Article(id=1236323798182580328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202412244, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733587200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772692163271, onlineDateStr=2026-03-05, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772692163271, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772692163271, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692163271, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236323797054312545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772692163003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772692223569, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236324051153646112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236323797054312545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=25, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236323798442627181, articleId=1236323798182580328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Dynamic characteristics analysis of power-to-heat molten salt heat storage and power generation system, columnId=1236321537943458718, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on energy storage and power generation coupling technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The dynamic models of steam generation system and power generation system are developed to study the dynamic characteristics of power-to-heat molten salt heat storage and power generation system, and the reliability of the models is validated. The dynamic characteristics of the system are analyzed for the disturbance of molten salt work temperature, flowrate and steam valve opening. Moreover, the performance of the system in the load reduction transient process is investigated in the 100%THA~50%THA load interval. The results show that, the main steam temperature and reheat steam temperature respond quickly to the molten salt temperature disturbance, and their response is obviously faster than that of the unit load and main steam pressure. The molten salt flowrate disturbance has a significant effect on the unit load and main steam pressure, and the unit load increases by 12.44% and the main steam pressure increases by 1.18 MPa with 15% increase in molten salt flowrate. The main steam valve opening controls the main steam pressure and load fluctuation. With the addition of the control system, the maximum load reduction rate of the unit in the 100%THA~50%THA load interval is 14%Pe/min with the limiting condition of temperature deviation.

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针对电制热熔盐储热发电系统的动态特性展开研究,建立了蒸汽发生系统、发电系统的动态模型,验证了模型的可靠性。分析了熔盐工质流量、温度和蒸汽阀门开度扰动下的动态特性,并研究该系统在100%THA—50%THA负荷区间的降负荷瞬态过程性能。研究结果表明,在熔盐温度扰动下,主蒸汽温度和再热蒸汽温度快速响应,且明显快于机组负荷和主蒸汽压力响应;熔盐流量扰动对机组负荷和主蒸汽压力具有显著影响,熔盐流量增加15%时,机组负荷增加12.44%,主蒸汽压力增大1.18 MPa;主蒸汽调节阀开度则控制着主蒸汽压力和负荷波动。在温度偏差的限制条件下,100%THA—50%THA负荷区间的最大降负荷速率达14%Pe/min。

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刘明(1985),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为热力系统节能与优化,
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户雯婷(1998),女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为电制热熔盐储热系统优化设计及动态仿真,

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户雯婷(1998),女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为电制热熔盐储热系统优化设计及动态仿真,

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户雯婷(1998),女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为电制热熔盐储热系统优化设计及动态仿真,

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figureFileBig=e3k2cEisRpJTYyeYGJl0Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323808144052780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798182580328, language=CN, label=图8, caption=100%THA—50%THA不同降负荷速率下关键参数偏差, figureFileSmall=S24AW7xU05wbqZl4nnSgzw==, figureFileBig=e3k2cEisRpJTYyeYGJl0Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323808265687605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798182580328, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Key parameters of Solar salt

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项目数值
适用温度/℃220~600
定压比热容/(J·(kg·℃)–1)1 443+0.172T
导热系数/(W·(m·℃)–1)0.443+1.9×10−4T
密度/(kg·m–3)2 090−0.636T
动力黏度/(mPa·s)22.714−0.12T+2.281×10−4T2−1.474×10−7T3
), ArticleFig(id=1236323808349573690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798182580328, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Solar salt熔盐关键参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
适用温度/℃220~600
定压比热容/(J·(kg·℃)–1)1 443+0.172T
导热系数/(W·(m·℃)–1)0.443+1.9×10−4T
密度/(kg·m–3)2 090−0.636T
动力黏度/(mPa·s)22.714−0.12T+2.281×10−4T2−1.474×10−7T3
), ArticleFig(id=1236323808458625602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798182580328, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Steady-state validation of main parameters of the power-to-heat molten salt heat storage and power generation system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键参数100%THA75%THA50%THA
设计值模拟值误差设计值模拟值误差设计值模拟值误差
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)253.29253.310.01%185.71185.700.01%120.73120.800.05%
主蒸汽压力/MPa19.1719.17014.0614.0609.149.140
主蒸汽温度/℃557557055755705575570
再热蒸汽温度/℃557557055755705575570
机组负荷/MW300300022522501501500
熔盐流量/(kg·s–1)1 805.111 805.1201 251.861 251.920762.89763.190.04%
熔盐出口温度/℃352.8352.80329.19329.20296.42296.50.01%
), ArticleFig(id=1236323808580260423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323798182580328, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

电制热熔盐储热发电系统主要参数稳态验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关键参数100%THA75%THA50%THA
设计值模拟值误差设计值模拟值误差设计值模拟值误差
主蒸汽流量/(kg·s–1)253.29253.310.01%185.71185.700.01%120.73120.800.05%
主蒸汽压力/MPa19.1719.17014.0614.0609.149.140
主蒸汽温度/℃557557055755705575570
再热蒸汽温度/℃557557055755705575570
机组负荷/MW300300022522501501500
熔盐流量/(kg·s–1)1 805.111 805.1201 251.861 251.920762.89763.190.04%
熔盐出口温度/℃352.8352.80329.19329.20296.42296.50.01%
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电制热熔盐储热发电系统的动态特性分析
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户雯婷 1 , 刘明 1 , 张顺奇 2 , 韩伟 2 , 严俊杰 1
热力发电 | 储能与发电耦合技术研究专题 2025,54(9): 25-34
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热力发电 | 储能与发电耦合技术研究专题 2025, 54(9): 25-34
电制热熔盐储热发电系统的动态特性分析
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户雯婷1 , 刘明1 , 张顺奇2, 韩伟2, 严俊杰1
作者信息
  • 1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 户雯婷(1998),女,博士研究生,主要研究方向为电制热熔盐储热系统优化设计及动态仿真,

通讯作者:

刘明(1985),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为热力系统节能与优化,
Dynamic characteristics analysis of power-to-heat molten salt heat storage and power generation system
Wenting HU1 , Ming LIU1 , Shunqi ZHANG2, Wei HAN2, Junjie YAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
  • 2.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412244
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针对电制热熔盐储热发电系统的动态特性展开研究,建立了蒸汽发生系统、发电系统的动态模型,验证了模型的可靠性。分析了熔盐工质流量、温度和蒸汽阀门开度扰动下的动态特性,并研究该系统在100%THA—50%THA负荷区间的降负荷瞬态过程性能。研究结果表明,在熔盐温度扰动下,主蒸汽温度和再热蒸汽温度快速响应,且明显快于机组负荷和主蒸汽压力响应;熔盐流量扰动对机组负荷和主蒸汽压力具有显著影响,熔盐流量增加15%时,机组负荷增加12.44%,主蒸汽压力增大1.18 MPa;主蒸汽调节阀开度则控制着主蒸汽压力和负荷波动。在温度偏差的限制条件下,100%THA—50%THA负荷区间的最大降负荷速率达14%Pe/min。

电制热  /  熔盐储热  /  动态模型  /  动态特性  /  变负荷速率

The dynamic models of steam generation system and power generation system are developed to study the dynamic characteristics of power-to-heat molten salt heat storage and power generation system, and the reliability of the models is validated. The dynamic characteristics of the system are analyzed for the disturbance of molten salt work temperature, flowrate and steam valve opening. Moreover, the performance of the system in the load reduction transient process is investigated in the 100%THA~50%THA load interval. The results show that, the main steam temperature and reheat steam temperature respond quickly to the molten salt temperature disturbance, and their response is obviously faster than that of the unit load and main steam pressure. The molten salt flowrate disturbance has a significant effect on the unit load and main steam pressure, and the unit load increases by 12.44% and the main steam pressure increases by 1.18 MPa with 15% increase in molten salt flowrate. The main steam valve opening controls the main steam pressure and load fluctuation. With the addition of the control system, the maximum load reduction rate of the unit in the 100%THA~50%THA load interval is 14%Pe/min with the limiting condition of temperature deviation.

power-to-heat  /  molten salt heat storage  /  dynamic model  /  dynamic characteristics  /  load cycling rate
户雯婷, 刘明, 张顺奇, 韩伟, 严俊杰. 电制热熔盐储热发电系统的动态特性分析. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (9) : 25 -34 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412244
Wenting HU, Ming LIU, Shunqi ZHANG, Wei HAN, Junjie YAN. Dynamic characteristics analysis of power-to-heat molten salt heat storage and power generation system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (9) : 25 -34 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412244
电力供给是经济社会发展的基础,正朝着绿色低碳化方向加速转型[1]。然而,大规模可再生能源的接入给电网安全稳定运行带来了巨大挑战[2]。电制热熔盐储热发电系统将低成本电能转化为热能进行储存,然后在用电高峰将热能转化为电能,是绿电消纳的有效方案[3]
为此,国内外相关单位针对电制热储热集成供能系统的可行性和系统优化问题展开了研究。Lepiksaar等人[4]将电锅炉和储热系统集成到热电联产机组中,该系统通过可再生能源制热,平衡了热、电负荷需求,提高了热电联产机组的运行灵活性。苗林等[5]对比了电制热熔盐储热集成燃煤发电系统的不同释热方案,热力学分析结果表明电-热-电的等效往返效率最大可达49.36%。He等人[6]提出一种“风电-光伏-储热-电加热”的热电联产系统,该系统的平准化电力成本和全生命周期CO2当量排放量较传统热电联产系统分别降低了6%和21%。Yan等人[7]通过考虑煤炭价格和峰谷电价差,对储热系统的容量进行了优化。Benalcazar等人[8]提出了一种混合整数线性规划方法,通过考虑储热系统的投资成本和系统的年度运行调度,确定了储热系统的最佳容量。
变负荷速率是电制热熔盐储热发电系统支撑电网频率调节的关键性能指标,目前国内外相关单位已初步分析了熔盐储热等子系统的动态特性,并开展了控制策略优化。马汀山等[9]建立了熔盐电加热器的动态模型,研究了电负荷和熔盐流量扰动下电加热器的动态特性,并根据动态特性提出了熔盐出口温度的“电负荷前馈+PID”控制策略,该控制策略可维持电加热器热力参数的稳定。斯楞戈等[10]建立了双罐熔盐储热系统和导热油/盐换热器的动态仿真模型,对储热系统的储热和放热过程进行模拟,得到了导热油流量扰动下熔盐温度和储罐中熔盐高度变化的动态曲线。
综上所述,电制热熔盐储热发电系统是绿电消纳的有效方案。目前,国内外相关单位针对系统优化问题已开展了较为深入研究,并初步分析了熔盐储热等子系统的动态特性,但针对储热-发电完整系统的动态特性的相关研究较少。为此,建立电制热熔盐储热发电系统的动态模型,对熔盐热工质的温度、质量流量和主蒸汽调节阀(主汽阀)开度进行扰动模拟,分析了储热系统与发电系统间的耦合作用和动态特性,并初步研究了100%THA—50%THA负荷区间的降负荷性能。该研究为电制热熔盐储热发电系统参与电网调峰调频的控制策略优化和瞬态过程节能奠定基础。
本文研究的电制热熔盐储热发电系统如图1所示,该系统由电制热储热、蒸汽发生器、朗肯循环发电3个子系统组成。该系统以Solar salt熔盐为储热工质,其适用温度和关键物性参数见表1
在用电低谷期,低价谷电在电加热器中转化为热能储存在热熔盐中。在用电高峰期,热熔盐加热给水,生成过热蒸汽进入汽轮机系统做功。蒸汽发生器是熔盐和水换热的关键设备,包含预热器、蒸发器、汽包、过热器和再热器。
该发电机组额定功率Pe为300 MW,主蒸汽压力、温度和给水温度分别为19.17 MPa、557 ℃和302.55 ℃。对应蒸汽发生器中熔盐的进出口温度分别为570 ℃和353 ℃。
本文研究系统的动态模型主要包括蒸汽发生器系统和朗肯循环发电系统。所述模型使用Simulink进行搭建,并对模型的可靠性进行了验证。
预热器、过热器、再热器的冷热流体均为单相状态,而蒸发器涉及相变过程,故本节将熔盐-水/蒸汽换热器分为2种方式建模[11]。建模时采用以下假设[12]:以出口点作为集总参数点;不考虑预热器压损;忽略工质与管壁的轴向导热,只考虑径向传热;忽略管壁热阻,认为管内外壁温相同;忽略换热器热损失,认为换热效率100%;蒸发器中的水和蒸汽处于饱和状态,并且压力和温度同时变化。
1)单相换热器 单相换热器采用管壳式布置,熔盐在壳侧放热,水或蒸汽在管侧吸热。对壳侧、管壁、管侧分别进行建模。
各控制单元的质量守恒和能量守恒如下:
d(ρfVf)dτ=mf,inmf,out
d(cpfMfTf)dτ=mf(hf,inhf,out)+Of
Qf=kfAf(TfTm)
cpmMmdTmdτ=QfhQfc
式中:ρfVf分别为工质的密度和体积,kg/m3和m3mf为工质的质量流量,kg/s;cpfcpm分别为工质和金属壁的比热容,kJ/(kg·K);MfMm分别为换热器中工质质量和壁面质量,kg;hf为工质焓值,kJ/kg;QfhQfc分别为热工质和冷工质换热量,kW;kf为工质与金属壁之间的对流换热系数[13],kW/(m2·K);Af为工质与壁面之间的换热面积,m2TfTm分别为工质和金属壁温度,℃;角标in和out分别表示换热器的进口和出口。
2)蒸发器 蒸发器分为汽包和管壳式换热器2部分,在换热器中,熔盐在管侧流动,汽水混合物在壳侧流动。管侧熔盐和管壁的建模方法类似于单相换热器。对于蒸发器中的汽水混合物,由质量守恒和能量守恒,可以得到如下公式:
d(ρwgVwg+ρwlVwl)dτ=mwinmwout
d(ρwghwgVwg+ρwlhwlVwl)dτ=mwinhwinmwouthwg+Qw
式中:ρwgρwl分别为蒸汽和水的密度,kg/m3VwgVwl分别为蒸汽和水的体积,m3mwinmwout分别为蒸发器进口给水质量流量和出口饱和蒸汽质量流量,kg/s;hwinhwlhwg分别为蒸发器进口给水焓值、蒸发器压力下饱和水和饱和蒸汽的焓值,kJ/kg。
1)汽轮机
进入汽轮机的蒸汽质量流量如下[14]
m1s=RturuturpinTin+273.15
式中:mls为进入汽轮机的蒸汽质量流量,kg/s;Rtur为汽轮机的进汽阻力系数,可由额定工况推导得到,(kg·K)/(MPa·s);utur为主汽阀开度信号;pinTin分别为进入汽轮机的蒸汽压力和蒸汽温度,MPa和℃。
与回热系统相比,汽轮机具有更快的响应能力,因此对汽轮机采用准稳态模型[15]。对于每一级的抽汽压力,采用Flugel公式计算,具体如下:
mwimw,0i=((pwi,in)2(pwi,out)2(pw,0i,in)2(pw,0i,out)2)Tw,0iTwi
式中:mw为汽轮机进口蒸汽质量流量,kg/s;pwTw分别为蒸汽压力和温度,MPa和℃;上角标i表示汽轮机第i级,in和out表示级前和级后,下角标0表示设计工况。
2)回热系统
回热加热器包括蒸汽冷却段、蒸汽凝结段和疏水冷却段。在建模过程中,利用集总参数法将回热加热器离散为高温工质、低温工质和金属壁面3个控制单元,能量守恒方程与熔盐-水换热器相似,其中对流换热系数见文献[14]。
由于换热器具有明显的热惯性,本节分别对蒸汽发生器和回热加热器进行了动态模型验证。蒸汽发生器选取的验证工况为在100 s时蒸汽阀开度阶跃减小20%。模型的仿真结果与文献[16]的对比如图2所示。
图2可知,主蒸汽流量的平均相对误差最大,为1.14%。对于回热加热器,首先将文献[17]中的实验抽汽压力拟合为图3a)所示的曲线,再把拟合出的曲线作为模型验证时的输入值。当抽汽压力变化时,抽汽流量和给水温升的仿真结果和实验数据对比如图3b)所示。在给水温度分别为60 ℃和70 ℃的2组实验数据对比中,最大平均相对误差为2.26%,这验了蒸汽发生器和回热加热器动态模型的可靠性。
在不同负荷下进行模型的稳态数据对比,具体见表2。由表2可知,在100%THA、75%THA和50%THA工况下,动态模型的仿真数据与设计值之间的最大误差为0.05%。验证得到系统的稳态精度良好。
在系统释能阶段,熔盐工质进入蒸汽发生器的温度和流量是影响熔盐-汽/水换热的关键因素。通过调节主汽阀的开度控制进入汽轮机的蒸汽流量,进而调节发电机组的功率。因此,熔盐温度、流量和主汽阀开度是变负荷响应过程中系统调控的关键参数。本节在50%THA的初始工况下,在稳定运行100 s时分别对熔盐温度、熔盐流量和主汽阀开度施加阶跃扰动,模拟分析扰动对主蒸汽压力、主蒸汽温度、机组负荷和蒸汽发生器熔盐出口温度的变化规律,为控制策略优化奠定基础。
在储热阶段,熔盐经电加热器加热后储存在热罐中,其温度由电加热器的功率控制。图4为熔盐温度发生阶跃扰动时,各关键参数的响应曲线。由图4可以看出,熔盐温度阶跃升高和降低,对应各参数的响应趋势相反,但响应时间基本相同。以熔盐温度升高为例,高温熔盐首先进入过热器和再热器,由于换热温差的增大,换热效率迅速提高,导致出口蒸汽温度迅速升高。如图4b)和图4c)所示,蒸汽温度在初期快速上升,但在300 s左右增速放缓,最终在600 s左右达到新的稳态。与蒸汽温度的迅速响应不同,蒸汽压力和机组负荷的响应速度较慢,如图4a)和图4d)所示。在扰动发生初期,蒸汽温度升高导致蒸汽密度降低,从而使主蒸汽压力缓慢升高;在扰动发生中期,随着熔盐的流动,蒸发器的温度逐渐升高,蒸发器中产生的蒸汽量逐渐增加,对应主蒸汽压力的增速加大,并且在1 050 s时达到稳定。熔盐温度增加对发电负荷的影响如图4d)所示,在响应初期,机组负荷增加主要是由主蒸汽温度升高引起的;随着蒸汽流量的增加和主蒸汽压力的提高,机组负荷在450 s时增速加大,并在1 050 s时达到稳定。图4e)为蒸汽发生器熔盐出口温度的响应曲线,在前450 s,熔盐出口温度变化较慢,增加幅度较小;450 s后熔盐出口温度增速加快后逐渐稳定。当熔盐温度降低时,各参数的变化趋势与熔盐温度升高时相反,而响应时间和变化幅度基本相同。
熔盐温度阶跃降低15 ℃和阶跃升高15 ℃时,所列关键参数的响应时间为1 050 s。新的稳定工况与初始工况相比,主蒸汽压力分别降低0.385 MPa和升高0.383 MPa;主蒸汽温度分别降低13.75 ℃和升高13.65 ℃;机组负荷分别降低6.03%和升高5.92%;熔盐出口温度分别降低1.83 ℃和升高1.70 ℃。此外,熔盐温度的变化对各个参数的影响具有一定的时序差异,蒸汽温度的响应最为迅速,而蒸汽压力和熔盐出口温度的变化则相对滞后。
热罐中的熔盐经过熔盐循环泵进入蒸汽发生器。图5为熔盐流量发生阶跃扰动时关键参数的响应曲线。当熔盐流量增加时,蒸汽发生器中的换热量增加,蒸发器中产生的蒸汽量逐渐增加,对应的主蒸汽压力逐渐升高,如图5a)所示,在600 s达到稳定。主蒸汽温度和再热蒸汽温度的响应曲线如图5b)和图5c)所示,呈先增大后减小的变化趋势。熔盐流量增大的初期,换热器中的传热速率大于蒸汽量的增加速率,蒸汽温度升高。随着蒸汽蒸发量的增加,由于换热量的增加有限,蒸汽温度会逐渐回落,最终在900 s时达到稳定。由图5d)和图5e)可知,熔盐流量减少15%和增加15%时,机组负荷分别减少12.49%和增加12.44%,熔盐出口温度分别降低10.25 ℃和增加8.92 ℃。
蒸汽调节阀设置在汽轮机的进口,图6为主汽阀开度阶跃扰动时关键参数的响应曲线。当阀门开度突然变化,机组负荷与主蒸汽压力和主蒸汽温度的变化方向相反。并且,在阀门开度的扰动下,主蒸汽压力的变化是单向的,主蒸汽温度、再热蒸汽温度、机组负荷和熔盐出口温度的变化是显著波动的。如图6a)所示,阀门开度增加时主蒸汽压力逐渐减小至稳定,阀门开度减小时主蒸汽压力逐渐增大至稳定。阀门开度减小15%和增大15%,主蒸汽压力分别增加1.38 MPa和减小1.05 MPa,并且在600 s左右达到稳定。阀门开度突然增大时,主蒸汽流量会迅速增加,导致主蒸汽温度和再热蒸汽温度迅速减小(图6b)和图6c))。给水流量逐渐增大,汽包压差减小,蒸发器中的蒸汽蒸发量逐渐减小,蒸汽温度随之升高,在750 s左右达到稳定。图6d)为机组负荷的响应曲线,当阀门开度阶跃减小或阶跃增大时,机组负荷迅速达到最低值或最高值,然后逐渐恢复到接近初始状态。当阀门开度阶跃增加时,大量蒸汽迅速进入汽轮机,汽轮机做功快速增加。然而,汽包压差逐渐降低使蒸发器中的蒸发量逐渐减少,机组负荷逐渐回落。由于进入蒸汽发生器的熔盐流量和温度保持不变,熔盐热工质进入蒸汽发生器的总热量维持不变。因此,尽管达到稳态时主蒸汽压力和主蒸汽温度较初始状态略有降低,但对机组负荷产生的影响有限,负荷的稳定值接近初始值。图6e)为熔盐出口温度的响应曲线。阀门开度阶跃增加时,熔盐出口温度先略微增大,然后逐渐降低到明显低于初始值。熔盐出口温度呈波动响应是因为在阀门开度增加的初期,进入汽轮机的蒸汽流量增加,各级回热的抽汽量增大,对应回热器出口的给水温度迅速增加。给水温度的升高使预热器出口熔盐温度升高。然而,随着给水流量的增加,预热器中换热量增加的影响大于给水温度升高的影响,熔盐出口温度逐渐降低,在600 s左右达到稳定。并且阀门开度阶跃减小15%和增加15%时,熔盐出口温度的稳定值分别较初始状态升高4.64 ℃和降低3.38 ℃。
总之,在系统稳定运行100 s时施加单项扰动:熔盐温度阶跃变化时,主蒸汽温度和再热蒸汽温度快速响应,在600 s左右达到新稳态;主蒸汽压力、机组负荷和熔盐出口温度呈渐进式变化,在1 050 s达到稳定。熔盐流量阶跃变化时,主蒸汽压力、机组负荷和熔盐出口温度逐渐降低或逐渐升高,在600 s达到稳定;蒸汽温度呈波动式变化,稳定时间约为900 s。阀门开度阶跃变化时,除主蒸汽压力外,其他参数均为波动式变化,且在750 s时所有参数都达到稳定。综合来看,熔盐温度对于蒸汽温度的影响快速且显著,对于主蒸汽压力和机组负荷的影响有一定的滞后性;熔盐流量对于主蒸汽压力和机组负荷的影响均匀且显著,对于主蒸汽温度的影响幅度相对较小;阀门开度对于机组负荷影响迅速,对于主蒸汽压力影响显著,对于蒸汽温度的影响程度很小,但负荷最终的稳定值主要受熔盐侧影响。
本节将研究该系统在100%THA—50%THA负荷区间的调节性能,并分析最大降负荷速率。控制逻辑主要参考火电机组[18]和光热电站[19]。其中熔盐流量和主汽阀的控制逻辑如图7所示。极限变负荷速率的限制因素为:1)主蒸汽温度和再热蒸汽温度与温度设定值的偏差不超过±10 ℃;2)变负荷过程中,负荷偏差不超过±2%。
系统在100%THA工况下稳定运行300 s后收到降负荷信号。降负荷速率从5%Pe/min开始逐渐增大,降负荷过程中各关键参数设定值与实际值的偏差曲线如图8所示。由图8可知,随着降负荷速率的提高,降负荷瞬态过程中各参数的最大偏差逐渐加大。
在系统降负荷的过程中,负荷能够良好跟随是系统调控的关键。如图8d)所示,在降负荷的初始阶段,熔盐流量和蒸汽调节阀开度开始减小,但是由于系统中蓄热量的释放,负荷的下降速度受限,负荷偏差向负方向增加。随着负荷偏差的增加,控制效果增大,负荷偏差开始降低。然而,随着阀门开度的逐渐减小,主蒸汽压力偏差增大,阀门开度调小的速率受限,负荷偏差再次增大。降负荷信号停止后,机组负荷的超调量在1.2 MW左右。
负荷偏差和主蒸汽压力偏差对蒸汽调节阀的作用相反,两者同时控制着阀门开度。在降负荷过程中,主蒸汽压力的偏差如图8a)所示。在降负荷的初始阶段,由于蒸汽阀门的关闭,主蒸汽压力降低速度受限,产生压力负偏差。随着压力负偏差的积累,熔盐循环流量进一步减少。然而,熔盐循环流量的减少使主蒸汽温度和再热蒸汽温度逐渐降低,蒸汽温度产生正偏差并且逐渐升高(图8b)和图8c))。主蒸汽温度偏高时,调温盐流量增加,减缓温度的继续升高。
在100%THA—50%THA的降负荷过程中,当降负荷速率为15%Pe/min时,再热蒸汽温度偏差为10.71 ℃,超过温度偏差的限制。因此,最大降负荷速率为14%Pe/min。对应主蒸汽压力的最大偏差为负3.58 MPa,主蒸汽温度的最大偏差为8.73 ℃,再热蒸汽温度的最大偏差为9.98 ℃,负荷的最大偏差为–4.39 MW。
本文以电制热熔盐储热发电系统为研究对象,首先,介绍了系统发电过程的动态模型,并对模型的可靠性进行了验证;其次,在系统稳定运行100 s时分别对熔盐热工质的温度、循环流量和主汽阀开度进行阶跃扰动,研究了储热系统与发电系统间的耦合作用和动态特性;最后,模拟了机组在100%THA—50%THA负荷区间的降负荷瞬态过程,并对系统调控过程和最大降负荷速率进行了分析。主要结论如下。
1)当熔盐温度阶跃增加时,蒸汽温度迅速升高;机组负荷、主蒸汽压力和熔盐出口温度先缓慢增加,后增速加大,在1 050 s达到稳定。
2)当熔盐流量阶跃增加时,主蒸汽压力、机组负荷和熔盐出口温度逐渐增大,在600 s稳定;蒸汽温度先快速增高后逐渐下降,在900 s时达到稳定状态。
3)阀门开度阶跃增加时,机组负荷迅速增大到最大值,然后逐渐恢复到接近初始值,响应时间约为750 s;主蒸汽压力逐渐降低;蒸汽温度先快速降低后缓慢上升;熔盐出口温度先略微增加,后逐渐降低到低于初始值。
4)在再热蒸汽温度偏差的限制下,100%THA—50%THA负荷区间的最大降负荷速率为14%Pe/min。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52276016)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024GX-ZDCYL-04-10)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB2408400)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202412244
  • 接收时间:2024-12-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-05
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-08
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52276016)
国家自然科学基金项目(52276016)
Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2024GX-ZDCYL-04-10)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024GX-ZDCYL-04-10)
National Key Research and Development Program(2024YFB2408400)
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB2408400)
作者信息
    1.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
    2.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054

通讯作者:

刘明(1985),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为热力系统节能与优化,
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