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In light of the intricate nature of surface defects in wind turbine blades, conventional convolutional neural networks face problems such as threshold screening and non-maximum suppression processes, which increase computational complexity and are not conducive to model deployment. A novel defect detection model that integrates real-time-detection transformer (RT-DETR) with YOLOv5 algorithm is proposed. Firstly, the backbone network of YOLOv5 is redesigned based on RepVGG and FasterNet to reduce the computational complexity of the model. Recognizing the presence of small-sized targets within the detection tasks, an efficient channel attention (ECA) mechanism is integrated into the neck network’s feature fusion component, thereby augmenting the expressiveness of the output features. Finally, the detection head of original network is reconstructed with the Decoder from RT-DETR, minimizing the effect of non-maximum suppression on the model’s performance. The experimental results show that, the average detection accuracy and accuracy of YOLO-RT are 87.2% and 92.7%, respectively, on a self-constructed dataset of wind turbine blade surface defects, reflecting improvements of 4.4 and 8.0 percentage points over the original YOLOv5 model. The detection rate reaches 118.3 frames per second, surpassing that of alternative detection models. The enhancements introduced in this algorithm significantly improve both detection accuracy and speed, making it highly suitable for practical applications in detecting surface defects on wind turbine blades.
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针对风机叶片表面缺陷复杂,传统卷积神经网络涉及阈值筛选和非极大值抑制过程而增加计算的复杂性且不利于模型部署等问题。提出一种结合RT-DETR(real-time-detection transformer)与YOLOv5算法的风机叶片的缺陷检测方法。首先基于RepVGG和FasterNet对YOLOv5的主干神经网络进行重新设计,降低模型计算复杂程度;考虑到检测任务中存在小尺寸目标,在颈部网络中的特征融合部位引入高效注意力机制(efficient channel attention,ECA),从而增强对输出特征的表达能力;最后采用RT-DETR中的Decoder重构原网络的检测头,减少非极大值抑制对模型的影响。实验结果表明:改进的YOLO-RT检测模型在自制风机叶片表面缺陷数据集上的平均检测精度为87.2%,准确率为92.7%,相比原YOLOv5模型分别提高4.4百分点和8.0百分点;检测速率达到118.3帧/s,优于其他检测模型。改进后的算法能有效提高检测精度和速率,更适合应用在风机叶片表面缺陷的检测任务。
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Structure of the improved YOLOv5 network, figureFileSmall=gQgJj0q/XpgV7KSP4Q+aSA==, figureFileBig=wy+tYKtCWvRyNxmLwbmQNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323806021734790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
改进后的YOLOv5网络结构, figureFileSmall=gQgJj0q/XpgV7KSP4Q+aSA==, figureFileBig=wy+tYKtCWvRyNxmLwbmQNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323806239838620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Structure of the RepConv training mode and inference mode, figureFileSmall=cTF//0AUxnKcNh1Kq+n6Gg==, figureFileBig=dPdd7WK2ZRAf1LjmRN5ZVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323806336307617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
RepConv训练模式和推理模式结构, figureFileSmall=cTF//0AUxnKcNh1Kq+n6Gg==, figureFileBig=dPdd7WK2ZRAf1LjmRN5ZVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323806462136754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Structure of the PConv moledule, figureFileSmall=DF+GP5qJxgM2M+0xhjr/cg==, figureFileBig=h3WJECyCIt+WddpD7QHv5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323806554411446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
PConv模块结构, figureFileSmall=DF+GP5qJxgM2M+0xhjr/cg==, figureFileBig=h3WJECyCIt+WddpD7QHv5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323806634103229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Structure of the improved C3-RP, figureFileSmall=wpCqn69LC4CyASVg38J1uA==, figureFileBig=bu9Q3UtUL3h2JHG1HJgxMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323806764126664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
改进后的C3-RP结构, figureFileSmall=wpCqn69LC4CyASVg38J1uA==, figureFileBig=bu9Q3UtUL3h2JHG1HJgxMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323806885761487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Structure of the ECA, figureFileSmall=/83hFAPmLQhd/VQlsh8wzQ==, figureFileBig=i/+YVBDw/QmFzXxLJlyZjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323806990619095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
ECA结构, figureFileSmall=/83hFAPmLQhd/VQlsh8wzQ==, figureFileBig=i/+YVBDw/QmFzXxLJlyZjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323807120642531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Feature heat map, figureFileSmall=PnlDBJZDDop3VMMcfnEc5A==, figureFileBig=XNk+9zBMJJnoeYu+F8e6uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323807238083054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
特征热力图, figureFileSmall=PnlDBJZDDop3VMMcfnEc5A==, figureFileBig=XNk+9zBMJJnoeYu+F8e6uA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323807355523574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
The RT-DETR decoder, figureFileSmall=1Lnce4DOxF7HIskE0+TWiA==, figureFileBig=Ue2gyoaGIAe9AW8HQm+klA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323807502324223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
RT-DETR检测头, figureFileSmall=1Lnce4DOxF7HIskE0+TWiA==, figureFileBig=Ue2gyoaGIAe9AW8HQm+klA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323807598793219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Surface defects of common wind turbine blades, figureFileSmall=jC9KpZgS0RhcMOPEVeqEVQ==, figureFileBig=5lzjQvv09JOFe3DDl2uDPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323807716233745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
常见风机叶片表面缺陷, figureFileSmall=jC9KpZgS0RhcMOPEVeqEVQ==, figureFileBig=5lzjQvv09JOFe3DDl2uDPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323807821091351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
The P-R curves detected by YOLO-RT, figureFileSmall=xNA3NQ1Qm0YBCnpFQ8OHSQ==, figureFileBig=ODgB/A2pNVC7nq9mdNFCcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323807955309088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
YOLO-RT检测的P-R曲线, figureFileSmall=xNA3NQ1Qm0YBCnpFQ8OHSQ==, figureFileBig=ODgB/A2pNVC7nq9mdNFCcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323808068555305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Comparison of detection results between YOLO-RT and YOLOv5, figureFileSmall=qrC5NRDdYq/ARin0UdcSMQ==, figureFileBig=lcuoVOSvrMBRVsrXgohOuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323808165024303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
YOLO-RT和YOLOv5检测结果对比, figureFileSmall=qrC5NRDdYq/ARin0UdcSMQ==, figureFileBig=lcuoVOSvrMBRVsrXgohOuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236323808265687604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Experimental parameter settings
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 配置名称 | 版本/参数 |
|---|
| 操作系统 | ubuntu20.04 |
| CPU | Intel Xeon Gold 5218 |
| GPU | NVIDIA TITAN RTX(24G) |
| 内存 | 46G |
| Python | 3.8 |
| 深度学习框架 | PyTorch 2.2.0&Cuda12.1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236323808353767994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
实验参数设计
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 配置名称 | 版本/参数 |
|---|
| 操作系统 | ubuntu20.04 |
| CPU | Intel Xeon Gold 5218 |
| GPU | NVIDIA TITAN RTX(24G) |
| 内存 | 46G |
| Python | 3.8 |
| 深度学习框架 | PyTorch 2.2.0&Cuda12.1 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236323808458625604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Comparison of detection performance between different models
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法模型 | δAP/% | P/% | δMAP/% | R/% | δFPS/(帧·s-1) |
|---|
| JD | KD | TC | LW |
|---|
| YOLOv5 | 84.0 | 79.5 | 73.8 | 93.8 | 84.7 | 82.8 | 78.7 | 102.7 |
| YOLOv6 | 64.2 | 81.0 | 94.6 | 92.4 | 86.7 | 83.0 | 72.1 | 104.8 |
| YOLOv8 | 80.7 | 80.5 | 98.8 | 92.8 | 89.1 | 88.2 | 82.6 | 105.7 |
| YOLOv9 | 79.1 | 79.3 | 97.6 | 96.1 | 89.9 | 88.0 | 83.7 | 109.4 |
| RT-DETR | 84.8 | 89.7 | 99.0 | 93.6 | 93.7 | 91.8 | 87.5 | 54.2 |
| YOLO-RT | 91.7 | 91.2 | 91.4 | 74.6 | 92.7 | 87.2 | 83.3 | 118.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236323808584454729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
不同模型的检测性能对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法模型 | δAP/% | P/% | δMAP/% | R/% | δFPS/(帧·s-1) |
|---|
| JD | KD | TC | LW |
|---|
| YOLOv5 | 84.0 | 79.5 | 73.8 | 93.8 | 84.7 | 82.8 | 78.7 | 102.7 |
| YOLOv6 | 64.2 | 81.0 | 94.6 | 92.4 | 86.7 | 83.0 | 72.1 | 104.8 |
| YOLOv8 | 80.7 | 80.5 | 98.8 | 92.8 | 89.1 | 88.2 | 82.6 | 105.7 |
| YOLOv9 | 79.1 | 79.3 | 97.6 | 96.1 | 89.9 | 88.0 | 83.7 | 109.4 |
| RT-DETR | 84.8 | 89.7 | 99.0 | 93.6 | 93.7 | 91.8 | 87.5 | 54.2 |
| YOLO-RT | 91.7 | 91.2 | 91.4 | 74.6 | 92.7 | 87.2 | 83.3 | 118.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236323808697700942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
The ablation experiments results
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 结果 |
|---|
| C3-RP | ECA | RT-DETR Decoder | P/% | δMAP/% | 参数量/M | 计算量/G | 推理时间/ms |
|---|
| 实验1 | — | — | — | 84.7 | 82.8 | 7.93 | 16.0 | 20.5 |
| 实验2 | √ | — | — | 83.8 | 82.7 | 5.29 | 9.9 | 19.6 |
| 实验3 | √ | √ | — | 87.0 | 83.1 | 5.34 | 10.1 | 15.7 |
| 实验4 | √ | — | √ | 91.5 | 86.5 | 5.28 | 10.3 | 15.5 |
| 实验5 | √ | √ | √ | 92.7 | 87.2 | 5.51 | 10.7 | 15.6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236323808840307285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236323797880590435, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
消融实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | 结果 |
|---|
| C3-RP | ECA | RT-DETR Decoder | P/% | δMAP/% | 参数量/M | 计算量/G | 推理时间/ms |
|---|
| 实验1 | — | — | — | 84.7 | 82.8 | 7.93 | 16.0 | 20.5 |
| 实验2 | √ | — | — | 83.8 | 82.7 | 5.29 | 9.9 | 19.6 |
| 实验3 | √ | √ | — | 87.0 | 83.1 | 5.34 | 10.1 | 15.7 |
| 实验4 | √ | — | √ | 91.5 | 86.5 | 5.28 | 10.3 | 15.5 |
| 实验5 | √ | √ | √ | 92.7 | 87.2 | 5.51 | 10.7 | 15.6 |
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