Article(id=1236323803324805897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202411230, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731945600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772692164498, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772692164498, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772692164498, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692164498, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236323797054312545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772692163003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692223569, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=60, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236323803651961616, articleId=1236323803324805897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Frequency response characteristics and coordinated control strategy of large-scale virtual power plants, columnId=1236323798149025895, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on low carbon power technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Constructing a large-scale virtual power plant (L-VPP) based on coal-fired units is a vital strategy for achieving “dual-carbon” goals by enabling renewable energy integration and supporting the transition of coal-fired power generation. A dynamic simulation model of the L-VPP and a source-storage frequency regulation control system model are established, which include a 350 MW coal-fired unit, a 100 MW photovoltaic unit, a 90 MW·h battery energy storage system, and internal loads. The frequency response characteristics of the L-VPP are analyzed for various control systems and at different load ramp rates of the coal-fired unit. The results reveal that, the load ramp rate of the coal-fired unit is a critical constraint on frequency response capability when storage capacity is limited. The complementary frequency response characteristics between the source and storage are obtained, leading to a coordinated control strategy that incorporates auxiliary power commands and cyclic determination mechanisms. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed strategy lowers the frequency nadir by 0.06 Hz and shortens the steady-state recovery time by 18.6%. Furthermore, to achieve a steady-state error within the frequency dead band, the load ramp rate of the coal-fired unit is increased from below 3.50 MW/min to 7.00 MW/min. This strategy offers technical guidance for the safe and efficient operation of large-scale virtual power plants.

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构建基于燃煤机组的大型虚拟电厂(L-VPP)是实现“双碳”目标下可再生能源消纳与燃煤发电转型的重要途径。建立了包含350 MW燃煤机组、100 MW光伏机组、90 MW·h电池储能和内部负载的L-VPP动态仿真模型与源-储调频控制系统模型。研究了在不同控制系统和燃煤机组变负荷速率下L-VPP的频率响应特性,发现燃煤机组变负荷速率是储能容量短缺时制约系统频率响应能力的关键因素,获得了源-储频率响应速率互补特性,进而提出了包含辅助功率指令与循环判定部分的协调控制策略。结果表明:采用上述协调策略控制后,频率极限值降低了0.06 Hz,稳态时间缩短了18.6%;以稳态误差低于频率死区为目标,燃煤机组的变负荷速率从不足3.50 MW/min提升至7.00 MW/min。该控制策略为大型虚拟电厂的安全高效运行提供了技术指导。

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种道彤(1978),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为热力系统和多相流,
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田泽禹(1996),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为虚拟电厂技术,

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田泽禹(1996),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为虚拟电厂技术,

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田泽禹(1996),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为虚拟电厂技术,

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Energy, 2020, 201: 117594., articleTitle=Flexibility and efficiency enhancement for double-reheat coal-fired power plants by control optimization considering boiler heat storage, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236323821867823544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323803324805897, awardId=2022YFB4202400, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4202400), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236323821947515324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323803324805897, awardId=2022YFB4202400, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4202400), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236323822027207103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323803324805897, awardId=2023-LL-QY-29, language=EN, fundingSource=Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(2023-LL-QY-29), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236323822123676099, 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大型虚拟电厂频率响应特性及协调控制策略研究
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田泽禹 , 沙钊旸 , 严卉 , 王珠 , 赵全斌 , 种道彤
热力发电 | 低碳电力技术研究专题 2025,54(9): 60-70
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热力发电 | 低碳电力技术研究专题 2025, 54(9): 60-70
大型虚拟电厂频率响应特性及协调控制策略研究
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田泽禹 , 沙钊旸, 严卉, 王珠, 赵全斌, 种道彤
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 田泽禹(1996),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为虚拟电厂技术,

通讯作者:

种道彤(1978),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为热力系统和多相流,
Frequency response characteristics and coordinated control strategy of large-scale virtual power plants
Zeyu TIAN , Zhaoyang SHA, Hui YAN, Zhu WANG, Quanbin ZHAO, Daotong CHONG
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411230
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构建基于燃煤机组的大型虚拟电厂(L-VPP)是实现“双碳”目标下可再生能源消纳与燃煤发电转型的重要途径。建立了包含350 MW燃煤机组、100 MW光伏机组、90 MW·h电池储能和内部负载的L-VPP动态仿真模型与源-储调频控制系统模型。研究了在不同控制系统和燃煤机组变负荷速率下L-VPP的频率响应特性,发现燃煤机组变负荷速率是储能容量短缺时制约系统频率响应能力的关键因素,获得了源-储频率响应速率互补特性,进而提出了包含辅助功率指令与循环判定部分的协调控制策略。结果表明:采用上述协调策略控制后,频率极限值降低了0.06 Hz,稳态时间缩短了18.6%;以稳态误差低于频率死区为目标,燃煤机组的变负荷速率从不足3.50 MW/min提升至7.00 MW/min。该控制策略为大型虚拟电厂的安全高效运行提供了技术指导。

频率响应特性  /  协调控制策略  /  大型虚拟电厂  /  能源管理系统  /  调频控制

Constructing a large-scale virtual power plant (L-VPP) based on coal-fired units is a vital strategy for achieving “dual-carbon” goals by enabling renewable energy integration and supporting the transition of coal-fired power generation. A dynamic simulation model of the L-VPP and a source-storage frequency regulation control system model are established, which include a 350 MW coal-fired unit, a 100 MW photovoltaic unit, a 90 MW·h battery energy storage system, and internal loads. The frequency response characteristics of the L-VPP are analyzed for various control systems and at different load ramp rates of the coal-fired unit. The results reveal that, the load ramp rate of the coal-fired unit is a critical constraint on frequency response capability when storage capacity is limited. The complementary frequency response characteristics between the source and storage are obtained, leading to a coordinated control strategy that incorporates auxiliary power commands and cyclic determination mechanisms. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed strategy lowers the frequency nadir by 0.06 Hz and shortens the steady-state recovery time by 18.6%. Furthermore, to achieve a steady-state error within the frequency dead band, the load ramp rate of the coal-fired unit is increased from below 3.50 MW/min to 7.00 MW/min. This strategy offers technical guidance for the safe and efficient operation of large-scale virtual power plants.

frequency response characteristics  /  coordinated control strategy  /  large-scale virtual power plants  /  energy management system  /  frequency regulation control
田泽禹, 沙钊旸, 严卉, 王珠, 赵全斌, 种道彤. 大型虚拟电厂频率响应特性及协调控制策略研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (9) : 60 -70 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411230
Zeyu TIAN, Zhaoyang SHA, Hui YAN, Zhu WANG, Quanbin ZHAO, Daotong CHONG. Frequency response characteristics and coordinated control strategy of large-scale virtual power plants[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (9) : 60 -70 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411230
虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)是新型电力系统的重要组成部分,能够聚合多种发电、储能和可控负荷资源,通过协同控制与优化形成具备电厂功能主体,并参与电力市场和辅助服务市场[1-2]。VPP可根据聚合资源类别分为“负荷类”与“源网荷储一体化”2类,后者又可根据容量规模分为大型和小型[3-4]。聚合燃煤机组的大型虚拟电厂(large-scale VPP,L-VPP)为煤电与新能源协同发展提供了新的路径,受到国内外研究者广泛关注[5]
L-VPP作为基础调节电源,可以消除新能源波动引起的频率偏差,从而保障电网的安全与稳定[6]。与传统的火储协同系统相比,L-VPP不仅需要响应电网频率偏差,还需应对由内部功率需求变化引起的频率波动,以维护自身的稳定运行[7]。然而,现有的频率控制系统尚无法满足L-VPP的运行需求。一方面,作为应用最广泛且最有效的频率响应控制方法,一次频率控制系统(primary frequency control,PFC)仅依赖单一发电机组,未能实现机组间的协调,难以发挥L-VPP整合多种资源的优势[8-9]。此外,PFC并没能针对L-VPP响应内部功率偏差引起的频率扰动过程提供针对性的控制方法[10]。因此,对L-VPP的频率响应控制系统进行研究尤为重要。
目前,针对L-VPP的研究相对较少,多集中在VPP领域。现有关于频率优化控制额度研究大致可以分为2类。第1类研究侧重于频率控制系统的整体优化[11]。Oshnoei等人[12]提出了一种VPP频率协调控制策略,通过多目标优化计算分配系数,将频率信号在燃煤机组和VPP之间进行分配。Esfahani等人[13]提出了一种聚合燃煤机组、分布式能源与备用电池储能的虚拟电厂,通过一个随机聚合策略及双级随机稳健模型,实现了对电池储能在响应电网频率扰动过程中的调度,并协调了多种响应资源。Qiu等人[14]提出了一种耦合风力发电机、燃煤机组与核电的VPP能源调度和频率响应的非凸双层优化方法,显著提升了系统频率响应能力,同时大幅降低了运营成本。湛归等[15]提出一种智能楼宇型虚拟电厂的控制策略,从而保障系统参与调频辅助服务时的用户需求。第2类研究侧重于L-VPP内部或特定单元的控制优化,以提高频率响应能力[16]。Amin等人[17]在高可再生能源渗透率和低同步发电水平下,探讨了电池储能系统在一次频率控制中的潜力和应用前景。Chapaloglou等人[18]提出了一种电池储能系统的控制模型,通过调整充放电电流响应系统功率不平衡,实现自适应储能调节。周扬等[19]提出了适用于孤岛微电网电压型虚拟同步发电机的自适应惯性与频率恢复控制方法。戴睿鹏等[20]提出了一种基于随机模型预测控制的二次调频策略,实现了虚拟电厂中光储充资源调频能力的提升。
综上所述,目前对L-VPP频率响应特性的研究缺乏对燃煤机组变负荷速率提升对L-VPP频率响应特性影响的分析以及协调控制策略的设计。因此,本文针对L-VPP在应对内部功率偏差引起的频率扰动时,各单元频率响应特性难以高效协调的问题,建立了L-VPP动态仿真模型和源-储频率控制系统模型,提出了基于循环判定与辅助功率指令的协调控制策略,并研究了不同控制系统和变负荷速率下L-VPP的频率响应特性及协调控制策略对响应能力提升的影响。本研究为提升L-VPP的安全高效运行提供了理论支持和数据依据。
基于燃煤机组的L-VPP组成结构如图1所示。
图1可见,本文L-VPP包含额定功率350 MW燃煤机组、100 MW光伏机组、90 MW·h电池储能系统及内部负荷。搭建的L-VPP动态仿真模型如图2所示。
同时开发了包括发电机、变压器等组件的电网模型,所有单元均连接至电网,用于监测调度过程中的电网频率变化。模型中的燃煤发电系统、储能系统和电网模型均经过稳态与动态验证,关键性能参数误差不超1%。具体的参数设定、模型验证等参见文献[21]。
为保障L-VPP安全运行并维护电网频率稳定,本文搭建了大型虚拟电厂的源-储调频控制系统模型。该源-储控制系统模型由基于燃煤机组的L-VPP调频控制系统模型与电池储能能源管理系统模型组成。
在传统一次调频控制系统的基础上,通过增加系统输入的修正信号,建立了基于燃煤机组的L-VPP调频控制系统,优化了频率响应特性。修正信号考虑了电力系统中频率响应单元的实时可用功率比例[22]。本文搭建的L-VPP频率响应单元包括燃煤机组和电池储能,其中燃煤机组具有更大的额定容量与可用功率,因此修正信号占比更大,是该控制系统的主要响应单元。该调控系统还同时包括了二次调频调控部分,用于消除频率稳态误差。图3为基于燃煤机组的L-VPP频率控制系统模型。
在传统能源管理系统的基础上[23],通过改进功率传输环节并增加输出功率系数,建立适用于L-VPP的储能能源管理系统,从而提升了电池储能的频率响应能力。电池储能的输出功率系数考虑了L-VPP的实时功率偏差。
本文所搭建的储能能源管理系统动态仿真模型如图4所示。该系统与基于燃煤机组的频率控制系统能够协同响应L-VPP内部功率偏差引起的电网频率波动。电池储能能源管理系统旨在最大化电池储能的频率响应能力。
燃煤机组和电池储能是L-VPP的主要频率响应单元,但二者在响应特性上存在显著差异。燃煤机组具有较大的额定容量,在调频控制系统中承担较高比例的功率响应,但其响应速率较慢。电池储能响应速度更快,但其较小的额定容量限制了频率响应性能。因此为实现安全高效的频率响应,协调控制策略需要解决2个关键问题:1)在安全的前提下提高燃煤机组的频率响应速率;2)应对电池储能功率短缺对频率响应特性造成的限制。此外,还要考虑L-VPP的特征与需求对于协调控制策略的影响。在应对由内部功率偏差引起的频率扰动时,通过提高燃煤机组的频率响应速率增强辅助能力,并通过储能状态判定对功率进行循环优化计算。
在基于燃煤机组的L-VPP频率控制系统中,当电池储能功率不足时,可以通过提高燃煤机组的变负荷速率来提升系统频率响应能力,但需要降低响应过程的频率稳态误差从而确保运行安全。
为实现此目标,本研究建立了协调策略的辅助功率指令部分。该部分基于PID控制器进行设计,输入为燃煤机组的实时输出功率,设定值为其额定功率。PID控制器的输出经函数修正后,生成燃煤机组的辅助功率指令。此外,辅助功率指令部分还设有安全监测机制。通过实时监测燃煤机组的指令与实际输出功率的差异,动态调整辅助功率指令的输出。图5展示了协调策略辅助功率指令的控制逻辑。该控制策略通过PID控制器和安全监测机制,实现频率响应能力与运行安全的平衡。
L-VPP中的电池储能由源-储调频控制系统中的2个系统共同调控,其中能源管理系统作用更为关键。在L-VPP的频率响应过程中,电池储能利用其快速响应特性进行频率调节,而燃煤机组则负责补充功率缺口。当电池储能的剩余功率不足以应对频率波动时,其功率指令将维持在最大值,无法继续进行频率调节。此时,频率和功率调节任务将完全转移至燃煤机组,导致大型虚拟电厂的频率响应能力显著下降。
为解决电池储能功率短缺导致L-VPP调节能力下降的问题,本文建立了协同响应策略的循环判定部分。该部分旨在恢复电池储能的调频能力,并能够根据电池储能的不同状态确定策略的后续操作。循环判定部分的控制逻辑如下:首先,通过实时监测电池储能输出功率判断其工作状态。当电池储能达到额定功率时,策略向燃煤机组发送辅助功率指令。该指令使燃煤机组承担全部功率缺口,从而释放电池储能继续调频。当电池储能恢复正常运行后,辅助功率指令被取消,燃煤机组输出功率降低。电池储能经过调节后,再次因功率缺口达到额定功率状态。此时,策略继续向燃煤机组发送辅助功率指令,形成动态循环。协调响应控制策略的循环判定部分控制逻辑如图6所示。
针对需求变化,循环判定部分可通过修改初始判定条件增加预调节单元,使策略能够在电池储能功率接近额定功率时启动循环。此时,策略输出辅助功率指令,尽管会引起系统稳态波动,但不会影响安全运行,且在功率发生阶跃变化时获得更好的响应特性。
频率响应的评价指标通常被分为4类[24]
1)频率变化率(ROCOF)
频率变化率δROCOF指反映频率扰动开始时的下降速率。其数学表达式为:
δROCOF=ΔfΔt
式中:Δf为频率变化量,Hz;Δt为时间变化量,s。
2)频率极值点(NADIR)
频率极值点χNADIR指频率响应过程中频率的极限值,是系统在应对负荷阶跃变化时频率的最大偏差。其数学表达式为:
χNADIR=min(f(t))
式中:f(t)为时间t时的频率值,Hz。
3)稳态误差(steady state error)
稳态误差Esteady指一次调频后,系统实时频率与安全额定频率的偏差。计算公式为:
ESteady=ftargetfactual
式中:ftarget为期望频率,Hz;factual为实际频率,Hz。
4)达到稳态的时间
达到稳态的时间指系统从扰动发生到稳态的响应时间,时间越短,表明系统调节速度越快。其数学表达式为:
Tsettle=tft0
式中:Tsettle为系统达到稳态的时间,s;tf为系统首次达到稳态的时间,s;t0为扰动发生的时间,s。
以上指标共同用于评估频率响应的效果和系统的调节能力[25]
本文基于所搭建的L-VPP动态仿真模型与控制模型,首先分析了不同控制系统下的频率响应过程,定量评估了L-VPP各单元的响应能力,并探讨了其在调频过程中的作用。本节选取了L-VPP功率需求阶跃降低10 MW的工况,探讨了基于燃煤机组频率控制系统和电池储能能源管理控制系统2种控制方式下的频率响应效果。
首先,重点分析了不同控制方式下燃煤机组输出功率指令的变化情况,结果如图7所示。在频率控制系统中,燃煤机组具有较大的额定功率,因此能够提供更多可调用功率,在频率响应中发挥重要作用。其功率指令随频率变化而调整。在能源管理系统控制下,电池储能迅速响应并弥补功率偏差,使得燃煤机组的功率指令在频率稳定后迅速趋于平稳。
电池储能系统的功率指令变化如图8所示。在能源管理系统控制下,电池储能功率指令迅速变化并保持稳态。在基于燃煤机组的频率控制系统下,电池储能功率指令随频率偏差变化较慢。这源于2种控制原理的不同:频率控制系统将输出功率指令与频率偏差关联,导致反应较慢;能源管理系统则直接将实时功率偏差值输入PID,输出储能指令值,因而响应速度较快。
图9展示了燃煤机组与电池储能的实际输出功率在2种控制方式下的变化。在基于燃煤机组的频率控制系统中,L-VPP过度依赖燃煤机组的调节,未能充分发挥电池储能的快速响应特性。相比之下,在能源管理系统控制下,通过实时检测功率偏差,电池储能的响应能力最大化,功率变化速率显著提高。
图10为不同频率响应方式下L-VPP的频率对比。如图10所示,在功率阶跃降低10 MW情况下,对不同方法的L-VPP频率变化进行了对比。ROCOF从频率控制系统控制下的0.107 Hz/s提升到了能源管理系统控制下的0.121 Hz/s。电池储能的快速功率变化使其在能源管理系统调度下能够及时满足功率需求,从而降低NADIR,相比基于燃煤机组的频率控制降低0.07 Hz。此外,能源管理系统控制有效缩短了频率达到稳态的响应时间,从频率控制系统下的223 s减少到能源管理系统的68 s,响应时间减少70%,提高了13%。值得注意的是,在能源管理系统控制下未产生稳态误差。
研究表明,在包含能源管理系统和频率控制系统的L-VPP中,能源管理系统的频率响应速率更快,而频率控制系统的响应速率较慢。因此,在应对功率阶跃引起的频率偏差时,能源管理系统优先调用电池储能进行响应。当电池储能容量不足时,频率控制系统需调用燃煤机组进行补充响应。在需要快速响应的一次调频过程中,调用电池储能进行调节;在二次调频和调峰阶段,需要充足功率但对响应速率要求较低时,调用燃煤机组进行调节。源-储响应速率的互补特性是保障L-VPP高效运行的关键,但在实际运行中仍会出现一些特殊情况影响这一特性。当电池储能容量不足时,频率控制系统下的燃煤机组是唯一的响应单元,燃煤机组的变负荷速率是决定L-VPP频率响应能力的关键。
目前,提升燃煤机组变负荷速率以增强其灵活性的研究较为广泛[26]。其中,通过优化锅炉内部蓄热,变负荷速率从1%THA提升至3%THA,这是最有效的方法之一[27]。然而,这一提升对整合电池储能的虚拟电厂的频率响应特性的影响需要进行定量分析。
本研究选择在仿真开始后的第50 s选择负荷阶跃增加10 MW的工况,探讨燃煤机组变负荷速率从1%THA增加到3%THA时,L-VPP的频率响应能力。
图11展示了燃煤机组在不同变负荷速率下调频控制系统功率指令的变化。由图11可见,随着变负荷速率的提高,功率指令的变化范围和调节频次均有所增加。图12呈现了燃煤机组在不同变负荷速率下的实际输出功率变化。由图12可见,在功率阶跃发生后,燃煤机组的输出功率响应首先受到转轴机械惯性的影响,此时功率与阶跃功率值相关,未随变负荷速率变化。在惯性响应后,燃煤机组的输出功率由调频系统控制,随着变负荷速率的提高,输出功率的变化范围和速率均显著提高。图13为不同变负荷速率时L-VPP的频率对比。
图13所示,随着变负荷速率的增加,L-VPP到达稳态的时间显著缩短,最大减少幅度为45.5%。然而,变负荷速率的提高未降低频率响应曲线上的NADIR。此外,调频过程结束后,L-VPP的稳态误差波动有所增加。
从燃煤机组变负荷速率提升的机理角度分析,其对频率响应特性的影响有限的主要原因在于锅炉蓄热的存在使燃煤机组具有较大的惯性,而当前仅依靠控制优化实现的变负荷速率提升未能充分利用燃煤机组的蓄热特性。因此,与通过电信号控制的电池储能相比,变负荷速率提升后的燃煤机组频率响应能力仍存在明显差距。从仿真结果来看,对比3.1节与3.2节的仿真结果可知,在电池储能单独响应的情况下,NADIR降低了0.07 Hz,响应时间缩短至68 s,同时稳态误差被完全消除。然而,当燃煤机组单独响应时,即使提高了变负荷速率,NADIR仍未下降。达到稳态的最短时间为150 s,相比电池储能单独响应慢了54.7%。此外,稳态误差会随变负荷速率的提升而增加,进一步加剧了响应过程的不稳定性。这表明,变负荷速率的提高对调频控制系统的影响有限,对L-VPP的频率响应特性的改善也较为有限。
为评估协调控制系统的效果及其在L-VPP特征与需求下提升频率响应能力的作用,本文选择了由内部负载功率需求阶跃变化引起的频率扰动工况进行仿真研究。在仿真开始后第50 s选择负载需求阶跃增加10 MW,并设定电池储能参与频率响应的功率为2 MW。策略循环判定部分中预调节单元的功率设定为5 MW。在此工况下,探讨协调响应控制系统对L-VPP频率响应能力的提升,以及不同变负荷速率下燃煤机组参与频率响应对L-VPP稳定性的影响。
图14展示了不同变负荷速率下协同响应策略中辅助功率指令的变化。在阶跃开始前,由于电池储能功率在预调节的范围内,预调节系统已产生辅助功率指令,对系统进行了初步控制。L-VPP处在于稳态,因此此时功率指令的调节间隔较短且功率值较低。阶跃开始后,随着变负荷速率的提升,第1个辅助功率指令的持续间隔显著缩短,表明变负荷速率的提升能更快速地满足需求。在第1个指令结束后,L-VPP达到动态平衡。
图15图16分别展示了协同控制策略参与前后的燃煤机组的功率指令与实际输出功率。协同控制提高了L-VPP对燃煤机组的调节力度,增加了燃煤机组的功率波动幅度,在某些时段帮助电池储能完成部分调节任务。从而使电池储能能够发挥快速响应的特点,维护频率稳定。策略的预调节部分在响应前对燃煤机组的功率指令产生部分波动。
图17为协同控制策略参与前后的电池储能输出功率变化。由图17可见:控制策略介入前,电池储能在达到额定功率后停止调节;而控制策略介入后,燃煤机组的调度促使电池储能协同响应,其输出功率在额定值附近波动,始终保持调节和响应能力,达成动态平衡。此外,随着燃煤机组变负荷速率的提升,电池储能的波动幅度也相应增加,表明在更高变负荷速率下,协同优化能有效增强电池储能的调节能力。
图18展示了协同控制策略参与前后燃煤机组在不同变负荷速率下的频率变化。由图18可见,控制策略介入后,NADIR降低0.06 Hz。协同控制缩短了L-VPP在相同变负荷速率下达到稳态的时间,最大缩短幅度18.6%。引入电池储能有效维护频率响应过程的安全性,使频率稳态误差平均降低0.11 Hz。此外,在协同策略的控制下,变负荷速率为7.00 MW/min及以下时,稳态误差均保持在频率死区(±0.033 Hz)以内,而控制前,所有变负荷速率均会导致稳态误差超过频率死区。这表明协同控制策略的引入显著提升了L-VPP的安全与高效运行能力。
本文建立了L-VPP的动态仿真模型,研究了在不同控制系统和燃煤机组变负荷速率下L-VPP频率响应特性,提出了协调控制策略,通过提升燃煤机组的变负荷速率解决了电池储能功率不足导致的系统响应能力下降问题,并保障了机组安全稳定运行,进一步增强了L-VPP可再生能源消纳能力。主要结论如下。
1)与频率控制系统相比,L-VPP采用能源管理系统控制表现出最佳的频率响应特性。在功率阶跃降低10 MW的情况下,L-VPP的ROCOF提升13%,NADIR降低0.07 Hz,达到稳态的时间减少70%,且未产生稳态误差。
2)在L-VPP的控制系统下,燃煤机组变负荷速率的提升可以缩短频率稳态时间,但会增大稳态误差。当燃煤机组的变负荷速率从1%THA/min提高至3%THA/min,功率阶跃增加10 MW时,L-VPP达到稳态的时间最多缩短45.5%。不同速率下的NADIR保持不变,稳态误差最多增加0.09 Hz。
3)协调控制策略显著提升了L-VPP的频率响应能力和运行稳定性。协调策略包括应对电池储能功率短缺的循环判定部分以及应对变负荷速率提升的辅助功率指令。策略有效优化了储能容量短缺时的频率响应过程,使NADIR降低0.06 Hz,稳态时间缩短18.6%。同时,提升变负荷速率后,策略在缩短频率稳态时间的同时减少稳态误差,平均降低0.11 Hz。以稳态误差低于频率死区为目标,策略将燃煤机组变负荷速率从不足3.50 MW/min提升至7.00 MW/min。协调控制策略的建立确保了L-VPP在频率响应过程中的安全、高效运行,进一步增强了可再生能源的消纳能力。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4202400)
  • 陕西省创新能力支撑计划(2023-LL-QY-29)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411230
  • 接收时间:2024-11-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-19
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4202400)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4202400)
Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(2023-LL-QY-29)
陕西省创新能力支撑计划(2023-LL-QY-29)
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    西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

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种道彤(1978),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为热力系统和多相流,
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