Article(id=1236323798656536686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202411242, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731859200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772692163385, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772692163385, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772692163385, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692163385, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236323797054312545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772692163003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692223569, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=164, endPage=170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236323798904000630, articleId=1236323798656536686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Migration characteristics of chloride ions in effluent of ammonium type operation of condensate polishing, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Effective monitoring of chloride ion indicators in precision treated effluent plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality of the effluent, adjusting operational processes, and extending operating cycles. According to the theory of ion exchange equilibrium, the operating characteristics, effluent quality, and resin regeneration requirements of hydrogen type and ammonium type operation modes for precision treatment were analyzed and compared. Through laboratory simulation experiments and tracking experiments of the operating cycle of a precision treated mixed bed in a certain power plant, the migration characteristics of chloride ions in the effluent of precision treatment were mainly studied. The results show that, the requirement for regeneration degree of resin in the hydrogen stage is low, and the main focus of this stage is desalination, which is not prone to chlorine leakage. As the pH value of the effluent increases during the conversion stage, the requirement for resin regeneration also increases. When the condensate contains chloride ions, chloride ion displacement is prone to occur. During ammonium type operation, the mixed bed no longer focuses on desalination, and the mass concentration of chloride ions in the effluent is equivalent to that in the condensate. Therefore, effective monitoring of chloride ions is necessary for ensuring the quality of effluent water, especially during ammonium type operation. At the same time, using chloride ions as one of the monitoring indicators can not only ensure the quality of effluent water effectively, but also guide the adjustment of precision treatment operation process, and significantly extend the precision treatment operation cycle while ensuring the safe operation of the unit.

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实现精处理出水氯离子指标的有效监控,对保障精处理出水水质、运行工艺调整、延长运行周期等具有关键作用。根据离子交换平衡理论,分析比对了精处理氢型与铵型运行方式的运行特点、出水水质以及树脂再生度要求;并通过实验室模拟以及某电厂精处理混床运行周期跟踪试验,重点研究了精处理出水氯离子迁移特性。结果表明:氢型阶段树脂再生度要求低,该阶段主要以除盐为主,不易发生漏氯现象;转化阶段随着出水pH值不断升高,对树脂再生度要求也不断提高,当凝结水中含有氯离子时容易发生氯离子的溢出现象;铵型运行时混床不再以除盐为主,出水氯离子质量浓度与凝结水相当。因此,对于精处理出水(尤其是铵型运行时),实现氯离子有效监控对于保障出水水质是必要的,同时将氯离子作为监控指标之一,不仅可有效保障精处理出水水质,同时可以指导精处理运行工艺调整,在保障机组安全运行的前提下达到显著延长精处理运行周期的目的。

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左选国(1983),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂集控运行技术,

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左选国(1983),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂集控运行技术,

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左选国(1983),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂集控运行技术,

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articleId=1236323798656536686, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=凝结水精处理), Keyword(id=1236323804255932773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=铵型运行), Keyword(id=1236323804415316331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=再生度), Keyword(id=1236323804499202417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=氯离子)], refs=[Reference(id=1236323808995496540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=韩隶传, 汪德良, journalName=热力发电厂凝结水处理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩隶传, 汪德良. 热力发电厂凝结水处理[M]. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 2010: 1., articleTitle=null, 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Wuhan: Wuhan University, 2024: 1., articleTitle=Applied chemistry research on monitoring and optimization of water distribution device for mixed bed resin working layer in condensed water precision treatment, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236323808727061072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, awardId=HNKJ21-HF306, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ21-HF306), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236323808865473109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, awardId=HNKJ21-HF306, language=CN, fundingSource=中国华能集团有限公司研究开发基金项目(HNKJ21-HF306), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236323802326552790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236323802368495832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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mixed bed after optimization, figureFileSmall=9UiEp3BsKvcNidVCIlFtuA==, figureFileBig=ZscoqHf1Zru/Hj/F2AQTvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323807712039441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, language=CN, label=图8, caption=优化后精处理混床运行过程水质检测结果, figureFileSmall=9UiEp3BsKvcNidVCIlFtuA==, figureFileBig=ZscoqHf1Zru/Hj/F2AQTvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323807829479961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Calculation results of regeneration degree of cationic resins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出水钠离子质量浓度/(mg·L–1)氢型运行再生度%铵型运行再生度/%
pH=8.8pH=9.0pH=9.2pH=9.5
0.193.8899.9599.9799.9899.99
0.288.4699.9099.9399.9699.98
0.575.4199.7499.8499.9099.95
1.060.5399.4999.6799.7999.90
2.043.4098.9899.3599.5999.79
5.023.4797.4898.4098.9899.49
), ArticleFig(id=1236323807925948957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

阳树脂再生度计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出水钠离子质量浓度/(mg·L–1)氢型运行再生度%铵型运行再生度/%
pH=8.8pH=9.0pH=9.2pH=9.5
0.193.8899.9599.9799.9899.99
0.288.4699.9099.9399.9699.98
0.575.4199.7499.8499.9099.95
1.060.5399.4999.6799.7999.90
2.043.4098.9899.3599.5999.79
5.023.4797.4898.4098.9899.49
), ArticleFig(id=1236323808035000868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Calculation results of regeneration degree of anion resins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出水氯离
子质量浓度/(mg·L–1)
氢型运行
再生度/%
铵型运行再生度/%
pH=8.8pH=9.0pH=9.2pH=9.5
0.176.3499.5199.6999.8099.90
0.261.7499.0399.3899.6199.80
0.539.2397.6098.4799.0399.51
1.024.4095.3296.9998.0899.03
2.013.8991.0694.1696.2498.08
5.06.0680.2986.5991.1095.33
), ArticleFig(id=1236323808144052779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

阴树脂再生度计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
出水氯离
子质量浓度/(mg·L–1)
氢型运行
再生度/%
铵型运行再生度/%
pH=8.8pH=9.0pH=9.2pH=9.5
0.176.3499.5199.6999.8099.90
0.261.7499.0399.3899.6199.80
0.539.2397.6098.4799.0399.51
1.024.4095.3296.9998.0899.03
2.013.8991.0694.1696.2498.08
5.06.0680.2986.5991.1095.33
), ArticleFig(id=1236323808261493298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Main working conditions for dynamic simulation experiment of condensate polishing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目试验条件1试验条件2
树脂装填体积/mL阳树脂400
阴树脂400
阳树脂240
阴树脂160
进水氯离子质量浓度/(mg·L–1)0.510.0
树脂状态阳树脂为H型,阴树脂为OH型
试验流量/(mL·min–1)180~200
进水pH值9.4~9.8
), ArticleFig(id=1236323808349573689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

精处理动态模拟试验主要试验条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目试验条件1试验条件2
树脂装填体积/mL阳树脂400
阴树脂400
阳树脂240
阴树脂160
进水氯离子质量浓度/(mg·L–1)0.510.0
树脂状态阳树脂为H型,阴树脂为OH型
试验流量/(mL·min–1)180~200
进水pH值9.4~9.8
), ArticleFig(id=1236323808454431299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The regeneration process parameters of optimization test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工艺参数阳树脂阴树脂
流量/(t·h–1)8~166~9
再生流速/(m·h–1)4~83~5
再生剂用量/t2.82.8
再生剂质量分数/%4~64~6
树脂体积/m34.24.2
), ArticleFig(id=1236323808580260424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798656536686, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

优化试验再生工艺参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工艺参数阳树脂阴树脂
流量/(t·h–1)8~166~9
再生流速/(m·h–1)4~83~5
再生剂用量/t2.82.8
再生剂质量分数/%4~64~6
树脂体积/m34.24.2
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凝结水精处理铵型运行出水氯离子迁移特性
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左选国 1 , 张龙明 2 , 贾兰 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(9): 164-170
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(9): 164-170
凝结水精处理铵型运行出水氯离子迁移特性
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左选国1 , 张龙明2, 贾兰1
作者信息
  • 1.国能宁东第一发电有限公司,宁夏 银川 750408
  • 2.浙江西热利华智能传感技术有限公司,浙江 嘉兴 314000
  • 左选国(1983),男,工程师,主要研究方向为电厂集控运行技术,

Migration characteristics of chloride ions in effluent of ammonium type operation of condensate polishing
Xuanguo ZUO1 , Longming ZHANG2, Lan JIA1
Affiliations
  • 1.Guoneng Ningdong First Power Generation Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750408, China
  • 2.Zhejiang TPRI-LH Intelligent Sensing Technology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing 314000, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411242
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实现精处理出水氯离子指标的有效监控,对保障精处理出水水质、运行工艺调整、延长运行周期等具有关键作用。根据离子交换平衡理论,分析比对了精处理氢型与铵型运行方式的运行特点、出水水质以及树脂再生度要求;并通过实验室模拟以及某电厂精处理混床运行周期跟踪试验,重点研究了精处理出水氯离子迁移特性。结果表明:氢型阶段树脂再生度要求低,该阶段主要以除盐为主,不易发生漏氯现象;转化阶段随着出水pH值不断升高,对树脂再生度要求也不断提高,当凝结水中含有氯离子时容易发生氯离子的溢出现象;铵型运行时混床不再以除盐为主,出水氯离子质量浓度与凝结水相当。因此,对于精处理出水(尤其是铵型运行时),实现氯离子有效监控对于保障出水水质是必要的,同时将氯离子作为监控指标之一,不仅可有效保障精处理出水水质,同时可以指导精处理运行工艺调整,在保障机组安全运行的前提下达到显著延长精处理运行周期的目的。

凝结水精处理  /  铵型运行  /  再生度  /  氯离子

Effective monitoring of chloride ion indicators in precision treated effluent plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality of the effluent, adjusting operational processes, and extending operating cycles. According to the theory of ion exchange equilibrium, the operating characteristics, effluent quality, and resin regeneration requirements of hydrogen type and ammonium type operation modes for precision treatment were analyzed and compared. Through laboratory simulation experiments and tracking experiments of the operating cycle of a precision treated mixed bed in a certain power plant, the migration characteristics of chloride ions in the effluent of precision treatment were mainly studied. The results show that, the requirement for regeneration degree of resin in the hydrogen stage is low, and the main focus of this stage is desalination, which is not prone to chlorine leakage. As the pH value of the effluent increases during the conversion stage, the requirement for resin regeneration also increases. When the condensate contains chloride ions, chloride ion displacement is prone to occur. During ammonium type operation, the mixed bed no longer focuses on desalination, and the mass concentration of chloride ions in the effluent is equivalent to that in the condensate. Therefore, effective monitoring of chloride ions is necessary for ensuring the quality of effluent water, especially during ammonium type operation. At the same time, using chloride ions as one of the monitoring indicators can not only ensure the quality of effluent water effectively, but also guide the adjustment of precision treatment operation process, and significantly extend the precision treatment operation cycle while ensuring the safe operation of the unit.

condensate water polishing  /  ammonium type operation  /  regeneration degree  /  chloride ion
左选国, 张龙明, 贾兰. 凝结水精处理铵型运行出水氯离子迁移特性. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (9) : 164 -170 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411242
Xuanguo ZUO, Longming ZHANG, Lan JIA. Migration characteristics of chloride ions in effluent of ammonium type operation of condensate polishing[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (9) : 164 -170 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411242
凝结水精处理可有效提升机组水汽品质,确保热力系统安全,减缓热力系统结垢腐蚀,提高机组运行经济性,缩短机组启动时间,因此,目前国内大部分发电机组均配备了凝结水精处理系统[1]。作为给水主要组成部分,精处理出水量占比往往达到75%~85%,精处理过程对改善锅炉给水和热力系统的水汽品质具有关键作用。目前,我国多数发电企业精处理系统运行控制水平较低[2-4],为了保障水汽品质并防止热力设备发生腐蚀、结垢和积盐,精处理多采用氢型方式运行,即在给水高pH值工况下,运行周期5~7天。但随着补给水处理工艺水平的提高及凝汽器制作工艺和换热管材质的改进,凝汽器泄漏的概率越来越低。实际上氢型混床去除的主要物质是凝结水中的氨,形成混床除氨、精处理出水又要加氨的状态,不仅造成资源浪费,还严重增加精处理系统的运行负担,导致树脂再生频繁、再生酸碱用量及废水排放量大、树脂补充率高、树脂性能劣化以及运行工作强度大等问题[5]。本文根据离子交换平衡理论,分析比对了精处理氢型与铵型运行方式的运行特点、出水水质以及树脂再生度要求,并重点研究精处理铵型运行时出水氯离子迁移特性,以期为延长精处理运行周期、实现经济化运行提供参考和依据。
精处理运行先后经过氢型阶段、转化阶段、铵型阶段。精处理氢型运行,出水pH值为7.0左右,对于非加氧工况,该阶段运行周期一般为5~7天。当出水开始漏氨时,进入转化阶段,出水pH值、电导率不断上升,直至与进水相同后,精处理进入铵型运行阶段。铵型运行一般可维持30~90天,运行周期远高于氢型运行阶段,对机组经济化运行意义重大。铵型混床的主要作用为:1)去除凝结水中的腐蚀产物;2)去除凝结水中的铁离子、铜离子以及硬度离子,并等当量转化为铵根和钠离子;3)当凝汽器发生泄漏时,混床阳、阴树脂的再生度会保持一段时间,出水NH4+与OH质量浓度不会发生大幅变化,从而Na+与Cl质量浓度也不会突然升高,铵型混床起到缓冲水质变化的作用,缓冲时间取决于凝汽器泄漏程度[1]。因此,对于凝结水水质良好、凝汽器泄漏率合格的机组,可考虑精处理混床铵型运行方式,从而达到经济化运行的目的。即使凝汽器突发渗漏,铵型混床也能起到显著的缓冲作用,及时投运备用氢型混床即可有效提升精处理出水水质。
不论是氢型还是铵型运行方式,凝结水精处理除盐过程以及离子交换过程均是依靠离子交换树脂完成,不同组分迁移过程符合离子交换平衡和离子交换动力学原理[6-7]
氢型阶段阳树脂对Na+的吸附过程为:
RH+Na+RNa+H+
氢型阶段阴树脂对Cl的吸附过程为:
ROH+ClRCl+OH
氢型阶段精处理出水pH值为7.0,H+与OH浓度均等于10–7 mol/L。
铵型阶段阳树脂由RH转型为RNH4,阳树脂对Na+的吸附过程转变为:
RNH4+Na+RNa+NH4+
铵型阶段阴树脂对Cl的吸附反应与氢型阶段一致,由于出水呈碱性,OH浓度远高于H+浓度,且OH浓度与NH4+浓度相等。
根据离子交换平衡与塔板理论,上述吸附反应可视为达到平衡。根据质量作用定理,氢型阶段离子吸附反应各组分浓度对应关系为:
[RNa]/[RH]=KH-Na[Na+]/[H+]
[RCl]/[ROH]=KOH-Cl[Cl]/[OH]
式中:KH-Na为氢型阳树脂RH对钠离子的吸附平衡常数;KOH-Cl为吸附平衡常数。
铵型阶段离子吸附反应各组分浓度对应关系为:
[RNa]/[RNH4]=KNH4-Na[Na+]/[NH4+]
[RCl]/[ROH]=KOH-Cl[Cl]/[OH]
根据离子交换各组分浓度对应关系,氢型运行阳、阴树脂再生度与出水离子浓度的关系式为:
[RH]=(1[RH])([H+]/[Na+])/KH-Na
[ROH]=(1[ROH])([OH]/[Cl])/KOH-Cl
铵型运行阳、阴树脂再生度与出水离子浓度的关系式分别为:
[RNH4]=(1[RNH4])([NH4+]/[Na+])/KNH4-Na
[ROH]=(1[ROH])([OH1]/[Cl])/KOH-Cl
式中:KH-Na=1.5,KOH-Cl=11.0(以某I型氢氧型强碱阴树脂为例),KNH4-Na=0.75。氢型阶段H+浓度和OH浓度均为10–7 mol/L,铵型阶段OH浓度与NH4+浓度相等,出水OH浓度可根据pH值计算。
根据上述公式,可计算出不同出水水质对应的再生度要求。不同出水钠离子质量浓度对应的阳树脂再生度计算结果见表1,不同出水氯离子质量浓度对应的阴树脂再生度计算结果见表2
1)氢型运行方式对树脂再生度要求相对较低。按照《火力发电机组及蒸汽动力设备水汽质量》(GB/T 12145—2016)要求[8],精处理出水钠离子、氯离子质量浓度控制在1.0 μg/L以下,分别对应的阳、阴树脂再生度为60.53%、24.40%,远低于发电机组精处理混床树脂的实际再生度。因此,氢型混床主要功能为除盐,出水水质良好,出水钠离子、氯离子含量一般低于控制标准。
2)铵型运行对于阳、阴树脂再生度要求高,并且随着出水水质pH值的升高,树脂再生度也需要相应提高。例如,某电厂凝结水pH值在9.2~9.5,为了保障铵型运行出水合格,不出现漏钠漏氯现象,阳、阴树脂的再生度须控制在99.90%、99.03%以上。
能否成功实现精处理混床的铵型运行,关键在于出水水质是否符合标准要求,混床阳、阴树脂再生度能否达到控制指标与运行pH值对应的再生度要求是实现精处理混床铵型运行的必要条件。通过严格控制树脂再生时卸出、分离、混合装填等工艺,减少交叉污染,可有效确保较高的树脂再生度[1]
氯离子是水汽系统中腐蚀性最强的阴离子,氯离子超标会加速热力设备腐蚀,甚至导致锅炉腐蚀泄漏和汽轮机叶片断裂的恶性事故。因此,标准GB/T 12145—2016对锅炉给水、精处理出水的氯离子含量做了严格规定。目前,发电机组精处理系统大多配备了(氢)电导率表、pH值、钠表、硅表等在线监督仪表用于监测精处理出水水质,但未对氯离子进行有效监控[9]
根据美国材料与试验协会(American society for testing and materials,ASTM)标准数据[10],当水中阴离子仅为氯离子时,氢电导率与氯离子质量浓度的对应关系如图1所示。
对于大型火力发电机组而言,水汽系统、精处理出水氢电导率控制指标为0.1 μS/cm,此时对应的氯离子质量浓度接近7 μg/L,远超标准值(1 μg/L),即使氢电导率合格也无法保障精处理出水氯离子含量合格,另一方面精处理进入转化阶段和铵型阶段后,随着出水pH值升高,若树脂再生度未达要求,则存在极大的漏氯风险。综上,为了保障水汽品质,对精处理出水氯离子含量进行有效监控(尤其对于铵型运行方式)是必要的。
采用如图2所示的精处理动态试验装置进行模拟试验,考查精处理不同运行阶段的氯离子迁移特性。其中,1号试验装置模拟阳、阴床精处理系统,2号试验装置模拟混床精处理系统。模拟试验的2种精处理进水条件为:试验条件1模拟水质良好的精处理进水,氯离子质量浓度为0.5 μg/L;试验条件2模拟受到一定氯离子污染的精处理进水,氯离子质量浓度为10 μg/L,具体试验条件见表3
试验条件1模拟了精处理进水水质良好的情况,进水氯离子质量浓度采用0.5 μg/L,分别定期从1号试验装置和2号试验装置出水取样口取样分析铵根离子质量浓度,并采集氯表监测数据。1号、2号试验装置试验结果如图3图4所示。1号试验装置模拟阳、阴床精处理系统。根据图3可知:该系统氢型运行约310 h,该阶段系统进水中的氨被阳树脂吸附,未漏至出水,氯离子质量浓度低于0.2 μg/L;310~420 h为转化阶段,该阶段阳树脂逐渐失效,出水中的铵根离子质量浓度逐步上升至最高点(3 150 μg/L),转化阶段出现了短暂的氯离子溢出现象,氯离子质量浓度峰值仅为0.4 μg/L,随后很快回落至0.2 μg/L以下;铵型阶段出水铵根离子质量浓度未出现明显上升,且氯离子质量浓度基本低于0.2 μg/L。
2号试验装置模拟混床精处理系统。根据图4可知:该系统氢型运行约280 h,该阶段系统进水中的氨被阳树脂吸附,未漏至出水,氯离子质量浓度低于0.2 μg/L;280~360 h为转化阶段,该阶段阳树脂逐渐失效,出水中的铵根离子质量浓度逐步上升至最高点,转化阶段未出现显著的氯离子溢出现象;铵型阶段出水铵根离子质量浓度未出现明显上升,且氯离子质量浓度基本低于0.2 μg/L。
试验条件2模拟了精处理进水受到一定氯离子污染的情况,进水氯离子质量浓度采用10.0 μg/L。同样地,分别定期从1号、2号试验装置出水取样口取样分析铵根离子质量浓度,并采集氯表监测数据,结果如图5图6所示。
1号试验装置模拟阳、阴床精处理系统。该系统氢型运行约200 h,该阶段进水中的氨被阳树脂吸附,未漏至出水,氯离子质量浓度低于0.2 μg/L;200~275 h为转化阶段,该阶段阳树脂逐渐失效,出水中的铵根离子质量浓度逐步上升至最高点,转化阶段出现了显著的氯离子溢出现象,峰值达到17.0 μg/L;铵型运行阶段出水铵根离子质量浓度未出现明显上升,且氯离子质量浓度为8.5~9.0 μg/L,基本接近于进水氯离子质量浓度。
2号试验装置模拟混床精处理系统。该系统氢型运行约170 h,氢型阶段系统进水中的氨被阳树脂吸附,未漏至出水,氯离子质量浓度低于0.2 μg/L;170~250 h为转化阶段,该阶段阳树脂逐渐失效,出水中的铵根离子质量浓度逐步上升至最高点,转化阶段出现了显著的氯离子溢出现象,峰值达到15.0 μg/L;铵型运行阶段出水铵根离子质量浓度未出现明显上升,且氯离子质量浓度为10.0 μg/L左右,接近于进水氯离子质量浓度。
根据精处理动态模拟试验结果,不论阳、阴床精处理系统还是混床精处理系统,氢型运行出水水质最好,该阶段精处理主要作用为除盐。当精处理进水水质良好时,转化阶段与铵型阶段溢出氯离子不显著,树脂达到再生度要求的基础上,更容易实现精处理铵型运行;当精处理进水受到一定污染并含有一定杂质时,即使树脂再生度达到要求,也容易出现氯离子溢出现象从而造成出水水质恶化。综上,对于水质良好的发电机组,实现精处理铵型运行的前提条件为:一方面保障阳、阴树脂再生度达到相应要求;另一方面应实现关键防控指标(氯离子)的有效监控,防止进水受到污染导致精处理出水水质恶化。
根据上述精处理出水氯离子迁移特性试验研究结果,氢型运行阶段出水氯离子质量浓度低于进水,转化阶段出现了出水氯离子质量浓度大于进水的现象;进入铵型运行阶段,出水氯离子质量浓度与进水相当。造成上述现象的原因为离子交换过程的“填充-溢出”效应,该效应基于离子交换平衡原理。例如,特定出水水质要求的阴树脂再生度为90%,而实际再生度达到了95%,则可利用的除盐交换容量为5%,此时离子为填充状态,可实现离子的吸收作用;若实际再生度为85%,低于90%,超出吸收能力的氯离子将会释放至出水,此时氯离子处于溢出状态。
综上,氢型运行阶段,出水pH值为7,根据表2的计算结果,此时对阴树脂的再生度要求最低,“填充-溢出”平衡点低,树脂填充容量大,这也是氢型混床出水水质良好的原因;进入转型阶段,出水pH值不断升高,对阴树脂再生度要求也相应提高,直到再生度低于“填充-溢出”平衡点,树脂吸附的氯离子溢出,出现氯离子“溢出峰”现象;进入铵型运行阶段,出水pH值不再继续上升,树脂上过载的氯离子溢出完毕后,铵型混床基本失去除盐能力,出水离子质量浓度与进水离子质量浓度保持相当。
某电厂凝结水水质良好,其阴、阳离子含量与精处理出水相近,混床仅除去了凝结水中的铵根离子,混床树脂分离也采用了分离效果较好的高塔法技术,对于这种情况,精处理混床可以采用铵型运行。但在铵型运行或转型阶段,混床可能漏氯放钠,并且铵型运行对树脂再生水平要求较高,因此要真正实现精处理混床的铵型运行,须对精处理出水的氢电导率、氯离子含量进行有效监控,并合理调整再生过程的工艺参数。TPRI-TC型水汽中痕量氯离子分析仪为西安热工研究院有限公司基于浓缩富集-分光光度法开发的在线测量仪表,测量下限达到0.1 μg/L,测量范围为0~10 μg/L,可满足发电机组水汽系统(给水、精处理出水等测点)痕量氯离子的在线监控。结合精处理出水(氢)电导率表、pH表、钠表、硅表等监测仪表与上述氯离子分析仪,对该电厂精处理某台混床运行过程的出水水质进行跟踪检测,结果如图7所示。
根据图7所示的检测数据得出以下结论。
1)该混床氢型运行阶段维持了77 h,运行时间低于5至7天的正常水平。该阶段电导率、氢电导率维持在0.06 μS/cm左右,氯离子、钠离子、硅等含量处于较低水平,出水水质良好。
2)从第77 h开始,该混床进入转化阶段,由于漏过的氨质量浓度逐步升高,出水电导率从0.059 μS/cm升至3.226 μS/cm,氢电导率、氯离子、钠离子等指标也呈上升趋势,至第149 h氯离子质量浓度超过控制标准并将该混床退出运行,此时出水电导率低于进水(6.3 µS/cm左右),该混床未成功转化至铵型运行。
3)虽然该混床未成功转化至铵型运行,但实现了氯离子监控,在保障精处理出水氯离子等指标不超标的情况下,实现了半氨化运行。相较于氢型运行,运行周期与制水量提升了近1倍,节能降耗效果显著。
对上述失效混床进行分离再生发现阳树脂体积小于设计值,因此导致混床氢型阶段运行周期与制水量异常偏低;阴树脂再生度低于铵型运行要求是造成转化阶段漏氯的原因。为了优化该套树脂的处理工艺,首先补充阳树脂体积至设计值(4.2 m3),并依据《火电厂凝结水精处理系统技术要求第1部分:湿冷机组》(DL/T 333.1—2010)[11]中的再生规范,严格保障再生流速、再生剂质量分数等工艺参数,并将再生酸、碱用量提升2倍[12-13]。优化再生采用的工艺参数见表4
将以上树脂再生混合后,输送至高速混床进行运行周期跟踪试验(优化后),运行过程中水质检测结果如图8
根据图8所示的检测数据得出以下结论。
1)该混床氢型运行阶段维持了142 h,该阶段运行6天,相较于优化前,氢型周期提高了84.4%,达到了正常水平。该阶段电导率、氢电导率维持在0.06 μS/cm左右,氯离子、钠离子、硅等质量浓度处于较低水平,出水水质良好。
2)第142~182 h,该混床进入转化阶段,由于漏过的氨含量逐步升高,出水电导率从0.064 μS/cm上升至6.644 μS/cm。氢电导率、氯离子、钠离子等指标也呈上升趋势:氢电导率从0.060 μS/cm左右升至0.079 μS/cm,氯离子质量浓度从0.10 μg/L升至0.68 μg/L,钠离子质量浓度从0.10 μg/L升至0.58 μg/L,但均未超过GB/T 12145—2016规定的期望值,本次运行成功转化至铵型运行。
3)从第182 h开始,混床进入铵型运行,出水电导率与进水保持一致,维持在6.442~6.660 μS/cm之间,氢电导率、氯离子以及钠离子等指标未进一步上升。
4)优化后,该混床可以铵型运行,只要出水铁含量、二样化硅以及运行压差合格,混床可继续运行,铵型运行周期一般为30到90天,相对于氢型运行方式周期可延长至5倍以上,周期制水量预计可达30万吨以上,节能降耗效益显著。
5)铵型运行后,第10天至第30天定期对出水铁质量浓度进行了检测,出水铁质量浓度维持在0.34~0.70 μg/L,符合标准要求。
本文根据离子交换平衡理论,分析比对了精处理氢型与铵型运行方式的运行特点、出水水质以及树脂再生度要求;并通过实验室模拟以及某电厂精处理混床运行周期跟踪试验,重点研究了精处理出水氯离子迁移特性,结论如下。
1)转化阶段与铵型运行阶段相较于氢型阶段,对树脂再生度要求显著升高。
2)氢型阶段出水氯离子质量浓度低于进水,转化阶段出现了出水氯离子质量浓度大于进水的现象,进入铵型运行阶段,出水氯离子质量浓度与进水相当。造成上述现象的原因为:离子交换过程的“填充-溢出”效应。氢型运行阶段对阴树脂的再生度要求最低,“填充-溢出”平衡点低,树脂填充容量大,这也是氢型混床出水水质良好的原因;进入转型阶段,出水pH值不断升高,对阴树脂再生度要求也相应提高,直到再生度低于“填充-溢出”平衡点,树脂吸附的氯离子溢出,出现氯离子“溢出峰”现象;进入铵型运行阶段,出水pH值不再继续上升,树脂上过载的氯离子溢出完毕后,铵型混床基本失去除盐能力。
3)引入氯离子作为精处理出水关键监控指标,对某电厂精处理出水进行全指标监控并进行周期跟踪试验。结果表明,实现精处理出水氯离子的实时监控,一方面有效防止精处理混床转化阶段及铵型运行时突发水质恶化引发的水质超标;另一方面即使树脂再生度不足时可实现精处理半氨化运行并及时根据氯离子质量浓度进行工况调整,保障机组安全运行的前提下达到显著延长精处理运行周期的目的。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司研究开发基金项目(HNKJ21-HF306)
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2025年第54卷第9期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202411242
  • 接收时间:2024-11-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-18
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Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ21-HF306)
中国华能集团有限公司研究开发基金项目(HNKJ21-HF306)
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    1.国能宁东第一发电有限公司,宁夏 银川 750408
    2.浙江西热利华智能传感技术有限公司,浙江 嘉兴 314000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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