可知:改造前炉膛近壁面区域分布大面积的CO,尤其是侧墙位置CO含量最高,这也是目前对冲燃烧锅炉高温腐蚀最严重的区域;改造方案通过燃烧器优化布置和增加贴壁风,有效抑制煤粉气流向两侧墙扩散,并进行及时补氧,侧墙CO含量显著降低,两侧墙高温腐蚀和结渣风险可控。
该锅炉实施上述燃烧系统方案改造前后,均开展了性能测试,试验期间分别测量了100%、75%、50%额定负荷下锅炉效率、烟气NOx质量浓度等性能指标。改造前的试验煤质为低挥发分煤掺少量神华烟煤,改造后试验煤质为神华烟煤。
图10给出了改造前后飞灰含碳量和修正后的锅炉效率试验数据。改造后在各负荷下,飞灰含碳量均大幅下降,锅炉效率大幅提高。600 MW负荷时,飞灰含碳量从改造前6.06%下降到改造后1.42%,锅炉效率由92.76%提升到94.03%。
图11对比了改造前后省煤器出口NOx排放水平。改造前600 MW负荷时省煤器出口NOx质量浓度约665 mg/m3,改造后额定负荷下炉膛出口NOx质量浓度降低到272 mg/m3,其他各运行负荷段NOx质量浓度较改造前降低了50%~60%。
改造后经过近2年运行验证,炉膛水冷壁和炉膛出口高温受热面未出现严重结渣,年掉焦次数由143次降至4次,每万千瓦时发电SCR喷氨量下降21%,证明了本研究方案能有效适应贫煤对冲锅炉改烧神华烟煤,并提高了锅炉的运行效率和减少了污染物排放。
1)针对燃贫煤锅炉改烧神华烟煤造成的结渣、燃烧器烧损等问题,通过差异化拉大燃烧器层间距布置均衡炉内热负荷分布、更换新型燃烧器提高对煤质适应性、增加多维贴壁风减少煤粉冲刷侧墙、采用燃尽风摆动技术调节火焰中心,可有效提高锅炉运行安全性和经济性。
2)根据锅炉布置条件拉开燃烧器层间距后,燃烧器区域热负荷从1.71 MW/m2降低到1.44 MW/m2,数值模拟结果表明改造后燃烧区域热负荷分布更加均衡,燃烧器喷口峰值温度降低,保证燃烧器喷口安全运行,同时改善煤粉贴壁燃烧的情况,水冷壁近壁面高温区域面积明显减小,两侧墙还原性气氛下降,降低侧墙水冷壁高温腐蚀风险。热力计算表明炉膛出口烟气温度由1 058 ℃降低为1 010 ℃,有利于降低高温受热面结渣风险。
3)数值模拟结果与性能试验结果趋势一致,这表明本改造方案可保证锅炉安全经济运行,并减少污染物排放。燃烧系统改造后经过近2年运行验证,实现了纯燃烧神华烟煤,炉膛未出现大面积结渣,低负荷稳燃能力增强,脱硝喷氨量大幅下降。改造后的性能试验结果表明,机组600 MW负荷时,飞灰含碳量从改造前6.06%下降到改造后1.42%,锅炉效率由92.76%提升到94.03%,提高了锅炉的运行效率。
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2025年第54卷第9期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411259
  • 接收时间:2024-11-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-27
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作者信息
    1.国家能源聊城发电有限公司,山东 聊城 252000
    2.能源清洁低碳热转化利用技术与装备四川省重点实验室,四川 成都 611731
    3.东方电气集团东方锅炉股份有限公司,四川 自贡 643001
    4.国家能源集团新能源技术研究院有限公司,北京 102211

通讯作者:

冉燊铭(1974),男,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为热能工程与电站锅炉技术,
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202411259
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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