Article(id=1236323799491203205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202411249, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732723200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772692163584, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772692163584, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772692163584, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692163584, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236323797054312545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772692163003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692223569, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=135, endPage=144, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236323799797387409, articleId=1236323799491203205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Thermodynamic and thermo-economic analysis of heat pipe-based deep geothermal driven combined heat and power system, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An analytical model for a combined heat and power (CHP) system driven by deep geothermal energy based on heat pipes was developed. The dynamic heat extraction characteristics of the heat pipes are obtained through numerical calculations based on the heat pipe-geothermal rock layer model. By analyzing the thermodynamic and thermo-economic performance of the direct expansion CHP system, the effects of heat pipe structure (heat pipe diameter, length, and insulation layer length), operating time, and geothermal temperature gradient on the performance of the system are investigated. The results show that, lower steam condensation temperature of the heat pipes leads to greater heat extraction, which helps shorten the investment recovery of the system. However, reducing the condensation temperature also decreases thermal efficiency of the CHP system. Moreover, there exists an optimal steam condensation temperature that minimizes the system’s levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). The heat extraction rate from the heat pipes declines rapidly in the first five years, and then gradually stabilizes. To maintain stable heat extraction over long term (30 years) and avoid interference between adjacent heat pipes, the center distance between any two heat pipes should be kept above 80 meters. The economic performance of the CHP system is closely related to the structural parameters of the heat pipes. At an optimal steam condensation temperature, increasing the heat pipe diameter and length, and selecting target zones with higher geothermal gradients can effectively reduce both the investment payback period and the LCOE.

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建立了热管型深层地热驱动热电联供系统分析模型,通过热管-地热岩层数值计算获取热管的动态取热特性,通过耦合直膨式热电联供系统热力学与热经济性能分析,研究了热管结构(热管直径、热管长度、保温层长度)、运行时间和地温梯度对热电联供系统性能的影响规律。结果表明:热管蒸汽冷凝温度越低,热管取热量越大,有助于缩短投资回收期,但冷凝温度的降低会降低热电联供系统热效率,同时,存在最佳蒸汽冷凝温度使得系统平均度电成本最低。热管取热量在前5年下降较快,之后逐渐趋于平稳;为保持系统的长期(30年)稳定取热,避免相邻热管的干扰,每2根热管的中心距离应保持在80 m以上,热电联产系统的经济性与热管结构参数密切相关,在适宜蒸汽冷凝温度下,增大热管直径和长度,选择地温梯度较高的靶区可有效降低热电联供系统投资回收期和平均度电成本。

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苗政(1982),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为有机朗肯循环试验及热力学优化,
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李骥飞(1991),男,硕士,主要研究方向为地热能开发利用技术、地热能发电应用及新能源信息化技术,

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李骥飞(1991),男,硕士,主要研究方向为地热能开发利用技术、地热能发电应用及新能源信息化技术,

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李骥飞(1991),男,硕士,主要研究方向为地热能开发利用技术、地热能发电应用及新能源信息化技术,

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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799491203205, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Distribution of heat flux density with different insulation layer lengths, figureFileSmall=yLVRlLJ+gil27gQs6oj+mQ==, figureFileBig=Ue5SW4cmItI0TtVfaxNT+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323811621130917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799491203205, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同保温层长度下的热管热流密度分布, figureFileSmall=yLVRlLJ+gil27gQs6oj+mQ==, figureFileBig=Ue5SW4cmItI0TtVfaxNT+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323811717599917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799491203205, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters for numerical calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
热管长度L/km5~10
热管直径D/mm300~600
保温层长度Lins/km0~3
地表温度Tg/℃15
冷凝温度Tc/℃70~180
孔隙率ε0.01
地温梯度∇T/(℃‧(100 m)–1)3.5~5.0
岩石密度ρ/(kg‧m–3)2 650
岩石比热容cp/(J·(℃·m3)–1)1 000
岩石热导率λs/(W‧(℃‧m) –1)2.1
流体热导率λf/(W‧(℃‧m)–1)0.6
保温层热导率λins/(W‧(℃‧m)–1)1
工质
运行时间/年1~30
), ArticleFig(id=1236323811847623344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799491203205, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数值计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
热管长度L/km5~10
热管直径D/mm300~600
保温层长度Lins/km0~3
地表温度Tg/℃15
冷凝温度Tc/℃70~180
孔隙率ε0.01
地温梯度∇T/(℃‧(100 m)–1)3.5~5.0
岩石密度ρ/(kg‧m–3)2 650
岩石比热容cp/(J·(℃·m3)–1)1 000
岩石热导率λs/(W‧(℃‧m) –1)2.1
流体热导率λf/(W‧(℃‧m)–1)0.6
保温层热导率λins/(W‧(℃‧m)–1)1
工质
运行时间/年1~30
), ArticleFig(id=1236323811956675253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799491203205, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Correlation coefficients of components cost calculation

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设备系数
K1/K2/K3C1/C2/C3B1/B2FMFbm
换热器K1=4.324 7C1=0.038 81B1=1.631.35
K2=-0.303 0C2=-0.112 72B2=1.66
K3=0.163 4C3=0.081 83
汽轮机K1=2.247 66.1
K2=1.496 5
K3=-0.161 8
K1=3.389 2C1=0
C2=0
C3=0
B1=1.891.55
K2=0.053 6B2=1.35
K3=0.153 8
), ArticleFig(id=1236323812032172729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323799491203205, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

设备成本计算相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备系数
K1/K2/K3C1/C2/C3B1/B2FMFbm
换热器K1=4.324 7C1=0.038 81B1=1.631.35
K2=-0.303 0C2=-0.112 72B2=1.66
K3=0.163 4C3=0.081 83
汽轮机K1=2.247 66.1
K2=1.496 5
K3=-0.161 8
K1=3.389 2C1=0
C2=0
C3=0
B1=1.891.55
K2=0.053 6B2=1.35
K3=0.153 8
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热管型深层地热驱动热电联供系统热力学与热经济分析
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李骥飞 1 , 饶建业 1 , 李瑞忠 1 , 郭智琳 1 , 苗政 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(9): 135-144
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(9): 135-144
热管型深层地热驱动热电联供系统热力学与热经济分析
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李骥飞1 , 饶建业1, 李瑞忠1, 郭智琳1, 苗政2
作者信息
  • 1.电力规划总院有限公司,北京 100120
  • 2.华北电力大学低品位能源多相流与传热北京市重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 李骥飞(1991),男,硕士,主要研究方向为地热能开发利用技术、地热能发电应用及新能源信息化技术,

通讯作者:

苗政(1982),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为有机朗肯循环试验及热力学优化,
Thermodynamic and thermo-economic analysis of heat pipe-based deep geothermal driven combined heat and power system
Jifei LI1 , Jianye RAO1, Ruizhong LI1, Zhilin GUO1, Zheng MIAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Electric Power Planning & Engineering Institute, Beijing 100120, China
  • 2.Beijing Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Flow and Transfer of Low-grade Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411249
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建立了热管型深层地热驱动热电联供系统分析模型,通过热管-地热岩层数值计算获取热管的动态取热特性,通过耦合直膨式热电联供系统热力学与热经济性能分析,研究了热管结构(热管直径、热管长度、保温层长度)、运行时间和地温梯度对热电联供系统性能的影响规律。结果表明:热管蒸汽冷凝温度越低,热管取热量越大,有助于缩短投资回收期,但冷凝温度的降低会降低热电联供系统热效率,同时,存在最佳蒸汽冷凝温度使得系统平均度电成本最低。热管取热量在前5年下降较快,之后逐渐趋于平稳;为保持系统的长期(30年)稳定取热,避免相邻热管的干扰,每2根热管的中心距离应保持在80 m以上,热电联产系统的经济性与热管结构参数密切相关,在适宜蒸汽冷凝温度下,增大热管直径和长度,选择地温梯度较高的靶区可有效降低热电联供系统投资回收期和平均度电成本。

地热能利用  /  热管  /  热电联供系统  /  投资回收期  /  平均度电成本

An analytical model for a combined heat and power (CHP) system driven by deep geothermal energy based on heat pipes was developed. The dynamic heat extraction characteristics of the heat pipes are obtained through numerical calculations based on the heat pipe-geothermal rock layer model. By analyzing the thermodynamic and thermo-economic performance of the direct expansion CHP system, the effects of heat pipe structure (heat pipe diameter, length, and insulation layer length), operating time, and geothermal temperature gradient on the performance of the system are investigated. The results show that, lower steam condensation temperature of the heat pipes leads to greater heat extraction, which helps shorten the investment recovery of the system. However, reducing the condensation temperature also decreases thermal efficiency of the CHP system. Moreover, there exists an optimal steam condensation temperature that minimizes the system’s levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). The heat extraction rate from the heat pipes declines rapidly in the first five years, and then gradually stabilizes. To maintain stable heat extraction over long term (30 years) and avoid interference between adjacent heat pipes, the center distance between any two heat pipes should be kept above 80 meters. The economic performance of the CHP system is closely related to the structural parameters of the heat pipes. At an optimal steam condensation temperature, increasing the heat pipe diameter and length, and selecting target zones with higher geothermal gradients can effectively reduce both the investment payback period and the LCOE.

geothermal energy utilization  /  heat pipe  /  CHP system  /  investment payback period  /  LCOE
李骥飞, 饶建业, 李瑞忠, 郭智琳, 苗政. 热管型深层地热驱动热电联供系统热力学与热经济分析. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (9) : 135 -144 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411249
Jifei LI, Jianye RAO, Ruizhong LI, Zhilin GUO, Zheng MIAO. Thermodynamic and thermo-economic analysis of heat pipe-based deep geothermal driven combined heat and power system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (9) : 135 -144 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411249
社会经济快速发展和能源结构调整使得可再生能源[1](包括地热能[2]、太阳能[3]、生物质能[4]等)成为未来能源的发展方向。我国地域辽阔,地热资源丰富,主要分为干热岩和水热2种类型。目前,我国地热能开发以水热型的中低温地热直接利用为主[5],高温干热岩开发还处于起步阶段[6]。根据中国地质调查局开展的地热资源调查评价结果可知:我国深层(3~10 km)干热岩资源为2.5×1025 J,折合标准煤约为856万亿吨[7],由于深层干热岩储量丰富、温度高,具有很大的产热和发电潜力[8-10]。在“碳中和,碳达峰”的背景下,干热岩资源开发利用是促进能源结构调整、节能减排的重要措施[11-14]
现有对于干热岩开采利用的技术手段有增强型地热系统(enhanced geothermal systems,EGS)[15-17]和蒋方明等[18]提出的超长重力热管系统(SLGHP)。Huang等人[19]进行了重力热管的现场试验,并证实了超长重力热管技术的可行性,为深层地热能利用提出一种新颖的技术。Huang等人[20]分析了超长重力热管从干热岩中提取热量时关键参数的影响。地热资源种类多样,具体的取热条件可能因资源类型的不同(如干热岩、地热水等)而有所差异。Li等人[21]提出了一种基于在井筒连接的多含水层中引起层间横流的超长重力热管取热系统的传热增强策略。Huang等人[22]建立了一个以氨为工质,长度为4 149 m的超长重力热管系统,该系统有着超过1 MW的连续热输出能力,其部分径向热通量达到了4×107 W/m2。Chen等人[23]在太原建立了一个超长重力热管和热泵相结合的供暖系统,对不同工况下的实测温度和取热速率进行了测试和分析。Chen等人[24]提出了超长重力热管流体工质的筛选准则,并通过数值模拟计算证明了所提出的工质选择准则与实际情况具有较好的一致性。Chen等人[25]开展了以水、乙醇和丙酮为工质在4种流型下的超长重力热管传热性能和流动特性实验,发现以水为工质的热管更适用于较高热负荷工况。研究发现,来自热管外部的地热地层低传热率是限制超长重力热管取热系统热提取率的一个主要因素。Li等人[26]提出了一种新型超长重力热管强化传热系统的概念,它在近井处的热储层裂缝填充了高导热相变材料。Huang等人[27]提出了一种水库与热管系统相结合的系统,为系统优化设计提供了指导。Chen等人[28]对超长重力热管取热系统的工作特性进行了理论分析,发现蒸汽的流动阻力为超长重力热管中主要的阻力来源。
地热资源的开发与利用成本较高,尤其是涉及深层地热时,开采成本显著增加。Ma等人[29]比较了超长重力热管取热系统与传统井下换热器系统,发现井下换热器系统的平均度电成本显著高于超长重力热管系统。Ma等人[30]通过经验公式推导来评估超长重力热管取热系统的发电性能。Meng等人[31]研究了EGS在利用地热资源下4种热电联产系统的性能。Cheng等人[32]通过算法优化了地热热电联产系统的运行参数,显著提升了系统的发电能力、供热能力和整体效率。Guo等人[33]提出了一种基于超临界CO2朗肯循环的地热型热电联产系统,性能分析结果显示显著提高了系统的热力性能和经济性。
由上述文献梳理可知,热管型深层地热联供系统是一种有效的深层地热利用技术。目前,对于该技术的研究在实验和理论方面还不够深入。本文针对地热资源条件和环境条件存在差异的地区,建立了地热驱动热电联供系统热管型深层地热取热系统与直膨式热电联供系统耦合模型,通过数值计算获得5~10 km长度范围的热管取热特性,并给出与热管耦合的直膨式热电联供系统的热力学和热经济性能,为该技术的实际应用提供理论依据。
图1为热管型深层地热驱动热电联供系统示意。该系统采用直膨式设计,即热管中工质即为透平的做功工质。本文采用水作为工质,通过热管吸收热量,使其在出口处转化为饱和蒸汽。蒸汽推动汽轮机做功,乏汽进入换热器与供暖回路中的水进行换热。本文中供热回路供水温度70 ℃,回水温度50 ℃,设定换热器夹点温差为10 ℃,因此,汽轮机出口温度限定为80 ℃。乏汽在供热换热器中冷却为液态水后通过水泵加压到热管压力,进入管口换热器,消耗部分蒸汽热量达到热管出口压力下的饱和液态水状态,继而回流进入热管再次换热。在热管下部,热管外管壁与干热岩接触,通过热传导从岩层中吸收热量,当热量传递到热管内部时,热管中的水吸收热量并迅速蒸发,变成高温蒸汽;由于蒸汽具有较低的密度且伴随着温度的升高,蒸汽沿着热管内壁由蒸发段上升,该过程会经历一段被保温层包裹的管段,因为保温层的导热系数小,热管中的工质不与外界发生热量交换,这一部分被称为绝热段。
本文通过自编程序建立了热管取热过程的二维热传导模型,模拟了系统运行过程中的干热岩石层温度场变化及其热量提取特性。模型结合了热管内部的复杂流动和传热过程,旨在精确反映系统的热性能表现。其中,重力热管外部岩石传热过程的控制方程为[15]
[ερfcp,f+(1ε)ρscp,s]Tt=λeffT
λeff=ελf+(1ε)λs
式中:ε为孔隙率;ρ为密度;cp为比热容;下标s、f分别为干热岩石层的固体和流体;λeff为干热岩的有效导热系数。
在重力热管取热过程中,径向地层中的温度变化较快,特别是在热管与周围岩层的接触区域;相较于径向,轴向上的温度变化相对平缓。因此,通过使用较小的径向网格和较大的轴向网格,可以更精确地捕捉温度分布和热传导过程,并且减少网格数量,降低计算复杂度和计算量,从而提高模拟的准确性。重力热管具有中心对称性,网格划分时将热管中心的对称轴作为左边界。在网格划分过程中,热管径向以0.5 m的长度进行划分,同时热管轴向以10.0 m的长度进行划分,形成结构化网格。热管网格划分及模型验证如图2所示。
热管长度为5~10 km,直径为300~600 mm,从热管顶端向下布置了长度为1~3 km的保温层。同时,设置了以热管圆心为中心,半径为100 m,并且在热管底端向下延伸100 m的圆柱形干热岩层为热储层。热管及干热岩层区域的参数设置参考文献[20],具体的数值计算参数见表1图2b)为基于参考文献[19]中热管结构获得的模型计算结果与现场测试结果的对比。本模型预测结果与实测结果吻合良好,具有足够的精度用于对热管不同结构下取热性能的预测。
数值计算的地下干热岩层边界条件如下:
1)上下边界条件采用了定温边界条件,上边界T1=Tg,下边界T2=TgT·L
2)圆柱形干热岩层侧面设置为绝热边界条件T3n=0
3)网格左边界T4=f(t,y)|x=0
为了满足系统数值计算快速的要求,本研究建立了热管取热系统模型进行以下合理假设:
1)蒸发过程只发生在热管的整个蒸发段中,且在热管内任意一横截面上的蒸汽变化量与液体变化量相等;
2)热管内无蒸发抑制及局部干涸现象;
3)热管内不存在汽-液夹带现象;
4)蒸汽的冷凝过程温度保持恒定。
重力热管模型的主要控制方程[20]如下:
连续性方程:
ρvt+(ρvυv)y=qhvhf
动量方程:
(ρvυv)t+υv(ρvυv)y=py+Rvυv2+ρvg
能量方程:
[φρvcp,v+(1φ)ρfcp,f]Tt+φρvcp,v(υvT)y+(1φ)ρfcp,f(υfT)y=λ2Ty2+4λsurf(TsurfT)Dδsurf
式中:υ为在轴向上速度的分量;q为蒸汽相变时释放的潜热量;下标v、f分别表示气相、液相;δ为管壁厚度;λ为热导率;下标surf表示热管管壁处;Rv为流动阻力。
根据假设热管内任意一横截面上的蒸汽变化量与液体变化量相等可知,任意一横截面上蒸汽的质量通量与液体的质量通量互为相反数:
φρvυv=(1φ)ρfυf
计算流动阻力时,阻力系数fg采用Swamee等人[34]总结的管道流阻的经验公式进行计算:
fg={64Re,                             Re2 3000.002 5Re13,       2 300Re4 0000.25[lg(e3.7D)+5.74 Re0.9]2,  4 000Re1×108       
式中:e为管道粗糙度;D为管道当量直径;Re为流体的雷诺数。
重力热管内温度和压力需要满足:
T=f(p)
由于该系统采用直膨式设计,蒸汽直接推动汽轮机做功,该过程的循环净功Wnet为:
Wnet=WtWp
式中:Wt为汽轮机做功;Wp为泵耗功。
系统热效率η仅反映系统做功能力,如同时考虑供热换热器中热量的利用,则热电总热效率为100%。
η=WnetQheat
Qheat=Qt+Qr
式中:Qheat为热管出口蒸汽总热量;Qt为进入汽轮机的蒸汽携带的热量;Qr为井口换热器用于加热回水的热量。
本文选取平均度电成本(LCOE)和投资回收期作为经济性能的评估标准,它们分别表明了热电联产系统的日常运营的经济效益和系统回收总投资所需的时间。
LCOE为[29]
LCOE=CtCRF+CoptanulWnet
式中:Ct为系统总成本;CRF为投资回收系数;Cop为运行维护成本,按系统总成本的1.5%计算;tanul为年运行时间,取8 000 h;Wnet为发电量。
Ct=Cbm+CSLGHP+Cwd
CSLGHP=Ps×L
Cwd=Pd×L(L+1 000)/2 000
CRF=i(1+i)n(1+i)n1
式中:Cbm为设备成本;CSLGHP为重力热管成本;Ps为超长重力热管单位成本,140美元/m;Cwd为钻井成本;Pd为钻井单位成本,140美元/m;i为有效年利率,取5%;n为使用寿命,20年。
设备成本[31]Cbm为:
Cbm=CpFbm
lgCp=K1+K2lg(A)+K3[lg(A)]2
Fbm=B1+B2FMFP
lgFp=C1+C2lg(P)+C3[lg(P)]2
式中:Cp为采购设备成本;Fbm为设备系数;A为设备容量或尺寸参数;FM为设备材料系数;Fp为工作压力系数;K1K2K3B1B2C1C2C3为常数,设备成本计算相关系数[31]表2
投资回收期[35] tpp为:
tpp=lnCrevCopCrevCopiCeqpln(1+i)
Crev=Wnettanulcelec+Qheattanulcheat
式中:Crev为电力和供暖的年收入;Ceqp为设备购置的总成本;celec为电价,取0.1美元/(kW·h);cheat为供热价格,取3美元/GJ。
图3为6 km热管在地温梯度3.5 ℃/100 m下热管轴向温度、压力、质量流量和热流密度分布。随着热管出口蒸汽冷凝温度的降低,热管的平均温度降低,从而增大了热管管壁与干热岩之间的换热温差;并且随着冷凝温度的降低,热管中工质的密度下降,压力随之降低。
从热流密度分布曲线可见,随着冷凝温度的降低,重力热管的散热管段会逐渐缩短,即在70~ 120 ℃的冷凝温度下,热管散热管段在1.5~2.6 km内变化,其余管段则表现为吸热状态。该热管明显的特征为在2 km左右深度需要设置保温层以减小热管散热。
重力热管中的质量流量呈现先增大后减小的变化规律,其最大质量流量对应的位置会随着冷凝温度的升高逐渐上移。在较低的冷凝温度下,质量流量的减少幅度较小,意味着热管内的流体在较低温度下流动更加均匀。在较高的冷凝温度下,质量流量在轴向上的变化更为剧烈,这表明高温下流体的传热和流动更为活跃,热管内部的流体在更短的距离内完成了更多的热量传递。
模拟了6 km热管在地温梯度3.5 ℃/100 m,出口饱和蒸汽温度为90 ℃的工况下,运行30年干热岩石层的温度分布及取热量变化,研究了运行时间对热管取热特性的影响,结果如图4所示,热管运行30年取热量变化如图5所示。由图5可见,随着运行时间的增加,热管取热性能逐渐下降,尤其是在运行初期表现显著。运行前5年,热管取热量由733.37 kW下降到601.86 kW,减少了18%,表明此阶段的衰减较为明显。其原因为热管周围的岩层温度逐渐降低,尤其是靠近热管表面的区域,使热传导驱动力减弱。干热岩中的热传导速率有限,尽管岩层深处仍然保持较高温度,但向热管传输的热量受到热扩散能力的制约,导致供热能力下降。在运行5~10年期间,取热量下降趋势明显放缓,仅减少了5%。这是因为随着时间的推移,热量提取范围逐渐扩大,热管能够从更远的岩层中提取热量,弥补了局部热量衰减的不足。运行10~30年期间,取热量进一步趋缓,后20年运行期间取热量仅下降了7%。这一阶段的系统表现趋于稳定,主要得益于热量传输的动态平衡:热管对周围岩石的热量提取范围逐步稳定在半径40 m左右。
热管在运行初期对周围岩层的取热效果较为显著,随着时间的推移,提取热量的区域逐渐扩展,系统取热性能趋于稳定。运行时间在15~30年内,热管对周围干热岩的取热范围基本维持在半径40 m左右,在距离热管中心40 m的位置,温度变化不明显(0.63 ℃/m),表明系统在长期运行中能够有效从干热岩中提取热量,并在一定范围内保持热量传输的稳定性。当系统需要多个热管作为热源供给时,为了保证系统的长期稳定运行并避免各热管之间的相互影响,每2个热管中心距离至少保持80 m。
由于热管与热电联供系统耦合,热管热质传递过程对热电联供系统性能有着重要影响。本节分析了热管结构参数、地温梯度及保温层长度对热电联供系统性能的影响。
图6为6 km热管在不同热管直径对系统性能的影响。由图6a)可见:在相同的冷凝温度下,随着热管直径的增大,热管管壁与干热岩石层的接触面积随着增加,通过热管壁的热量也随之增加;当冷凝温度较低时,热管管径增大使热管取热量增加更为明显,随着冷凝温度的提高,热管管径增大对取热量的影响减弱。当冷凝温度为70 ℃时,热管直径为300 mm的热管取热量为1 831.63 kW,直径为600 mm的热管取热量为2 586.58 kW,取热量上升约为41.22%,而当冷凝温度为120 ℃时,2种热管直径下的取热量分别为785.69 kW和975.35 kW,取热量的提升仅为24.14%。同时可以看出,热电联供系统的热效率与热管尺寸无关,而仅与热管出口的蒸汽温度相关。随着进入汽轮机的蒸汽温度升高,热电联供系统的热效率逐渐提高,冷凝温度从90 ℃提升到120 ℃时,热效率从2.18%提升至7.86%。
图6b)可以看到,系统投资回收期随冷凝温度整体呈上升趋势,随管径增大略有下降。随着热管出口蒸汽冷凝温度的提高,回收投资所需时间变长,这是由于取热量的减小使得发电和供热量均降低,而系统投资成本不变造成的。
LCOE随着蒸汽冷凝温度的增加先快速下降后缓慢升高,在冷凝温度为110 ℃时各热管直径下的LCOE取得最小值,热管直径增大(从300 mm到600 mm),LCOE略有降低,从1.23美元/(kW·h)降低到0.98美元/(kW·h),表明大管径可以获得更大的取热量,有利于系统发电。
图7为热管长度对取热量和系统性能的影响。
图7a)可以看到,随着热管长度的增加,取热量和蒸汽温度均快速增长。这是因为较长的热管不仅具有更大的热传输面积,还可以深入温度更高的地层,从而获得更大的传热温差。当冷凝温度为80 ℃时,热管长度由5 km增加到10 km可将取热量由696 kW增加到4 845 kW,增长了5.96倍。随着热管长度的增加,更高温蒸汽推动汽轮机做功,系统热效率可从130 ℃蒸汽对应的9.49%增加到170 ℃蒸汽下的15.00%。然而,干热岩底层钻井和铺设热管的费用较高,随着热管长度增加,其成本快速增长,因而需要综合考量其热效率和经济性指标。从图7b)可以看到,增加热管长度对其经济性指标也有利。投资回收期和LCOE均随着热管长度的增加而减小,这得益于热管取热量的迅速增大,使得热电联供系统的发电和供热容量快速上升,从而获得更多收益。但各热管长度下对蒸汽温度的选取需要平衡LCOE和投资回收期2个指标。在一定热管长度下,随着蒸汽冷凝温度的上升,投资回收期经缓慢上升后转变为急速上升,而LCOE则存在一个最佳冷凝温度。基于图7计算结果,推荐以LCOE对应的最佳冷凝温度作为热电联供系统的蒸汽温度,此时投资回收期处于相对低位,而热效率处于相对高位。
图8为不同地温梯度下取热量和系统性能的变化情况。
将6 km热管置于地温梯度分别为3.5、4.0、4.5、5.0 ℃/100 m的条件下,地温梯度对取热量有显著影响。更高的地温梯度对应更高的热源温度,热管驱动力的增加,提升了取热能力。当冷凝温度为70 ℃时,与3.5 ℃/100 m地温梯度相比,地温梯度为4.0、4.5、5.0 ℃/100 m时,取热量分别增加了27.69%、55.66%和83.85%。同时,随着地温梯度的增加,系统的热经济性显著优化。投资回收期和LCOE均呈明显下降趋势。当冷凝温度为90 ℃时,地温梯度的升高使热电联产系统的投资回收期从24.1年缩短至6.0年,而平均度电成本则从3.30美元/(kW·h)降低至1.52美元/(kW·h)。可见,优良的地热靶区条件显著增强了热管型热电联供系统的取热能力,并显著改善了系统的热经济性。
图9给出了6 km热管在不同保温层长度时系统性能的变化。虚线位置为2 km的保温层,此时重力热管的取热量值最大为1 266.17 kW,其对应热电联产系统的最小平均度电成本和投资回收期,分别为2.78美元/(kW·h)、15.7年。
结合图3a)的热管温度分布可知,当冷凝温度为80 ℃时,热管内蒸汽温度与干热岩石层温度相等的位置在热管深度2 km左右,在该点以上热管温度大于干热岩石层温度。如果保温层长度小于该位置,热管中的热量将在未设置保温层的管段中损失,导致取热量的下降;当保温层长度大于该位置,多余的保温层会阻碍干热岩的热量流入,也会导致取热量的下降。
图10为不同保温层长度下的热管热流密度分布。热流密度在热管内蒸汽温度与干热岩石层温度相等的位置时为0,在其他位置时,保温层过长或过短都会使热流密度产生剧烈的变化,从而影响热管的取热,故在考虑保温层的布置长度时,总会存在一个热管的最佳保温层长度,在保证系统取热量最大的同时提高系统的经济效益。
本文建立了热管型深层地热驱动热电联供系统分析模型,通过热管-地热岩层数值计算获取热管取热特性,耦合直膨式热电联供系统热力学与热经济性能分析,获取了热管结构(热管直径、热管长度、和保温层长度)、运行时间和地温梯度对热管取热特性及热电联供系统性能的影响规律,主要结论如下。
1)随着热管蒸汽冷凝温度下降,热管内的平均温度下降,增大了与干热岩层之间的换热温差,从而提高了取热量。冷凝温度的降低会降低热电联供系统热效率,但有助于缩短投资回收期,同时存在最佳蒸汽冷凝温度使得系统LCOE最低。
2)热管取热量在其运行的前5年下降了18%,表现出较为明显的衰减趋势,随后逐渐趋于平稳。为保持系统的长期(30年)稳定取热,避免相邻热管的干扰,每2根热管的中心距离应保持在80 m以上。
3)热管的最佳保温层长度应为热管内蒸汽温度与干热岩石层温度相等的位置。根据具体的地热条件,增大热管的直径(300~600 mm)和长度(5~ 10 km)可以有效提高取热量。同时,地温梯度的升高有助于提供更高的热源温度,从而进一步提升热管的取热量和蒸汽温度。
4)热电联产系统的经济性表现与热管结构参数密切相关。在适宜蒸汽冷凝温度下,增大热管直径和长度,选择地温梯度较高的靶区可有效降低热电联供系统投资回收期和平均度电成本。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB1507303)
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2025年第54卷第9期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411249
  • 接收时间:2024-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-28
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFB1507303)
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB1507303)
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    1.电力规划总院有限公司,北京 100120
    2.华北电力大学低品位能源多相流与传热北京市重点实验室,北京 102206

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苗政(1982),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为有机朗肯循环试验及热力学优化,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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