Article(id=1236323801621909676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202411239, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732464000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772692164092, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772692164092, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772692164092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692164092, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236323797054312545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772692163003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692223569, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=145, endPage=153, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236323801928093885, articleId=1236323801621909676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of cooling tower for low-temperature adsorption of co-fired flue gas, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Low-temperature adsorption technology for coal-fired flue gas pollutants can synergistically remove various pollutants and achieve near-zero emission. Focusing on the key equipment of this technology, flue gas spray cooling tower, ANSYS Fluent software is used to simulate the inside of the tower, and the impacts of various parameters are analyzed. The results indicate that, increasing the spray height effectively extends the contact time between flue gas and cooling water, thus significantly enhances heat exchange. Reducing the temperature of the cooling water strengthens the tower’s cooling capacity. Additionally, moderately reducing the inlet flue gas velocity increases its residence time in the tower, promoting more thorough heat exchange. Reducing the droplet diameter of the cooling water enhances the heat transfer efficiency by increasing the contact area. Enlarging the spray angle extends the residence time of cooling water within the tower and lengthens the contact duration with flue gas, boosting heat exchange. Increasing the cooling water flow rate expands the heat exchange area, further improving the heat transfer performance. The addition of packing material improves the heat exchange capacity of the tower while conserving cooling water. Comprehensively optimizing these parameters can substantially reduce the temperature of cooled flue gas, providing theoretical support for the design, manufacturing, and optimization of spray cooling towers in the low-temperature adsorption technology for coal-fired flue gas pollutants.

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低温吸附协同脱除燃煤烟气污染物技术是一种有效的污染控制手段,能够实现多种污染物的近零排放。聚焦烟气喷淋冷却塔,采用ANSYS Fluent软件对冷却塔内部进行了数值模拟,分析了多种参数的影响。研究表明:增大喷淋高度,可以有效延长烟气与冷却水的接触时间,从而显著增强换热效果;降低喷淋冷却水的温度能强化冷却塔的降温能力;此外,适当减少入口烟气的流速可以增加烟气在塔内的滞留时间,有助于气液热量交换更为充分;减小冷却水液滴的直径可以增加接触面积,增强换热;增大喷淋角度可以增加冷却水在喷淋冷却塔内的滞留时间,延长烟气与冷却水之间接触时间,增强换热;增大冷却水流量可以增大烟气与冷却水的换热面积,增强换热;填料的设置可以有效提高喷淋冷却塔的换热能力,同时节约冷却水用量。综合优化这些参数可以有效降低冷却烟气的温度,为低温吸附协同脱除燃煤烟气污染物技术中喷淋冷却塔的设计制造及优化提供了理论支持。

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李珂(1987),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为生物固碳,及碳中和技术,
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王新烨(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃煤烟气污染物控制与碳减排,

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王新烨(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃煤烟气污染物控制与碳减排,

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caption=The flue gas temperatures at outlet of the cooling tower with/without packing at different cooling water flows, figureFileSmall=E3mlqWRY8ZUroKdM2M1KEQ==, figureFileBig=kDEBMraRoelXLn7K1Fq5EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323817824506753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323801621909676, language=CN, label=图17, caption=不同冷却水流量下有无填料冷却塔出口烟温对比, figureFileSmall=E3mlqWRY8ZUroKdM2M1KEQ==, figureFileBig=kDEBMraRoelXLn7K1Fq5EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323817933558661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323801621909676, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Structural parameters of the cooling tower

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项目数值
塔体内径/mm9 000
塔高/m33.913
入口面积/ m230
入口烟气流量(标准工况)/(m3·h–1)522 723
入口烟气温度/℃100
), ArticleFig(id=1236323818025833353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323801621909676, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冷却塔结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
塔体内径/mm9 000
塔高/m33.913
入口面积/ m230
入口烟气流量(标准工况)/(m3·h–1)522 723
入口烟气温度/℃100
), ArticleFig(id=1236323819531588496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323801621909676, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Inlet flue gas composition

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成分数值
O2质量分数/%6.39
CO2质量分数/%12.9
N2质量分数/%80.59
SO2质量浓度(标准工况)/(mg·m–3)3 933
NO质量浓度(标准工况)/(mg·m–3)600
), ArticleFig(id=1236323819628057490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323801621909676, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

进口烟气成分

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成分数值
O2质量分数/%6.39
CO2质量分数/%12.9
N2质量分数/%80.59
SO2质量浓度(标准工况)/(mg·m–3)3 933
NO质量浓度(标准工况)/(mg·m–3)600
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燃煤烟气低温吸附冷却塔数值模拟燃煤烟气低温吸附冷却塔数值模拟
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王新烨 1 , 李珂 1 , 黄珂楠 1 , 施子福 2 , 李培 2 , 周永刚 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(9): 145-153
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(9): 145-153
燃煤烟气低温吸附冷却塔数值模拟燃煤烟气低温吸附冷却塔数值模拟
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王新烨1 , 李珂1 , 黄珂楠1, 施子福2, 李培2, 周永刚2
作者信息
  • 1.浙江科技大学能源与环境系统工程系,浙江 杭州 310023
  • 2.浙江大学能源清洁利用国家重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310027
  • 王新烨(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃煤烟气污染物控制与碳减排,

通讯作者:

李珂(1987),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为生物固碳,及碳中和技术,
Numerical simulation of cooling tower for low-temperature adsorption of co-fired flue gas
Xinye WANG1 , Ke LI1 , Kenan HUANG1, Zifu SHI2, Pei LI2, Yonggang ZHOU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Energy and Environment System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
  • 2.State key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411239
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低温吸附协同脱除燃煤烟气污染物技术是一种有效的污染控制手段,能够实现多种污染物的近零排放。聚焦烟气喷淋冷却塔,采用ANSYS Fluent软件对冷却塔内部进行了数值模拟,分析了多种参数的影响。研究表明:增大喷淋高度,可以有效延长烟气与冷却水的接触时间,从而显著增强换热效果;降低喷淋冷却水的温度能强化冷却塔的降温能力;此外,适当减少入口烟气的流速可以增加烟气在塔内的滞留时间,有助于气液热量交换更为充分;减小冷却水液滴的直径可以增加接触面积,增强换热;增大喷淋角度可以增加冷却水在喷淋冷却塔内的滞留时间,延长烟气与冷却水之间接触时间,增强换热;增大冷却水流量可以增大烟气与冷却水的换热面积,增强换热;填料的设置可以有效提高喷淋冷却塔的换热能力,同时节约冷却水用量。综合优化这些参数可以有效降低冷却烟气的温度,为低温吸附协同脱除燃煤烟气污染物技术中喷淋冷却塔的设计制造及优化提供了理论支持。

低温吸附  /  喷淋冷却塔  /  数值模拟  /  多相流

Low-temperature adsorption technology for coal-fired flue gas pollutants can synergistically remove various pollutants and achieve near-zero emission. Focusing on the key equipment of this technology, flue gas spray cooling tower, ANSYS Fluent software is used to simulate the inside of the tower, and the impacts of various parameters are analyzed. The results indicate that, increasing the spray height effectively extends the contact time between flue gas and cooling water, thus significantly enhances heat exchange. Reducing the temperature of the cooling water strengthens the tower’s cooling capacity. Additionally, moderately reducing the inlet flue gas velocity increases its residence time in the tower, promoting more thorough heat exchange. Reducing the droplet diameter of the cooling water enhances the heat transfer efficiency by increasing the contact area. Enlarging the spray angle extends the residence time of cooling water within the tower and lengthens the contact duration with flue gas, boosting heat exchange. Increasing the cooling water flow rate expands the heat exchange area, further improving the heat transfer performance. The addition of packing material improves the heat exchange capacity of the tower while conserving cooling water. Comprehensively optimizing these parameters can substantially reduce the temperature of cooled flue gas, providing theoretical support for the design, manufacturing, and optimization of spray cooling towers in the low-temperature adsorption technology for coal-fired flue gas pollutants.

low temperature adsorption  /  spray cooling tower  /  numerical simulation  /  multiphase flow
王新烨, 李珂, 黄珂楠, 施子福, 李培, 周永刚. 燃煤烟气低温吸附冷却塔数值模拟燃煤烟气低温吸附冷却塔数值模拟. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (9) : 145 -153 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411239
Xinye WANG, Ke LI, Kenan HUANG, Zifu SHI, Pei LI, Yonggang ZHOU. Numerical simulation of cooling tower for low-temperature adsorption of co-fired flue gas[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (9) : 145 -153 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411239
近年来,虽然煤炭在我国能源消费总量中的占比不断下降,但富煤、贫油、少气的能源资源禀赋和新能源尚未可靠替代传统资源的现状都决定了以煤为主的能源结构在短期内难以改变,煤炭仍将是能源供应的“压舱石”和“稳定器”[1]。SO2和NOx是燃煤烟气中的主要污染物,不仅会造成酸雨、光化学烟雾和臭氧层空洞等,还会影响人体健康,诱发一系列疾病[2-3]。依据《锅炉绿色低碳高质量发展行动方案》,到2030年,燃煤电站锅炉全面实现超低排放,为SO2和NOx的治理提出了更高要求。
目前,大型锅炉的烟气处理大多采用的是湿烟气脱硫(WFGD)和选择性催化还原(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)脱硝技术。我国电力行业现在已投产的脱硫工艺有92%以上为湿式石灰石/石膏法[4],这种单一的方式决定了石灰石资源消耗巨大的现状。SCR脱硝效率一般能达到90%以上,但容易出现氨逃逸,尤其是在催化剂失活后,氨逃逸问题将更加严重,极易造成二次污染[5]。低温吸附协同脱除燃煤烟气污染物(COAP)技术是一种新型的烟气SO2和NOx控制技术(图1),是将烟气冷却至-20 ℃后,利用活性炭吸附烟气中的SO2和NOx等,从而实现燃煤烟气污染物近零排放[6],既摆脱了对石灰的依赖,也降低了氨的二次污染。虽然,该技术已在岳阳电厂和连云港石化产业园等地展开了中试项目,但喷淋冷却塔内喷淋高度、喷淋温度、喷淋速度、烟气流量等参数的最优解还不明确。
喷淋塔结构、喷淋角度、喷淋高度、气液比、液滴直径、烟气流量、烟气温度等均对喷淋塔流场分布或脱硫传质传热过程有显著影响。闫景路[3]在脱硫塔中布置气体分布器,改善了烟气在脱硫塔内的速度分布,提高了脱硫效率。Tao等人[7]通过对烟气脱硫过程进行仿真,得出入口烟气温度和喷淋液滴的流量是影响脱硫效率的重要因素。Li等人[8]通过对脱硫塔的数值模拟,探究出来液气比和烟气流量对脱硫塔脱硫效率的影响。潘文慧[9]以压力损失为评判标准,研究了气速和气液比对脱硫效率的影响。Hong等人[10-11]通过对脱硫塔进行数值模拟,发现液滴速度、液滴直径和喷嘴布置都会对脱硫效率产生影响。李睿[12]通过对卧式脱硫塔的仿真,得出喷淋高度会影响脱硫效率的结果。
填料是冷却塔的核心部件,填料将喷淋装置喷出来的喷淋水分散开,使烟气与喷淋水之间的接触时间面积变大,接触时间变长,从而强化烟气与水之间的换热[13]。研究表明,在余热回收过程中,填料也能够发挥强化换热的效果。马文君[14]和朱晓磊[15]等都通过缩比模型实验研究填料喷淋换热技术,发现与传统的换热器相比,填料喷淋换热器内的烟气流速和淋水密度更加均匀,而且换热效果足足提高了30%。Jiang等人[16]通过实验和数学模型研究了不同工况下的填料喷淋换热器的换热效率,结果显示,换热效率与填料的高度呈正比。
流体的均匀性对换热效果也起着十分重要的作用,通常流体的流动均匀性越好,对流换热的效果也越好。鄢曙光等[17]以增设塔环结构的大型湿法脱硫塔为研究对象,发现塔环在改善脱硫塔流场均匀性的同时,还降低了脱硫塔的平均温度,提高了脱硫效率。薄佳燕等[18]通过数值模拟的方法,提高了脱硫喷淋塔内的流场的均匀性,改善了塔内温度分布情况。张瀛[19]团队使用Fluent软件对脱硫塔的结构进行改良,改良后的脱硫塔在提高了烟气流速分布均匀性的同时,提高烟气与浆液之间的反应速度。因此,对具有冷却和洗涤烟气双重作用的喷淋冷却塔进行多种参数影响下的冷却效果研究,不仅有利于喷淋冷却塔的优化设计,而且可为烟气多污染的洗涤脱除机理研究提供可靠的环境信息。
本文以COAP技术中的喷淋冷却塔为研究对象,使用ANSYS fluent软件对冷却塔进行模拟,探究烟气流速、喷淋温度、喷淋高度、冷却水液滴直径、喷淋角度、冷却水流量、填料布置等因素对冷却塔出口温度和压差的影响,为COAP技术喷淋冷却塔的优化提供理论依据和设计指导。
冷却塔物理模型如图2所示,烟气与冷却水在雨区、填料区和喷淋区以逆流形式发生热交换,冷却后的烟气从冷却塔上方出口流出。冷却塔填料为玻璃钢材质,冷却塔的具体参数见表1,烟气成分见表2
针对冷却塔内涉及气、液两相的多相流仿真,做出如下假设:将烟气看作是一种不可压缩的牛顿流体;忽略气液之间的化学反应和相变;烟气与塔壁之间不存在换热;忽略冷却水在运动过程中发生的破碎、集聚等现象;进口烟气分布均匀。
冷却塔内的热烟气在仿真过程中属于连续相,所以烟气在仿真过程中遵循3大守恒定律。
质量方程:
xi(ρU)=Sm
式中:ρ为烟气密度,kg/m3U为烟气速度在i方向上的分量,m/s;xii方向上的坐标轴分量;Sm为质量源项[9,20-21]
动量方程:
ρt+div(ρUuj)=pt+div(μ.grad(uj))+Smo
式中:uj为流体在t时刻在j处的速度分量,m/s;p为静压,Pa;μ为烟气的动力黏度,m2/s;Smo为动量源项[9,22]
能量方程:
div(ρuiT)=div((μPr+μtPrt)gradT+Se
式中:T为烟气温度,℃;Pr为普朗特数;Prt为湍流普朗特数;Se为能量源项[8,22]
喷淋液滴在仿真过程中属于离散相,使用拉格朗日法进行描述,液滴的运动方程为:
dUpdt=FD(UUp)+g(ρpρ)ρp
式中:Up为液滴的速度,m/s;ρp为液滴密度,kg/m3g为重力,m/s2FD为单位质量液滴所受到的曳力。
烟气在向上运动的过程中会改变液滴的运动轨迹,连续相与离散相之间的耦合可以表示为:
F=[FD(UUp+F0]mpΔt
式中:F0为运动过程其他的作用力[21]
烟气与冷却水之间的换热公式如下:
mpcPdTpdt=hAp(TTp)+dmpdthfg
式中:mp为液滴质量,kg;cp为液滴比热容,J/(kg·K);Tp为液滴温度,℃;Ap为液滴表面积,m2T为烟气温度,℃;hfg为汽化潜热,J·/kg;h为对流换热系数,W/(m2·K)[22]
h=φdp(2+0.74Re0.5Pr0.33)
式中:φ为烟气导热系数,W/(m·K);dp为颗粒直径,m;Re为雷诺数;Pr为烟气普朗特数[22]
在填料的设定过程当中,可以把填料部分设定为多孔介质,而且通过在多孔介质中定义质量、动量、能量源项,可以模拟出该区域的复杂运输现象[23-24]。多孔介质的黏性阻力和惯性阻力的设定方法有2种,一种是通过多组实验数据拟合出阻力的大小,还有一种是通过公式计算:
C2=1C2[Ap/Af]21t
式中:C2为多孔介质的惯性阻力;Aj为孔面积;Ap为孔加实体的总面积;t为填料层的厚度;C的大小与雷诺数和填料层半径和高度的比值相关[25]
由于喷淋液滴在冷却塔中的体积占比小于烟气体积占比的10%,使用可变形部件模型(deformable part model,DPM)来描述离散相的液滴在冷却塔内的运动轨迹,连续相的烟气选择使用标准k-ε湍流模型模拟。烟气是由O2、CO2、NO等多种气体混合,因此使用组分运输方程来描述各气体成分的运输和扩散过程。为了完整观察液滴地运动轨迹,DPM在冷却塔壁面的条件是reflect,在入口、出口和塔底的条件是escape。使用SIMPLE算法进行压力-速度耦合,方程离散格式采用二阶迎风差分格式。
为了保证计算的准确性,选择数量约为4×104、1×105、2×105、4×105、7×105、1×106、3×106的网格(图3),分别计算无填料层和有填料层2种喷淋冷却塔的烟气进出口温度差和速度差(图4),对比优化网格数量。冷却塔进出口温度差对网格精度的要求较低,当网格数量为4×105时,即可同时达到有、无填料层的冷却塔进出口温度差计算值的稳定状态。而冷却塔进出口速度差对网格精度的要求较高,当网格数量达到1×106时,冷却塔计算值基本稳定,计算偏差为0.16 m/s。由于网格数量达到1×106后继续增加网格数量对计算结果无显著影响,计算选择网格数为1×106
为了验证所用模型的准确性,将某电厂烟气冷却塔的运行数据与仿真结果进行对比。由于现实中冷却塔的出口烟气是随着时间而不断变化的,所以在做仿真结果与实验结果对比的时候把数值模拟的计算方法从稳态运算改为瞬态运算,结果如图5所示。由图5可见,当运行时间为30 min时,仿真计算的出口平均温度为50.37 ℃,与电厂实际运行数据的最大误差为2.04%。这说明该模型具有较高的预测精度,可为研究冷却塔内气液传质传热提供可靠的理论依据。
当喷淋位置由10 m提高到18 m,冷却塔入口平均温度和出口平均温度之间的温差逐渐提高,由24.36 ℃提高至39.62 ℃,上升幅度达到62.64%;入口平均压力与出口平均压力之间的压差从107.15 Pa提高至188.62 Pa,上升幅度达到76.03%(图6)。这是由于烟气到达喷淋高度所需要的时间更长,热烟气与喷淋冷却水发生热交换的时间也越长,出口的烟气温度越低,同时,喷淋高度越高,冷却水在下落过程中获得动能越大,烟气会在冷却水作用下四散在冷却塔塔壁附近(图7),烟气需要消耗更多的动能才能继续向出口运动。由此可见,喷淋高度过低时,烟气和冷却水混合时间较短,会导致高温烟气逸出,提高喷淋高度有利于降低出口烟温,但当高度超过14 m后,冷却效果随喷淋高度变化差异较小。
不同喷淋冷却水温度(20、30、40、50、60 ℃)对冷却塔进出口温差和进出口压差的影响如图8所示。由图8可见,当冷却水温由40 ℃提高至50 ℃,进出口温差由34.45 ℃降低至28.93 ℃,而当冷却水进一步提高至60 ℃时,进出口温差继续降低至24.36 ℃。这是因为,随着冷却水温度的上升,烟气与冷却水之间的温差减小,热量从烟气转移到冷却水的速度变慢,导致入口平均温度与出口平均温度之间的温差减小。冷却水温度对冷却塔压差的影响很小,当冷却水由20 ℃提高至60 ℃,冷却塔的压差只升高了2.66 Pa。
烟气进口速度(1、3、5、6、7 m/s)对烟气出口温度和进出压差的影响如图9所示。结果显示,在冷却塔烟气速度从1 m/s升至5 m/s时,出口平均温度从64.80 ℃上升到75.64 ℃,随着烟气速度继续增大到7 m/s,出口平均温度降低到74.22 ℃。这是因为,增大烟气进口速度在减少烟气与冷却水接触时间,提高出口平均温度的同时,还会增强烟气与冷却水之间的对流,降低出口平均温度,当烟气进口速度在1~5 m/s内时,通过减少烟气与冷却水接触时间,对提高出口平均温度的影响比较强,导致出口烟气平均温度上升。烟气进口速度大于5 m/s后,减少烟气与冷却水接触时间,提高出口平均温度带来的影响变小,增强烟气与冷却水之间的对流,降低出口平均温度的影响逐渐增强,出口平均温度降低。
随烟气速度增加,入口平均压力与出口平均压力之间的压差逐渐增大,当烟气入口速度从1 m/s提高到7 m/s,入口平均压力与出口平均压力之间的压差从83.57 Pa提高到131.83 Pa(图9)。图10XZ截面压力云图。由图10可见,当烟气进口速度为1 m/s时,喷淋点上方的压力为负压。由此可见,过低的烟气速度会导致喷淋区产生负压,不利于烟气的流动。增大烟气流速则会导致烟气与喷淋冷却水之间交汇的时间变短,烟气没有足够的时间与冷却水发生热交换,换热效率降低。
冷却水液滴直径(1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5 mm)对冷却塔出口温度和进出口压差的影响如图11所示。由图11可见,随着冷却水液滴直径增大,冷却塔内出口平均温度呈现上升趋势,这是因为液滴颗粒越大,烟气与冷却水之间的总接触面积越小,在相同时间内烟气与冷却水之间的换热量越小,出口温度越高。
随着冷却水液滴直径的增大,冷却塔进出口压差由126.73 Pa降至77.04 Pa(图11)。图12XZ截面速度云图。当液滴直径为1.5 mm时,烟气在冷却塔底部形成流速较大的环流,烟气与冷却水之间剧烈的对流运动使得冷却塔底部的压力变大。当液滴直径超过2.0 mm后,冷却塔底部的环流变小,导致冷却塔底部压力减小。由此可见,减小液滴直径有利于降低出口烟温,但会导致压差增大,烟气上升流速较慢且环流效应显著。
喷淋角度(0°、30°、45°、60°、80°)对冷却塔出口温度和进出口压差的影响如图13所示。由图13可见,随着喷淋角度的增加,冷却塔出口温度也逐渐降低。
图14是不同喷淋角度下部分液滴运动轨迹。随着喷淋角度的增大,冷却水在冷却塔内的停留时间越长,烟气与冷却水之间的接触时间越长,两者发生热交换的时间越长,出口平均温度越低。由图13可见,当喷淋角度从0°增大到30°,冷却水的覆盖面积变大,这会导致更多的冷却水与烟气接触,两者之间的对流运动加剧,进出口压差增大。随着喷淋角度从30°继续增加,烟气在冷却塔内的分布更加均匀,气流的内摩擦力减小,从而降低了流动阻力,最终导致进出之间的压差降低(图15)。
不同冷却水流量(145.18、290.36、435.54、580.72、725.90 kg/s)对冷却塔进出口温差和进出口压差的影响如图16所示。
随着冷却水流量由145.18 kg/s提高到580.72 kg/s,冷却塔进出口温差呈线性上升趋势,由15.63 ℃升至32.57 ℃。当冷却水流量大于580.72 kg/s后,增速显著降低,冷却水流量从580.72 kg/s增大到725.90 kg/s,烟气进出口温差仅仅上升了2.25 ℃。当冷却水流量从145.18 kg/s增大到725.90 kg/s,冷却塔进出口压差增大了177.03 Pa。这是因为,增加冷却水流量会增大烟气与冷却水之间的接触面积,使两者之间的换热量增大,导致进出口温差增大,同时,冷却水流量越大,烟气与冷却水之间产生摩擦消耗的动能越大,导致进出口压降增大。综合考虑冷却水的利用效率和塔内流场,冷却水流量在435.54 ~580.72 kg/s较合适。
图17为不同冷却水流量下有无填料的冷却塔出口平均烟温对比。从图17可以看到,不论在哪种冷却水流量下,有填料的冷却塔出口平均烟温都比没有填料的冷却塔出口平均温度高,这说明填料加强了冷却塔的换热能力。当冷却水温相同时,无填料冷却塔将烟气温度降低至89 ℃所需液气比为1,而有填料的液气比为0.5,即在同等换热的情况下,填料塔可节约50%的冷却水,极大节约了冷却用水量。
本文利用数值模拟方法,研究了烟气流速、喷淋温度、喷淋高度、冷却水液滴直径、喷淋角度、冷却水流量、填料布置方式对冷却塔的影响,结论如下。
1)增加喷淋高度可以降低出口烟温,但当喷淋高度超过14 m后,喷淋高度对出口烟温的影响减弱。喷淋冷却水的温度越低,有利于促进气液两相传热。
2)降低入口烟气流速能够有效降低出口烟温,但流速小于3 m/s后容易在冷却塔出口处形成负压。液滴直径越小,热交换时间越长,与烟气的总换热面积越大,冷却效果越好。
3)喷淋角度越大,烟气与冷却水的接触时间越长,冷却效果越好。提高冷却水流量会增加冷却塔进出口压差和温差,当冷却水流量高于580.72 kg/s时,冷量利用效率也会降低。冷却塔内填料的设置能够有效降低冷却塔出口温度,节约冷却水,提高冷却效率。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100202)
  • 浙江科技大学青年科学基金项目(2023QN008; 2023QN028)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411239
  • 接收时间:2024-11-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-25
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4100202)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100202)
Youth Science Fund Project of Zhejiang University of Science and Technology(2023QN008; 2023QN028)
浙江科技大学青年科学基金项目(2023QN008; 2023QN028)
作者信息
    1.浙江科技大学能源与环境系统工程系,浙江 杭州 310023
    2.浙江大学能源清洁利用国家重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310027

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李珂(1987),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为生物固碳,及碳中和技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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