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Article(id=1236323802028757191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202411250, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731427200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772692164189, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772692164189, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772692164189, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692164189, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236323797054312545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772692163003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692223569, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=46, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236323802334941400, articleId=1236323802028757191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Heat pump-Kalina cycle Carnot battery driven by extracted steam in coal-fired power station and its performance evaluation, columnId=1236321537943458718, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on energy storage and power generation coupling technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As an emerging large-scale electricity storage technology, the Carnot battery has the advantages of low cost, large capacity, and being free from geographical limitations. Aiming at the current situation that the low discharge cycle efficiency restrains further improvement of round-trip efficiency of the Carnot battery, combined with the heat demand of the thermally integrated Carnot battery and the relatively high discharge efficiency of the Kalina cycle, a heat pumped-Kalina cycle Carnot battery system driven by extraction steam of a coal-fired power station is proposed. A thermodynamic model of the Carnot battery system is established, and the influences of thermal energy storage temperature, temperature difference in thermal energy storage, and ammonia mass fraction on thermodynamic performance of the Carnot battery are mainly studied. The results show that, with different temperature differences of thermal energy storage and at different temperatures, the round-trip efficiency can reach 44.8%~108.0%. With the increase of the ammonia mass fraction, the round-trip efficiency will be significantly improved. However, when the ammonia mass fraction exceeds 90%, the efficiency will drop sharply, and the Kalina cycle is close to a one-component cycle. Therefore, when designing a Carnot battery based on the Kalina cycle, the ammonia mass fraction should be controlled within 80%~90%.

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卡诺电池作为一种新兴的大规模储电技术，具有成本低、容量大、不受地域限制等优点。针对放电循环效率较低抑制卡诺电池能效进一步提升的现状，结合热集成卡诺电池的热需求及Kalina循环较高的放电效率，提出了燃煤电站抽汽驱动的热泵-Kalina循环卡诺电池系统，建立了卡诺电池系统热力学模型，重点研究了储热温度、储热温差以及氨水质量分数对卡诺电池热力学性能的影响。结果表明：不同储热温差以及储热温度下，往返效率可介于44.8%~108.0%；随着氨水质量分数增大，往返效率会显著提高，但氨水质量分数超过90%，效率会急剧下降，Kalina循环接近于一元循环。因此在设计基于Kalina循环的卡诺电池时，氨水质量分数应控制在80%~90%。

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张祥（1999），男，硕士，主要研究方向为能量系统分析、燃煤电站深度调峰优化，。
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杨勇（1980），男，高级工程师，主要从事电力生产技术与管理，火力发电经济运行，。

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杨勇（1980），男，高级工程师，主要从事电力生产技术与管理，火力发电经济运行，。

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杨勇（1980），男，高级工程师，主要从事电力生产技术与管理，火力发电经济运行，。

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Key information of the reference unit at 100%THA operating conditions

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项目数值
额定发电功率/MW1 020
额定工况下主蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)2 777.6
额定工况下主蒸汽温度/℃600
额定工况下主蒸汽质量流量/MPa27.00
额定工况下再热蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)2 326.0
额定工况下汽轮机背压/kPa5.88
最小技术出力最低稳燃负荷下的发电功率/MW380
), ArticleFig(id=1236323815396004630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323802028757191, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

案例机组100%THA工况下的关键参数

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项目数值
额定发电功率/MW1 020
额定工况下主蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)2 777.6
额定工况下主蒸汽温度/℃600
额定工况下主蒸汽质量流量/MPa27.00
额定工况下再热蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)2 326.0
额定工况下汽轮机背压/kPa5.88
最小技术出力最低稳燃负荷下的发电功率/MW380
), ArticleFig(id=1236323815488279323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323802028757191, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Key design parameters of the Carnot battery

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
充电循环过热、过冷温度/K0
压缩机等熵效率0.80
电动机效率0.95
放电循环基本溶液质量分数/%82
冷凝温度/℃8
过热/过冷温度/K0
蒸发器端差/K10
蒸发器最小换热温差/K4
透平等熵效率0.87
泵等熵效率0.80
发电机效率0.96
回热器压损/MPa0.1
冷却水温度/℃5
储热过程热损失0
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卡诺电池的关键设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
充电循环过热、过冷温度/K0
压缩机等熵效率0.80
电动机效率0.95
放电循环基本溶液质量分数/%82
冷凝温度/℃8
过热/过冷温度/K0
蒸发器端差/K10
蒸发器最小换热温差/K4
透平等熵效率0.87
泵等熵效率0.80
发电机效率0.96
回热器压损/MPa0.1
冷却水温度/℃5
储热过程热损失0
), ArticleFig(id=1236323815685411623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323802028757191, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Accuracy verification for the Carnot battery unit model

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项目仿真
结果		参考
参数		相对
误差
充电循环（热泵）压缩机进口压力/MPa0.5810.5810
压缩机出口压力/MPa1.6361.638-0.10%
压缩机进口温度/℃90900
压缩机出口温度/℃137.00137.05-0.04%
节流阀进口温度/℃84.384.30
节流阀出口温度/℃75750
有机工质质量流量/(kg·s–1)0.4980.503-0.99%
放电循环（Kal-ina循环）分离器进口质量流量/(kg·s–1)16.87116.8000.42%
透平进口质量流量/(kg·s–1)11.46411.4000.56%
一级回热器进口质量流量/(kg·s–1)5.4075.4000.13%
透平进口压力/MPa3.233.230
透平出口压力/MPa0.660.660
透平进口温度/℃1161160
透平出口温度/℃42.73443.000-0.62%
冷凝器进口压力/MPa0.560.560
冷凝器出口压力/MPa0.460.460
冷凝器进口温度/℃29.88130.000-0.40%
泵进口压力/MPa0.460.460
泵出口压力/MPa3.533.530
泵出口温度/℃8.2148.0002.68%
泵耗功/kW95.596.1-0.62%
), ArticleFig(id=1236323815790269230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323802028757191, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

卡诺电池单元模型精确度验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目仿真
结果		参考
参数		相对
误差
充电循环（热泵）压缩机进口压力/MPa0.5810.5810
压缩机出口压力/MPa1.6361.638-0.10%
压缩机进口温度/℃90900
压缩机出口温度/℃137.00137.05-0.04%
节流阀进口温度/℃84.384.30
节流阀出口温度/℃75750
有机工质质量流量/(kg·s–1)0.4980.503-0.99%
放电循环（Kal-ina循环）分离器进口质量流量/(kg·s–1)16.87116.8000.42%
透平进口质量流量/(kg·s–1)11.46411.4000.56%
一级回热器进口质量流量/(kg·s–1)5.4075.4000.13%
透平进口压力/MPa3.233.230
透平出口压力/MPa0.660.660
透平进口温度/℃1161160
透平出口温度/℃42.73443.000-0.62%
冷凝器进口压力/MPa0.560.560
冷凝器出口压力/MPa0.460.460
冷凝器进口温度/℃29.88130.000-0.40%
泵进口压力/MPa0.460.460
泵出口压力/MPa3.533.530
泵出口温度/℃8.2148.0002.68%
泵耗功/kW95.596.1-0.62%
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燃煤电站抽汽驱动的热泵-Kalina循环卡诺电池及其性能评估
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杨勇 1 , 徐书德 2 , 张祥 3 , 周元祥 4 , 李杨 4 , 王思远 3 , 朱锐 3 , 温斌 3 , 邹莹 5
热力发电 | 储能与发电耦合技术研究专题 2025,54(9): 46-53
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热力发电 | 储能与发电耦合技术研究专题 2025, 54(9): 46-53
燃煤电站抽汽驱动的热泵-Kalina循环卡诺电池及其性能评估
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杨勇1 , 徐书德2, 张祥3 , 周元祥4, 李杨4, 王思远3, 朱锐3, 温斌3, 邹莹5
作者信息
  • 1.国能河北定州发电有限责任公司，河北　定州　073099
  • 2.浙江省能源集团有限公司，浙江　杭州　310007
  • 3.西安益通热工技术服务有限责任公司，陕西　西安　710016
  • 4.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054
  • 5.西安交通大学外国语学院，陕西　西安　710049

    • 杨勇（1980），男，高级工程师，主要从事电力生产技术与管理，火力发电经济运行，。

通讯作者:

张祥（1999），男，硕士，主要研究方向为能量系统分析、燃煤电站深度调峰优化，。
Heat pump-Kalina cycle Carnot battery driven by extracted steam in coal-fired power station and its performance evaluation
Yong YANG1 , Shude XU2, Xiang ZHANG3 , Yuanxiang ZHOU4, Yang LI4, Siyuan WANG3, Rui ZHU3, Bin WEN3, Ying ZOU5
Affiliations
  • 1.State Power Hebei Dingzhou Power Generation Co., Ltd., Dingzhou 073099, China
  • 2.Zhejiang Provincial Energy Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China
  • 3.Xi’an Yitong Thermal Service Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 4.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 5.Shool of Foreign Studies, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411250
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摘要
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卡诺电池作为一种新兴的大规模储电技术，具有成本低、容量大、不受地域限制等优点。针对放电循环效率较低抑制卡诺电池能效进一步提升的现状，结合热集成卡诺电池的热需求及Kalina循环较高的放电效率，提出了燃煤电站抽汽驱动的热泵-Kalina循环卡诺电池系统，建立了卡诺电池系统热力学模型，重点研究了储热温度、储热温差以及氨水质量分数对卡诺电池热力学性能的影响。结果表明：不同储热温差以及储热温度下，往返效率可介于44.8%~108.0%；随着氨水质量分数增大，往返效率会显著提高，但氨水质量分数超过90%，效率会急剧下降，Kalina循环接近于一元循环。因此在设计基于Kalina循环的卡诺电池时，氨水质量分数应控制在80%~90%。

卡诺电池  /  Kalina循环  /  热泵  /  热集成  /  热力学分析

As an emerging large-scale electricity storage technology, the Carnot battery has the advantages of low cost, large capacity, and being free from geographical limitations. Aiming at the current situation that the low discharge cycle efficiency restrains further improvement of round-trip efficiency of the Carnot battery, combined with the heat demand of the thermally integrated Carnot battery and the relatively high discharge efficiency of the Kalina cycle, a heat pumped-Kalina cycle Carnot battery system driven by extraction steam of a coal-fired power station is proposed. A thermodynamic model of the Carnot battery system is established, and the influences of thermal energy storage temperature, temperature difference in thermal energy storage, and ammonia mass fraction on thermodynamic performance of the Carnot battery are mainly studied. The results show that, with different temperature differences of thermal energy storage and at different temperatures, the round-trip efficiency can reach 44.8%~108.0%. With the increase of the ammonia mass fraction, the round-trip efficiency will be significantly improved. However, when the ammonia mass fraction exceeds 90%, the efficiency will drop sharply, and the Kalina cycle is close to a one-component cycle. Therefore, when designing a Carnot battery based on the Kalina cycle, the ammonia mass fraction should be controlled within 80%~90%.

Carnot battery  /  Kalina cycle  /  heat pump  /  thermal integration  /  thermodynamic analysis
杨勇, 徐书德, 张祥, 周元祥, 李杨, 王思远, 朱锐, 温斌, 邹莹. 燃煤电站抽汽驱动的热泵-Kalina循环卡诺电池及其性能评估. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (9) : 46 -53 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411250
Yong YANG, Shude XU, Xiang ZHANG, Yuanxiang ZHOU, Yang LI, Siyuan WANG, Rui ZHU, Bin WEN, Ying ZOU. Heat pump-Kalina cycle Carnot battery driven by extracted steam in coal-fired power station and its performance evaluation[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (9) : 46 -53 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411250
正文
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构建以新能源为主体的电力系统成为推动能源转型的重要方式[1]。由于风电和光伏发电的出力受气象条件制约，呈现显著的波动性和间歇性，导致新能源电力系统运行不确定性增加，进而引发大规模的“弃风”和“弃光”现象[2]。受我国以煤炭为主的能源结构影响，燃煤发电在电力供应中仍占主导地位。推动大规模高效储能应用以及挖掘燃煤电站深度调峰能力被认为是保障新能源电力充分消纳的重要途径。
卡诺电池技术包括布雷顿型和朗肯型2大类[3-4]，布雷顿型卡诺电池虽然效率低于电池和抽水蓄能[5]，然而却具备储能密度高和储能成本相对较低等特点[6]，不过其充电循环压缩机的排放温度一般在500 ℃左右[7]，已接近目前压缩机技术的极限。相比之下，朗肯型卡诺电池的储热温区（低于200 ℃）通常较低[8]，如何在较低的存储温度提高往返效率是需要解决的问题[9]。
目前提升其效率的主要思路是在充电循环（热泵）侧耦合低品位热能（如地热能、太阳能[10-11]、工业余热等），降低蒸发过程与冷凝过程的温差提高其性能系数（COP）[12]，从而使卡诺电池实现更高的储电效率[3,13-14]。
此外，卡诺电池与不同热源进行集成时，需将其对热源的影响纳入考量范围。燃煤电站作为一种具备可调节特性的电源，以电站抽汽充当卡诺电池的热源，可提升充电循环的蒸发温度。通过这种方式，不但能够提高卡诺电池的往返效率，而且有助于降低煤电的最小技术出力。有机朗肯循环（organic Rankine cycle，ORC）采用纯工质或简单混合工质，其蒸发和冷凝过程基本等温。以往研究中，学者们大多以ORC作为放电循环，但其与变温热源的匹配性欠佳，较低的热电转换效率抑制卡诺电池能效进一步提升[15]。有机闪蒸循环（organic flash cycle，OFC）在闪蒸过程中近似等温蒸发，与变温热源的匹配性也相对较差。而Kalina循环是以二元氨水混合物作为工质，其在蒸发和冷凝过程中温度是变化的，能更好地与热源和冷源的温度变化相匹配，减少传热过程中的㶲损失，从而进一步提高循环效率[16]。
本文讨论了Kalina热力循环在卡诺电池中的应用前景，并提出了燃煤电站抽汽驱动的热泵-Kalina循环的卡诺电池储能系统概念。针对不同Kalina循环结构的卡诺电池系统研究了Kalina循环关键参数对整个卡诺电池性能的影响。为卡诺电池在不同储热温度下的参数优化以及系统结构选型提供参考。
1　系统描述
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1.1　概念系统
燃煤电站抽汽驱动的热泵-Kalina循环卡诺电池耦合系统示意如图1所示。
该耦合系统由燃煤电站单元和卡诺电池单元组成。卡诺电池单元包括充电循环（热泵HP）、蓄热装置和放电循环（Kalina循环），以电站中的低压抽汽作为卡诺电池蒸发热源，该集成模式有望增加卡诺电池充电循环性能。借助电力需求低谷期冗余的新能源电力，低压抽汽通过卡诺电池充电循环高效制热存储。在用电时段放电循环完成放电代替部分煤电发电需求，从而降低电站单元碳排放。
1.2　运行模式
1）深度调峰模式　适用于电力需求低谷期，当可再生能源消纳需求大于电网中现有的调节电源（大型储能设施或可调节电站），燃煤电站单元以最小技术出力运行，卡诺电池需要以最大能力消纳可再生能源弃电。
2）储能利用模式　适用于非低谷期，且储能介质尚有存量的时段。卡诺电池单元进行放电，而燃煤电站单元根据电网需求与卡诺电池放电之间的差值进行发电。因此，燃煤电站单元的部分发电需求可以由储存的可再生能源替代。
3）无储能运行模式　适用于非低谷期，且储能介质没有存量的时段，该集成系统如同常规燃煤电站运行。
1.3　系统运行原理
热泵-Kalina循环的卡诺电池储能系统充电循环依据逆卡诺电池循环运作（图1），此过程中的设备包括蒸发器、冷凝器、压缩机以及节流阀。首先，有机工质在蒸发器中被电站抽汽加热并汽化（过程1—2），随后气态制冷剂被压缩机吸入并压缩成高温高压态（过程2—3）；有机工质再在冷凝器中向储热源释热并重新冷凝为液态（过程3—4）；最后经节流阀降压降温恢复为低温低压液态完成循环（过程4—1）。储热单元以特定储热介质吸收热泵热量存储（过程5—6），根据需求向Kalina循环稳定释热，驱动其运转（过程7—8）。
放电循环中的设备有蒸发器、分离器、透平、混合器、冷凝器以及泵。氨-水工质于蒸发器内吸收热量，其中低沸点氨优先蒸发（过程9—10），经分离器后形成富氨蒸汽与富水液相（过程10—11），富氨蒸汽随后进入汽轮机膨胀做功（过程11—12），随后乏汽进入混合器与贫氨溶液混合（过程12—13），进入冷凝器释放热量并凝结（过程13—14），经泵加压后再次进入蒸发器（过程14—9），如此循环往复。
2　模型搭建及评价方法
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2.1　研究对象介绍
本研究以某超超临界1 020 MW燃煤机组为研究对象，燃煤机组系统流程如图2所示，借助Ebsilion热力系统仿真软件平台建立模型（图3）。
燃煤机组关键参数见表1，卡诺电池的关键设计参数见表2。
燃煤电站单元按照省调计划负荷曲线运行，在锅炉及汽轮机安全运行下，电站最小技术出力为380 MW。以抽汽作为卡诺电池外部热源，抽汽量受汽轮机低压缸末级最小流通量限制。卡诺电池单元放电循环采用双回热型Kalina循环。以R1233zd(E)作为充电循环工质、氨水作为放电循环工质，R1233zd(E)和氨水均被认为是能效较高且无毒无害的工质。采用双相显热储热形式，以加压水作为储热介质，优势在于经济成本低、成熟度较高。
2.2　集成系统设计
基于燃煤电站深度调峰特性以及卡诺电池热需求特征进行系统集成。本研究中的集成系统主要设定如下：1）以燃煤电站抽汽作为卡诺电池充电循环的蒸发热源，抽汽温度150 ℃、压力0.082 MPa；2）充电过程与放电过程之间无储热损失；3）卡诺电池充电功率恒定为10 MW；4）卡诺电池一直处于稳定状态，且所使用压缩机、透平的等熵效率以及机械效率都是恒定的；5）蓄热罐温度介于125~ 165 ℃，主要受蒸发器最小换热温差以及氨水工质质量分数约束。设定储热温度125 ℃使Kalina循环蒸发器最小换热温差约为0 K，接近极限值。除储热温差40 K，储热温度介于125~130 ℃时不满足设定值外，其他工况均满足蒸发器最小换热温差4 K的设定值，研究时不以极限值限制作为硬性约束，但标记出相关的数据以供参考。
2.3　精确度验证
为验证模型精确度，电站侧将模拟数据与电站多工况的热力试验数据进行对比（图4）。卡诺电池侧，选取参考文献中卡诺电池模型相同的边界参数，对压缩机耗功、各管道的参数进行对比，相对误差不超过2%[17]。Kalina循环选取与文献[18]中相同的热力学模型和边界参数，对各管道温度、氨水质量分数以及质量流量等关键参数进行对比（表3），对比结果发现，模拟结果与文献中的数据基本一致，各工况相对误差不超过0.20%，从而认为本研究中的模型具有较高的精确度。
2.4　评价指标
往返效率εrt,CB是评价卡诺电池性能的基本指标，整个储能过程应包含能量存储过程与储能释放过程，因此往返效率εrt,CB可以表示为：
εrt,CB=W˙disW˙ch
式中：W˙dis和W˙ch分别为充电功率与放电功率，MW。
充电功率和放电功率都在电能输入和输出的过程中考虑了部件损耗（如发电机、电动机等）及卡诺电池自身用电。若热泵所产生的热功率Q˙HP与Kalina循环释放的热功率相等Q˙KCS34，往返效率εrt,CB还可以与充放电循环性能指标之间构建联系，可表示为：
εrt,CB=W˙disW˙ch=Q˙HPW˙ch⋅Q˙KCS34Q˙HP⋅W˙disQ˙KCS34=COP⋅ηTES⋅ηKCS34
式中：COP为热泵性能系数；ηTES为储热效率；ηKCS34为Kalina循环热效率。式(2)中往返效率的定义侧重于电能的输入与输出，并未计入辅热代价，因此往返效率数值可以大于1。
㶲效率ηex,CBU为：
ηex,CBU=W˙dis,CBU[m˙SE(exSE−exCW)+W˙ch,CBU]
式中：m˙SE和exSE分别为抽汽质量流量和单位质量㶲，kg/s和kJ/kg；exCW为回流到电站单元的凝结水单位质量㶲，kJ/kg；W˙dis,CBU和W˙ch,CBU分别为卡诺电池单元（CBU）充电功率与放电功率，MW。
3　结果与讨论
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3.1　储热温度对卡诺电池能效的影响
不同储热温差（蓄热罐和蓄冷罐之间的温差）ΔT下，储热温度对卡诺电池能效的影响如图5所示。Kalina循环热效率与储热温度之间的关系如图6所示。不同储热温差下，尽管储能规模保持不变（充电功率10 MW），但随着储热温度（蓄热罐温度）的上升，卡诺电池的往返效率可以介于44.8%~108.0%（图5a)）。相较于前人研究中[19]的往返效率，两者水平相似，主要归因于集成低压抽汽提高了热泵的蒸发温度与储热温度，使热泵COP介于2.64~7.56（图5b)），Kalina循环热效率提升到了14.25%~16.97%（图6）。
随着储热温度升高，卡诺电池往返效率及充电循环COP均呈现下降趋势。主要原因是：随着储热温度上升，卡诺电池储能规模和汽源压力不变导致抽汽流量减小，进而增大了充电循环压缩机压比，最终导致COP降低（图5b)）；其次，随着储热温度上升，Kalina循环透平入口温度不断升高，在相同入口压力下，分离器中氨水溶液的温度升高，使得Kalina循环热效率也逐渐提升。放电循环效率的提升部分弥补了COP下降，使往返效率曲线逐渐趋于平缓。
另外，在储热温度125 ℃、储热温差40 K时，放电功率处于最佳值（图5c)）。主要原因是充电循环COP高，尽管此时放电循环效率最低，但储热温度对COP的影响要远远超过放电循环效率。此外，随着储热温度增加，不同储热温差下，㶲效率可以介于33.26%~45.78%（图5d)）。卡诺电池㶲效率均呈现下降的趋势，且储热温差越小，下降的趋势越发明显。主要原因是温差越小放电循环工质质量流量越低，致使放电功率不断下降，且下降的幅度远远超过抽汽㶲的需求。
3.2　氨水质量分数对系统性能的影响
氨水质量分数对卡诺电池能效的影响如图7所示。不同储热温区下，尽管储能规模保持不变（充电功率10 MW），但随着氨水质量分数上升，卡诺电池的往返效率可以介于57.92%~94.15%（图7a)）。随着氨水质量分数上升，卡诺电池往返效率先升高并达到最大值，然后急剧降低。随着氨水质量分数增大且沸点逐渐升高，蒸发过程出现温度滑移现象愈发明显，进而使整个蒸发过程更加充分地利用热源。但氨水质量分数为90%是热效率的转折点，超过90%时，Kalina循环已经接近于一个标准的纯工质循环，效率急剧下降（图7b)）。这是因为氨水质量浓度越高，沸点越低，导致发生器中蒸发出来氨气的量增加，使汽轮机输出功增加。进一步增大氨水质量分数，受系统压力和高温热源的共同影响，循环效率甚至出现出负增长。这也是氨水工质的浓度存在最佳值，往返效率和放电功率呈现先升高后降低的原因（图7c)）。
此外，储热温度的下降可使这个转折点向后偏移，Kalina循环热效率也下降，但往返效率却呈现出上升的趋势，其主要原因是充电循环COP上升遏制了往返效率的下降。因此在设计基于Kalina循环的卡诺电池时，氨水质量分数应控制在80%~90%。
随着氨水质量分数增大，㶲效率可以介于37.68%~46.22%，且同样呈现出先增大后降低的趋势。其主要原因在于储热温区和充电功率一定的情况下，卡诺电池充电单元输入㶲是恒定的，随着Kalina循环氨水质量分数的增大，氨的质量浓度越高，沸点越低，从而导致发生器中蒸发出来的氨气增加使得放电功率增加，进而㶲效率逐渐增大。对于Kalina循环氨气的蒸发量受系统压力和高温热源的共同影响，压力和热源不变时，单纯增加氨水的质量浓度不但不会显著增大进入汽轮机的氨气量，而且由于浓度的进一步升高，其蒸发和冷凝过程中变温现象逐渐消失造成不可逆损失增大，最终导致卡诺电池㶲效率的转折点开始下降。
4　结论
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针对放电循环效率较低抑制卡诺电池能效进一步提升的现状，本研究以Kalina循环作为放电循环，以燃煤电站抽汽作为卡诺电池系统的外部热源，建立了卡诺电池系统热力学模型，研究了不同储热温度、储热温差以及氨水质量分数对卡诺电池热力学性能的影响，主要结论如下。
1）燃煤电站抽汽驱动的热泵-Kalina循环卡诺电池系统，在不同储热温度以及储热温差下，往返效率可介于44.8%~108.0%，主要归因于集成抽汽提高了热泵COP及放电循环效率。
2）随着氨水质量分数增大且沸点逐渐升高，蒸发过程的温度滑移现象愈发明显，卡诺电池往返效率可以介于57.92%~94.15%，但氨水质量分数超过90%，效率会急剧下降，Kalina循环接近于一元循环。因此在设计基于Kalina循环的卡诺电池时，氨水质量分数应控制在80%~90%。
3）随着氨水质量分数的增大，Kalina循环的㶲损不断增大，放电循环进出口㶲降增大，致使卡诺电池放电功率增大，两者相互作用下，卡诺电池㶲效率不断增大，但增大的速率逐渐减小。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411250
  • 接收时间：2024-11-13
  • 首发时间：2026-03-05
  • 出版时间：2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-11-13
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    1.国能河北定州发电有限责任公司，河北　定州　073099
    2.浙江省能源集团有限公司，浙江　杭州　310007
    3.西安益通热工技术服务有限责任公司，陕西　西安　710016
    4.西安热工研究院有限公司，陕西　西安　710054
    5.西安交通大学外国语学院，陕西　西安　710049

通讯作者:

张祥（1999），男，硕士，主要研究方向为能量系统分析、燃煤电站深度调峰优化，。
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