Article(id=1236323799956770964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202411237, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730390400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772692163695, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772692163695, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772692163695, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692163695, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236323797054312545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772692163003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692223569, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236323801655464110, articleId=1236323799956770964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Analysis on operation characteristics of compressed air energy storage system coupled with coal-fired power plant, columnId=1236321537943458718, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on energy storage and power generation coupling technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To achieve efficient coupling between coal-fired power plants (CFPP) and compressed air energy storage (CAES), a system that couples the flue-gas side of CFPP with CAES is proposed. During the energy release phase of this coupled system, the flue gas from CFPP is used to heat the high-pressure air before it enters the expander. This avoids introducing additional heat sources, which would increase costs, or extracting steam from the turbine side to heat the high-pressure air, which would affect the output of the thermal power unit. Subsequently, to reduce the effect of extracted flue gas on the operation of a single thermal power unit, a CAES coupled system sharing the flue gas of two thermal power units is established. Based on the above thermodynamic models of the systems, modeling is carried out using EBSILON software and performance analysis is conducted. Then, an optimal economic operation strategy for the plant-level coupled system is proposed. The results show that, at full load, compared with the steam-coupling scheme, the flue-gas-coupling scheme reduces the standard coal consumption rate by 2.15 g/(kW·h), increases the heat consumption rate by 37.06 kJ/(kW·h), raises the energy utilization coefficient by 0.33 percentage point, and decreases the auxiliary power rate by 0.20 percentage point. The overall electrical efficiency, round-trip efficiency, and CAES operating efficiency of the flue-gas-side coupling are all higher than those of the steam-side coupling. After the economic optimization of the plant-level coupled system, the net revenues of four typical days increase by 143 700, 157 600, 188 100 and 208 700 yuan, respectively.

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为实现燃煤电厂(CFPP)与压缩空气储能(CAES)的高效耦合,提出了一种CFPP烟气侧与CAES耦合的系统。该耦合系统释能阶段利用CFPP烟气加热进入膨胀机前的高压空气,避免了引入额外的热源增加成本或从汽轮机侧抽取蒸汽加热高压空气影响火电机组出力。随后为减小引出烟气对单台火电机组运行的影响,建立共享2台火电机组烟气的CAES耦合系统。基于以上系统热力学模型,通过EBSILON软件建模并进行性能分析,提出厂级耦合系统经济性最优运行策略。结果表明:满负荷时烟气耦合方案相对于蒸汽耦合方案标准煤耗率降低2.15 g/(kW·h),热耗率增加37.06 kJ/(kW·h),能量利用系数提升0.33百分点,厂用电率下降0.20百分点;烟气侧耦合的总电效率、往返效率和CAES运行效率都高于蒸汽侧耦合方式;厂级耦合系统在经济性优化后,4个典型日的净收益较原始机组分别上涨了14.37万元、15.76万元、18.81万元和20.87万元。

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李斌(1969),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电站热力系统性能分析及节能优化,
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王鑫(1999),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为储能及综合能源系统,

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王鑫(1999),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为储能及综合能源系统,

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王鑫(1999),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为储能及综合能源系统,

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Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 258: 115467., articleTitle=Comparative analysis of hybrid energy storage based on a gas-gas system and a conventional compressed air energy storage based on a recuperated gas turbine round trip efficiency, exergy losses, and heat exchanges start-up losses, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236323820236231594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799956770964, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=49, issue=增刊1, pageStart=90, pageEnd=92, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=28, authorNames=朱江辉, journalName=化工技术与开发, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱江辉. 热媒式空气预热器在燃气锅炉装置中的应用[J]. 化工技术与开发, 2020, 49(增刊1): 90-92., articleTitle=热媒式空气预热器在燃气锅炉装置中的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236323820357866416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799956770964, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=49, issue=Suppl.1, pageStart=90, pageEnd=92, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=29, authorNames=ZHU Jianghui, journalName=Technology & Development of Chemical Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Jianghui. Application of heat medium air preheater in gas boiler[J]. 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articleId=1236323799956770964, language=CN, label=图10, caption=4个典型日CAES功率变化曲线, figureFileSmall=J0ImILQGvYsZehUxjdOaPg==, figureFileBig=DzKqYPFme5lXyWKO7gBHvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323813001057003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799956770964, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Design technical parameters of the thermal power unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
发电机功率/MW350排汽压力/kPa12.4
主蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)1 042.3再热蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)884.9
主蒸汽压力/MPa24.2再热蒸汽压力/MPa3.563
主蒸汽温度/℃566再热蒸汽温度/℃566
给水压力/MPa27.3给水温度/℃274.2
), ArticleFig(id=1236323813072360173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799956770964, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

火电机组的设计技术参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
发电机功率/MW350排汽压力/kPa12.4
主蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)1 042.3再热蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)884.9
主蒸汽压力/MPa24.2再热蒸汽压力/MPa3.563
主蒸汽温度/℃566再热蒸汽温度/℃566
给水压力/MPa27.3给水温度/℃274.2
), ArticleFig(id=1236323813269492469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799956770964, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Verification of the thermal model of thermal power unit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计值模拟值误差/%
发电机功率/MW350.0350.00
主蒸汽压力/MPa24.224.20
再热蒸汽压力/MPa3.5633.5630
主蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)1 042.301 033.500.84
再热蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)884.90886.420.17
), ArticleFig(id=1236323813399515897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799956770964, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

火电机组热力模型验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计值模拟值误差/%
发电机功率/MW350.0350.00
主蒸汽压力/MPa24.224.20
再热蒸汽压力/MPa3.5633.5630
主蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)1 042.301 033.500.84
再热蒸汽质量流量/(t·h–1)884.90886.420.17
), ArticleFig(id=1236323813521150715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799956770964, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Design parameters of the advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
环境压力/MPa0.101环境温度/℃24.85
压缩机等熵效率/%90膨胀机等熵效率/%88
压缩机压缩比4.1/3.5/3.3/2.3膨胀机膨胀比2.92/2.89/2.85/2.82
空气流量/(t·h–1)105.9储气罐体积/m35 225
储气罐设计压强/MPa10储气罐释能压强/MPa7
膨胀机入口温度/℃100.00储、释能时长/h8
总发电功率/MW10总功耗/MW10
), ArticleFig(id=1236323814938825469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799956770964, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

先进绝热压缩空气储能系统设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值项目数值
环境压力/MPa0.101环境温度/℃24.85
压缩机等熵效率/%90膨胀机等熵效率/%88
压缩机压缩比4.1/3.5/3.3/2.3膨胀机膨胀比2.92/2.89/2.85/2.82
空气流量/(t·h–1)105.9储气罐体积/m35 225
储气罐设计压强/MPa10储气罐释能压强/MPa7
膨胀机入口温度/℃100.00储、释能时长/h8
总发电功率/MW10总功耗/MW10
), ArticleFig(id=1236323815031100162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799956770964, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Comparison of economic parameters of the independent coal-fired power plant and plant-level coupling system before and after optimization on typical day

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目典型日1典型日2
独立煤电原始机组优化后独立煤电原始机组优化后
发电成本322.78381.52379.78349.11402.01393.64
CAES运行成本04.874.2104.724.32
售电收益364.96419.45430.85389.37441.24447.43
辅助调峰收益015.2115.78017.6518.45
净收益42.1848.2762.6440.2652.1667.92
项目典型日3典型日4
独立煤电原始机组优化后独立煤电原始机组优化后
发电成本339.91348.45342.14363.78367.45363.76
CAES运行成本04.934.0604.814.22
售电收益377.33376.52387.37403.03401.95417.19
辅助调峰收益09.079.85012.5913.94
净收益37.4232.2151.0239.2542.2863.15
), ArticleFig(id=1236323815140152071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799956770964, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

独立燃煤电厂与厂级耦合系统在典型日优化前后经济参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目典型日1典型日2
独立煤电原始机组优化后独立煤电原始机组优化后
发电成本322.78381.52379.78349.11402.01393.64
CAES运行成本04.874.2104.724.32
售电收益364.96419.45430.85389.37441.24447.43
辅助调峰收益015.2115.78017.6518.45
净收益42.1848.2762.6440.2652.1667.92
项目典型日3典型日4
独立煤电原始机组优化后独立煤电原始机组优化后
发电成本339.91348.45342.14363.78367.45363.76
CAES运行成本04.934.0604.814.22
售电收益377.33376.52387.37403.03401.95417.19
辅助调峰收益09.079.85012.5913.94
净收益37.4232.2151.0239.2542.2863.15
), ArticleFig(id=1236323815257592589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799956770964, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Equipment investment cost of the CAES system

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投资项独立CAES耦合煤电后
压缩机1 989.821 989.82
膨胀机1 549.331 549.33
储气罐2 145.972 145.97
储热罐145.640
储冷罐137.850
间冷器385.72385.72
换热器337.54337.54
购地及工程建设2 127.531 756.45
), ArticleFig(id=1236323815387616020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799956770964, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

压缩空气储能系统设备投资成本

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
投资项独立CAES耦合煤电后
压缩机1 989.821 989.82
膨胀机1 549.331 549.33
储气罐2 145.972 145.97
储热罐145.640
储冷罐137.850
间冷器385.72385.72
换热器337.54337.54
购地及工程建设2 127.531 756.45
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燃煤电厂耦合压缩空气储能系统运行特性分析
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王鑫 1 , 李斌 1 , 刘艺博 1 , 吴正人 1 , 王强 2 , 李新福 1
热力发电 | 储能与发电耦合技术研究专题 2025,54(9): 14-24
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热力发电 | 储能与发电耦合技术研究专题 2025, 54(9): 14-24
燃煤电厂耦合压缩空气储能系统运行特性分析
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王鑫1 , 李斌1 , 刘艺博1, 吴正人1, 王强2, 李新福1
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,河北 保定 071003
  • 2.安徽淮南平圩发电有限责任公司,安徽 淮南 232089
  • 王鑫(1999),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为储能及综合能源系统,

通讯作者:

李斌(1969),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电站热力系统性能分析及节能优化,
Analysis on operation characteristics of compressed air energy storage system coupled with coal-fired power plant
Xin WANG1 , Bin LI1 , Yibo LIU1, Zhengren WU1, Qiang WANG2, Xinfu LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 2.Anhui Huainan Pingwei Power Generation Co., Ltd., Huainan 232089, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411237
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为实现燃煤电厂(CFPP)与压缩空气储能(CAES)的高效耦合,提出了一种CFPP烟气侧与CAES耦合的系统。该耦合系统释能阶段利用CFPP烟气加热进入膨胀机前的高压空气,避免了引入额外的热源增加成本或从汽轮机侧抽取蒸汽加热高压空气影响火电机组出力。随后为减小引出烟气对单台火电机组运行的影响,建立共享2台火电机组烟气的CAES耦合系统。基于以上系统热力学模型,通过EBSILON软件建模并进行性能分析,提出厂级耦合系统经济性最优运行策略。结果表明:满负荷时烟气耦合方案相对于蒸汽耦合方案标准煤耗率降低2.15 g/(kW·h),热耗率增加37.06 kJ/(kW·h),能量利用系数提升0.33百分点,厂用电率下降0.20百分点;烟气侧耦合的总电效率、往返效率和CAES运行效率都高于蒸汽侧耦合方式;厂级耦合系统在经济性优化后,4个典型日的净收益较原始机组分别上涨了14.37万元、15.76万元、18.81万元和20.87万元。

火电机组烟气侧  /  压缩空气储能  /  耦合系统  /  EBSILON仿真  /  性能分析

To achieve efficient coupling between coal-fired power plants (CFPP) and compressed air energy storage (CAES), a system that couples the flue-gas side of CFPP with CAES is proposed. During the energy release phase of this coupled system, the flue gas from CFPP is used to heat the high-pressure air before it enters the expander. This avoids introducing additional heat sources, which would increase costs, or extracting steam from the turbine side to heat the high-pressure air, which would affect the output of the thermal power unit. Subsequently, to reduce the effect of extracted flue gas on the operation of a single thermal power unit, a CAES coupled system sharing the flue gas of two thermal power units is established. Based on the above thermodynamic models of the systems, modeling is carried out using EBSILON software and performance analysis is conducted. Then, an optimal economic operation strategy for the plant-level coupled system is proposed. The results show that, at full load, compared with the steam-coupling scheme, the flue-gas-coupling scheme reduces the standard coal consumption rate by 2.15 g/(kW·h), increases the heat consumption rate by 37.06 kJ/(kW·h), raises the energy utilization coefficient by 0.33 percentage point, and decreases the auxiliary power rate by 0.20 percentage point. The overall electrical efficiency, round-trip efficiency, and CAES operating efficiency of the flue-gas-side coupling are all higher than those of the steam-side coupling. After the economic optimization of the plant-level coupled system, the net revenues of four typical days increase by 143 700, 157 600, 188 100 and 208 700 yuan, respectively.

flue gas side of thermal power unit  /  compressed air energy storage  /  coupled system  /  EBSILON simulation  /  performance analysis
王鑫, 李斌, 刘艺博, 吴正人, 王强, 李新福. 燃煤电厂耦合压缩空气储能系统运行特性分析. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (9) : 14 -24 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411237
Xin WANG, Bin LI, Yibo LIU, Zhengren WU, Qiang WANG, Xinfu LI. Analysis on operation characteristics of compressed air energy storage system coupled with coal-fired power plant[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (9) : 14 -24 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411237
加快煤电清洁化进程,是我国实现“双碳”目标的重要举措,也是促进能源发展绿色、经济、安全的重要途径[1]。与此同时,储能技术可有效地平衡电力系统负荷波动并提高电网消纳能力。各类储能技术在基础研究、关键技术和集成示范等领域高速发展[2]
将火电机组与储能系统耦合集成新型系统,可有效提高火电机组的负荷调节能力、运行的灵活性和电力系统的运行稳定性。有学者提出火电机组耦合液态二氧化碳储能[3]、电池储能[4]、飞轮储能[5]等,以提升火电机组灵活性、改善其深度调峰性能。除此之外,燃煤电厂与压缩空气储能(CAES)系统的耦合近几年也显示出巨大潜力[6]。相比于其他新型储能方式,CAES可以与火电机组进行深度耦合,余水龙[7]分别从能量守恒和热力循环的角度分析,验证了CAES系统与电站锅炉联合耦合运行的可行性。
本着“温度对口,梯级利用”的原则,将火电机组的汽轮机侧与CAES耦合,实现热能的高效利用,摒弃了CAES的补燃环节[8]。王晓露等[9]利用火电部分冷凝水吸收CAES侧储能阶段压缩热,并用采暖抽汽在储能阶段加热膨胀机前高压空气,有效提高了㶲效率。Li等人[10]将350 MW燃煤热电机组和30 MW CAES耦合建模,提升了火电机组的负荷调节能力。文献[11]创新地提出了一种利用冷凝水和给水分级吸收压缩热并分别汇入火电机组高压加热器及低压加热器出口,可同时减小高压、低压抽汽量,提高了节能效果。文献[12]通过建立仿真模型确定了亚临界350 MW机组与10 MW级绝热压缩空气储能(AA-CAES)系统的最优耦合方案。以上研究方案虽实现了CAES系统与火电机组的耦合,但在释能阶段都需要由火电机组抽取部分蒸汽加热高压空气,会降低机组爬坡速率,影响机组运行。而利用火电机组烟气作为高温热源加热高压空气可以有效减小CAES释能阶段对火电机组升负荷的影响,提高系统总效率。
郭璞维等[13]从温度匹配性的角度,阐述了烟气余热回收与CAES耦合的技术原理,对比烟气回收与不同储热技术的耦合,发现烟气余热回收与CAES技术耦合方案最具实际应用意义及发展潜力。赫广迅等[14]利用CAES系统与超临界630 MW燃煤机组耦合,对比研究了驱动方式及热源加热位置的不同对热经济性的影响,结果显示释能过程热源来自锅炉侧烟气较来自汽轮机中压缸排汽相比系统总效率提升0.29%。但是上述文献更侧重从技术可行性层面分析讨论回收烟气余热的火电耦合CAES的系统,缺乏具体的仿真模型验证如何回收利用烟气余热与CAES耦合。Xue等人[15]将CAES系统与城市固废发电系统相结合,通过垃圾焚烧发电系统的烟气加热压缩空气,提高了CAES系统的性能。
以上研究表明,回收利用烟气余热与CAES耦合技术上是可行的,但是现有研究缺乏具体的电站仿真模型验证耦合方式、进行热力分析计算作数据支撑。故本文首先提出释能阶段利用烟气加热压缩空气的方案,并与利用蒸汽加热压缩空气的方案进行对比分析;然后建立2台火电机组耦合CAES的厂级耦合系统;最后基于EBSILON软件建立热力学模型并进行性能分析,提出衡量耦合机组热力、经济与综合性能的评价指标及厂级耦合系统经济性最优运行策略。研究结果可用于指导火电机组烟气侧与CAES耦合系统的具体实施。
本文所采用的火电机组耦合CAES的系统如图1所示。耦合系统包括燃煤电厂(CFPP)部分和CAES部分,其中CFPP部分采用某电厂超临界350 MW机组,其热力系统由7级回热抽汽构成,回热系统采用“3高3低1除氧”模式;CAES部分的储能阶段设计为四级压缩和四级间冷,释能阶段包含四级加热和四级膨胀,系统的主要设备包括压气机、透平机、换热器、储气室等。
耦合系统工作原理为:储能阶段,引出火电侧的凝结水吸收压缩空气产生的压缩热后返回凝结水管路;释能阶段,引出部分烟气通过热媒换热器加热进入膨胀机前的高压空气。通过对原有耦合系统的改进,不仅无需抽取火电机组5号抽汽,减少对CFPP运行参数的影响,还可以充分利用CFPP的烟气余热。
为减小引出烟气量过多对单台火电机组一、二次风温等参数的不利影响,且考虑到单台机组烟气余热不足以支撑大功率CAES系统的运行,故提出由2台燃煤机组与1台CAES系统耦合构成厂级耦合系统。图2为燃煤电厂耦合压缩空气储能系统工作原理。该系统由1台超临界350 MW火电机组和1台亚临界350 MW火电机组构成的燃煤电厂耦合CAES系统。图中对亚临界机组进行了简化处理,仅展示其与热媒换热器的连接点和连线。
1)热耗率
热耗率q0为耦合系统输出1 kW·h电量时消耗的蒸汽热量,用于评价系统的运行经济性。计算式为:
q0=DgsHgs+DzrHzrPgrid
式中:DgsDzr为给水流量、再热蒸汽流量,t/h;HgsHzr分别为给水焓增、再热蒸汽焓增,kJ/kg。
2)标准煤耗率
标准煤耗率bbm是指火力发电机组每发出1 kW·h电能所耗用的标准煤量。
bbm=BbmQf
式中:Bbm为发电用标准煤量,g;Qf为机组发电量,kW·h。
3)厂用电率
厂用电率ηcy是指发电厂发电辅机设备的自用电量占统计期内发电量的百分比。厂用电量是指发电厂在主机发电时辅机设备耗用的电量。厂用电率的计算式为:
ηcy=WcyW
式中:Wcy为厂用电量,kW·h;W为发电厂统计期内总发电量,kW·h。
由于系统包含多种输入输出的能量,引入系统整体效率和往返效率评价指标可更好地评价整体系统的效率及运行效果。
4)能量利用系数
能量利用系数可以评价系统的综合效益,由系统产生的总电能与消耗的总能量的比值计算:
ηth=Pgrid+PturQgs+Qzr+Pcom
式中:Pgrid为发电机出力,kW;Ptur为膨胀机做功,kW;Pcom为压缩机耗能,kW;QgsQzr分别为给水、再热蒸汽吸热量,kW。
5)总电效率
η=WgrossQtotal
式中:Wgross为一周期内系统总体发电量,MW·h;Qtotal为一周期内系统消耗热量和,MW·h。
6)往返效率[16]
ηRTE=WreΔQCFPP+Wst
式中:Wre为CAES释能过程中输出的总电量,MW·h;Wst为储能过程中消耗的总电量,MW·h;ΔQCFPP为CAES整个工作周期内,火电机组提供的热能,MW·h。
7)CAES运行效率
与燃煤机组耦合后的CAES系统,其运行效率定义为系统总发电量与耗电量的比值。
ηCAES=Pdis,nettdisPch,nettch=(PdΔPdis)tdis(PcΔPch)tch
式中:Pdis,net为释能阶段系统净发电功率,MW;Pch,net为储能阶段系统净耗电功率,MW;Pd为释能阶段CAES对外发电功率,MW;Pc为储能阶段CAES耗电功率,MW;ΔPdis为释能时因抽汽加热高压空气而使CFPP功率降低的值,MW;ΔPch为储能时吸收空气压缩热使CFPP功率增加的值,MW。
8)储能投资回报期
燃煤机组耦合CAES需新增储能系统设备,故计算储能投资回报期。
Thb=Ctz.CAESΔW=Ctz.CAESWsystemWcoal
式中:Thb为投资回报期,年;Ctz.CAES为新增储能系统投资成本,万元;Wsystem为燃煤电厂耦合压缩空气储能系统年净收益,万元/a;Wcoal为独立燃煤电厂年净收益,万元/a。
本文以呼和浩特某电厂的一台蒸汽参数为24.2 MPa/ 566 ℃/ 566 ℃的超临界350 MW机组为例,基于EBSILON Professional 14.03平台搭建了火电燃煤机组的热力模型,主要设计参数见表1
给水系统包括3个高压加热器、3个低压加热器和1个除氧器。机械效率和发电机效率为99%。为了验证模型的准确性,将模拟结果与汽轮机THA工况下热平衡图的数据进行了比较,模型验证结果见表2。由表2可见,所有结果的误差均小于0.9%。因此,可以认为该模型满足热力学分析的准确性要求。
系统中采用中国科学院工程热物理研究所储能研发中心自主设计的10 MW级AA-CAES系统[6],其设计参数见表3
1)CAES释能阶段的蒸汽侧耦合方案
在释能阶段,采用文献[6]中的耦合方案,通过蒸汽加热压缩空气。文献[6]和文献[12]均利用火电机组抽汽加热压缩空气实现燃煤电厂与CAES系统的深度耦合,且文献[12]采用6号抽汽时热耗率最低且能量利用系数最高。但根据实际工程条件,电厂实际回水系统中6号管道较细,不利于耦合系统的实现。因此方案改为从管道较粗易于蒸汽通过的4号抽汽入口处[6]抽汽,当抽汽位置从6号抽汽改为4号抽汽,且回水位置由6号低加疏水改为除氧器后,热耗率增加了0.22%、能量利用系数降低了0.1百分点,影响微弱可忽略不计。
2)烟气侧耦合设计
为了避免引出的烟气与高压空气直接换热导致温度、压力不匹配,设计中采用热媒换热器进行间接换热[17]图3为热媒换热器的工作原理:导热油在循环泵的驱动下流入烟气换热器,吸收烟气余热,然后经空气换热器将热量传递给高压空气,导热油温度降低后继续下一次循环。选择工作压力较低且冬季不会结冰的导热油苯乙烯作为热媒,其循环工作温度为140~200 ℃。
现就本耦合系统中压缩空气储能系统在释能阶段的烟气侧耦合和蒸汽侧耦合方案进行对比研究,2种方案中储能阶段耦合方式一致。
为了评价这2种耦合方案在不同负荷下的热力性能,以火电机组70%THA、80%THA、90%THA和100%THA 4种工况为例进行分析。
负荷变化时2种耦合方案的标准煤耗率和能量利用系数的模拟计算结果见图4。结果表明,额定负荷时,烟气侧耦合方案比蒸汽侧耦合方案的标准煤耗率降低了2.15 g/(kW·h),能量利用系数提升了0.33百分点。并且在各工况下,烟气侧耦合方案系统的标准煤耗率均低于蒸汽侧耦合方案,同时其能量利用系数更高,性能优越。说明烟气侧耦合系统充分利用烟气余热减少了热能损失,提高了能量利用率,且避免抽取汽轮机的蒸汽来加热压缩空气从而降低了煤耗。随着负荷的增加,标准煤耗率呈下降趋势,而能量利用系数不断提升,且2个耦合方案之间的差值也逐渐变小,这表明低负荷运行时,烟气侧耦合方案的优势更为显著。
在变工况运行时,系统的热耗率和厂用电率的模拟计算结果见图5。当机组处于额定负荷时,烟气侧耦合方案的热耗率比蒸汽侧耦合高37.06 kJ/(kW·h),而厂用电率比蒸汽侧耦合方案降低了0.20百分点。随着负荷增加,热耗率呈下降趋势,厂用电率则不断升高,并且两耦合方案在热耗率和厂用电率上的差值逐渐扩大。与蒸汽侧耦合方案相比,烟气侧耦合方案的热耗率下降速度和厂用电率上升速度都相对较慢。
整体评价指标可以更全面地描述系统性能,再增加50%THA和60%THA 2种工况进行对比研究。图6为变负荷下不同系统的总电效率对比。
图6可知,利用火电侧蒸汽或烟气加热CAES释能阶段的高压空气时,整个系统的总电效率相较原始机组有所降低,其中烟气侧耦合系统的总电效率高于蒸汽侧耦合系统。主要是由于能量转换过程中有一定的损耗。储能系统运行时,在电热转换中会不可避免地产生一定的不可逆损耗,这直接导致了与CAES耦合后的系统总电效率无法达到原始机组的水平。而当CAES系统释能阶段利用烟气而非蒸汽加热高压空气时,由于充分利用了烟气余热,不仅提高了热效率,还减少了额外的能量损耗,因此烟气侧耦合方案的总电效率高于蒸汽侧耦合方案。3种系统的总电功率都随着机组负荷的增加而增加,说明随着机组负荷降低,发电机组的运行偏离其设计工况,从而导致各类损失增加,进而影响了总电效率。
往返效率可用于评估CAES耦合火电系统在整个储释能周期内的热力性能。图7为机组负荷从50%THA到100%THA时2种耦合方案的往返效率和运行效率的模拟计算结果。
结果显示,CAES的运行效率和往返效率均随机组负荷的增加而提高,且蒸汽侧耦合系统的这2项指标均低于烟气侧耦合系统。说明当机组处于低负荷时,锅炉产生的蒸汽流量较少,导致给CAES释能阶段提供的热量有限,影响了系统效率。而在锅炉侧,烟气的温度和流量相对稳定,有利于给CAES释能时持续稳定供热。因此,蒸汽侧耦合系统的往返效率低于烟气侧耦合系统。
此外,模拟结果显示当CAES独立运行时,其效率为54.78%,而与火电机组深度耦合后,运行效率明显提高,其中烟气侧耦合方案的提升效果更为明显,且随负荷增加这种优化效果更突出。在机组额定负荷时,蒸汽侧耦合系统相比独立运行的CAES,运行效率提升了6.34百分点,而烟气耦合系统提高了7.07百分点。结果表明烟气侧耦合方案在提升系统运行效率、往返效率方面具有显著优势。
回收烟气余热耦合CAES可有效提高系统热经济性和运行效率,但是当引出烟气量过多时,会影响到机组的一、二次风温进而影响机组燃烧的稳定性,容易在锅炉尾部产生腐蚀和积灰。实际生产中一个电厂通常有多台机组,可以将厂内2台(或以上)火电机组的烟气与CAES系统耦合而实现燃煤电厂与CAES系统深度耦合。以经济性最优为目标,制定厂级耦合系统的运行策略。
耦合发电系统的运行需主要考虑功率平衡约束、各子系统的升降负荷速率及储能系统的容量约束。
1)系统功率平衡约束
Ps,t=PCFPP,tPCAES,in,t+PCAES,out,t
式中:Ps,t为耦合系统的出力,MW;PCFPP,t为火电机组出力,MW;PCAES,in,t为CAES储能时消耗功率,MW;PCAES,out,t为CAES释能时输出功率,MW。
2)燃煤机组爬坡速率约束
ΔPCFPP=PCFPP,maxβCFPPT
式中:ΔPCFPP为燃煤机组爬坡功率,MW;PCFPP,max为燃煤机组额定功率,MW;βCFPP为燃煤机组爬坡速率,%/min;T为时间。
3)储能运行工况约束
xin_txout_t=0
式中:xin_t为储能状态系数,压缩机运行时为1,反之为0;xout_t为释能状态系数,膨胀机运行时为1,反之为0。
4)燃煤机组功率上下限约束
αCFPPPCFPP,maxPCFPPPCFPP,max
式中:αCFPP为燃煤机组功率下限系数。
5)储能出力约束
PCAES,maxxin_tPCAESPCAES,maxxout_t
式中:PCAES,max为储能功率上限,MW;PCAES为CAES系统的运行功率,MW。
6)储气容量约束
0PCAESdtWCAES
式中:WCAES为储能系统容量,MW·h。
建立目标函数时需考虑发电成本、CAES系统运行成本、辅助调峰收益以及售电收益。
1)发电成本
发电成本Cpower主要包括机组的煤耗成本和开停机成本,机组包括超临界机组、亚临界机组和CAES系统。
Cpower=C1(PCFPP,1,PCAES)+C2(PCFPP,2,PCAES)+C1,U+C2,U+C1,D+C2,D
式中:C1为超临界机组烟气侧耦合CAES的煤耗成本,元;C2为亚临界机组烟气侧耦合CAES的煤耗成本,元;PCFPP,1为超临界机组出力,MW;PCFPP,2为亚临界机组出力,MW;C1,U为超临界机组的启动成本,元;C2,U为亚临界机组的启动成本,元;C1,D为超临界机组的关停成本,元;C2,D为亚临界机组的关停成本,元。
2)压缩空气储能系统的运行成本
压缩空气储能系统的运行成本Coperation包括运维成本以及储能成本。
Coperation=Cyw+Cchr
运维成本Cyw需考虑人力成本、设备运行维护费用,具体计算见式(17),储能成本Cchr指CAES在电价低谷期的购电费用。
Cyw=mywCtz+nywCgz
Cchr=PchrTchrclow
式中:myw为运维费用比例系数,取0.02;Ctz为投资成本;nyw为运维人员的数量,取20;Cgz为每个运维人员所获得的工资报酬,取5 000元/m;Pchr为储能功率;Tchr为储能时间;clow为低谷期电价。
3)辅助调峰收益
辅助调峰收益包括火电调峰收益Cfz,thermal和CAES系统调峰收益Cfz,CAES 2部分。
Cpeak=Cfz,thermal+Cfz,CAES
根据华北地区电力市场运营管理规定,当火电机组出力低于其额定容量的50%时,便具备参与华北地区的调峰容量市场及提交报价的资格。
最终火电机组能够获得的辅助调峰收益Cfz,thermal为:
Cfz,thermal=αt(λPgPi,t)Δt
式中:αt为辅助调峰补偿单价,元/(MW·d);λ为系统调峰负荷率,取值为50%;Pg为火电机组额定容量,MW;Pi,t为火电机组的实际出力,MW;Δt为单位时间,取24 h。
4)售电收益
售电收益Csale包含火电机组和CAES 2部分,其中,CAES的收益主要体现为释能收益Cfd,该收益与释能阶段的功率、释能时长和峰时电价相关,火电机组的售电收益则依据当地的分时电价政策进行核算。
Csale=Cfd,thermal+Cfd
Cfd,thermal=Qf,izi
式中:Cfd,thermal为火电机组售电收益,元;Qf,i为机组在i时段的发电量;zii时段的电价;i为电价的各个不同时段。
综上,耦合发电系统的经济性收益优化的目标函数为:
max(C)=CpowerCoperation+Cpeak+Csale
根据某燃煤电站半年的实际负荷数据,使用K-means算法进行了聚类分析。选择了4个典型日进行分析,图8展示了各典型日的系统负荷曲线。
模拟CAES耦合燃煤电厂各典型日的逐时运行情况,图9为系统优化调度后的负荷分配情况。结果显示,系统运行时超临界机组承担了大部分的出力需求。电力低谷期亚临界火电机组的调峰深度在30%以上。此外为了提升厂级耦合系统的整体经济效益,运行策略会跟据不同火电机组煤耗特性灵活调整出力分配,实现系统综合收益的最大化。
以典型日1为例,对系统运行情况进行分析讨论,凌晨00:00—07:00和深夜21:00、23:00时段为电力低谷期,系统运行时CAES储能以吸纳火电的多余电量;在傍晚17:00—19:00的用电高峰期,CAES释能有效应对负荷高峰,也缓解了火电机组的调峰压力。综合各典型日的优化运行情况来看,燃煤电厂耦合CAES后,CAES在负荷低谷期储能,负荷高峰期释能,有效减小了火电机组出力的大幅波动。此外,CAES分担部分火电出力既降低了系统煤耗成本,又发挥了储能系统的削峰填谷功能。
图10给出了CAES耦合燃煤电厂在4个典型日运行时的CAES功率变化曲线。以典型日1为例对CAES运行情况进行分析讨论,在23:00—07:00及21:00的电力低谷期,CAES以0.8~10.0 MW功率储能,初期小功率启动避免火电机组频繁调节,随后满功率运行以吸收低价电能或冗余火电,降低储能成本;临近07:00功率降至4.8 MW,为火电出力预留调节裕度。高峰时段(17:00—19:00),CAES以8.5~10.0 MW释能,平抑负荷尖峰,缓解火电机组调峰压力。日间电力需求平稳时段(08:00—16:00等),CAES暂停运行以延长设备使用寿命。整体策略通过“低储高发”实现峰谷套利,优化火电运行平稳性,同时兼顾系统灵活性与设备使用寿命。
将优化运行的结果代入耦合发电系统的EBSILON模型中,模拟计算各典型日下系统的经济性,具体见表4。其中将以年为单位计算的发电成本、运行成本折算为单日的成本来对比分析。
表4结果显示,厂级耦合系统在4个典型日内的净收益较独立煤电运行分别提升20.45万元、27.66万元、13.60万元和23.89万元,有效验证了耦合CAES对燃煤电厂运行经济性的改善提升。此外,较原始机组优化后在4个典型日运行时净收益分别上涨了14.37万元、15.76万元、18.81万元和20.87万元。经济效益提升主要来源于CAES峰谷套利及优化运行中平抑了火电出力波动,降低煤耗成本。
厂级耦合系统通过储能灵活性调度挖掘火电潜力,缓解火电调峰压力,兼具经济性与供电可靠性,为高比例煤电系统转型提供技术路径。
燃煤电厂耦合CAES系统后提高了系统运行的灵活性、稳定性,但也需要考虑新增储能系统的投资回报期,表5为CAES系统设备投资成本。
经过计算表明,与火电耦合后新增的CAES系统投资成本为8 164.83万元,相对于新增同规模独立的CAES电站节约成本654.57万元。经测算4个典型日独立燃煤电厂运行的净收益分别为42.18万元、40.26万元、37.42万元、39.26万元,结合式(8)与表5计算得储能投资回报周期约为1.13年。
本文提出火电机组烟气侧耦合CAES系统及2台火电机组厂内共用1台CAES系统的厂级耦合系统。耦合系统可充分利用烟气余热,通过热媒换热器将CFPP烟气侧与CAES连接。实现厂级耦合后可引出更多烟气加热CAES侧高压空气,系统经济性更优。基于EBSILON软件建立火储耦合系统、厂级耦合系统相关热力学模型,并与原系统对比,分析其热力性能,主要结论如下。
1)建立的EBSILON耦合系统模型误差均在5%以内,准确性较高。烟气侧耦合使用热媒换热器平衡温差,得到了烟气侧与CAES耦合的新型集成系统。
2)对比释能阶段的2种耦合方案,在满负荷运行时,烟气侧耦合方案相较于蒸汽侧耦合方案,发电煤耗率降低2.15 g/(kW·h),能量利用系数提高0.33百分点,热耗率增加37.06 kJ/(kW·h),厂用电率下降0.20百分点,总电效率更高。通过计算往返效率和CAES运行效率验证了烟气侧耦合方案能有效提升CAES效率。
3)以最大化系统生产运行净收益为目标,提出厂级耦合系统的经济性最优运行策略。优化后的厂级耦合系统在4个典型日内的净收益分别增加14.37万元、15.76万元、18.81万元和20.87万元。最后结合储能系统投资成本分析得新增储能的投资回报期约为1.13年。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411237
  • 接收时间:2024-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-01
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    1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,河北 保定 071003
    2.安徽淮南平圩发电有限责任公司,安徽 淮南 232089

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李斌(1969),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电站热力系统性能分析及节能优化,
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